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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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1.0 


I.I 


JJ. 


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Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


73  WIST  MAIN  STKCCT 

WIRSTIR.N.Y.  MSSO 

1716)  S72-4S03 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Instituta  for  Historical  Microraproductions 


Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquas 


1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notas  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquaa 


Tha  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  aveilabla  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographicaily  unique, 
which  mey  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  mey  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  ere  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 


D 
D 
D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagie 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurAe  et/ou  pelliculAe 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^oqraphiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  dc  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutAes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissant  dans  le  texte. 
mais,  lorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6ti  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires; 


The 
tot 


L'Instltut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  AtA  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sent  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique.  qui  peuvenl  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normals  de  filmage 
sont  indiqute  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 

n 

D 

D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicul^es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicolor^es,  tacheties  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tachies 


The 
pos 
oft 
film 


Ori] 
beg 
the 
sioi 
othi 
firsi 
sior 
oril 


[""H/^Showthrough/ 
I— -J    Transparence 

r~~|    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


D 
D 


Quality  in^gaie  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 


The 
she 
TIN 
whi 

Mai 
diff 
ent 
beg 
rigli 
reqi 
me^ 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6X6  filmies  A  nouveau  de  fapon  6 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  hes  been  reproduced  thenks 
to  the  generotity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film*  f ut  reproduit  grAce  i  la 
gAnirosit*  de: 

La  bibliothAque  det  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6tA  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  le  netteti  de  I'exempleire  film*,  et  en 
conformitA  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  filmAs  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminent  soit  per  la 
derniire  pege  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustretion,  soit  par  le  second 
plet,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustretion  et  en  terminent  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — 4»>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  seion  le 
cas:  le  symbols  ~-<f^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  lerge  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  r6duction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  geuche  A  drolte, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

• 

6 

THE    WOUKS 


OF 


JflJBERT  HOWE  BAKCltOFT. 


'J' TIE    WOEK8 


ov 


||        IIUCEIJT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


VOLU.AIE  VI. 


IlISTOUY  OF  CEXTOAL  AMI: JMCA. 

Vol.    1.     |.-,()i    i.-,:(o. 


SAN  FRANCISCO  : 

A.  L.  V..\S(  lun-T  k  roMPA.W,  I'LT.LISirERS, 
18S3. 


rn»prc(l  nccnrilliiB  to  Act  of  Coiigrpus  In  the  Year  1882,  by 
lIUBEra'  II.  BANCROFT, 

III  till-  Om.e  i.f  tho  Librarian  of  C(>ngrcF8,  at  Wasblnstou. 


All  lihjltU  Ikscrvtd. 


PREFACE. 


DruiNTi  the  year  ISTf)  I  piiblisliod  under  title  of 
TJtc  Native  l*acex  of  tlic  Pacljlc  States  >vliat  i)iirjM)rts 
to  be  an  exliaiistive  research  into  the  cliaraoter  and 
customs  of  the  aborin'inal  iidiabitants  of  the  western 
])ortion  (;f  North  Anioi-iea  at  tlie  time  they  were  first 
seen  b^'  their  subduers.  The  jiresent  work  is  a  liistoiy 
of  the  same  territory  from  the  coming  of  llie  Euro- 
)>eans, 

Tiie  plan  is  extensive  and  can  be  here  but  briefly  ex- 
])lainrd.  'I'he  territory  covered  end>races  the  mIioIc  of 
(Central  America  and  ^lexico,  and  all  Anglo-Amei'icau 
domains  west  of  the  Ilcjcky  ^lountains.  {''irst  tj;ivi'n 
is  a  glance  at  Euroj)ean  so(;iety,  particularly  Spanisli 
(ivili/.ation  at  about  the  ch)se  of  the  fifteenth  ccntiu-v. 
This  is  followed  by  a  sununary  of  maiitime  explora- 
tion from  the  fourth  century  to  the  year  15  10,  with 
some  notices  of  the  earliest  American  books.  Then, 
beiiinnincr  uitli  the  discoveries  of  Columbus,  th(3 
men  from  I'^uropt;  are  closely  followed  as  oin.'  after 
another  they  find  niid  take  possession  oi'  tin;  enun- 
try  in  its  several  parts,  ajid  the  doiuL^s  of  their 
f^ucGOSSors  are  chronicled.  The  result  is  a  IIistouy 
OF  Tin:  Pacific  Sr.vrKS  op  Xoutii  Amkuica,  under 
the  followiu!^  j^eneral  divisions: — Ilisfori/  of  Cant  ml 
.{nicn'ca;  Ilistonj  <>f  Mexico;  Histori/  of'  the  North 
Jf  xicaii  States;  Ilisfori/  of  Neiv  Mexico  and  Arizona; 


W  rREFACR. 

irisfory  of  Qilifornia;  Ilisfon/  <>f  Xcvdd-i.;  IT/y.!:>rif 
of  Ufdh;  IL'.';fon/  (f  the  North nrst  Codst;  Jli^tcit/ 
of  Orc'jon;  IlUonj  of  Wash'iwjtoii,  Idaho,  and  JJoit- 
tnna;  Jlistori/  of  Brlthh  Culiunhia,  and  JIi:<tori/  if 
A/.(isIi((. 

Ijroadly  stated,  my  plan  as  to  ordor  of  piihlica- 
lidii  proceeds  jjjeoiri-npliieally  from  sotilli  to  iiortli,  as 
indicated  in  the  list  al)ove  i^iven,  which  lor  the  most 
part  is  likowiso  the  chronoloL,dcal  order  of  conquest 
and  occn])ation.  In  resj)ect  of  dcitail,  to  some  extent 
I  reverse  this  order,  ])roceedinL;'  iVom  the  more  .i^n-n- 
eral  to  the  more  minute  as  I  advance  nortliward. 
The  diflerence,  thoui^li  considerable,  is  however  less 
in  reality  tlian  in  apj)earance.  And  the  reason  I  lutld 
sufliciiiut.  To  j^ive  to  cacii  of  the  Spanisli-American 
j>rovinces,  and  later  to  each  o{'  the  federal  niid  in<!(j- 
pcndent  states,  coverin;^  as  they  do  with  dead  mo- 
notony centuries  of  unchani;inf^  action  and  ideas,  time 
and  s})ace  equal  to  I  hat  which  may  he  well  employed 
in  narratin;^  uorth-wcstern  occupation  and  enqiire- 
buildin;^  wortld  ho  no  less  impracticahle  than  jjrolit- 
less.  It  is  my  aim  to  present  complete  and  accurate 
histories  of  all  the  countries  whoso  events  I  attempt 
to  chi-()nl(l(>,  hut  the  annals  of  the  several  Central 
Ameiican  and  ^[exiciin  ]^-T'ovinces  and  states,  both 
before  and  after  the  llevolution,  run  in  n'roovcs  too 
ncarlv  paralli;l  lon-j^  to  coumiand  the  attention  of  the 
g'cneral  reader. 

Jn  all  tlie  territorial  subdivisions,  souilu  rn  as  well 
as  northei-n,  I.  treat  the  lie^inninc^s  and  cni-liest  de- 
velo[)ment  more  exhaustively  than  later  events.  After 
the  Conquest,  the  histories  of  Central  America  and 
Afrxico  are  presented  on  a  sc;de  sulliciently  conqire- 
hcnsive,  but  national  rather  than  lo'-al.    The  nurth<  in 


rnnFACR. 


Ml 


^Mexican  states,  liaving  liad  a  more  varied  cxpori- 
enco,  arlsiiifj;  from  nearer  ccmtact  with  progressional 
events,  receive  somewhat  more  attention  in  n-tj^arcl  to 
detail  than  oilier  parts  of  tlie  rrjuiMic.  To  the 
Pacilic  United  States  is  devoted  more  spa<"e  com- 
])aratively  tlian  to  soutliorn  rei^ions,  California  bciii^j 
reo-arded  as  the  centre  and  culminatin'jf  ])oini>  of  this 
liibtorical  iield. 


For  the  Ilistori/  of  Central  America,  to  whicli  this 
nuist  serve  as  special  as  well  as  general  intro(hicli(<n, 
I  M'ould  say  that,  besides  the  standard  chroniclers  and 
the  many  documents  of  late  printed  in  Spain  and  els.'- 
where,  I  have  been  able  to  secure  a  nund)er  of  valu- 
able nuniuscripts  now  here  else  existinuf;  some  from  lie 
^raximilian,  liamirez,  and  other  collections,  and  all  (-f 
!^[r  ]C.  (x.  Squier's  manuscri])ts  relatint^  t  >  tlie  sub- 
ject fell  into  my  hands.  ]\Iuch  of  the  material  used 
by  me  in  writing  of  this  veiy  intcr(}sting  [)art  of  l!io 
world  lias  becni  drawn  from  obscure  sources,  froMi 
local  and  unknown  S[)anish  works,  and  from  tlio 
somewhat  confused  archives  of  Costa  Kica,  Hon- 
duras, Nicaragua,  Salvador,  and  Guatemala. 

^Material  for  the  history  of  western  North  Aiikm'I  a 
has  greatly  increased  of  late.  Ancient  manuscripts 
of  whose  existence  historians  have  never  known,  or 
whioh  were  supposed  to  be  forever  lost,  have  bci  a 
brought  to  light  and  printed  by  patriotic  men  and 
intelligent  governments.  These  fragments  su[)j)ly 
many  missing  links  in  the  chain  of  early  events,  aiid 
illuminate  a  multitude  of  otherwise  obscure  parts. 

-^[y  ellbrts  in  gathering  material  have  been  con- 
tinued, and  since  the  publication  of  The  Natire  Jiac<.'i 
liilcen  thousand  volumes  have  been  added  to  my  col- 


VIII 


PREFACE. 


lection.  Among  these  julditlons  arc  hound  volumr-.s 
of  orii^^inal  documents,  copies  from  puluic  and  private 
ai'cliives,  and  about  eight  hundred  jnanuscrii)t  dicta- 
tions ])}'  men  \vho  j)layed  their  i)art  in  creating  the 
liistory.  Most  of  those  wlio  thus  g-ve  me  their  testi- 
mony in  person  are  now  dead;  and  the  narratives  of 
their  ob.servations  and  experiences,  as  they  stand  re- 
enrded  in  these  manuscript  vohimes,  constitute  no 
unimportant  element  in  the  foundation  ui)on  which 
the  structure  of  this  western  history  in  iis  several 
parts  must  forever  rest. 

To  the  exp(>rienced  writer,  vho  miglit  otherwise 
regard  the  completion  of  so  vast  an  undertaking  within 
so  apparently  limited  a  period  as  indicative  of  work 
supcriicially  done,  I  would  say  that  this  History  was 
hegun  in  1SG9,  six  years  before  the  publication  of  T/ic 
Native  Races;  and  although  the  earlier  volumes  of  tlic 
nveral  divisions  I  was  obliged  for  the  most  part  not 
only  to  j)lan  and  write,  but  ^o  extract  and  arrange  my 
own  material,  later  I  was  a  ie  to  utilize  the  labors  of 
<  )thers.  Among  these  as  the  most  faithful  and  efficient 
I  take  i:)leasure  in  mentioning  ]\[r  Henry  L.  Oak,  Islv 
William  Nemos,  ]\Ir  Thomas  Savage,  Mrs  Frances 
I'uller  Victor,  and  ]\Ir  Ivan  Petroff,  of  whoui,  and 
of  others,  I  speak  at  length  elsewhere. 

Of  my  methods  of  working  I  need  say  but  little 
here,  since  I  describe  them  more  fully  in  another  place. 
^J'hcir  peculiarity,  if  they  have  any,  consists  in  the 
employment  of  assistants,  as  before  mentioned,  to 
bring  together  by  indices,  references,  and  other  de- 
vices, all  existing  testimony  on  each  topic  to  be  treated. 
]  thus  obtain  important  information,  which  otherwise, 
with  but  one  lifetime  at  my  disposal,  would  have  been 


PRKFACE.  is 

Ixyoiul  ronti'»>I.  Coiiipletciioss  of  cvidciicc  l)y  no 
iiK.'uim  insures  a  wiso  tkcisiou  from  an  im-onipotont 
JLidj^u;  yet  tlio  wise  judi^o  j^huUy  avails  hinisell'  of  all 
attainable  testin:.M,v  "•'.  lias  been  my  j)U!j)ose  to,i,'ivo 
in  every  instance  due  cn:dit  to  sources  of  information, 
and  cite  freely  such  conclusions  of  other  writers  as 
(liH'er  from  my  own.  1  am  more  and  more  convinced 
of  the  wisdom  and  necessity  of  such  a  cou?"se,  l>y  which, 
nu)reover,  I  aim  to  impart  a  certain  hibiiojfrapliic 
value  to  my  work.  The  tletail  to  be  encomjtassed  aj)- 
pearetl  absolutely  unlimited,  and  more  ^';an  Muce  I 
despaired  of  ever  completiuL?  my  task.  i'rep^raS  .y 
invest i'/;:' ion  occupied  tenluld  more  time  i,L^:i  the 
writing. 


I  doom  it  |)roper  to  express  briefly  my  idea  of  what 
history  should  be,  and  to  indicate  the  general  line  of 
thought  that  has  guided  nie  in  this  task.  From  the 
mere  chronicle  of  happenings,  petty  and  momentous, 
1;>  the  historico-philosophical  essay,  ilhistrateil  with 
here  and  there  a  I'act  sup[)orting  the  writer's  theories, 
the  I'ange  is  wide.  Neither  exti'ejuc  meets  tlie  re- 
quirements of  liistcjry,  however  accurate  the  one  or 
brilliant  the  other.  Not  to  a  million  minute  })hoto- 
gra[)hs  do  we  look  for  practical  iul'ormation  res|)ecting 
a  mountain  rangi-,  nor  yet  to  an  artistic  painting  of 
some  one  striking  feature  for  a  correct  desciiption. 
From  the  two  extremes,  eciually  to  be  avoided,  th(j 
true  historian  will,  whatever  his  inclination,  lie  im- 
j.'clled  by  j)rudcnce,  judgnuiut,  and  tluty  from  theory 
toward  fact,  from  viviil  coloring  to\vard  photograpliie 
exactness.  Not  that  there  is  too  nnich  !)i';'liancy  in 
current  history,  but  too  little  fact.  An  iiccurati;  record 
(jf  e\ents  must  fi)rni  the  foundation,  and  largely  tho 

Ui.vr.  t'l.M.  Am.,  VuL.  1.    a  , 


X  PREFACE. 

.suporstrnctiirc.  Yet  events  pure  and  simple  are  l>y 
no  means  nioi-e  important  than  the  institutionary  de- 
velopment which  they  cause  or  accompany.  ]Men, 
institutions,  in<lustrics,  must  he  studied  equally.  A 
man's  cliaractiT  and  inlluencc  no  less  than  his  actions 
(It,  inand  attention.  Cause  and  effect  are  more  essen- 
tial than  mere  occurrence;  achievements  of  peace 
should  take  precedence  of  warlike  conquest;  tlie  con- 
dition of  the  people  is  a  more  ])rofitahle  and  interesting 
suhject  of  investigation  than  the  acts  of  governors, 
the  valor  of  generals,  or  the  doctrines  of  priests. 
The  historian  must  classify,  and  digest,  and  teach  as 
well  as  record;  he  should  not,  however,  confound  his 
conclusions  with  the  facts  on  which  they  rest.  Sym- 
metry of  plan  and  execution  as  well  as  rigid  conden- 
sation, always  desiralile,  hecome  an  ahsolute  necessity 
in  a  work  like  that  which  I  have  undertaken.  In 
respect  to  time  and  territory  my  field  is  inunense. 
The  matter  to  be  presented  is  an  intricate  conq)rica- 
tion  of  aimals,  national  and  sectional,  local  and  per- 
sonal. That  my  plan  is  in  every  resjiect  the  best 
])ossible,  1  do  not  say;  but  it  is  the  best  that  my 
judgment  suggests  after  long  deliberation.  The  ex- 
tent of  this  work  is  chnrixeable  to  the  ma-j-nitude  of 
the  subject  and  the  inunense  mass  of  infoiinatiou 
gathered  rather  than  to  any  tendency  to  verbosity. 
There  is  scarcely  a  page  but  has  been  twice  or  thrice 
rewi'itten  with  a  view  to  condensation;  and  instc^ad 
of  faithfully  discharging  this  irksome  duty,  it  would 
have  been  far  easier  and  cheaper  to  have  sent  a  hmi- 
(h'cil  volumes  through  the  press,  Tlie  j)l:in  once 
formed,  I  sought  to  make  tlu!  treatment  exhaustive 
and  synnnetrical.  Not  all  regions  nor  all  periods  are 
portrayed  on  the  same  scale:  but  tliough  the  cauicru 


rnEFACE. 


xi 


of  Investigation  is  sot  up  before  each  snecessivc  to})ic 
at  varying  distances,  the  ])icture,  large  or  sniiill,  is 
finished  with  (>qual  care,  I  may  add  that  I  liave  at- 
tached more  than  ordinary  importance  to  tlie  matter 
of  iniM'lianical  arnmgement,  by  which  througii  tilh>- 
jxages,  chapter-hea(Hng.s,  and  indices  the  rea(K'r  m,iy 
ex])editiously  refer  to  any  desired  to])ic,  and  fin  1  ail 
that  the  work  contains  about  any  event,  period,  ])Lace, 
institution,  man,  or  book;  and  above  all  I  have  aimed 
at  exactness. 


Wo  hear  nuich  of  the  philosophy  of  liistory,  of  the 
science  and  signification  of  history;  but  there  is  only 
one  way  to  write  anything,  whicn  is  to  tell  the  truth, 
jilainly  and  concisely.  As  for  the  wi-iter,  T  will  only 
say  that  while  he  should  lay  aside  lor  the  time  his 
own  reli-'fion  and  iiatriotism,  he  should  be  always  ready 
to  recoirnize  the  inlluencc  and  weigh  tin}  value  of  tl)(j 
religion  and  patriotism  of  others.  The  exact  histo- 
lian  will  lend  himself  neith"r  to  idolatry  nor  to  dt;- 
ti'action,  and  will  positively  ilecline  to  act  either  as 
the  ohamj)ion  or  assailant  of  any  ]>arty  or  ])ower. 
l-'riendships  and  emnities,  loves  and  hates,  h"  will 
throw  into  the  crucible  of  evid«'nce  to  be  relined  and 
cast  into  forms  of  unalloyed  truth.  He  must  Ik;  just 
and  humblt'.  'i'<;  clear  judgment  he  nmst  add  strict 
integi-ity  and  cntholicity  of  opinioi\.  Ever  in  mind 
should  bi^  th(^  oi'cult  forci's  thyt  mny(>  mankind,  and 
tlu>  laws  by  whirh  ar*^  fni'inulated  Ix  liel",  censcienee, 
and  character.  The  actions  of  men  are  ;''o\-iiued  by 
]»ro\imate  states  of  mind,  ami  these  ni-e  generated 
both  from  antecedent  states  (A'  mind  and  antecedent 
states  of  l)()dy,  influenced  by  social  an<l  naf  ural  envi- 
ronment.    The  right  of  every  ij-eneration  should  be 


xtt 


PREFACE. 


dotcniil-'od,  not  l)y  tlio  ethics  of  any  socict}',  S(.'ct,  or 
a<fv.,  but  by  thu  broad,  inexorable  teac]iint>s  of  nature; 
nor  sliouUl  he  forget  that  standards  of  niorahty  are  a. 
freak  of  faslilon,  and  that  fi'oni  wronufs  bcLTotten  of 
necessity  in  the  wcnub  of  ])roiTi'oss  has  been  l)r;)iight 
fortli  rin'lit,  and  hkewise  ri-'ht  lias  euLTendered  wi-oii'-'s. 
He  should  remember  that  in  the  worst  men  tlai-e  is 
much  that  is  good,  and  in  the  best  much  that  Is  bad; 
that  constructed  upon  the  present  skeleton  of  human 
nature  a  pi.'rfect  man  would  be  a  monster;  nor  slmuld 
lie  forget  how  much  the  world  owes  its  bad  men.  IJut 
alas!  who  of  us  are  wholly  free  from  the  efiects  of 
early  training  and  later  social  atmospheres  !  Vv'ho 
of  us  has  not  in  some  degree  faith,  h()[)e,  and  charity! 
Who  of  us  does  not  hug  some  ancestral  tradiuoii,  (  r 
rock  some  pet  theory  ! 

As  to  the  relative  importance  of  early  history,  hero 
and  elsewhere,  it  is  premature  for  any  now  liNipg  to 
judge.  Beside  the  Woody  battles  of  anti([uity,  the 
^sieges,  crusades,  and  wild  convulsions  of  unfolding 
civilization,  this  transplanting  of  ours  may  seem  tame. 
Yet  the  great  gathering  of  the  enlightened  from  all 
nations  ii})on  these  sliores,  the  subjugation  of  the 
wilderness  with  its  wild  humanity,  and  the  new  ('mi)ire- 
modelliuLr  that  followed,  may  disclose  as  deep  a  sig- 
nillcanco  in  the  world's  future  as  any  dis[)lay  of  army 
movcincnts,  or  dainty  morsels  of  court  scandal,  or  the 
idiosyncrasies  of  monarchs  and  ministers.  It  need 
not  bo  recited  to  possessors  of  our  latter-day  liberties 
that  the  [ieo[)le  are  the  state,  and  rulei's  the  servant^. 
It  is  historical  barbarism,  of  which  the  ITomoric  poems 
and  Carh)vingian  tales  not  aVnw  are  guilty,  to  throw 
tiic  masses  into  the  background,  or  wholly  to  ignore 


rniTACE. 


Xlll 


ect,  or 
uiture ; 
)"■  arc  a. 
ten  of 

^TOU'-'S. 

here  is 
is  bad; 
liuuum 

should 
11.  l]at 
ccts  of 

v;ho 

;liarity ! 
lion,  *  r 


I'V,  lun-c 

1 

vii";-  to 

i 

lly,  the 

1 

I  folding 

1 

u  tamo. 

1 

roiu  all 

■..■ 

of  tho 

i 

(iuplro- 

i  a  sIl;-- 

1 

)l"  army 

,  or  tlu; 

1 

It  uood 

1 

il)ortio.3 

1 

M  \  aiit-^. 

m 

•  IiOi'lUS 

jjl 

tlirow 

■ 

1  ii'iiorc 

v,3 

v 

them.  "Ilcureux  le  pouple  dont  Tliistoire  ennuie," 
is  an  oft  repeated  nphorisni;  as  if  deeds  diabolical 
^vere  the  only  actions  wortliy  of  I'ecoid.  ]>ut  we  of 
this  new  western  development  are  not  disposed  to 
exalt  brute  battli!i;jc  overmuch;  as  for  rulers  airl  <jfeii- 


n-a 


we  ( 


I'scover  in  tli<.'m  the  creatures,  nut  the  cre- 


ators,of  civilization.    V^e  won.ld  rather  see  how  nation^ 


ori'_rinato,  oru'anizc,  and  unfo 


)ld; 


we  won 


Id 


.>r 


or  ex- 


amine the  structure  and  operations  of  religion?*,  society 
refmenients  and  tyrannies,  class  aflinitios  a-id  antago- 
nisms, wealth  economies,  t!ie  evolutio!!-^  d'  arts  and 
industries,  intellectual  and  moral  as  well  as  :v'sthetio 
culture,  and  all  domestic  phenomena  willi  their 
honulyjoys  and  cares.  For  these  last  named,  even 
dov/n  to  dress,  or  the  lac'k  of  it,  arc  in  part  the  man, 
and  the  man  is  the  nation.  With  past  hiotory  we  may 
become  tolerably  familiar;  but  [)rcscnt  devel  ^pmcnt-; 
c  so  stran'jTO,  their  anomalies  are  so  startliirr  to  him 


ar 


'o^' 


who  attempts  to  reduce  tluni  to  fm-m,  that  h.c  is  wdl 
content  to  leave  for  the  moiiient  tlie  grosser  extrava- 
gances of  antiquity,  liowsoever  nuieh  sup .i'i.  r  in  in- 
terest they  maybe  to  t!i''  average  mind.  Yel  in  ilie  old 
and  llie  new  we  may  alike  from  tlie  abstract  to  the' 
conci'u'te  note  the  gonesis  of  history,  and  f>'>m  tho 
concrete'  to  the  abstract  reu'ard  th"  analvsis  oi'  liisioiw. 
Tlie  historian  should  be  able  toanaly/.e  and  to  ";,;neral- 
ize;  yet  his  path  leads  not  alone  tlirough  the  enticing 
lields  of  spectdation,  nor  is  it  liis  only  provinei;  to 
jihiek"  tlie  fruits  and  tlowers  of  pliilosophy,  oi-  t  »  blmv 
brain  l»nb1>les  and  weave  the(»rems.  He  m:  t  j.lofl 
along  the  rough  highways  of  time  and  deNelMjiment, 
and  out  of  many  entau'j'lements  brin---  tin;  vi!:d  faefs 
of  hi.dory.  And  therein  lies  th(>  richest  leward. 
"  Sludv-pcre's  capital  di.scovery   was   this,"  says  Ed- 


XIV 


PREFACE. 


ward  Dow  Jen,  "that  the  facts  of  the  world  arc  worthy 
to  command  our  lilghcst  ardour,  our  most  resolute 
action,  our  most  solemn  awe;  and  that  the  more  wo 
penetrate  into  fact,  the  more  will  our  nature  be  quick- 
ene  1,  enriched,  and  exalted." 

That  the  success  of  this  work  should  bo  propor- 
tionate to  the  labor  bestowed  upon  it  is  scarcely  to 
be  expected;  but  I  do  believe  that  in  duo  time  it  will 
bo  generally  recognized  as  a  work  worth  doing,  and 
let  mc  dare  to  hope  fairly  well  done.  If  I  read  life's 
lesson  aright,  truth  alone  is  omnipotent  and  immortal. 
Therefore,  of  all  I  wronixfullv  olfciid  I  crave  before- 
hand  pardon;  from  those  I  rightfully  offend  I  ask  no 
meicy;  their  censure  is  dearer  to  me  than  would  bo 
their  praise. 


I 


worthy 
esolutc 
lore  Avo 
3  quick- 


CO]^TEXTS  OF  XniS  VOLUME. 


propor- 
rcoly  to 
c  it  will 
ng,  luul 
lad  life's 
iinorial. 
beforo- 
[  ask  no 
k^ould  bo 


CHAPTER  T. 
IXTRODUCTIOX. 

SPAIN'  AND  CIVILIZATION  AT  Till;  LKIIINNING  111'  THE  .SIXTKKNTH  CKNTrRY. 

PAUE, 

G<-'ncral  Muw — Ti;iusitiou  from  thu  Olil  to  the  Xijw  Civili/ation — His- 
torical Skcti-'h  of  Spain — Spanish  Chiinictcr — Spanish  Society — 
I'niniiiicMit  Fiatuns  of  tlic  A^^'n  —  Doinchtio  Matters  —  Tliu  New 
World  —  Comparative  Civilizations  and  Savagisiiis — Earliest  Voy- 
ages of  Discovery i 

CHAPTER  II. 

COLfMIirS  AN1>    HIS   UISCOVEKIES. 

1492-1500. 

Early  Expcrirnccs — The  Onnpact  —  l^iulinrication  at  Palos  —  The  Vny- 
a,i;e  --I  iseovcry  of  Land— Unfavoralile  Comparison  wiihtlic  I'aradiso 
of  Marco  Polo — Cruise  among  llio  Islands — OncXature  l'^v(  ryulieri' — 
Desertion  of  I'iuzon — Wreck  of  tlie  Santa  Maria — Tlin  I'ortre^s  of 
La  Xavidail  Krerted — lleturn  to  Spain— ]ii^;lit.s  of  Civilization — Tiio 
Papal  I'liill  of  Partition — Fonsi^ca  Appointed  Superintendent  of  the 
Lulirs— Second  Voyage — Xavidad  in  Paiins— Isahela  Ivstahlished — 
Discontent  of  the  Colonists— 'explorations  of  the  Interior — Coasting 
(.  '  ■  :u\  Discovery  of  .Jamaica — Failure  of  Columbus  as  Governor — 
Ii.  Ui-  ourso  with  Spain  —  Destruction  of  the  Indiana — Covernmcnfc 
of  the  Indies — Diego  and  Dai-tolome  (,'olon — Charges  a'_'aiii:st  the 
Admiral — (.'oinmission  of  Inquiry  Ajipnintcd — Second  Hetuni  to 
Spain  —  Third  Voyage —  Trinidad  Discovered  —  Santo  Domingo 
Founded— The  Koldan  Pvchcllion— Francisco  d(!  IJohadilla  Appointed 
to  Sii|Hrscdo  Coluniliua  —  Arhitrary  and  Iniipiitoiis  Conduct  of 
Boliadilla — Columlms  Sent  in  (Chains  to  Spain l.Vi 

CHAPTER  III. 

niSCnVJ'.RY    Ol"     DAHIKS. 
I."i()0-lo0_'. 

Hodrigo  de  P.astidas— Kxtcnsion  of  New  World  Pri\  ilcges— The  Pvoyal 
Share— Juan  de  la  Cosa— Ships  of  the  Early  Disco\erei's     Coasting 

[xvl 


XVI 


COXTEXT.S. 


PACE. 


Daricn  —  Tlio  Tcrrihic  Torctlo — Wicckod  <iii  Iv-pafiola  —  Spanisli 
Money — Treatment  of  liastiilns  l)y  Ovandu — Aeciised,  and  .Sent  to 
Spain  for  Trial -llo  is  Inuiiedi;ite!y  Aeiiuitted— Future  Career  and 
Character  of  Ikislidas — Tlie  Areliive.s  of  the  Indies— TIk;  Several 
Colleotions  of  I'u'ulie  Documents  in  Spain — The  l^ahora  of  Mufioz 
and  Xavarrt'te— r<ililiii;irapliii'al  N'lliecs  of  the  I'riuted  (JoUectimis 
of  Navarrete,  Ternaux-Coiiipans,  Salvii  and  liaranda,  and  Paelieco 
and  Cardenas LSI} 


CIIAPT]' 11  IV. 

COU'lIULS  OX   THE  COASTS  OF   IIiiMJfRAS,  NIcAUAdUA,  A.NK   COSi'A    UIL'A. 

1302-i:»0G. 
The  Sovereigns  Decline  either  to  Restore  to  the  Admiral  his  Oovernnicnt, 
or  to  Capture  for  iiim  the  Holy  Sepulchre — So  he  Sails  on  a  Fourth 
Voyage  of  Diseovery — Foi'nando  C'.>lon  and  his  llistiuy — Ovando 
Denii^j  the  ICxjicdition  I'.ntrance  to  Santo  I)omin;^o  Harbor — Colnm- 
l)us  Sails  \\'est\varil— Strikes  the  Shore  of  Hondunus  near  Ouanaja 
Lslaad— Ili;!y  Auuriixui  Cartogr-.phy— Colundms  Coasts  Southward 
to  the  I>arien  Istlnnns— Then  lietin-ns  and  Attempts  Settlement  at 
\'era;jna  —  Driven  fhenec,  his  Vessels  are  WrecUeil  at  Jamaica — 
There  mid.it  Starvation  and  Mutiny  he  Uemains  a  Year — Then  ho 
Reaches  Ksj.anola,  and  linally  Spain,  whore  he  shortly  ai'tvrward 
Dies — Character  of  Cohnnhus— His  Biographers '202 


CIIAPTEPt  V. 

AUMINlSTliATIO.V    oi-  TlIK   INMIKS. 
M!)2    I.VJ(i. 

Colundms  the  Rightful  Ruler — lua-.i  Ai^'nado — Francisco  de  r-oUadula — 
IS'ii'(j!a:f  de  Ovando — Santo  Domingo  the  Capital  of  tlie  Indies — 
Extension  of  Drgani/ed  (lovennnent  to  Adjacent  Islands  and  Main- 
land— Resideneias — Gold  Mining  (it  Fspanula — Race  and  Caste  in 
Government— Indian  and  Xcmi  Slavery— Cruelty  to  the  Natives — 
Siianish  Sentimentalism — I'acilieation,  not  Comiuest — The  Spanish 
JMonareliK  always  tlie  Indian's  Friencis — liail  Treatment  ilae  to  Dis- 
tance and  Fvil-minded  .'V^rents — Infamous  !>(.iiigs  of  Ovando — 
Rejiartiunentos  and  Fncomiendas — The  Sovereii^n^?  Inten<l  them  as 
rrotection  to  the  .Natives — Settlers  Make  them  the  Means  of  Indian 
lln.'.hivement  — Las  Casas  Appears  and  Protests  avainst  Inhumani- 
ties— 'I'he  Defaulting  'I'ri'asurer — Diego  Colon  Supersedes  Ovando  as 
(lovrnior  —  And  Makes  Matters  Worse  —  The  .Jeronimite  i'athera 
Sent  Out  - -Audiencias — A  Sovereign  Trilumal  is  Kstahlished  iit 
Sautii  i>iiniiu','o  wiiii.'Ii  <  Iradu.illy  As.^umes  all  the  Fuuclions  of  an 
-\udiencia,  and  as  such  I'iiially  (eiverns  the  Indies — Las  Ca^as  in 
Spain — Tlie  Consejo  de  ludias,  and  C.isa  di'  Contrat."cion — Legislation 
for  the  liuli^s L'47 


CONTEXTS. 


xvii 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Tir".  r.OVnUN'MF.NTS  ok  NTKVA  AM>AI.r(i.\  and  CASXtLI.A  I)I".I,  ORO. 

irjOG-i.jio.  PAOB. 

Tiorra  Firmc  Tljnnni  Open  to  Colonization — Rival  .Applications — Alonso 
do  (J'rila  .\ppijiiitLd  (lovcnior  of  Niieva  Amlahuiu,  ami  Diijo  ilu 
NiciKsaof  (.'a.stilli  ilcl  (Jio — Ilostilo  Atlitudi.iof  thu  llivals.iL  Santo 
Domingo — Ojeila  Kinliarks  for  Cartagena — Jjuiltlstlii'  Fortress  of  San 
Si.ba:itiiin — Failure  anil  Death — Xicuesa  Sails  from  Vcra^'ua— Parts 
Cuiiipiiuy  witli  lii.i  FKct — lli.s  Vessel  is  Wrecked  -Passes  N'eragua — 
Conliucd  with  ids  Starving  Crew  on  an  Island — Suocor — Failure  at 
Veragua — Attempts  Settlement  at  Nombrc  do  Dios — Loss  of  Ship 
Sent  to  FspiLiiola  for  Relief — Ilurrililo  SuH'erings — ';il»lii);:r;ip!iical 
Notices  of  Las  Casas,  Oviedo,  I'uter  .Martyr,  Gomara,  and  ilcrrera — 
Character  of  the  Early  Chroniclers  for  Veracity -89 


CHAPTER  YII. 


y. 


SriTLKMKNT   OF  SANTA   -MAKIA    I)i;    UA  ANTICJl'A   UKL    UAlw 

lolO-l.'jli. 

Francisco  I'izarro  Abandons  San  Sebastian — Meets  Enciso  at  Cartagena — 
]Ic  and  hi.i  Crew  Look  like  Pirates — They  arc  Taken  bark  to  San 
Sebastiuu — Va:  eo  Niifie/.  de  Lalboa — T)o;irds  Ihieiso's  Ship  in  a  ( 'n.-k  — 
Arrives  at  Sau  Sebastian — The  Spaniards  Cross  to  Darien— 'I'Im'  Uivcr 
iind  llio  Xajiie — C<.'niaco,  Caciipie  of  Darim,  Defeated — Foiunlin^;  of 
the  Metropolitan  City — Prestn,  Change!  The  llMinbre  ilclC.isco  Up, 
tho  liachiller  Down— Vasco  Nunez,  Alcalde — Nature  of  the  Oliice — 
llegidor — Coliacnareii,  in  Search  of  Nicuesii,  Arrives  at  Aiuigua — llo 
Finds  Ilim  in  a  Piliable  Plight -Anti  .'ua  Makc-j  Oveitures  to 
Nicuesa — Then  Ilejccta  Ilim — .\nd  Finally  Drives  Him  Forth  to 
Die— Sad  End  of  Nieucaa 3Jl 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

lACTIONS  AN1>    roIiAilINCH   IN    liAKIlS'. 
loll     I.Jl.J. 

Tho  Garrison  at  Xoinbrc  do  Dios— Subtle  Diplomacies— V'asoo  Xuucz 
Assumes  Conuiiand  — Fnciso,  his  Lifo  and  Writiri's- The  Tnwn 
and  the  Juil— Jlights  of  .Sanctuary — Valdivia's  Voyage— Zamudio's 
dlission — I'.NpiiIition  to  CoilMi — Carcta  (lives  Va>-eo  Nuno/  his 
Daughter— Pi mca  IMudshed— Jur;i,  tho  Savage  StateoUiaii— \'i  it  of 
the  Spaniards  to  Cnuiagro— Panciaco  Tells  Them  of  a  Southern 
Sea— The  Story  of  Valdivia,  Who  is  Shipwrnknl  and  lia'.eu  ljy 
Canniba's— Vasi'o  Xufiez  Undertakes  an  li!i;ious  Pilgi  image,  to  the 
C-olden  Temple  of  Dabaiba — Conspiracy  lAirnuil  by  tin'  Natives  to 
Destroy  Antigua— Fidvi.v  i/ivulges  tho  Plot  — Darien  (Jnieted— 
Vasco  Nunez  Receives  a  Royal  Connnissiiju— Serious  ('harges — 
Vaseo  Nunez  Resolves  to  Discover  the  Southern  Sea  befure  He  is 
Prevented  by  Arret 


:!;)7 


xvui 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

DISCOVEUY  OF  THE   PACIFIC  OCEAN. 

lol3.  PACE, 

Departure  of  Viisco  Nunez  from  Antigua— Carcta's  Welcome — Difricultics 
to  be  I]iieouiitereil — Treacherous  Character  of  the  Country —His- 
torical I'.loodliounils — Ponca  lleconcileil — Capture  of  (j>uiire(iu:'i — 
First  View  of  the  Pacilio  from  the  IIei:^'hts  of  Quarei|ua — The 
Spaniards  Descend  to  (,'hiapes — Take  Formal  Possession  of  the  Soutij 
Sea — Form  of  Taking  I'ossession — The  Names  Soutli  .Sea  and  I'acilio 
Ocean — Further  JJiscoveries — I'erilons  Cauoc  Voyage — (iold  and 
Pearls  in  I'rofusion — Tunmco  I'jiciliod — The  Pearl  Jslands — Tlio 
Ucturn — Teoca's  Kindness — ''onca  Murdered — Pocorosa  Pacilied — 
Tubauamii  Vanquished — (Jold,  (Iold,  Gold — Panciaco's  Congratula- 
tions— iijrival  at  Antigua 3.">8 

CHAPTER  X. 

PEDUAnUa   DA  VILA  A.'^srMES  TlIK   (iOVKHNMENT  OF  D^UUEN, 

i.-.i4-ir.i.".. 

IIow  the  Discovery  of  a  South  Sea  wius  llegavdcd  in  Spain — The  Ene- 
mies of  Vasco  Nunez  at  Court— Pedrarias  DAvila  Appointed  (Jov- 
ernor — Departure  from  Spain  and  Arrival  at  Antigua — Arliolandia 
in  Spain — Pedrarias  Persecutes  llalboa — Tlie  King's  Iiei|uireinent 
of  the  Indians — Juan  de  Ayora  Sent  to  Phmt  a  Line  of  Fortresses 
between  the  Two  Seas — Which  Work  lie  Loaves  for  Wholesale 
llubbery — liartolome  Ilurtado  Sent  to  IJring  in  the  Plunder-  Dis- 
astrous Attempts  to  Violate  the  Sepulchres  of  Cenu  —  Expedition 
of  Tello  dc  (luzman  to  tlie  South  Sea — The  Site  of  Panam;i  Discov- 
ered— 'i'lie  ( lolden  Temple  of  1  )aKdba  Once  ^lore — ( Jiispar  tie  Morales 
and  Francisco  I'i^ai'ro  Visit  the  South  Sea .'JSG 


CHAPTER  XL 

DARIEX  EXl'EUrnoNS   rNDEIl  rEDKARL\S. 

I5ir)-i:.i7. 

Gonzalo  dc  Badajoz  Visits  the  South  Sea — UTiat  lie  Sees  at  Nombrc  de 
Dios — Ilia  De^ilings  with  Totonagua — And  with  Tatarachcrubi  — 
^Wives  at  Nata — The  Spaniards  Catlier  nnich  Cold— They  Encoun- 
ter tlic  I'u'doubtable  Paris — A  Desperate  Fight — Badajoz  Loses  iiia 
Cold  and  Kcturns  to  Darien— Pi'drarias  on  the  War-patli — lie  Strilvcs 
Ccnii  a  lilow  of  Itevenge — Ada  Founded — Tlio  Governor  ]\eturns  III 
to  Antigua — Ex])edition  of  ('aspar  de  Espinosa  to  the  South  Sea — 
Tiie  Licentiate's  Ass — Robbery  by  Law — Espinosa's  llclation — A 
liloody-lianded  Priest — E.--pinosa  at  Nat;i — He  Courts  the  Accpuiint- 
nnce  of  Paris — Who  Kills  the  Ambassadors — Ilurtiido  Surveys  the 
Southern  Seabniird  to  Nicoya  — Paaam:l  Founded — An  Aboriginal 
Tartarus — lleturn  of  Espinosa's  Expedition ■ill 


COXTKNTS. 


x!x 


J.-8 


r.sG 


CHAPTER  XII. 

THE  FATE  OF  VASCO  NUSEZ  DE  BALBOA. 

irilfl-1517.  PAi'.B. 

AlT.iirs  lit  Antigua— Different  Qualities  of  Pacification— Complaints  of 
Vasco  Nufic/  to  the  King— A  New  Kxjicdition  Planned— Vasco  Nunez 
Made  Adelantiulo  and  Captain-general  of  the  South  Sia— IVdrariaa 
Keeps  Svcnt  the  Appnintiiieiit— lleconciliatiou  of  liillxia  and  Po- 
di-arias— Hctrothal  of  Dona  Maria — Vaaoo  Nuacz  (Joes  to  Aela — 
Massacre  of  Olano— The  Mniiioipality  of  Ada  Kstahlish.-d— Mate- 
rials for  Ships  Carried  aeros-!  tiie  Monntain-i— Dillioultic^,  P.rils, 
and  Mi'i-tidity — I?iiU)oa  at  the  Pearl  Islands — Pnidietion  of  Micer 
Coilro,  the  Astrologer— Uiiniorei I  Arrival  of  a  Xew  governor  at 
Antigua — Meditated  'A'asion  of  New  Authority — 'I'lie  Infamy  of 
Garabito — Vasco  Nunez  Summoned  by  Pedrarias  to  Aela — His 
Journey  thither — Trial  and  Kxeoiitiuu -l^l- 

CnAPTER  XIII. 

DECLINE   OF  Sr.VMrill   SETTLEMENT   O.N    TUE    NOIlTil  COAST. 

1517-10-23. 

Dinhonosty  the  Best  Policy — Pedrarias  Stigmatized — Tlis  Authority  Cur- 
tailed— Quevedo  in  Spain — lie  Encounters  Las  Casas — The  IJattle  of 
the  Priests — Ovicdo  Knters  the  Arena — P.u.siness  in  Darien — 'I'ho 
Interoceanie  Koad  Again — Its  Tenaini — Pedrarias  ami  l^spinosa  at 
Panama  —  The  Licentiate  flakes  another  llaid  —  The  l'"riars  t)f  Sfc 
.leronie  have  their  Kyo  on  Pedrarias — The  Cabildo  of  ^Vntigua  Shakes 
its  Vinger  at  llim — Cxiutiuued  Attempts  to  Oepopnlate  tlie  North 
Coaiit — Albites  Builds  Nombre  de  Dios — Lueliy  i^iei^iliate — Arrival 
and  Death  of  Lope  dc  Sos-a — Oviedo  Returns  and  Does  Battle  with 
the  Dragon — .:Viid  ia  Beaten  from  the  Field 4tiO 


<lc 


Ih  his 


111 


CIIAPTEIl  XIV. 

GIL  GONZALEZ  IN   COSTA   IMCA  AND   NICARAGUA. 

1519-15'2.3. 

Andr(^3  Nino  and  his  Spire  Islands — Fails  to  Obtain  Aut'.innty  to  Dis- 
cover— Applies  to  t!il  (lonzalez  Davila- — AgreenuMit  with  the  King — 
Royal  Order  for  the  Ships  of  Vasco  Nunez — Peilrarias  Refuses  to 
Deliver  Thetn — (!il  (loui'.alez  Transports  Shi|)s  across  tlio  Moun- 
tains—Fmbarks  from  the  Pearl  Islands — Oil  (lonzalez  Proceeds  by 
Land  and  Nino  by  Sea — Visit  to  Nicoya — And  to  Nicaragua — '''ho 
Caiitiin-grneral  Converts  many  Souls— And  (iathers  much  tiold — 
Fi^^ht  witli  IHriange-i — Nicaragua  Apostatizes — The  Spaniards  Ter- 
minate the  Discovery  and  IIast(>n  to  their  Ships — Niiio'a  Voyage  to 
Fouaectt  Bay — Return  to  Panatn.l 47S 


uiiaii! 


COXTENTS. 


CHAPTER  XV. 

sPA.Ni;;ii  UKpniiDATio.Ns  luirsi)  j'.vnamA  n.vY. 

European  Settlement  on  the  West  Coast  of  America — Progress  of  I^m- 
aiiiii  —  I-aw.s  Respecting  Spanisli  Settlements  in  Aniericii  —  Finul 
Ali:i!i'lfiii:i!i'!it  of  Anti;]\ia — A(lmitu::tration  of  the  Simtli  Sua  Covi'm- 
niciit— Piracy  \\[X}n  Principle — Pasciial  <le  j\ji(lagoya  Explores  Swiitli- 
v.anl  — C(tn<itiei-s  liini — lletum  to  Pu!)  ..;A — Colonies  of  Veragua  ami 
('iiiripii  -Tlio  CIiiLftain  UnacA  Takes  up  liis  Aboilo  in  tlic  J.loun- 
taina  and  l)c!ie.s  the  iSpauiunls — IM/aiio,  K  pii)o;-.a,  Pedrarias,  ami 
Conipaiion  in  vain  Attempt  liia  Overtin'ow — BuiJcling  of  XatA — 
(,V>mj\'iri!.'a  aa  Covernor — Ilurtado  Col(ini,:o.s  CIiiri(jai — C oiiHpIracy — 
Capture  and  llscapc  of  Unacd — Scleral  Years  iiku'c  of  War 4['o 


I       ! 


I  ii 


CHAPTER  XVT. 

TUE    WAK3     OF     THE     SPAN  lAKD*. 
10-23-1024. 

Oviedo  in  Spain — lie  Secures  the  Appointment  of  IVdro  do  los  FlIos  as 
(iiivinKM-  (if  Ca.stilla  del  Oro — IVdraiiad  Dclennines  to  Posslks 
Nicaragua — He  Sends  thither  Cordoba,  wlio  Found.)  I'rusJlas,  Gra- 
nada, aiul  Leon —And  Carries  a  Ship  acnus  t'.ie  Land  frori  tho 
Pacilic  to  Lake  Nicaragua — lie  Makes  a  Survey  of  the  Lake  — 
Informed  of  Spaniards  Lurking  tliercabout — Development  of  tho 
Spanish  Colonial  System — Cil  (ion.-^alLZ  Eocapea  with  h!.s  Trcasuvo 
to  Ksnauola — Dcs'patchesi  Cereceda  to  Spain  witli  Intelli;.;eucc  of  lli.^ 
Discovi-ry — Sails  from  Santo  Domingo  to  the  Coast  of  Honduras — 
Arrives  at  Puerto  Caballos — Founds  San  f;il  dc  llucnavi^ila— En- 
counters IleriKindo  dc  Soto — Battle — CrisLobal  do  Olid  xVppears — 
Founds  Triunio  de  la  Jiuz 511 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

COLONIZATION      I.N     IIONUUIIAS. 

lo24-lo2J. 

Corti's  in  Mexico — Extension  of  his  Conquests — Fears  of  Encroachments 
on  t!;-:  "a;*  of  Spaniards  in  ('entral  Amcnca — Crist.iljal  du  Olid  Sent 
to  Honduras — Touching  at  llabana,  He  is  Won  from  Allegiance  to 
CortJs — Trinnfo  de  la  Ci'uz  Foinuled— Olid  iis  Traitor — Meeting  with 
Cil  Conzalez— Tlie  Wratli  of  Cortes-Ca^^aa  Sent  after  Olid— Na\al 
Engagement  in  Triunfo  Harbor— Casas  Falls  into  the  Hauds  of  Olid, 
Who  is  soon  Captureil  by  tho  Ca[itive — Death  of  Oliil — Keturn  of 
CasaM  to  Me.-:ico — Trujillo  Founded— Interfci'cnce  of  tlie  Andieneia 
of  Sanlo  i>omin;:o o'-'2 


CONTEXTS. 


xxl 


CIIAPTEIl   XVIII. 

MAnCII   OK  CDT'.TKS  TO   IIOXIU'RAS. 

l."i'J4-l.")'J."».  PAf'K. 

I)(jiil;ta  conccniing  Casaa — Cortos  Tired  of  Inaction — Determiner,  to  do 
ill  ri'i>iou  to  Honduras — Set.s  out  with  a  Lai';,'u  I'arty — Ai'.ivea  ;it 
tJoozacoalfO — The  Gay  Anny  soon  Conies  to  <iiiLf — The  Waj*  HiiiTed 
by  I^ir^c  iUvcrsuud  Deep  Monus.ses— Seaivity  of  Provioious — Suller- 
iui,':i  of  the  Soldiers— TIiu  TiicI;  of  the  M<;rehant-eac;i|Ue— Mi'.'.iu;^ 
of  the  Captive  Kings — Apollieosisof  a  Charger — Fear.s  of  llolxilliou.s 
.Spaniaril3  Dissipated  on  Nearinj  Xito ."i."? 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

COUTKS     IN      IIONUUIIAH. 
l.-.J,'.-loJlj. 

He  13  ^raster  of  all  the  Miseries  tliere — Miasma  and  Deep  Di.itrcss — 
Kxertiona  of  Corte)  in  IVIialf  of  the  Colonists — A  Vessel  .\p;H'nr3 
■with  I'rovisions — Cortt-3  Scuds  out  Toragers — lie  Seeks  a  JJetter 
Lociliiy — .Sandoval  at  Xaeo — Others  Settle  at  (.'aballus — Corijs  at 
Tnijillo — Vessels  Sent  to  Mexieo,  Cuba,  and  .famaiea — Troablis  in 
Mexieo— Cortes  Irresohu  -Starts  for  ^lexiec— Is  Driven  back  by  a 
Storm— I'ueilieatiou  of  Adjaeent  I'ueblos — Corti's  Sends  I're.;i;its  to 
Cordoba — Sliall  Cortes  ^lake  himself  blaster  of  Xiatragua? — Arrival 
of  Altamirano — licturu  of  Cortijs  lo  Mexieo oOO 


CHAPTER  XX. 

PEDRARIAS  REMOVr.S  TO   MCAUAdfA. 

ir.-j.j-i:.-_'7. 

(.'unli'ba  Meditates  Revolt — Soto  and  Compafion  Object — Their  Fliiht — 
Pedrariaa  Xiirses  his  Wrath — Secret  !M(jnves  for  his  Departure  for 
Xiearagua — Cordoba  Loses  his  Head — Tlie  flovenior  Civts  Hon- 
duras, and  Comes  to  Blows — The  Indians  Follow  the  Fx;:mple — 
Lioody  Scenes — I'edrarias  Internipted  in  his  Ileverie — Pedro  do  los 
Kios  Succeeds  as  tiovcrnor  at  Paiuim;'i  —  His  lu.itriictiuns  and 
i  'olicy — llesidcueia  of  I'edrarias — Triuniphuut  llcsult oS4 

CHAPTER  XXI. 

RIVAL  OOVERNOliS   IX    HONDrilAS  AND   MCATlAC.rA. 

l.rj(j- 15:50. 
Cdliinial  Policy — Salcedo  Displaces  Saavedra  in  the  Government  of  Flon- 
<lura:i  —  Saavcdra's  Escape —  I'edrarias'  Envoys  Trappeil  — S:d';edo 
luvade-s  Nicaragua — His  Cruelty  and  Extortion— Distress  among  tho 
Colonists— llios  also  Presents  Claims,  but  is  Discomlited— Pvilrarias 
Follows  Triumphant — Salcedo's  Ignominious  I'ate— Estete's  ICxpedi- 
tion— Slavediuntiug  Profits  and  Horrors— Cil.adiatorial  Punishment  of 
iJevolted  X'atives  —  I'edrarias'  Schemes  for  Aggrandi/enieiit  —  Ho 
Grasps  at  Salvador  and  Longs  for  Peru — Both  Euid"  Iii:ii— Furiher 
Mortilieation,  and  Death — Charueter  of  the  Compierors ."ill? 


xxu 


CONTEXTS. 


CHAPTEli  XXII. 

MARTH   OF  ALVAr^VDO  TO  OCATEMALA. 

ir)2-2-i."yJ4.  PAOB. 

Humors  in  ilexico  concerning  the  Country  to  the  Sout'i-eastwanl— Pacifi- 
cation in  that  Quarter — The  Cliiefs  of  Tchuantcpcc  ami  Tututopct — 
At  the  Gate  of  (Jaatcniala — Summary  of  Alwriginal  Ili.story — Alle- 
giance anil  Kuvolt — i'rcpurini,'  of  au  Expedition — Delayed  l>y  tho 
TrouLle.s  at  I'auuco — A  Second  Array  Or^an.zcd — Tho  March — .Sub- 
jiij^ation  of  Socouusco — The  Taki.ig  of  Zaj  it  ■•laii 017 


I    I 


CHAPTER  XXIIl. 

CONQUEST   OF  OCATEJIALA  BEGUN. 

February -March,  1.j"24. 

Overtures  of  Klcab  Tanub  to  the  I^rds  of  the  Zutugils  and  Cakchiqnels — 
JX'ath  of  the  Quicho  King — Tecum  Umam  his  Siiccessor — Gr.thers  a 
Gieat  Army— IntrenciicH  Himself  at  Zacalia — Passage  of  I'ahiluinoh 
by  the  Spaniards — A  Skinnish — A  Bloody  Engagement — Quc/:d- 
tcnango  E.stablished — The  Anny  Advances  on  Xelahuh — The  City 
Deserted — liattle  of  Xelahuh— Tecum  Umam  Slain — Forcible  I'roso- 
lyting 


g:!2 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

DOWNFALL  OF  THE   QCICIIli  NATION. 

April,  1524. 
Utatlan,  Capital  of  tho  Quichi^'S — Its  Magnificence — The  Royal  Palace 
and  Pyramidal  Fortilicatioiis—  Private  Apartments  and  Gardens — 
Plan  to  Entrap  the  Spa-  iards— A  Feast  Prepare  I — The  Ijiemy 
Invited — The  Treachery  )iseovercd — Masterly  Retreat  of  Alva- 
rado — The  QiucIk'  King  •■'  I  Xobles  l^ntrappcd — They  are  Made  to 
Gather  Gold^And  are  \  'i  Destroyed — Utatlan  Punied  and  the 
Country  Devastiited — Sub     ;ation  of  the  Quich(ia  Complete 043 


CH   PTER  XXV. 

THE  rAKCntQUELS  AM     /I'TrcilS   MADE  SUBJECTS  OF  SPAIN. 

April-May,  1521. 

JIareh  to  the  Cakchiqucl  Capital — With  a  Brilliant  Retinue  King  Sina- 
cam  Comes  forth  to  Meet  the  Spaniards — Description  of  Patinamit — 
Occupation  of  the  Cakcliifiucl  Capital — Expedition  against  Tepcpul, 
King  of  tho  Zutugils--Tlie  Clilf  City  uf  Alitlan— A  Warm  Batlle— 
Entry  into  the  Stronghold— Reconciliation  and  Return  to  Patina- 
mit— Love  Episode  of  Alvaiado Gd2 


COXTEXTS. 


xxiil 


CHAPTER  XX\T. 

EXPEDITION    TO    RAI.VADOK. 
1524. 

Campaiim  a^n.n.t  Itzciuntlan-A  Routjl.  ^^ar<■h_Tlic  Town  Snrnri„.l-_ 
D-spomtc  r),.fc-ncc-Alvara,lo  D.tcnnines  to  Explore  still  farther 
bouth-Cro«.ii.-  the  lliver  Miuhat..yat-Thc  Spaiiianls  Cov.o  to 
xVti.impac.  Tacuylula,  Taxisco,  Xa.uintlan,  an.l  I'axacu-Tl.e  Towtis 
Do...rt..,l-l",„.„„.a  Stakes  an.l  Canine  >Saaitice-Knter  Salvador- 
.Ux,,u/.vlco  and  Acatapcc-ISattlcs  of  Acajutla  and  Tacnx-caL-o- 

.  Ll..o.l.thir,stincs3  of  this  Comincror-Kntry  into  C.xcatlan-Fli.dit 
of  thu  Inliabitar/^a— Return  to  I'atiuaniit °      (^.^ 

CHAPTER  XXVII. 

REVOLT    OF    THE    CAKCIIlQtJELa. 

lo24-l.-25. 
Return  of  tl.c  Allie.s  to  Mexico-Fonnding  of  the  City  of  Santiago-The 

Citj-Duhculty  m  agan>  Reducing  Then,  to  Sul.jection-R.inforeo- 
nu.  s  from   Me.uco- Campaign  against  Mixco-Captnr.,-  of     It 
Stronghold-I^ht  wi.     the  Chignautecs-Superhnnin  N'alor  o 
Cavahyman-Comue..  of  the  Zacatepce  Valley-Expedition  a^ain, 
^^Lunes^Dcfea.  of  Can  Iloeah-Ent.y  into  Hnehuetena^.o- 
>^n-ge  of  Zakuku-burreuder  of  Caibil  Ralani  .-^ 

fJio 


in! 


AUrnORITIES    QUOTED 


IN    THE 


HISTORY  OF  CEXTRAL  AMERICA 


Aa  (Picttv  vniulcr),  Xaankcuri'jo  Vcrsamcling.     Lcydoii,  17D7.  HO  vnh. 
Abuiiii;^;'i  (.Ji'.sto),  lA  ."•'(.■iiiulor  iJiivct.)!'  l'i'ijvi.sorio  a  sun  Ci)iii;)i'i.i'iijtas.  A,i;o3to 

r>(lc  I8,jl.     [Loon,  ISJl.l  i»U  .. 
Aliljott  (John  S.  C),  Ciristoplior  (jolnnihus.     Xow  York,  l',S7">. 
Aliljott  (John  S.  C),  Ilisioiy  of  llornando  (?orto/.     Now  Yoik,  IS")."). 
Acosta  (.roaiiuin),  ( 'ompcndio  llidtuiico  ilc!  Dcscuhihuicnto,  etc.,  lU;  la  Xuuva 


(Jranada.     1' 


;i8. 


Acosta  (.Foscf  lie),  Do  N'alvra  no\  i  oHjIs  lihri  ilvo.     S:ili 


Af(.sta(Ji'Sff  dc),  I'o  I'n 


uida  Salvti.'  ini 


irviii.     .S;',hn;intii.-a' 


l.")S'J. 
loss. 


Ac;).,ita  (Jii.scf  dc).  lii.sCoria  Xatur.il  y   Mural  do   las   \'iidiao.     SoviJla,  l.")00. 

[Qiioicd  a.s  Hist,  liid.] 
Acosta  (Josef  dc",  Tiie  XaUirall  and  Morall   Historic'  of  the   l!:ist  and  \\'e:..t 


lu.li 


liondi 


Ailanis()'.  15.),  Cat- 


d.    [Ii;0.)l.     (Quoted  as  Hist.  Nat.  h 


V 


naina. 


^llell^ 


Now  Yolk,  1  :.._'. 


1, 


y  Aeuna  (Uodrigc)  de),  Svniarios  do  la  lioco[)ilueion  ;jonei';d  do  la.>i 


'y 


Aki 
Ala 


ilu-(.M 
niada  (A 


Ir.s  1 
1), 


ITII'I 


Madrid,  lOJ:: 
I'ia  «ol)i''' el  cultivo  del  ( "afo.     ( luateniala,  \>^-l' 


U'  11  tin  I 


10,  X 


loarai'ua, 


Dec 


:i,  i; 


MS. 


del-  \V 


IS-iCl 


•iiaften,  Sli:::iiii;J)o;ieliti',  AI)iiandliiirj;en.    rn'vlin,  l-S.iO 


<'t  .SCI 


M 


n  (Li'icas),  I)i3oi't:'.cioncs  soliro  l.'i  Historia  do  la  lli'puMica  ^'l•jiean;^ 


JK'O, 


I'lM).   .'{vols 


AL-iiiian  (LiK"s\  Hist-na  do  Mijioo.     Mejieo,  1  .S  tO -.">■_*.  .">  vols 


.>Ml)rilario  y  i'ei'ii|iiill.i 


All 


.11  Salvad(jr,  I :;.)_'.  I  folii 


)orn')z,  (  ,'rta 
i.:  I'aehi 


il  Ili'niv 


rador,  1.')  l>ii-.  I.' 


In  Icazbalceta,  Col.  l>oc.,  torn. 


A'l 
A 


il  Ciirdona.';,  Col.  \>'y<\,  t 


iiiu  .\ie;,ir  nil). 


ii)!nn  ^onuini 


Mo 
1,  S,m  J 


i.)  er.  soil 


'■p,  1S,")((  et  HO 


Aleali/:ida  (Vielori,i),  Dl.soiirsos  I'l'oiiuiiciiK 

l!"!!i4.   foH( 
Ah'odo(.\iitoniod<'),  IHcoi  n!ivio(!co'^i:ilico  Hist/ 


oni.  XII. 


los,  Aliril  'JO  do  iSd: 


^Um 


a'/ua. 


Ak 


(F 


I'anelsri) 


Mexi.o,  I'  n.  ;!  v.^l 


.   Madrid.  17f^.(iO.  .'ivol.i 
laviof),  Histoiv.ile  la.  ( 'oitipahia,  do.Iosuseii  Nneva  llsnania 


Allen  (llird*,  Skotohof  the  I^istern  Coast  of  Central  Aiuerioa.     In  Loud,  (i 


Alt 


Jonr.,  isn.  v 


Lif 


oi.   M. 


riiiaoion.     In  <'ol.  Doe.  Iiu'd.,  t 


oin.  xxvi. 


Aliny  (.lolm  .1.),  l;e|iort  on  Cliirii|n(.     IXowYork).  IS.")0. 

Allo^  l.os,  Maniliesto  doeiiinentado  (iiie  ol  (lubierno,  etc.    ( '.latoinala,  lo'l'J. 


folio. 


illsl.  C..M',  .\  1  ,  \..L.  I.     U 


l*XT] 


XXVI 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Alvnvnilrv  (O'-'iiznlr)  Ao),  Moinoiin.     ;MS. 

Al\;r,iilo  ( iic'iiaiidd  (li  ),  iiud  .luaii  do  rndilla.  Uolncion  del  dr.scnbriniicnto 

ik-l  mar  del  siir.      Ju  rai/licco  and  <  Mrdiiias,  ("nl.  i)(X'.,  torn.  iii. 
Alviiradi)  (I'cilri)  do),  Asionto  y  Capitiihuiou,  in   I'aoliccii  and  C'anlonas,  Cul. 

DdC. ,  tnni.  xvi. 
Alvm-ado  (IV'dro  do),  Cartas  Varias  dosdo  ]'>',]-l  liasta  15H.     MS.  folid. 
Alvarado  (Podri)  do),  I'luidac'lon  do  (Jnicias  d  Dios,  lolKJ.     In  J'aohoco  and 

Ciirdonas,  (,'ol.  Doc,  toni.  xv. 
Alvarado  (I'odro  tlo),  hottros  de  Pedro  do  Alvarado  a  Fcrnand  Cortea.     In 

Tornaux-C 'oniiians,  ^'oy.,  s^orio  i.,  toni.  x. 
Alvarado   (IVdro   do),    Ileal  Codula  a  I'odro  do  Alvarado,   1(!  Aliril,   l.'iOS, 

In  I'aoliooi)  and  (Virdoiias,  Col.  lino.,  tnni.  xiv. 
Alvarado  (I'odro  do),  Itolaoion  lioolui  a  ilornando  Corlos,  '28  de  Jnlio,  lo2l. 

In  liaroia,  llisloriadnros  I'rini.,  toni.  i. 
Alvaros  (I'odro),  \a\i.;ati(in.      l.'i'-'O.     In  llainm  io,  Via::r,u'i.  toni.  i. 
Alzat"y  Ivamiroz  (.Idm^  Antonio),  (laoota.s  do  J.,iteratura  do  Moxioo.     ^Icxico, 

i7!IO-4.   3  vols.;  iind  I'liol.la,  ls:!l.   •»  vols. 
Aniidor  do  los  ];io.s  (.lo.>;,),  ^■ida  y  Ilsoritiu  do  Ovio(lo.     In  Oviodo.  toni.  i. 
Aniorii'M,  J)osori[)oion  do  la  Anierioa  moriodional  y  Soiitontrional.     (Madrid, 

1S(I!».)     MS.   tolio. 
Aniorioa,  Disortaoion  solii-o  varias  ouostionos  intcresanto.s  })oitoncoiontos  a  loa 

noL'ooias  do -Vinoi'ioa.     ^ladrid,   |S2i. 
Ainorioa  u  oxanioii  fonoriil  do  l,-i  .^itnaoion  jmlitioa.     Xortlianiiiton,  l.'.'JS. 
Ainorioa:  or  a  ( ionoral  Survey  of  tii.'  I'oliiioal  .'•■ituntion.     I'inladoliiliia. 
Anieiioa:  or  an  exact  dosori[itii)a  of  tlio  West-Indies.     London,  Moo. 
Auierioa  Settiiitrionalo  e  nieiidionalo.     Torino,  |J'..")I>. 
Anierioa,  The  I'rouress  and  l'id:pi'ets.     Xew  ^'ork  (lS,"i,"i). 
Anierioa  Central,  <  laoota  Oliei:;!.     Manai^ua,  IS-II)  et  .'•('i|. 
Anierioa  Central,  Koolaniaoion  do  la  Intervoueion  do  AKj.    Macdouald.    Leon, 

[IS4-_'.l 
Amerioan  -Vlnianiio,     I'oston,  1S.")0  ot  poij. 
Anierio.in  Annual  l!e'ri;itor.     Xew  York,  etc.,  ISO."  ct  soij. 
Aniorioau  Antii|narian  Soeioty.  l'ro<oedin;rs.     Worcester,  lS'2f)otPcq. 
Anu  rici!u  (loouraiiliioal  S.ioiety,  liullciin.     New  Yorkj  1874  ct  80^. 
American  Notes  and  (,>uerie;.      l'iii!adel]iliia.  IS,, 7  et  yv.i. 
Ainei  ieaii  I'liilosopliical  Society.      I'liiladel[ilii;i,  l;d',l  et  secj. 
American  Qunr'icrly  l;c'.'i;;tcr  an  1  .M:!''.i,.iiie.      T'liLulolpIiia,  184.S  ct  soq. 
American  Quarterly  IJoview.      riiiladolpliia,  ISJ7  et  seq, 
Amerioan  lleui.tt.'V.      riiil;idel]iliia,  lS>i7  et  .scci. 
American  IJeview.     l'iiiladcl|iliia,  ISII  et  sccj. 
Aiiiei'ii-:',n  State  l'ai>i'rs.      I'losloii,  I.*il7  et  s.i|. 
American  and  l'"orei;n  Cliristi.in  Union.      Xew  York,  1S,"0  ot  soq. 
Anierjiino  Centralo,  Colonisation  dii  |ii,ilrict  do  Saiito-Tliomas,  (Jnatonial.a. 

Paris.  ISU. 
Aniorctii  (Cliarlos),    I'rimo  Yia'_";io   iiitorno   al    Cloljo. .  .falta  vial  Antonio 

I'i'jafotta.     Mllano,  I'OO. 
Aml.i-oya  (I'aseual  de),  Carta  al  l!oy,  '22  Oct.,  \r:.U. 
.Vndau'oya  ( I'asciuil  do),  Xariativo  of  tlie   l'rocei'din;,'s  of   Podrarias  Davilji. 

London,  |,S(i,"). 
Anda;;()ya  (Pascnal  di'l,   Polacinn  do  los  sneosos  do  Podnirias  P.'ivila.      l;i 

Xavarroto,  Col.  do  \'ia'..'os,  toni.  iii. 
Anderson  (Adam),  Historical  and  {~lironolo','ical  doilnctioii  of  l!ie  oii   in  of 

Coninii  roe.     London.  IS()|.   folio.    I  \(ils. 
Anderson  (Yonn^;),  Eastern  Coast  of  ( \  ntral  .\nii  rica.  Report  IS.'JO.    Jiondon, 

is:;!). 

Andre\\.s(W.  S.),  Illustrations  of  West  Indies.     London,  n,d.   folio. 
Andrino  (.1.   V..),    Kemitido  A  la  (!aeeta  do  Salvador  '20  Julio,  l>s.~),S.     San 

Salvador.  IS.'iM.   folio, 
Annales  lies  Voyar'os.      Paris,  lS()t1-14,   '24  vols. 
AmuiKs  of  Jjiit.jli  Legislation,     i^ondon,  1S,">0  et  ,soi|.  4to, 


i 


AUXnORITiES  QUOTED. 


xxvu 


acq. 


* 


Ann:ils  cif  Conr,Tcsa.    (1st  to  ISth  Conc^rcsa. )    Washington,  ISnt-.'fi.    42  voh. 

Animal  Ki'irislor.     Lonilon,  17-"'S-lN07.  41  vols. 

.Vii-'ii  (( icoi'.'ti,  A  N'dViiu'o  roiitiil  the  Wuilil.     London,  17"»0. 

Autiiiiclli  (Jiuui  Ijimtistin,  [nstriu'cioii,  licclia.  por  el  In  .rcnioro  p;ira  San  .Tii;ni 

do  L'lua.     I.")  Mar,  i.iIK).      In  l'ai!i(>r<>  ami  ('iiidiiiiis,  Col.  i)iii.,  loni.  .\iii. 
Antiuu'Z  y  Aeuvi'do  (Ilafacl).  Mi'nioria.s  liistinicas.      Madrid,   171*7. 
Ajiiano   (redi(i),    Cosniograplda   corrcgida    y   anadida    jiur   Gcnniui   rrisin. 

Anvi'i-.i,  1,")7."). 
.■\]iiaMu.s  (iVtiMis),  Cosinogra]iliiciis  LibiT,  Land-jlinta',  ]'<?A. 
A;i;inus  (I'ctiii-),  Introdiictio  goo'.rmpliica  IVtii  .»|iiaiu,  InL'nlstadii,  li}33. 
-\l'iilct',m'ii  Jhnidliook  (jf  Aniciicau  'J'ravrl.     Xiw  York,  lf-,()7. 
Apiilcton".s  Illustrated  lliiiidlKmk  of  Anirriciui  Travol.     Now  York.  1S.'7. 
.Xragii'i  (.\ntnniiio),  L.a  X'ictoiia  do  Coati'))f(|UC.      San  Salvador,  I.Silll. 
Araua  (Thonia.s  Ign.aoio),  Kolacion  do  los  ciitragoa,  y  rvynas  do  CJualhenialii. 

(!uatlioni:da,  1717.   folio. 
Aranool  do  lii.s  dorcclios,  quo  i;o  lian  dc  llcvar  on  las  dos  Sccretarias.     Madrid, 

17411. 
Arancol  do  17-0.     In  Pvoalos  OnL  nos.  tmn.  iii. 

Aioiicnliolt/(.l.  M.von).  llistoiyof  tb.;  I'iratos.  etc.,  of  America.    London,  1807. 
Aiillano  (.loso  X.).  Oraoinn  fiuioluc,  J(i()ct.,  ISl'i.     (Jiiatoniala,  Isti!. 
Aiovalo   (Fanstino),    Laudatio  fiuioljris  oniinontissinii  I'ranoisoL  Antonii  dn 

Loi-onzana.     ]tonwo  [ISiM  j.  folio. 
Arrvalo(i;aiiiol  do),<.'oloooion  do  Doouinontos  Antiguos  dol  Aix-hivo  do  Guato- 

niala.     (inati'niala,  is.'w. 
An'vali)  (Uafaol  do),  J.,iliro  do  Aotas  dol  Ayuntaniionto  do  (.!uatoni;da.    (Juato 

ni.-dii,  Is.id. 
Aii/a  (.\nilr<  s),  Conientos  do  la  liioa  y  Fortilisinui  I'lovinoia  do  ol  Daiion. 

1774.     .MS.  4to. 
Annin  (Th.),  Das  Alio  Mcxiko.     Loiozi;,',  1*^0.".. 
Ai'iisciaoiia  (Jiistii),  Exainon  yobro  la  Franoa  ODUinnioacion,  L«tnio  do  T'anania. 

I'.ngota,  ISKi. 
Amingr)!,:  (Finnoiseo  do  Taula  do),  ^lojioo  desdo  ISOS  li.nsta  1807.     Madrid, 

1S71-'J.  4  vols. 
AiTicivita  (J.  D.),  Cn'>nica  Sonilica  y  Apostolioa.     ^Madrid,  170_\   fulio. 
Ai'i'illaga  (r.a.-nlio  1 ).),  Int'i'mio  (|uo'dior.>n  lo-s  (Ji'msiilos.     Mo.-doo,  IMS.   -f!". 
Ar:ic)hnl).  J.  do),  llo-itiniidad  do  la  Adniinistraoion  llarri.is.     |Lcon,  isiij.  | 
Aitii'da,  I'acilioaoiou  do  L'o.sta  Kica.     In  I'aolioco  and  C'aidonas,  Col.  Doc, 

toni.  XV. 
Asliov  (C.  M.),  Lifo  of  llonry  Ilmlion.     London,  ISOO. 

Astid)uni;i','a  (I'lani'im'o  S.),  Koimbacas  d<,'  Coulio-AMiorioa.     Santiago,  1S,'>7. 
-Millan,  i;ii|Urto  ilo  iiliisiours  tiliofs.     In  'rciiiaux-Coniiians,  sorio  i.,  toin.  \. 
Atlantic  .Montidy.     lio.ston,  IS.'iS  ot  soq. 
Audionoia  do  Santo  Domingo,  Cartiis.     in  i'aoluoo  and  Cardonas,  Col.  Doc, 

torn.  i. 
Anger  (IMward),  Voyage  en  Californio.     Tails,  lS."i4. 
.Vuri'eocK'olia  (Jiwt''  Maii.i  do),  llistoria  snoiiit.a  i'  imparoial  <lo  la  nii'veha  (|.i'( 

li:i  sou'nido  on   sus   convidsionos   politioas   la   Airn'rioa    Lsnauola,    (■:■■. 

Madrid,  ls4().  4to. 
Avery  (William  T.),  Speech  in  V.  S.  House  of  Itop.,  .Ian.  •_'!,  Is.'iO.     Wa  li- 

in,L,'ton,  Isriil. 
Avezao  (Martin),  Ilylacnmylus.      Paris.  |S(;7. 
Ave/ao  (.Marlin),  In  .NcmvolUs  Annalos  dos  Voy.vros,  toni.  ev. ;   toni.  cvi.; 

tom.  eviii.:  toni.  on.;  also  Soc  <leog.,  Uiillotin,  torn.  .\iv. 
Avila  y  Lugo,  IVsoiipoinn  do  las  V.slas  (liianajas,  hi;;',l. 
Ayolt,i,_  Inl.iriiio,  in  I'rovincia  d,l  Santo  i:v,ni,'.lio.     S  Mar,  I"!)). 
Ayoii  (Tonia.s),  Apuntos  .suliro  algunos  do  los  aouiiteoimioiitos.     Xiciir.ngiia, 

etc,  I  SI  1  ot  soi|, 
Ayoii  Croniari),  Considonioiones  solno  la  onostioi,  do   Limit's  ToiTituriulcs. 

.Managua,  ls7-. 
Ayon  riumaa),  Speech,  Feb.  1,  18U2.     Sun  Sulviulor,  1802. 


I 


\         !< 


!   Hi; 


xxviii 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED, 


i;;.<,'!!tul,i  (La),  AgoHto  10,  1851  ct  a^'q.     K!i--i!i:"l;i-l 

]5iiily  (-folm),  Ccntial  ^Viiicrica  ;  (k'scriliiii;,'  (luatLiiiala,  HoikIuitis,  Sah'iidor, 

Nicara^'i'.a.  aii<l  ( 'o.-ta  llica.     Lcpiiddii,  IS.il). 
liallioa  (Vati'c)  Xiifits^  di).  Cartas.     In  I'aclicco  ami  Cardoiuis,  Col.  Doc,  to;ii. 

ii.;  Xavarnlc,  Col.  do  Viatri's,  torn.  iii. 
I'allxia  (\'a-oi)  Xufi'/,  >\v),  Los  Xavio.s. 

I'aiicroft  ((!('<ir;,'f),  lli:<Uiry  of  tlu!  United  Slates,     llopton,  1S70,  ct  .scq. 
D.iiirii'ft  (liuldi't  llowi-'))  X'ativo  liaois  of  till'  I'acitio  .States.     Xow  York, 

ls7">.  .">  vols. 
D:',iikn  (. rallies).  Oil  tlio  Cotton  of  irondiiras  and  Yucatan,    n.pl.,  n.d. 
Larcia  (Aiidru.s  (loiizulez  dc),    llistoriadores  rriiiiitivos  do   las  Jiidias  Oci'i- 

dontalos.     Madrid,  171'.).   folio.  ,'i  vols. 
IJard  (Sanmol  A.),   Waikiia;  or.  Adventures  on  tin?  Mosquito  Sliore.     [liy 

K.  G.  S(iiiier.J     Xow  York,  IS.m. 
Bari'ionuovo,  Informaeion  liecha  en  ranair.  i  ;il  iiavio  Conccpcion.     7  -Mnil, 

].y.'A.     In  I'aelieoD  and  ( Virdoiias,  Col.  Doc,  toia.  x. 
r>.'riio.j  ((ii'iaido),  A  los  pueblos  <lel  Salvador,  Si^gundo  nianiliosto.     San  Sal- 
vador, ISli.'J. 
Darrio.j  ('.leranlo),  Disoirso  ante  el  Cuerpo  Legislativo  d  1  Salvador,  IVliiero 

1,  IStiO.     Sau  Salvador,  |  |:;;;(».  | 
Barrie>.-i  (Ccrardo),  I!!  ]«)ri|Ui''  (!;■  la  caida  do  I'r.rrio:-!.     Sa'.i  Salvador,  lS(i3. 
I^ari'ion  (* -erardo),  .Maiiife-^^o  of.     X'ueva  ^'lll•k,  I'^iiL 
Barrio;)  (( Jeraido),  I'rcsidento  Loyitimo  do  la  Kepnhliea  del  Salvador.     I'an- 

nnia,  ISi:-.'!. 
Barrio.!  (( levardo),  llekieiouos  eon  el  (loliierno  do  Xiea.niTiia.     Ma:i;!;riKi,  \'^t''^0. 
Barrio i  (.Jos:''  Kulimd,  ( leiioial  on  Cofo,  :i  los  I'ni'liio.Ti  del  Sa'\'adoi',  .M;;\m  .S, 

l.s7d.      San  Salvador,  l!i7d. 
Barrov,-  (.rolm),  'I'ho  Lii'o,  \'oya;,'e-.  and  I'Aploitsof  .Vdiairal  Sir  I^ranois  Di'a'io. 

Loiulon.  l.S4!i. 
r>arrinidia.  (.loiio),  Diseurso  ri'oiiiiiieiado,  Setieinlnv  lo,  I'TiO,      San  Salvador, 

Bastiil:!:'.  (llodri;io  do),  A^iento<|ne  ln::o  census  Ma jc-^fcjiles  Catolicis,  o.Tunu), 

l.'iOi).     In  raelioeo  avid  Ciir  'enas.  Col.  Doe.,  toni.  ii. 
Bastida:!  (RodriL'o  do),  Inrorniaeion  do  los  Servieios,     In  Paelicco  and  C:ir- 

donas.  Col.  J)oe.,  toni.  ii. 
Bastido  (M.  do),  Moinoire  sur  un  Nouveau  Pas-'a;o.     Paris,  !7I'l. 
Batcj  (H.  \V. ),  (,'entral  Ainerioa,   The  Wo.t   Indies,  and  .'-.outli  America, 

London,  l.s7.'i. 
Batroa  CMaiii'el  de^,  Itelaeion  do  las  llestas  realos.     (Inatomala,  17(!L 
Baxloy  tWi  lis),  W'li.afc  i  saw  on  the  West  Coast  of  Soulli  and  Xorth  Ainerioa, 

Xow  \'olk,  ISd,"). 
Bay  l-laiids,  Co]iv  of  Ouoon's  warrant  for  eroetiiif^f  into  a  llritisli  Colony,  etc 

London,  |S,":ii.   folio. 
Bayk' (I'ierre),  1  liotioniiairo  Ilistiiriipio  et  Critique.     I'otterdain,  ]~'2').   f.'lio. 

4  vols. 
Boauiudiit,  i'alilo  do  la   rurisiina  Conoopeio'i.  Cri'miea  df  la  I'rovineia  do  S. 

I'edio  y  ,S.   I'ahlo  do'  Moi.'lioaean.  MS.;  also  .Mexico,  187o-4.   .">  vols. 
Iieeoatiiii  1 1 Vaucisco),  \'ida  iK' Carlos  111.      .M.uliid,  \~'M. 
Booeliev  (K  W.),  A.ldn 


it  the  Anniversary  Mei'tinic  of  tho  Royal  (1 


]\ 


.'i-aiiliioal  Society,  "2. Ith  .May,  IS.'iii.     Londi-n,  ls,'i(! 


.I'ocluv 


(F.  \V.),  Xarrativo  of  a  Vo^■,•l■,'e   to  tlio    I'acilio,    l.Si!.') 


Londi 


is.; I.   -2  v,,ls. 


I'oliaim  (Martin),  Clohe— iruiidioldt's  l]ssay  on  the  Oldest  Maps.    \MS.  folio 


Bojaiano  (|'"i'4i\    Franoisoo),  Inforiiie  liecho  por  el  Cul 


lornailor  i 


le  V 


r 


MS, 


Bololior  ( lOdw  ard),  Xarrativo  of  a  Voya''o  round  the  World,  lSIW-1'2.    Loudc 


I  S4;t. 


ols 


]>eli/e,  ( 'opyofa  letter.  Xov,,  ISJlll,  toS.(  'oxo.deliuin;,' houiidary.   London,  KS,")('> 
Belize,  Packet  Intolli,:.,'enoor.      Iiolize,  |.S,)4  et  seip 
Belknap  (Joroiny),  American  Biography.     Boston,  17'J4. 


AUTTIOFJTIES  QUOTRD. 


xxix 


Ui'll  (Cha.'i  X.),  r.c';!i:irks  on  the  M'lsiiuito  Ti'iritory.     In  Loml.  Ooog.  Soc. 

.lour.,  vol.  xxxii. 
Ik'H  (  J;;nKs).  A  System  of  ('.i'n"r;i]iliy.     (Iln'i^  i\v,  !S;]'>.   O  vols. 
IaH  (Jo'iii).Siiii:c!i  ill  Senate  (,ftlio  T.  S..  Tel)'.  iKi'.y  •_':».  I  S.T..  Washington,  I  S,"(]. 
I'm'.W  (I'llix),  A   Tiaver.s   L'Aiiu  liiiui;  Ccntiulo.      I'ai-i.s,  ISl'iT.    -'  vols.;   also 

'Pnvisi.  is:;).  -2  vo's. 
IV'Hv  (i'llix).  Carlo  iUKtiule  i)onr  le  traee  et  le  jn'ofil  dii  (.'anal  ilo  \ieara;rua. 

"raiis,  1S.")S. 
]>e!!v  (l"i!i\),  l'iirr!il)vueh  il<;s  Aniei-ikn!iisc!ie:i  Continents.     I'avis,  1*;:,'.). 
]le!l'v  (K.'lix),  I.o  Mear;i"na.      r.'ilis,  isyo.   •_>  vis. 
Ir.ll'v  (l-'rlix),  IVotesta  (It  1  Sefior  1  )on  Felix  iKlly.     Leon,  ISfill. 
]iel<it  (dnstave),  La  Veiite  svr  le  Hondnras.     P.-iris.,  n.d. 
Ik'ntonf.losephA.I.SpeeehinU.  S.Sena'ie.  Mareli.lS-Jii.  Wasliin'rtonCity.ls-j!], 
IVnton  (Tliwiiias  I!.),  .\liri.l.,'nient  of  Oubatus  in  Con;:re;v!,  17.<'.l-l'>.)<!.      X>\v 

York,  ISoT-C,:!.    1()  vols'. 
Bentoii  (Tliomas  I [.),'r!iirty  Years'  Yiew  T'. S.  Senate.   Xuw  Yerl;,  IS") I.  "J  voI-j. 
Ben;:o!ii(!;i:o!,inio),IIisto!'yof  tlieXewWorll.    (Ilaki.  So>\  erl.)    L  lul  on.lb,)?. 
r.cnzo;ii  ((lirolanio),  L.i  liisloriull  Mouil  >  N'novo.     Ve:ietia,  l."-7-. 
IJcrinilt  (C.  11. ),  Report  of  Ivxplorations  in  Central  Anieri.a.     Jn  Sinit!is(niia:i 

IJeport,  ISOT. 
Dercnill,  (IFei'mann),  Analytieal  Alphabet  for  Mexiean  and  Central  Anieri.:,.i 

Lanv,'ua,i,'es.     Xcw  Yor!;,  ];>(;',). 
]>eren';er,  Collection  ilo    tons  les   Yoyavjea  Jaits  autotir  dii    Monde.     I'ari-;, 

ITSS-t).   \)  vols. 
Bcrgvfio   y    \'i!le:jas   (Simon),   La  Yaunna.     Canto   diri;^'ido  ;i   los  .lovenes. 

Xuova  CrUatcnialii,  l.'iUS. 
Ikrgano  y  Yillega.'j  (Simon),  La  Yaeuna  y  ]']couomica  Politica.    Xneva  ( inate- 

mala,  1S;;S. 
lleriromas  ( lacobo  I'hilippo),  Nonissimo  historiani  omnia.    \'enotii3,  ]'>0X 
Den'onias  (lacoho  l'liilippo),Snpplenienti  CIn'onicarum  ah  is[)o  imuidi  exoi'dio. 

"(Vonet.,  I."i:).] 
Berhuiga,  l'es(piisa.     Sohrc  conducta  do  I'iairro,  l')',]r>.     Li  I'ucheuu  and  (  Vu- 

denas,  (,'oi.  l)oe.,  toin.  x. 
r.erna.1  !ii;iz.     See  Diaz,  del  Castillo  (Denial). 
IVta'di  (Willinni),  A  Yoya'to  I'onnd  the  \Vor!d.     London,  17.37. 
IV'iiIlocii,  L(!  !Mexiipio  en  |S:.';(.     London,  Li-'l.  U  vols. 
LiMiotvea  Anierieana.     London,  I7''»II. 

]!iIi'iotei:i  Mexieana  ropnlary  Iv'onoiniea,  Tratados.     Mexic ',  lS."tl-.1.  .3  vols, 
lliddle.  Memoir  of  Sebastian  Cabot.      London,   l.S.'Jl. 
r.id\v.,!l  (('has.  'l'..!!.),  The  Istlimus  ef  i'an.-Mn/i.     London,  IS:',"). 
Ihudand  (.bilm),  .V  (.leogra[)hiealand  Jlistorieal  \'ie\v  of  the  World.     London, 

I'lr.t.  ,-|  vols. 
Ijiibo.'i  (I'raneiseo),  Liieiativa  de  la  Ameiiea.      Paris,  IS."(>. 
Pi!a<'!;\vood's  l'Minbui';,di  .Ma'^aziiu'.     l'Minbur"h,  bSI7  <'t  scp 
P)ia'j-don  (Francis  Wm. ),  The  Modern  ( leo'^i^aji'ier.     J..oud.in,  n.d.  .'>  vols. 
I>las(|ne/,  Opinion.     In  CInapas,  ])oeiinientos  Ori;rinales.      MS. 
LlewlieMs,  1  loenmentos  Inti'resantes  sobre  el  .\tentado.     San  S.ilvador  |  IS  ISl. 
lllomlield  (i;.),  A  (li'neral  View  of  tho  World.     P.imjray,    I.S,)7.    It').  1' vols. 
Pjoddam  Whediam  (J.  \\'.),  Across  (.'entral  America.     London,  1S77. 
P>o;ot:l,  Craeeta  de  la  Xueva  (Iranad.i.     IJo^'ota,  1H4H  ct  seti. 
Bo'.;ot;l,  (iaceta  Olieial.      Lo'_'ot:i,  1S4S  et  seep 
]5oli  tin  de  Xoticias.     Snn  Salvador,  ls."ii  et  He(i, 
B(i!etin  del  I'ljercito.     Santa  Ana,  1S.")I  et  s' ij. 
P)oimyeastle  (li.  1!.),  S]ianisii  America.     Lo'.idon,  ISIS.   2  vols, 
liorlion  (Lnisde),  Ciudadanos.     .Mexico,  IS'Ji). 
Bonlone  (I'.rneileltot,  Liiii'o  di  llcncdotto  liordolie  nel  ([nal  si  ra;,'iona  de  tnttu 

I'lsoji!  del  liioiiilo.       N'iliesria,    l.'iJS. 

]>orth\vick  (.1.  I).),  Tiiree  ^'ears  in  California.     Ldinbnr.u'h,  l^o7. 

P-.ii  Ihwirk  (.1.  D.l,  Li  Untehin-s' C.dilornia,  Mau'a/ine.  \ol.  ii. 

Bosa  (V.  D.),  Lebeii  luul  TapU'erij  'i'hateu  der  Weo  llcldea.     Numberg,  lliSL 


XXX 


AUXnORITIES  QUOVED, 


11      I 


II  IP' 


]'(>:ui,  Vita  (li  Coloml)o.     :\Ii!an.  ISIS. 

]'.iinr,'ciMmi(',  Tnivcls  in  Spiiiii.     In  rinkorton's  Col.  Voy.,  torn.  v. 

I'.ovli!  (I'ldlcriclO,  A  Kiili;  ;i«-!'iis.s  a  (Joiitiiu'iit.     Jjoiidon,  lS(iS.   "J  vols. 

li.ii-iscuf  ill!  ]'..itiil)'im';,',  l)ilili()tlti.M|U<^  Ml'- 'i;  i-(lii;it  iii-i'ipiiiio.      l';iris,  1S71. 

]Jia*-i'iir  (!>!   HiiinlMiuii,',  Hi-ifoii-o   dcs  Nations  <;ivilisOt'd  ihi   Mij.'iiiiiio  et   de 

lAiiii  rii|Ui!  (Viitiak'.      I'ari.s.  IS.iT-'.*.   4\'p1.s. 
]>rnss('ur  <to  !'•  >iiil)i)iii':,',  fjcttivs  ])  mr  scrvii-  (riiitrrwliieti'Hi  .'i  rifistoirc  primi- 
tive des  Nati'Pii.sClvili.s  ■I'.sdo  rA'ni'".'ii|Uo  Si'jitiMiti'iona/.c.  ^luxii-o,  IS.""il.  I'o. 
llras.suur  do  i;i)Ui'ii()Ui\u',  -Mamiaurit 'rro.iuD.    lIludcH  siir  Ic  syj;  ■uj  ;,'vaph',(|no 

it  la  la!i'_'iio  d'.s  Mayas.      I'aris,  lS(i!)-70.   4ti>.   '2  vols.     (Mijsiioii  Sciuii- 

tili(]iii',  laii(Hiisti(|iu". ) 
V.rassi'iircK'  IJoinliour;,',  Xotoid'unVoynL'cdinsT/Ann'rimirrontrale.  ii.i)l.,ii.d. 
];rass"ur  d(!  rioiiilxmi'!..',  Kocliuivlifs  yur  livs  Ituims  do   l'alciii(iu'.     Avco  Ics 

IX'ssiii'^doM.  diAValdi'ck.    I'ans.lSCi:;.  fo'.io.  1  vol.  text;  iiiid  I  vol.  jilati's. 
IW'itish  Railway.     llL'iiiarks  on,  from  Atlaiilic  to  I'acilio  from  liiilf  of  Jlua- 

diiras.     London,  Isli). 
r.ritish  Sailor'.s  1  liscoviry,  or  the  Spanish  T^-ctonsions  refuted.     London,  17.")0. 
IJroiie/  CSl.  v.),  I'ne  Colonic  ])el,'o  dans  ]/Anuriiinc  Ceutralo.     Mons,  1840. 
I'.rown  (.V.  <}.),  Speeeh  in  V.  S.  Senate.  Mareli  I'J-l:!.  IS.'tO.    ii.pl.,  n.d. 
li.yant,  What  1  sau' in  California.     New  V(jrk.  ISl',). 

]',!-yant  (WilliamCullen),  History  of  the  United  States.    X.  Y.  UiTsKSl.  t  vols. 
]>ueeMnl>er^  of  Anieriea.     Sec  lvi)ileMU''inir. 
r.iiitra-o  (I'.),  Cait;i,  A':o<t.) -J'l  do  ls:.|.  "  MS.  folio. 
]]iUo\v  (A.  voiiK  l)(r  I'l-eistnat  Nieai-n!:iia.     JJerlin,  1S4!). 
])cn',L'oa  (l''raneiseo  de),  (ieoLrrafiia  Deseripcion  do  la  I'arto  Sopten'rional,  del 

I'olo  .Arliro  lie  la  AnuTiea  (O.-ixaea).      Mexieo,  l(iT4.  4to.   'J  vols. 
I'.urko  (ICdnunidK  An  Aeeount  uf  l'Jiro]Hvin  Settlcmont.-i  in  .\nieriea.     London, 

ISOS,  4to  ;  also  editions  J^ondon,  I7(i0,  'J  vols. ;  London.  1770,  '2  voLs. 
linniey  (JiiniesK  A  (^hronolojieal  History  of  the  Discoverie.s  in  the  South  Sea. 

L(in(hin,  ISO;! -1(!.  4to.  4  vols. 
I'lurton  (II.),  'J'ho  l'',ii.rlish  llei'oe:  or,  Sir  Francis  Drake  revived.     London, 

1(1S7  ;  also  edition  London,  1710. 
I'.urwell  (William  M.*,  .Memoir  Explanatory  of  the  Transiinion  and  'rehuaa- 

tepeivLoute.     A\'asiiiii,i_'tori,  IS.')I. 
]>ury  (N'iseoiint).  I'Afidus  of  llio  \yestern  Xations.      London,  ISO'),   2  vols. 
lUisehmann  (loliaini  Carl  ]>!.),  I'ljcr  die  A;;tekisehen  Urtsiuiinen.     IJcrlin, 

flS,-,;!.  I  4 to. 
Viussiere  (Th.  de),  I/'Eni]iiro  Mi'xieain.     Paris,  1S(),'>. 

]>ustamante  ((Tirlos  ^lariade),  Apuntcs  para  la  Historic  tld  Gi>bicmodel  Gen- 
eral Santa-.\nna.     Mexico,  IS4."). 
Ihistamante  ((Virlos  Maria  de),  Cuadro  ITistorieo  de  la  Revolueiou  !Moxieana. 

]\lexieo,  ISi'.'t   7.   5  vols. ;  also  Mexico,  ]s;iL*-4'!.   0  vols. 
Lustamante  (Cirlos  Maria.de),  l>iario  de  1  >  e:  pei'iahncnte  oeenrridoeu  Mexico, 

Se)it.  do  KS4I  a.Innio  do  1S4:{.     Mexico,  |S41-:i.     ilS.   4to.  4  vols. 
Ihistamantc  (Cirlos  ]\Iaiiade),  1  listoria  del  Lin]H'rador  D.  Agustiu  do  iturbido 

(Continniicion  del  Cuadro  Historia).     Mexico,  ISKi. 
liustamanlo  (Carlos  Mai'ia  i\r\.   Materiales  [lara  la  Continuaeion  del  Cuaiiro 


Jlistc 


M. 


is;i 


!).     MS. 


Lust  imanio  (Carlos  Maiia  de),  Medid.as  para  la  I'acilicacion  do  la  Amei'ica 


yu 


MS. 


ISJI). 


]'iUstamanto  ((Virlos  Maria,  de),  Memorandum,  I'p  sea  A)nintes  ilo  lo  princi[):'.l- 


meiiti>  ueciirrido  e:i 


.M. 


M 


exico. 


1;  14- 


MS. 


llust: 


imaiite  ((  .irlos  .M.iria  < 


de),  1 


tesistencia  ilel.iCi'irtede  l"<i)nfia.  Mexico.  1,S,';;! 


liastamanto  'Cirlos  Maria  de),  \'ox  de  la  I'ati 


Ml 


;!  VI 


•.aste!li-l''( 


ill)  (Coiiitr).  La  1' 


U"ion 


en  n 


a  seiil  ctat.      W 


IS7L 


Ki'publicaine  dil  Jloiiilura.set  lUt  Salvador 


liutler  (,r.  ]).K 'i'lic  Naniin,^' of  America.     ^Madison,  1S74. 

]'yam  (ilcorj;e),  WanderiiiL;s  in  .some  of  the  Western  Ju[mlilicsof  Amcricii. 

London'.  l,s.-,(>. 
liyaui  (iiuorL;e),  AVild  Life  hi  the  Interior  of  Ceutrul  America.    London,  lS4y. 


AUTKOILITIES  QUOTED. 


XXXl 


■fils. 

ris,  1S71. 

.iiliic  ft  tie 

toirc  in'imi- 
•o,I.S'>l.-t'i>. 

isiou  Scioii- 

;.  n. pi. ,11.(1. 
.  Avoc  lo.s 
I  V()!.i)!.itu9. 
iilf  of  lloii- 

iiidcin,  \~'.\0. 
Mniis,  184G. 
11..1. 

J-81.  •*  %-ols. 


n'rional,  lU'l 

vols. 

•a.    Loudon, 

0,  '2  vols. 

o  South  Sea. 

(1.     Louiloii, 

lud  Teluiuu- 

2  vols. 
.11.     IJcrlin, 

mo  del  Gen- 
Moxicana. 


o( 


11  Mexico, 
I  vols, 
do  itui'bidu 

del  Cuadro 

la  Aineriea 

I)  priiieiiial- 

irxieo.  is:t;i. 
;t  vols. 

(l;i  Sidvador 

(if  Aiueiiea. 
oiidoii,  1S4'J. 


CdvuKis  (T.),  El  rrcsidente,  Maiv.n  -J,  iS.VJ.     [Com-iya,':^w,  ISoC.] 

{'ab.iin.-i  I  I'riniilad),  Soldailo  <le  la   I'.itria,  Ago:sto  "JT  do   IS.jIJ.     .Santa  Rosa, 

\'-.y,].    lolio. 
CakiiKis  y  la  T.iz,  rroelainacion  do  los  J)emoerates.     Dccicmbrc  2  do  1S,")I. 

Sail  .'^alvado!',  1S.')1. 
Cabe/a  <lu  N'aea  (.\!vai-  Xiuioz),  Relation.     Traii.slated  from  the  Spanish  by 

l*,iie!.iii;,'li;iiii  Smith.     New  ^'o!■I;,  l>'7l.  -lio. 
Cabildo  d.!  (iiiateinala.     Iiit'oniu!  ;:1  aetual  I'relado.     v!u;iteniala,  ]S_'7. 
Cabot,  Xavi:^atioiio  di  Sebailiaiu)  ( 'ubuta.     lii  llanr.isio,  \'ia;,'yi,  toiii.  ii. 
Cabreva   lliieiio   (.Joseph   (jou/.aloi'.),    Navugaciou   Espccvlutiva,    y   Practica, 

Manila,  17,>-t.   folio. 
Cabrera  (I'aul  Felix),  BeschrcibuiiL;  eiucr  alten  I^ladt  in  Ciiatiiiiala.    Iknlin, 

is;;j. 

Cadaiiiosto(.Vlvi3c),  LaPrimaXauigationc,etc.  Vioenza,  |.")07;  al.su  in  lUiuusio, 

Viai,'^i,  toiii.  i. 
Cadainosto  (Alvise),  La  ."^econda  Xavi','atione.  In  llamnsio,  Viajj'M,  toni.  i. 
Caduna  (I'clipe),  Brovo  iJosoripoiou  dc  hi  noble  ciudad  dc  Santiaj,'o.     (Juate- 

niala,  IS.iS. 
Cadona    (i'r.   C:irlo.s),   I^eseripcion    do   las    reales   exequins   ipio    ;l    la   tiern.l 

iiieiiioria  do  nuestro  auguato  y  eatulica  niouarca  il  Sr.  D.  Caiod  111. 

Cuatoin  ila,  17'>!).  4to. 
Caicedi)  (.F.  M.  Torns),  Union  Latina.     Paris,  l."^'].").  -Ito. 
Caldas  (.<eb;isli:iii  -Mvare/  .Mfeiisi)  Roflio.i),  Carta  Hobre  la  conqvista  do  laa 

I'roviiieia-t  del  Laeandon.     (livitemala,  1(JJ7.  folio. 
Caloiidario  .Manual  y  ( Jiiia  do  Foi'a.ster-js.     Mexieo,  ISl  1  et  seq. 
Callj  (luan  Die.',  do  la),  Menioiial,  y  Xolieiad  Saerus,  y  ilcaloo  ilel  Imperio  do 

las  Indias  Oeeidelitales.     ii.pl.,  l(J4!i. 
Callc  (.fuan  Die,',  dc  la),  Keeopilaeion.     ii.pl.,  1(340. 
( 'aUl'on'.ia  Xewspapers.      (Ciied  by  iialiio  I'ml  date.) 
Calvo  (t'liarles),  .Xnuales  lii.storicpios  dc  la  revolution  do  l'Ami''riqne  latino. 

Paris,  etc.,  ISut   (i7.   .">  vols. 
Calvo  ((  harles),  Iteeiieil  Complet  des  Traites.      Paris.  lS(;2-7.    1(1  vols. 
Calvo  {.!oai[iiin  iJernurdo),  !Meinoria  presentada  ponl  Miiiistrode  llelaeioiics. 

San  .bi.e,  Is.iJ,  is.")4. 
Camp  {D:'.vi  1  \V.),  Tile  .Vmorican  Ye.ar-llook.      Hartford,  ISf!!)  et  .sei|. 
C.impano  (I^slaiiLslao^,  (Iraeion  I'unebro  en  los  I'unerale.s  (leiieral  .Jose  Maria 

('a.ias.     San  Salvador,  iSoO. 
Campbell,  .\.  Conei.H!  lli.storyof  S))aiiish  America.     London,  1711. 
Campe,  llistoria  del  Desoubrimieut)  y  (,' jnipiista  de  America.    ^ladrid,  1S03. 

;j  vols;  al.  I)  Mexico,  l.S.'jl.     Madrid,  JIvl."). 
Canipo  (Rafael),  Coiitcsticion  a  l.i  he;.:unda  replica  inipre.sa  en  San  Salvador 

en  la  iinprenta  Xaeion.d.      Iaou,  |.'-.7.'i. 
Camjio  (Uaf  lel),  Coiiteslaeion  d  la  I'riinera  nplica  a  lo.s  libelu.stas  del  Salva- 
dor'Ml  XiearaLTua.     San  Salv.ulor,  Pi71. 
Canal  or  Uaiboad  between  the  AtlauLio  and  Pacilic.    Eeport  of  Fobi-uary  •_'(), 

It^l'.l.     Washin-ton,  IS  11). 
Cancelaila  (.Tuan  Lopez).  Jhiina  do  la  Xucva  Ivpana.     Cadiz,  ISII.  4to. 
('aneelada  (.Iiian  Lopez),  'i'eleL;rafo  Mexicaiio.     Cadiz,  ISJl  et  .sen. 
('aiieellie!-i  (  rranei.;eo),  l)i  •■.;erta,.ioni  :.opra  Cristoi'oro  C  ilo;nbo.     IJ.ima,  bSOO. 
Caneellieri  (Franci.sco),   Xotizie  storieho  e  iiibliojralicho  di  (,'lirisl.oforo  Co- 
lombo,     lloiiia,  II. d. 
'ande  (de  Mous.sion),  Xotiee  sur  le  f!o!fo  do  Iloiidiiraa.     Paris,  KSjO. 
'apron  (!■;.  S.),  lli<lory  of  C.ilif.rnia,      1".  iston.  bwL 

'ara.<o(Manuel.IosrKliifonned,l.MiiiidtrodelIaeieiida,IS."(_'.  San.rose,lS."-2.4to. 
ailv)  (Pedro).  (,biestioii  eiitre  L'.Vii'jleterre  et  l.i.s  Ihat.s-Cni.-.     i'ari.^  IS.Ki. 
.'arduii.i,    .Memorial   sobre   doHoubrimienlos  en  Caliioiiiia.     In  Parliee.)  and 

<'.irdenas,  (,'.)1.  l)oe. ,  torn.  ix. 
(";irmieliail  (loliu),  Letteroii  tile  De  .triietion  of  Crevtown.     Liverpool,  ISoC). 
(Jarraaza  (Dominio  Coii.'.aloz),  A  Geo-raphical  Description  uf...tho  West 

ludiea.     London,  1740. 


I:i    Ij 


S'iill 


III; 


XXXll 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


CaiTasco,  Carta,  Nicaragua,  BoLrc  rcfomias. 

1  )ou. ,  torn.  V. 
Cam  la  (llMta.I),  A  Los  JcfL'S,  Oct.  3^,  lS(;r5. 
Ciirrcra  (llafaul),  Maiiiiiesto,  •riiiiio  "JJ,  liS."jt, 


(,'arroi-a  (Kafat'li,  Origrii  y  Xacim 


III  Paclicco  ami  Cardenas,  CoL 

San  Salvador,  1S!;:{. 
[Giiati^iiKila,  18.  f.] 


(luatciiKila,  lo4t.     M.S. 


Carrci'a  and  Mora/.an,  Culccciun  do  Xoticias  do  Ceutro  America.    Guatemala, 

I  Sid. 
Can-cri  ((lemclli),  Viaggio,  etc. 

Carrcii  (<! 'nulli),  Voyaujo  do.     In  Bcrengcr,  Col.  Voy.,  torn.  ii. 
Carricdo  (.liian  15.),  l^stiidios  Hist('i!icos  y  l^stadistiios.    (Jaxaca,  ISdO.  2  vol3, 
(  arta  dc  la  lluina,  in  Navarrete,  Col.  do  V'iagos,  toni.  iii. 
Cartas  de  Indias.     Madrid,  l.'STT.  folio. 

Carticr,  Prima  U'datione  di  Iac'|v.s  Carthicr.    In  llainrisio.  Viaggi,  torn.  iii. 
<.'arnctto  (La  I'ei .),  Lctln.'.s  lucilitcj:;  sur  la  Xoavcllu  Uraiuula.     In  Nouvulloa 

Annak'.s  dc    \'oyages,  toiii.  c.\lv. 
Casaiii)  y  'I'orrib  (Kamon),  ItLlarim  dc  ias  cxcquiaa  (juc  se  hiciurou  un  \ck 

Simla  L,'le  ia  C'atcdral.     (iuatcui  da,  l.Sl'i. 
Ca.sli  (T.  M.'i,  Tliu  Tanania  Fcvor.      Li  Overland  Monthly,  vol.  i. 
Casorla  (.1.  11.),  Cultivo  del  Cafe,     rauauia,  1;.7;>. 

Casi(Lewi..),SpcoehinU.S.Senate,.J;m.2-,  IS.".0.  Wasiiinglon.  ITt-T..  fi'.Liip. 
Casd   (Luwi^),    Speeeli   ou   the   Claytou-Buluer   treaty,   Janiuny    11,    ly.J-l. 

Wasliin;:tou,  lSJ-1. 
Castaucda,  lufornie.     In  Col.  Doe.  Int'd.,  torn.  xxvi. 

CasU'Uano.i  (.riiau  de),  I'Jcgias  do  Varoncsi  ilu.stre3  do  Indias.     J.Iadvid,  18."7. 
Caalelkju  (rraneiseo),  A  lod  I'uuLlos  de  Ceutro -j:\jncriea.     AgOoto  23,  I'ooi, 

[( 'oniayagiia,  18,")!.] 
Castellon  (l-'ranei.^eo),  Al  Publico,  Dccicmhrc  8,  18.")3.     [Leon,  1S.■').^.1 
Cas'.clloa  (Traueisco),  Al  Puljlieo,  Febrcro  10,  li<~A.     San  Salvador,  lSr>4. 
(Castellon  (Praneisco),  Caluninia  Atroz.     Leon,  b"].')!. 

Caslellon  (I'l-aneiseo),  Diseurso  Pronriuciado,  .luni  >  11  do  lR."i4.  n.pl.,  1S.")4. 
Castellou  (I'raneiico),  Docunieutos  relativoa  a  la  Cuestiou  de  Mo.scjuitos.    San 

Salvador,  18.'(2. 
Castellon  (Franei.-i;eo),  Docnmontos  Relatives  i'l  la  Legacion  do  Nicaragua  y 

Honduras.     Cianada,  ISfjl.   folio. 
Castillo,  Carta  solr.o  la  paciiieaeion  de  Tierra  Fimic.     Julio  1,  1-VJ7.     In  P;l- 

eliee  )  and  Cih'ilena.s,  Col.  Doe.,  toni.  xii. 
Castl.'  (Wiiliam),  A  Sliort  Diseoveiy  of  Coast  and  Continent  of  America.     lu 

Voyages,  Col.  (Chureliill),  vol.  viii. 
Castro  Diario.    In  Doe.  Hist.  Mex.,  bit  series,  toms.  iv.,  v.,  vi. 
Cava,  Te.siimoniodel  L.-tadode  Despoblacion  de  Honduras,  15:]G.     In  Pacheco 

and  C.inlenas,  Col.  Doc,  toin.  xiv. 
Cavanibe:!  (.Vutoaio),  Itistoria  de  EspaTia.    Madrid,  1  .'^>('/')-P).  5  vols. 
Cavo  (Andre.s),  Loj  Tres  Siglos  ile  Mexico.     Jlexico,  LJ:W-8.  1$  vols. 
Cedulario.     A  Colleel  ion  mostly  MSS.  folio.   11  vol.-;. 
Celi.a,  (.'amino  de  Iloncluras  li  Guatemala,  l.~)o!).     In  Pach;oo  aiid  Cardenas, 

Col.  Doc.,  torn.  xiv. 
Centri'.l  Ammiea,  American  Anxieties,     n.pb,  n.il. 
I'enti'al  America,  Ariieie.     n.pb,  n.d. 
Central  America,  Lritish  Ag'.'i'e.ssion  in.     n.pb,  n.d. 
Central  America.  P.ritisli  Colony.    (l!Jd  Cong.,  '2d.  Se.ss.,  Senate  Report  407.) 

\Va;iIii;i;,-ton,  \Ci'>'.\. 
Central  America,  Clayton  and  Bulwcr  Convention-Cori'espoudi.tice.    London, 

lSo(). 
Central  America,  Coasts.     [Candt5,  Notice  sur  le  Golfe.]    n.[)l.,  n.d, 
Central  America,  Corres]iondence  of  the  Department  ot  State,  .  Vceonipanying 

Message  of  the  President  of  tlie  U.  S.,  DecendKr,  IS,")."). 
Centr.d  America,  Correspondence  with  the  bite  ^Ir  Waller.stein.     London, 

bS,V(.   folio. 
Centr.il  Amciiea,  Corrcspoudcuce  with  the  United  States  llespecting.     Lon- 
don, iSoO.   foiiy. 


AUTIIOrJTIES  QUOTED. 


XXXIU 


1,-k 


M 


Cpiitnil  Ar.unu'.-i,  Disputes  \\itli  Amc:  !■■:!.     ii.pl.,  n.il._ 

Ccntial  Am<iic:i,  I'uiiIrt  (  unvsiJijiuUiRO  with  the  L'nitcil  States,    ^.ondon, 

I  •-..(;.  f  .li  '. 
Ctntr,.!  .\in^ri'-:i,  (Irwit  TJrifaiii . '11111  t'lc-  riiitol  Stntes.     ii.])!.,  n.d. 
Li'nt.al  Aim  ri<a,  M<'.-,.;ii'.;csut'  tlic  I'lciukiiL  of  llie  United  .'-M.atf j.     .Tan.,  IH')3, 

iKc,  is.,;!,  .M.y,  lS.)(i. 
CVnt'-d  Aim  ri>-"i,  Misccllanooiis  DucmniMit^  "ii  l*i)litics.     ii.iil.,  11.  d.   I'llio. 
('(■ntral  Auk  rica,  Musiniito  Kiii^'aiid  lliitisli  (,)iic(.ii.     ii.pl.,  n.il. 
(Viilr.l  Auir.ii-a,  ?i!r  (.'raiiii>U'ii  and  tlio  Aiiiuricuu  (^'iiu^ilion.     ii.pl.,  11. d. 
Cilltral  Aimiioa,  raiiiplik'ts.   !)  vols. 

Coutial  Aiiii-iica,  Qucslioii  in  United  Strvi'o  Ma,j;azine,  Ainil,  IS.'iO. 
CVntial  .Viiit-Tica,  lieocnt  Ti'avd.s  in.     In  lilaikv.ood'.-i  M.i.;a/iiiL',  l>.."iS. 
(V'uti'.il  Aniericn,  Kipdi't  of  Cnininiifco  uu  Foruign  llclalious.     {o-d  Cong., 

"id  Sf. ;;..,  llip'iitof  ColiiniilUi.' •!  '7.) 
Central  .\iiu}riia,  llcviews.     n.pl.,  11. d. 
Tt'iUi-.  1  AiiRiica,  lluiiiod  Cities  of.     11. jd.,  n.d. 

C(  nii.d  A.uviiO.i,  Tarii'.i  do  Aairo.i  p;'.r;i  la  U  ..".oi.io:i  de  Dorcclio.s,    n.pl.,  Vi'.u. 
Central  A:i.i.i  ic:i,  Uiis'.\p!ored  llfrions  of.     Xuw  York,  l!j(JS. 
Ccntr.d  .\im.-iica  in  Cougivoi.     IS,i3.     A  CoUccUon. 
('eutr.d  .\im;ican  AlV.dv.-i,  IS'iO.     A  ( 'oilccUon. 

Ci'iitr  1  A:a<  iican  .\liairs,  l)i)cmnunls  rclaiivc  to.     Washington,  ISriti. 
CiiUial  .\iiicri<;au  CoastiLutions. 
('riiLral  Aim.'. loan  Xoa'S.     Scrap  Hook, 
('enti'.d  AiiiciL-an  Question.     Corrc:spond>  nco   concerning   the   Arliitrat.on. 

[\\"a-;!ilii'4i.on,  I;;.,,).] 
Cfnt'.al  Aim'i' -.111  Coinmc'ri-'ial  and  .Vg'.'icultui'al  Ci.)iiipany.    IJrief  .Statcniont. 

]yindoii,  l!v!;). 
Ccntro  Aait'iica,  A  loj  Ilouoraldcs  llLprescntaiitus  Congrcso.     [Conuiyagiia], 

Nov.  ti,  \So2.    fuiio. 
Ccnti'o  America,  A  I'v-i  Pui'blo.s.     [V;'.;  iou.s  <latrs,  l!r"d-'i.] 
Ccntri)  America,  (Am-iik'iucjuio.s  eatahli.cer  (ino.  jeueial.    Seliemlirc  1.'!,  IS.Vi. 

[TeLrnei;.ralpa,  l.'M'i.]  folio. 
Ci'iitro  Ann  I'iea,  Coiiveneioii  Provisional  de  los  I'.stados.     Guatemala,  ]S'.]'.). 
tVnti'o  Aaieiica,   Correspondeiieia  respeeto  ;i  la  l.ski  del  Tigre.     [.^an  Jooe, 

IS-tJ.)  folio. 
Ccnti'o  Anieriea,  Eserito  (juo  Deiiuiestra,  Cmviene  Rstablcccr  im  (kjljierno 

Xaeioiiat,  Aovicinlire  IJ.  \IA'>.     San  Salvador,  ISl."). 
Centro  America,    1'jjtai.ulo   Proviaorio  de   la    ILepaiiliea,    Ki  Oetulne,   IS.'p'J. 

'j"cguci;'ali)a,  IS'>2. 
Ceiiti'o  Aiuericn,    U.xtractos    Sueltos   de   vario;-;    lihroa   de   la  Ci.lecrion   do 

Miuio/.     M.S.   1  ,~)kj-r/.').  folio. 
Centro  America,   L.^y  Oi'g:iniea  de    ki   Ilaeiinda   Federal  de  la  Ikpiibliea. 

San  Salvador,  ls:!7. 
Centro  Ar.Ki'ica,  ?diui.,terio  de  llaciemki,  IVkrero  "27,  \>"~.     MS.   fcwo. 
Centro  Ainei'ica,  Miiii.stcru)  de  Kekicione:;,  .'\;;osto 'JJ,  l.''j;j;!.     Jk-i.  fo  io. 
Ccnti'o  Aineric.i,  Xeie.sid.ul  Urjento  de  la  lleoi'ganizaeioii.     Parin,  I'^IS. 
Centro  America,    Otraa   rellexionea   sobro   refonna  politica.      I'niiadelpkia, 

is::;). 

Centro  America,  Pra'a  Conocimier.t  >  de  los  I'L^tado.s  Coiifederado.s,  Uiiero  'Jil, 
looJ.     [Coiua',a:;ua,  1S."2. 1  folio. 

Centro  America,  I'ar.i  eunociniieuto  de  lo^  piuliloi,  Fekrero  'JO,  \'C,:\.     ['re;_'ii- 
ci  'alpa,  Ui.V).  |  folio. 

Centro  America,  Por  L)i;5posicion  dil  CkjlneriKj.Jeneral,  Julio  ;!l,  IH,")) .    [kconl 
lS."d. 

Centro  .\;iK'rica,  Propo:.;icion  (A  la  A-.'unklea  Xacioual,  Octuhre,  1S.")2).    Tegu- 
cigalpa, lo.,'_'. 

Centro  America,  Proposicior.  (pie  cl  Sr.  Iteprcientante  por  el  Sak.-ador  Don 
J.  Ila-.'rundia.     [Leon,  Ifirik] 

Centro  Ami'iica,   I'rovi.;orio  de  ki  Kepuklica,  Xovieinljic  -JO,   18.'.'J.     [Coma- 
yagiia,  |s.");i.j  folio. 


il  J 


XXXIV 


AUTIIOKITinS  QUOTira 


Ceiitni  Amcricn,  Piioblos  Toilos  dc  Ccntro  Amuiica,  ^larzo  2,  1S.",^.     Tcjjnci- 

g;i!]i:l,   l.S.'i.'t.   folio. 
Ccntii)  AiiKM-iiM,  Itutloct'ioiH'.i  Dcditiula.s  ii  los  Lcjislaturas  du  lo.s  J'^sUulus. 

lliKTo  I,  1S.').'{.     San  \'ic(iiti',  I.S.'.;!. 
Ccutio  Aiiiericu,  licprcscntiiuiou  Xacional,  Ocluliro  8,  ISol.     San  Nalvailur, 

is.-)!. 
Ccntro  Anicrica,  Sccretai-ia  ild  dcspaclio  rulaciones,  Ijii'io  'Jl,  IS.'/l.     [Chi- 

rian(l('','a,  liSoi.]  folio. 
Ccntro  Ainericn,  Sucrctaiia  del  dc.>^pa<.'lio  ivlucicjiics,  Mar^o  .'it,  \S'>\.     [Lcou, 

IS.-, 1. 1  f,.lio. 
Ccntro  Ainericn,    Situacion   dc   Ccntro  America.     Articii]f)s    I'lililitado.s   cu 

Ciu-cta  dc  (Jiiatcmala,  Xu.;.  S.'MX).     r.'aii:;';ua,  1;'..);!. 
Ccntro  Americano,  A  Los  Anicri(.iino.<,  .Juiiio  I."),  \'o'/.).     (Leon.  18.-<U.]  hjlio. 
Ccntro  Americano,  A  l>o.s  Aiiierii.'auo:i.      liondur;;.'^,  lS.->.'!.   folio. 
Ccntro  Amcriiano,  A   IVri.idical.     Cuatcuiula,  ISJ.j  et  sc(|. ;  also  A  Weekly, 

(Inatcnial:!,  ]Sti',i  et  .«ci|. 
Ccntro  Anicrieano.      Lo.i  Lcoiicses,  A/osto  !.">,  1S.")I.      Lcoi.,  LS.")!.   folio. 
Cviitro  A::icricana,  I'acto  dc  la  Confcdcracioii.     Con'.aya^;ua,  ISIJ. 
Cent  ro  Americano,  Uno:^  Nacionali.sta/i,  Set.  .">,  ]i>')-2.    [Te';;'.(i'r:'.lp;i,  l.'i."l?.]  folio. 
Ccrczcd:i  (Andrea  de).  Carta  al  Ley,  Lncro  •J'^  ]:>-2[).     MS.'l,j_':».   folio. 
Chamber;;'  l''.dinl)nr'rli  Jonrnal.     London,  l')!)!  et  .';c(j. 

Chamorro  (Fernando),  i)oeumcntoj  que  lv;elareeen  l:i  Miicrtc.     Leon,  LSOIi. 
Ciiamorro  (Fernando),  Sohrc  la  Cucstio:i  dc  Xaeioaalidad  Libclo^J  del  Sonor 

Zeledon.     Seticnibrc  "J,-),  l.S'j-J.     (Iraaada,  bSii'i. 
Chamorio  (Frnto),  Mcnsajc  del  Director  Sujiremo  dc  Nicaragna,  Eucro  '22, 

lS,-)4.     Mana','ua,  IS.'^. 
Chamorro  (I'cilro  Joa(|uin),  Di3Ciir.'<o  Pronnnciado.     ^Lauagn.T,  ISTl. 
Champa'^'nac  (.1.  J>.  J.),  Lo  .Jcunc  Voya';cnr  en  Californic.     I'aris,  n.d. 
Cliarer.cey  (M.  lo  Ctc  di),  Lc  I'crcemcnt  de  Tlsthme  dc  runania.     Mortague, 

IS.-.;  I. 
Charlevoix  (Fr.  Xav.  dc),  ITistoirc  do  risle-Espa<jnolc.     Paris,  IT."!). 
Charlevoix  (Fr.  Xav.  de),  Ili.jtoire  dc  la  X'oiivcllc  France.     Pariy,  1741-.   4to. 

;}  vols. 
Charpentier  (Engcnc),  Projct  D 'E.xposition  UniverdcUc  a  San-Salvador.    Paris, 

iH;i7.  _ 

Chateaubriand  (ile),  Cnn','ri''M  d<'  Vi'ronc.      P;;ris,  b'-'HS.   '2  vols. 

Chavez  ((Jabricl  de),  Ptelaeion  dc  la  j.rovincia  dc  ^Icztitlan.    MS.   \'i~',).  folio. 

Chevalier  (Emile),  I)e.j  Travaux  Juiirepis  a  L'Jstamc  dc  Paniiuia.     in  Sue. 

(ie'\i^.,  riullctin.  M'l'ies  iv. ,  torn.  iv. 
Chevalier  (.Michel),  L'Lrthmc  ilc  I'an.imi'i.     Paris,  1.^^14. 
Cliiapa:-!,  l),')cumentos  ()ri;.;i:ialc:i  ]iara  l:v  hi  tovia  de  (  Iiiapa=<.     ?.IS. 
Chiapa.4,  Scrundo  Trimcstro  dc  lo.s  hcclios  Notables  de  la  Aaaniblea  Departa- 

menial  dc  Chiajias.     (luatemala,  ItVb"). 
Cliica,  l!estit\icion  dc  los  (^hameleos.     In  Chiapas,  Doeuniento.s  Ori;i. 
Cliiuialiiain.  lli.st.  Coiup     Sec  Cijinara  (i'rauei  ;eo  Lopex  de),  lli.sL  ?.I"X. 
China  and  .fa])an,  A  Ski'teh  of  the  Xew  lioute.     Saii  I'ranei.-eo.     loiiT. 
Chiriijui,  Copiadia*  dc  olicios  del  (lobiernoeun  la  I^ejislatura  provincial.    ^IS. 

1  S.-,4. 
Chiri(]ui,  Libro  dc  iictas  dc  la  c:iniara  pi'oviiicial.  .  .on  kus  yesiouca  extraovdi- 

n.arias.     M.S.    1S.')1. 
Chiriipii,  Ordeiian/as  dc  la  Ccimara.     ^IS.  1S4!)  et  .sci|.  folio. 
Cliii  ii|ui  Keal  K.-itatc  Company,  I'y-laws  and  other  document.-!.    M.'^.  18'4-f). 
Ciiiriipii,  Iteylamento  ijuc  la  e:ima''a  provincial  de.  .  .decreta  para  .-.u  ri'yimen 

int..  rior."    MS.  ]Si>). 
Chiri(]ni  lm])rovcniciit  Company.    .Vb.slraet  of  Privileges  and  Tiik.j.   n.pl., 

n.d.    folio. 
Chiriipii  Improvement  Ctimpany,  A  CoUcelion. 
Ch'riijui  Iiiiprovenient  ('onipaiiy,  Pos.ses^  i,)U.i.     n.pl..  n.d. 
Cliiii(pii  improvement  CoMipany,  Ueports.     X'ew  York,  ISdlJ. 
Cliiri(|ui  Provhico.     n.pl.,  n.il. 


f 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Tcguci- 

>  J]sta.ilos. 

Nalviiclur, 

.-,1.     [Chi- 

1,     [Leon, 

lit:i(l().s   CD 

).]  I'olio. 

\  \\'cLkly. 

foKo. 

;,7J.l  folio, 
oliu. 

m,  1803. 

ilul  ^oiior 

,  Eneru  22, 


u.a. 

ilortagae, 

?,0. 
1741.  4to. 

iloi'.    Paris, 


1,")7!).  folio. 
[I.      Ill  ^^oc. 


cii  Depavta- 

ricf. 

.  :.Iox. 
loiw. 
lucial.     MS. 

IS  cxtraorJi- 


MS.  ISIl-fi. 
I  .su  I'Oyiiiicn 

.'iJi.'3.  ii.pl., 


Chronica  coiiipcmlioi-iissiiiia.     Antwerp.  l.'>ni. 

<  irriunn.-ivi.'atiiiii  ipf  tlu' ( ilnhc,  An  lli-<toric:il  .\ccoiint.     IMinlmrg,  IS.'JT. 

< 'Liili'ra  (I  hristoba!).  luvcstiuMciDncs  Jlistiiriia>!.     .MiMlrid,  ITH-t. 

C'arli  (Sam),  LiiV  and  Duatli  of  Sir  I'rancis  Drake.     Eondon.  1(J71. 

('lavi_'Lro  (ErancL'sco  Savirio),  .Storia  Aatica  del  Mcsaio.     Ctdoiia,  17S0.    4to. 

4  Volt!. 
Cavi'cro  (Francesco  Snveri)),  St<  .i.a  dcll.i  California.    Venczia,  17^!'.  2  '.  ols. 
(lav  (.1.  1!.),  Spoucli  ill  U.  S.  Iluu.^eof  Ecp.,  Eclnniary  7,  ISo'J.     Wa.sliinu'ton, 

'  I  s.",!). 
Claytnn  (.[(.hii  M.),  Speech  in  U.S.  .'Senate,  April  10.  IS.-.O.     Washington,  IS.",:!. 
Clcnuiit  (t'laudio),  Talilas  Clironoli'i^noas.     Valencia,  lli.S'). 
rlcvclind  (Oaiiicl),  Across  t!io  Xicara:.'i!aTran;;it.    (San  I''rancisco,  Ifi'iS.]   ]\I  v 
(';oMiU't  (Martial).  Eapport  ;;!irS;iiito-'i'lioniasdoGuatcmala.     liruxclli's,  isU. 
('.ililirtt's  l!(";istcr.     London,  1SJ2~,",L  (>7  vols. 
C'licklnirn  (.John),   .V  .loui'ii'  y  over  land  from  the  Ciiilf  of  Honduras  to  the 

(Ircat  .'^oilth-Sea.      London,  i7.">'). 
Cndman  (Julin),  I'ln'  Jlound  Trip.     Xow  York,  1879. 
Collin  (Cliarles  Carlcton),  The  Story  of  Lilicrty.     New  York,  1S70. 
Ctifiin  (Charles  I'].  B. ),  Letter  to  the  Chiriqui  Improvement  Company.     Xew 

York,  lS.-,!>. 
r)l!in  (.liimcs  Ilenrj  ),  Winds  of  the  Cdohe.     Washington,  l'^7(i.  4to. 
Coj.'icshall  (Gcori/e),  Second  .•^crics  of  Wnaires,  18()_'-4L    Xew  York,  1S.')'2. 
C  "rollido  (]Jie,L;o  Lo;)ex),  llistoria  do  Yucathan.     M/.drid,  l(i-)S.    folio. 
CoiUt(pei|ne,   La  .Municipalidad  y  Vecindario  de  la  Ciudad   Leal  de.     San 

.Salvador,  ISOn. 
Co'.eccion  de  Docnnieiitos  IncJitos  para  la  Histcria  de  Espana.     Madrid, 

1S4'J-7:1.   5'J  vols. 
Colmcnares  (Roih-igo  de).  Memorial  Pre.scntado  al  Key  sobre  ii  poblar  Urab:'i. 

Ill  .N'avarrete,  Col.  de  Vi.T'cs,  toni.  iii. 
Colonihcl,  Report  on  (lolfo  Dulce.     ii.pl.,  n.d. 
( ■  <1  i;iil.ia.  Constitution  de  la  R,pul)lii|uo.     In  Ancillon,  Melanges. 
C  '.oinliia,  Diario  Olicial.     Eo^:ot:l,  rs7J  et  .se<|. 
Coloniiiia,  Acta  do  la  instalacion  del  Congre.so  Constituyente  do  Colombia 

dclafio  de  IS.'iO.     Cart^iuenn.  l,s;VJ. 
C  ilombia,  Constitucion  do  lo3  ICstados-Unidos  do  Colombia,  .sancionada  el  S 

d'  M:iyodo  bSli;}.      I'anania,  ls7.'i. 
Coloiabia,  La  Diputacion  del  Caiica  en  el  Con.izre.so  de  l.'".7(i.     Bo  ;ot:i,  1S7(). 
Coloml)ia,  Leyesy  Decretosdel  Congreso  Conslitucional  de  la  Xiieva  (irauada. 

ii.]>.,  n.d.  , 

Colombia,  Leyes  y  Dccretos  cxpcdidos  porcl  Con';re.so  Constitucional  do  1839. 

r.o.;ota.  l.S.I!). 
Colombia,  ^Icinoria.s.     [Dillerent  departments  an<l  dates.] 
Colombia,  Xos  los  representantes  do  las  proviacia.s  del  centro  de.     Bo"ot;I. 

i.s:n.  folio.  ^"     ' 

Colombia,  Partes  relativos  al  Ataipic  y  Rendiciou  do  la  Plaza  de  :danizalcs. 

Medellin,  |S77. 
Coloaibo   ( IVriiando),   Ilistorio  dclla  vita,  e  do'  tatti  dell'  Amminndio    1). 

Christoforo  Colombo  puo  Padre.     Venctia,  17.;;). 
Colon  (Fernando),  La  Iliitoria  de  el  .Aliniranto  D.  Cliristoval  C,,\on.  .sn  I'a.lre. 

In  Bareia,  lli.storiadon-  I'rini.,  torn.  i.     |TransIatiou  in  Pinkerton's  Col. 

\  oy.,  vol.  xn,;  aiai  m  Kerr'.s  Col.  Vo.y.,  vol.  iii.] 
Cohm  (Dic'ro),  Memorial  a  el  Rey  1,")2:).     London,  lSo4. 
Co!,;n   y    Larri'lte-ui   (Felix),  ,)iiz-a<los  Jliiitaivs  de  Espana  y  sn.s   Iiidias. 

.Madrid,  i7.S.S-<J7.   .'">  vols. 
r'oloni;il  Ma'ra.'ine.     London,  lStr>^4I.   (J  vols. 
( 'ob  oil's  .fournal  of  Oeo 


Columbus  ('"hristopher^  ( 


raphy.     Xew  York,  ISO' 


(A)! 


artas.     In  XavaiTcte,  Col.  do  Via''os,  toni.  i. 


unions  (CIn-istopher),  Copia  do  la  Lettera.     Venetia.  1,' 


Columbus  (Christopher),   Cuaito  y   Ultimo  V 


^ 


lages,  torn.  i. 


In   Xavarreto,  Col.  do 


I  Ijl : 


'"I 


/ 


:H: 


I  ill  I ! 


xxxvi 


ArTiioniTir:>!  quoted. 


C)lii;iili;n  (nivl^'r);i!icr),   Die  vicriltc  Tlcisi!  so  volli.'iiliraclit  lint.     In  L'ivv, 

Ml  fi' (itlcr  Sc(.li;iiu.'ii  llucli,  j).  (i.     t'oloLjiu',  l.'ilW. 
Culiiiii!>u.s  (Clr.'ist.iiiliiT),  I'^ii  ti)!a  Cliiistoiori  C'ljloiii:  ciii  ctns  nostm  nuiltu 

ilili  t:  <!.•  liisulii  Iiiilie  siipva  ( Ian,'L'iii  niii>t  r  iiuiciiti.s.     M  i.'i.'oc.xciij. 
C'oliiiiil>ii.s  (('liri.4(iiilior),  Navi^atiu.     In  (Jryn.iu.-s,  Novvs  Oiliis. 
( 'iilianlms  (( 'liii-stiniln'r),  I'l  iiiMni  \i;)i,".'.     In  XavalToU',  Col.  <l.Viac,'es,  ton),  i, 
Cohunliu.s  ((,'liiistopliei-),  Sugiuiilo  Viage  iIi-.     In  Xiivarn-tc,  Col.  du  Viagos, 

toni.  i. 
roIuuil)u;i  (Cliri.st oilier),  Tcrccr  Viajie.     In  Xavarrotc.  Col.  do  Vi:igis,  toni.  i. 
< 'oiiK  ivio,  Libre  Kc'^'lanionto.     In  Kcalcs  Ordfiiis.  toni.  iii. 
( 'oni-iliu-i   I'liivini-iak's  .Me.\icanos.      I^,  '2'',  3',  y  4  ;  I.").")"),  I.">(i.">,    \'i'>'>,    1771. 

Till.-  ori^'inal    MS.   Kocii-iU.    folio.    5  vols.;   altio  cditiond  .Moxico,  ITli'.l; 

I'avis,  172');  Mi'xico,  Kl.'j,  17(;.>,  1770. 
('ondiT  ( losi.ih),  McNJc  >  and  (liiati  iiiala.     Lonilon,  lS,')i.  "J  v>il.-:. 
Cunfc'doracion  ('rntro-.VinL'iic.'ui.i,  Aloi'ucion,  l'iii'iot)dj  llci'orniai  y  l]sp,«d- 

c'ion  diiijida  al  CoiLsijo,  ctu.     (iii.itcnin!:i,  1S4.').    folio. 
('onfL'.>-i()u(La),  I'irniadot  1  I'l  r.i'unli',  I'.Mulio,  IS  ,,'!.     San  Sa'v:idor,  l'- jl!.   folio. 
Coni,'i'rssion:d  Hiljatis.     ( ISt!i  to 'J  Vili  Con^i-c.-s.)    Wii-'iliin'^'ttn,  1  >_-I.    H  volsi. 
<'unv'ri'.s-iional  <  Ilolx".     ^^'a.-<llin'.;t^ln,  1  •'!;)((  tt  sim|.  4to. 
Comcjo  di:  liercncia  dc  il-paiia  u  Indias  a  la  .\nn.rica  Espaiiola.     t'adi/,  ISl  1; 

alio  Mcxii-o,  ISjO.   fiilio. 
f'onstitncion  politioa  dc  la  .Monar(|uia  Ilspanula.     Cadiz.  lsl"J. 
Cun.struci.ion   do    la   nio!iaii|',',ia   do    I^opana,    I'loni'.d^.ula   on  Caui/,    \d   do 

Marzo,  JM-i.      Moxioo,  Is-JO. 
( 'onto.-taoion  al  Manilio.sto  quo  Finnaion  lo.s  .Sofioro^  Ma;istrados.    Loon.  l.'TO. 
Conli  (I'].  X'inoonzodo),  Notiz  storioho  dol!a  oittii  di  C.  di  !Moiiio:i-aji.     t.'at>:ili, 

ls;;s-.ij. 
Conti  (Nioolo  di),  Disoor.so  sopra  il  Viag'jjio.     Li  Ilannisio,  Viaj:'.'!,  fo;n.  i. 
Cont'.'i  r.u".,   Lifoiniaoion  contra  Las  Casas,  Junio  '.M,  l.;.';o.     In    ri:o'i(;'j  ,;i!il 

Ciirdonns,  (,'(d.  Doc,  toni.  vii. 
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ya'.rua,  lS4(i. 
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ograiiliy.     London,     n.d.  4to.  '2  vols. 
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Cortes  (!['. man),  (.'arta  ten 


do  l{ 


Sevi 


lie  lo2.",. 


Cort.'s  (llornan),  Cartasy  Ivolaoionesdo  llernan  Cortes  al  I'lnperadorCailos  V, 


1'; 


1 8(;i 


Corte 


(II 


ernan),  I  orrospondane 


[Edited  by  I'laviuMiy.l     Puis,  1778. 
ern.'indo  (,'ortis.     isew  \'oik,  'Sll!. 


Cortes  (llernan),  Dcsp.'itelies  of  H 
Cortes  (llernan),  I^scritos  Sneltos.     Mexico,  1S7I. 

Cortes  (llernan),  Ilistoriado  Xueo  ■  ''^spafia.    [Edited  bv  Loronzaua.J    ^.lexij 
1770. 


Ai'TnoniTir.s  oroTr.D. 


xxwu 


III    I.    vv, 

stta  iimltfi 
c.xi-iij. 

L'os,  tiii;i  i. 
,U-  \  ui.;o.-*, 

^c^  t.iiii.  i. 

i:.'^'.,  1771. 
xico,  1 1  ii'.i ; 


•14.   1  1  vols. 
CV.iz,  ISll; 


Luli/,  i:t  >lo 

L'v'on.  1''70. 

Li'.o.    L'ubuli, 

ri,  1o:a.  i. 
riitlicfO  and 

iiloi!,  l7':o. 

;vc'i-:al   ^'^i- 
lliicovoiy. 


•2  vols. 
IVrii.  172-2. 

,  L'lil.  l>oc., 


ii.0.     r>iir 


■  Carlos  V, 

177S. 

.J    Ml'xIjo 


1 


Corti's  (!T''nian),  Instriu-cion  da  1:1  al  T^iiHiiL-iai!'),  \?,:'',2.     In  Pa.'lioeo  n:u\  CAr- 
•J  (Ic'iias.  Cil.  I>(ic.,  toiii.  xiii. 

Cnitis  (Hcriiaii  .  I,;uinariii  I;.  lacion.    Tnlodn,  l.'J").    [Dated October  1.",  I.V21.] 

Curt  ^  liliTiiaiiK  J.ci'ccrs  and   l!('|)iprt.s  liy  (.'(iitrs  iuid  o.lu  r  (Xiiccrs  to  t'lO 

^.  J",iui(i.roi'  and  Council.     In   I'oo.  Inid.,  toni.  i. ;    toni.  iv.;   I'aclicoo  and 

^jflK  Cirdi'lia-'.  Col,  |)i)i'.,  toins.  xii.,  xiii.,  xiv.;  L"i/I)a!cfla,  Col.  l)i)i\,  ticn.  i.; 

<|Ht  I'.arcia,  Hist.   I'riin.,  toin.  i.;  lt:inuii<io,  Via;,".'i,  t<jni.  iii.;    Kiliadcncyiii, 

''"^  liiliHoioca,  toni.  x\ii.;  N.iv.iiit'n',  Col.  dc  Vi.igi.i ;  Kin^'blu.'roujj'li'.i  Mcx. 

<\  Antii(.;  A'ani.iii,  n'mrtaiionL'.s, 

I  Cort.'-t  (Il-niaiii.  'I'lio  K:tth  J,.'.Ur  to  Cliailcs  V.     London,  180S. 

Cult  s.  M.ntyr.  it  al.,  I)i!  lii-ivlis  n\  pur  iiiviiitii  Fi.rdin:uidi  (,'  ■rre-ii  r.d  (J.iro- 

lum  V.     NarratioiU'.i  cuui  alio  (|Uodani  I'ctii  Mar. yiis.     n.))!.,  l-'i-'lj. 
("('pi-tci  il ;  I'l.-tpa  la,  Acta.'!  di'  las  Curti  ■)  ()rdin;iri,!s.     <':.diz,  [l.'!]:!.  |  "J  v-ili. 
Cuitcs  i!i;  llapaiia,  AcMs  I'liljlicas  du  la  i'niiniu  I.cgialatura.     Madrid,  loJJ-  1. 

•2  va's. 
Ci'irttx  d;'  K-spnf'n,  rulcccion  do  Pocrctos  y  OrdciU'S.     Mexico,   I'O'). 
Cor>i'.s  dv!  I^biia.ia,  Di.uio  do  las  Actjis  y  Discu:-iouc3  dj  la;i  Cort^.s.     Madrid, 

lSo»('tsf<|. 
Cortc;  d  ;  Ivip.irm,  Diariodo  l;is  Di-'OiLsioncs  y  Ac'as.    Cadi;;.  ISI 1-1.'!.  \ll  vols. 
Co:t:il!ii'a,  Acontcciiiiiunto.s.     Ik  Caclucoand  Cardenas,  Col.  i)oc.,  t.mi.  xvii. 
Co»t;i   llica,  Al    I'lihlico  (Firm;  .lo   "L'nos  (.'ostaricenscs"),  .iulio  '21,   IS.^). 

[.■^■ii  .K).;i',  l;'."ij.  I  I'ulio. 
Cost;!  Itica,  liolctin  Oficial.     Sail  Jose,  1S.").'{  et  soq. 
Costa  IJM'a,  I'onn'arie.'i.     ii.pl.,  n.d. 
Co.-.i;i.  llio.i,  (("ai.i!  lo  do),  Ite!acion  dc  Ion  .'^uce.-;of  do  .luan  Va^iiuez  do  Coro- 


C 

c 

Co 


^u.-.ui.  i>u:.i,  \v  ..i.iM'»  (le;,  ia-.acioii  <ic  lus  .->iice.--ui  (le  .j  uan   xa^quez  iio  i^oro- 

iial  >,  rj  l)icicinl>rc,  I.')(I2.     ("osta  I!ica,  l.")()2.  fulio. 
['o.stiil'ica,  Cc:i.soilo.      l,S(i4.     [.■<;: n  . I nse,  ls(;,'>. )    Ito. 

D.wta  ]\'WA,  ','.ilonization  for  the  Dcvelupiaentof  itd  Uio!i  ^liniv;.    Loiidon,  n.d. 
Jo-iiii  llici  Company,  for  tlio  .Vtlantic  and  I'acilic,  hy  road  vv  ra'hv.iy.    n.pl., 

n.d.  fiilio. 
C.).;ta  Uica,  Con -titncion  IVilitica.      IS17.    n.pl..  Is  !,'■!. 
Costa  J!ica,  Copi(  h  of  l)oeiniie;it.-s  relalin.L,'  to  tlio  Atlantic  and  Pacilic  llivil- 

ri:a  1  of  C  isia  Itica.     Jjonilon,  I'wO. 
Co  'a  Hi  'a,  Cr.r.-.ico  do  t^o.sta  Itica.     .^aii  Jo.h\  1,S."7  et  sctj. 
(.'o.Hia  ];  .a,   i:i  I'lvsideuto   (.luan   llalaid   .Mora),  .Juiiio  S,   IS.jO.     [.<;ui  Jose, 

ISO.  I 


Co.iti  ];ira,  E.iterprisps.  I'to.  ii.]il.,  n.d. 
Co^ita  Kica,  Jv\po.!icion  do  loi  Mo;ivo.s  •. 
Jose,  KS()0. 


id  Caniliio,  Agosto   11,    IS.V,).     Sail 


iiose,  louu. 
Co-.*-i  l;'ca,  C^'oeta  d-1  rioliierao  d.d.     S;i>i  .ro.ie,  IS."')  et  .seep 
Co.-Ata  llica,  Mcniorias  Infornie.s,  etc.,  del  Ministro  do  llel  iciones,  llacionda 

etc.     [!lci)ort  1  of  the  diacrent  dcpartnient.s,  cii:vd  liy  diues.J 
Co.st.-i  llica,  New  llouto  to  ('alifornia.     [London,  IS.")!.]  " 
Co.s.;i  r.!r:i,  lVtili;in  an  I'dijilo  il<  .-i  Ktat.s-Cnis  par  lea  Citoyens  franeais  do 

liilTUel  riri-e.;  it  Cie.      I'ort  Limoii,  l.s;'). 


Cost.T,  llica  llailw.'.y.     n.pl,  n.d.   folio. 


«  0.-.I.I,  i>ica  i,aii\'i,'.y,     n, pi.,  n.d.   loUo, 

('o^la  llica.  Ileal  iiistniccion,     lu  raclicco  ami  Canlenas,  Ci^l.  !>oc.,  toin  xvd. 
Co.ita  llica,  ll- ;!  mieiito    Dando   Xueva  Urgaaizacion  a  la  Adniini.  traciou. 
[."^aii  .lose,  I, .;!().] 


Cos;ar;censo  (Kl).     Saji  Jo.so,  18}!)  et  se<i. 
Cote  des  Mo.s(iuitof  (l.a).     n.pl.,  n.d. 
Cowley.  Voyage.     In  I'orenger,  (.'ol.  Voya 


C'riado  do  ( 'astilla  (  AIoii.m.),  Carta  al  llcy  soLrc  Dcnota  de  C^rs:uio:i.     tJuatc. 
mala,  KiOtl.     MS.  folio. 


xxrcviu 


AuxnorjTiES  quoted. 


Cri.'ulo  (In  ristir,-.  fAlonso),  Carta  al  P.oysobro  DosciiLrimi'iito  del  Puerto  rle 
>;i:ili) 'I'oiiias  (I'j  Casliila.     (Jnatoniala,  lUU."),     ^]S.   l',)';ii). 

Criailij  iluCaMtillaLMoiisol.Cartaal  lloysoliro  la  Poidida  iIi;  Linau  Almirar.ta. 
( liiati'iiiala,  ltiO.>.     MS.  folio. 

Criailo  do  (,'aticilla  ( Alonso),  Dcscubrimicuto  del  Puerto  dc  Amatique.  (ruatc- 
iiiali,  1();;4.     MS.  fulio. 

Criado  do  Castilla  (.\loiiso),  Rclacion  Ccrca  del  Navi'o  do  Ynglcsea,  Gualo- 
mala,  l(J,.Ki.     ^M-^.   lolio. 

t'riado  <k' (,'aitilla  (Alonso),  Piclacion  Primcra  de  la  Victoria  sobrc  Cosarios, 
( iuatemala,  lli(,'(i.     ^IS.   folio. 

Ciiado  do  Castilla  ( Al(jnso),  Scj^'unda  Relation  do  la  Segunda  Victoria.  Guate- 
mala. ICOli.     MS.  folio. 

Criterio  (I'll),  Prosjiecto  Sau  Salvador  T  do  Ajrosto,  18.53.    San  Salvador,  1853. 

Ci'osliy  (k.  O.),  Events  in  California,  iSTS.     ^iS. 

Crowo  (I'roilcrick),  The  Go.spel  in  (,'entr'd  Ani'!rica.     London,  IS.'iQ. 

( 'uek'hixmlc  (l)londoel  van).  Colonic  de  Santo  Tnnias.     Ijiuxollos,  IS->0. 

Cuellar  (J.  M.  do)  and  P.  M.  do  Pigueroa,  ^Manuel  do  ^Miuero.    (Iranada,  ISOO. 

Cuevai^  (Luis  G.),  Porvenir  do  Mexico  u  Juicio  sobro  an  Estado  I'olilico  ea 
lH-2\  y  1S.")1.     Mexico,  1S.J1.  3  vols. 

CuUen  (Ivlward),  The  Darien  Canal.     London,  1808. 

(Mullen  (iCdward),  The  Lsthnius  of  Daricii  Ship  ('Linal.     London,  18")3. 

Curato.s,  Las  razoncs  6  inconvenit;ntes  (jue  lo.s  reli;,'io.sos  de  la.s  ('ir^'oues  mondi- 
cantea  Saneto  Domingo,  etc.,  de  las  Proviuciaado  laXueva  ijt'pafiu,  Mex- 
ico, Guatemala,  etc.     MS.    folio. 

D. . .,  Essai  snrla  ^Larine  ct  sur  Ic  Commerce.     Amsterdam,  1743. 
Dalton  (William),  Stories  of  tin;  Conquests  of  Mexico  and  I'eru.    Limdon,  n.il, 
l):dy.  Annual  Address,  January  13,  1873.     In  American  (Jeo.^.  Soc. ,  L  73. 
D.impiiiMW'in.),  AXew  Voyage  round  the  World.    Lomlo:!,  lC,'.)i)-  \~Vi',).  3  vol.-!, 
Darien.    Considerations   on    the   Subject   of    Connminicatious    between    tlio 

.\tlantie  and   L'acilic  Oceana.     (Joorgetovvn,  lS3li. 
Darien,  Di.'fencc  of  the  Scots  Colony  at  L);ni'_'n.     IMinbur;:.  1000. 
■Darien,  ihuiuiry  into  the  Causes  of  the  Miscarriage  of  the  Scota  Colony  at 

Darien.     Glasgow,  1700. 
Darien,  l'',stableeimiento3.     In  Xavarrete,  Col.  de^'iages,  torn.  iii. 
Darien,  .Function  of  the  Atlantic  and  I'aciiic  Oceans.     London,  1S,")3. 
Darien,  .Ir.st  and  .Modes^^  ^'in'l'eation  of  the  Scots  Design,     n.pl.,  KiOn. 
Darien,  Letters  Pelating  to.     n.pl.,  n.d. 
Darien,    Oriu'lnal    Papers   and    Letters    Relating    to    the    Scots    .Settlement, 

|i:dinl>uri.'|,  17(10. 
Darien,  The  Humble  Address.,  .to  His  Majesty,  on  the  PJth  of  Feb.,  Id!)',). 

London,  Itlil!). 
Dati,  (fiesta  e  la  Ilystoria,  etc'    Floi'ence,  1403. 
Datos  lliogr.ilicos.     In  Cartas  ile  Indias. 

Dan  (lose  Marial,  In^truceion  para  el  Cultivo  de  Tabaeo.     Coni.ayngua,  1R47. 
D'Ave/ac  (M.-irtin).     See  Avesae. 
!),uid.  El  (.'hiric|ui.     David,  1881  ct  peq. 
D.'ivila  (.\gustin),  Continuacion  de  la  Cronica  did  Orden  de  Predicador.     MS. 

l(i4'J.' folio. 
D;ivila  (dil  Gonzalez).  Carta  al  Pve>  ,  IJ  do  .lulio.  l.VJO.    In  Sipiior's  MSS..  i. 
D:'ivila  (dil  (Jonzalez),  Rclacion  del  viage  (pii^  hizo  (lil  Gonzalez  l)ii\ila,  l.i'.'J, 

In  I'acheic)  and  (  Vu'denas,  ( 'ul.  Doc,  xiv. 
D/ivila,  (Oil  (ionzalez),  Teatro  l^elesiastico  di'  la  I'riniiliva.  Tglesia<le  las  Indias 

Oeeidc  ntales.      Madrid,  l('i4!>-,"),").   J  V(j1s.    folio. 
Diivila  (<iil  Gunzali'z),  Testimonio  do  una  luformacion,  Octubre,  li}'2i.     In 

I'aeheco  and  (.'aideuas,  Cul.  I)oc,  tom.  sii. 
Diivila  ( I'ediarias),  (Jajiitulo  sobre  los  Medi(js  de  Facilitar  la  (^munueaiidu. 


In  \; 


■t.'.  C.il.  deV 


lages 


tom.  111. 


))avila  (I'ediarias),  Iiustruceion  para  su  Viage,  Agosto  2,  l.">13.    In  Navarrete, 
Col.  de.\'ia''es,  tom.  iii. 


AUTIIOrJTIES  QUOTED. 


XXXIX 


:\is. 


I) 

IsiiT. 
I  ).iv 
Davi.y  ( 


TViv'la  (FrilrariaB),  Lcttcrc  della  Conquist.a.     n.pl.,  ii.il. 

l-avl!:'.  (IViirari.i.s),  Ileal  Codiila,  IS  di' .luiiio,  ITili).     in  Siiuicr's  MSS^..  torn.  i. 

l»:ivi!a(I'otlrai'i;,j),  l;t';ucioii  (It;  los  sui'fsds,  cii  las  PrDviiicia.s  <lo  licrra  Firmc. 

y  Caslilia  del  Oro.     In  Xavanuto,  Cul  do  Viages,  torn.  iii. 
D.lvi'la  (IVdiarias),  Itcys-'i'dgiLii.  ir)14.     torn.  vii. 
1  Jiiviia  ( iVc'uaiias),  Tcsiiiiiouio  do  nil  acta  'le  puscsion  (inn  toiiio  el  (Jolieniador 

I'edi'aiias  Diivila.     In  I'aelieii)  and  (Virilenas.  ( 'nl.  Duo.,  tuiu.  ii. 
l),ivila  (I'udiaiias),  'I'itulo   lv\[iedtdi)  (.ur   el  Key-Cutolieo  ii  I'ediaria.s.     In 

Xavairete,  Col.  do  Via^^cs.  toiu.  iii. 
DAvila  (Vasiiuez),  Carta  denuiKiad.i,  ahnso.s  en  la  j,'(>lieniaoinn  do  Judias,  Feb. 

10,  i.jo!).     In  I'aelieoo  and  C.iidena.s,  Col.  Duo.,  tniii.  iii. 
lavis  (('liaile.s  H. ),  llcport  on  Intcroccaiiic  Canals  and  Ivuilroads.   Washington, 

ISiiT. 
vity  (I'ien-e),  Desoiiption  Conoialo  do  L'Anv  riquo.     Taiia,  l(i.'!7.  foHo. 
vi.y  (rieiTo),  Lo  Monde  ou  'la  De;:criiitioii  (;enoralo  do  ses  QiU'.tre  I'artica. 

Paris,  l(il)7.  folio.   ">  vols. 
Do  liow  (J.  D.  1!.),  lliieyolopodia  of   Trade  and  Coinnieroe  of  the   United 

States.     London,  ISo-t.  "J  vols. 
Dc  IJow  (J.  D.  1!.),  Industrial  Uosonroo.s  of  the  .Southern  and  Western  States. 

Xew  Orle.iius  I.S.il'.   .'{vols. 
Da  Bow's  I'loview  of  the  Soutlieni  and  Woateni  States.     Xow  Orh'aiis,  1S."'J. 
Do  llrosscs,  liistoiro  dos  \avij,-aiioiis.     I'aris,  17t"(i. 
Di'cai'as  dc  Doscuhriinientos  la  liidias  Oooiiloutalos,  dosdo   140-  a  1(140.     Ill 

I'arheoo  and  C.irdenas,  Col.  J)oo.,  toni.  viii. 
Do  Costa  (15.  !•'. ),  Tha  I'le-Coluniliian  Disoovery  of  Aineiioa.     Alliany,  1SG8. 
Defensor  del  Ordeii,     (Iranaila,  IS.i4  etse((. 
Dofeii jor  <lol  I'luldo.     (Jranada.  Is.Jl  et  .so<i. 
Do  (loiuieville,  Miinoires.     I'aris,  Kiijl!. 
1  iola]!orte,  ].o\'o\  aj^'eur  I'raneois,  ou  hi  connoi.ssancede  rAiicien  et  du  Xonvc:  u 

Monde.     I'ari.s^  17<17~T-'.'  4-JvoIs. 
Dolaporto.     I'eison  lanes  i"ranzo.~(niod(.T  liosohreilinii','.    Leipzi;r.  177-'.   '2  vols. 
Drllo  Soopriiiu'iiio  deir  I.;ii!a  Fri-'anda.     Soo  Z.iM,  ])ello  Soopriineuto,  ct  seep 
) 'ouianp'.ets,  .Meinoires  Ciiroiioloyiipies,  elo.     Dieppe,  \~fi,'). 
Deiiiooratio  l!evit:\v.     ^^'asuin;,'lon,  etc..  IS.'i'J  et  I'.oij. 
Depons  (1'".),  Vovago  a  la  pailio  OrioiUalo  do  la  'I'crro-l'orniP,  etc.,  lsni-4. 

I'aris,  ISOd.  '.'(vols. 
l-)errol(  ro  do  his  ir.Ias  .\nti!las  do  las  Costas  do  Ti>  rra,  liriuo  y  del  sriio   Moxi- 

eaiio.     Mailrid,  l.slO. 
Di'I'I-o'lCI-o  para  la  Xavogaei(,'n  do  los  I'uerto'-  lollspaun  :'i  lo.i  do  Anieiiea.    MS. 

atlas  folio. 
i»eutscl;r  Aiisiedtliin;.;  in  Mittol-Amoiika.     lierlin,  ISoO. 
Diaz  (!>.),  See  (lranad:i  l-lxiiosieion  a  .'-..  M.,  <.'lo. 
Diaz  (hian),  Itiurrarii)  l.')IS.     In  Ioa/baU:ota,  Col.  do  Doc,  torn,  i.;  Tornaii>;- 

Conipans,  \'oy.,  serie  i.,  torn.  \-. 
Diaz  d  ■!  Castillo  rHoi-iial),  Carta  "1  lanporador.     In  Cartas  do  Tndi.'s. 
Diaz  del  Castillo  (i'.ernal),  liisloria  X'erdadvra  do  la  (.'oiuiui.-\a  dr  la  Xneva- 

Il-ipana.     Madrid,  l();ij.  4',o. 
Dieoionario  Ilneieloiu'dioo  do  la  lA'li.'.'ua  lvii)anoIa.    ?\Iadrii"l.  ISfKi.   folio.   '2  v<il.i. 
1  lieoioii  alio  Universal  do  lli.;toria  y  do  ( ieo  ;rafia,    Moxie.j,  l.S.');).  4to.   10  vols,  j 

also  edition  Madrid,  IS4()-.")0.'  4to.   8  Vols. 
Diezdo  hi  Ca''       '  uini.     See  Calle. 
Dieznios  do  ln;i.,.<.      A  Colleotioli. 
Jiieziiios,  .Moiiiorial.     in  !)ic/n!os  ile  Tndias. 
Dill.in  (.v.),  I'.eaui.sdol'ilistoiiv.l-.i  Mexiipip.     Taris,  IS'J'l. 
l>isertaeioii  .furidiea  Aeadi'iiiiea  I'oreiiso  y  Auli.'a.     ( ina'ioin.ila,  17(1'-'. 
Dispot-iriones  Varias.     A  Col!''eti,.ii  of  DotMiiin'iils,  MSS.,  an  I  I'rinr.  (I  vo's. 
Di  turnell  (.1.).  Inllueneo  of  Climate  in  Xorih  and  South  Aniori.'a.    N'  u  York, 

1S(;7. 
Doounientos  para  hi  llistoii  I  do   Mexico.     .Me.\ioo,  18.j;{-7    L'O  vols.  4  aeries. 

Series  iii.,  in  lolio,  and  in  four  parts. 


W^' 


xl 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


'li   i 


11  > 


D<3fuinpntos  qi.     c:^clnrcc('n  la  mani'ra  con  que  fni''  cjocutatla  la  miicrtc  del 

e.\'-(a;iieral  Don  Kcniaiulo  ( 'liaiiiarro,  etc.     Luon,  ISOIi. 
DoDlittlo  (.Jaiiit'f  11.),  .Spi!OL'li  ill  U.  S.  iSunatc,  January  21,  IM.JS.  ii.pl.,  n.d. 
D'Oilii  :ny  (Alcidc),  Voj-a;,'e  dans  k'S  deux  Anu'Tiiiuis.      Palis,  IS.VI. 
l)"Oil)i','MV  (Alcidi:),  V(jy;igo  Piti;oi'f.s([ucdans  lusdunx  Aiiii'i  iiiuoii.    I'aris,  IS.%. 
Diali(;  (Ivluard  Cavoudi.sli),  A  Now   Uuivor.sal  Collection  of  Voya,_'i'.s  and 

'J'ra\'cls.     London,  1771.  folio. 
Drake  (["laiicis),  His  Voya,i,'o.      l.VJ.").     London,  18-tO.     (Hukl.  .Soc.  od.) 
Drake  (Francis),  The  Life  of  the  (Jelebi'ated.     London,  l!>28. 
Drake  (I'rancis),  The  J^ifc  and  Dan  ,'orou:i  Voya.'.'cs  of,     London,  n.d.   l-Uh  cd. 
Drake  (i''iaucifi),  The    \V(j!'ld    lhicoinpa.s.se<l.     Oat  of    the    N'i>te3  of    Ma:;ti;r 

Francis  Fletcher.      London,  1S,">4.     (Hakl.  Sou.  ed.) 
Draive,  (.'.■i,vendi>,!i,  and  Danipier.      Livei'  and  VoyaLTcs  of.     Xcw  York.  IS".!. 
Draper  (.)(/ini  Win.),  Hi.sU>ry  of  the  Intellectual  Dovclopinent  of   i;uroi)r. 

Now  York.  1S72. 
Ihiart;;  (Aloiiso),  I'e'acion  de  lo  rpie  yo  Veciiio  de  csta  Ciudad  do  Santiago  do 

(iuateniala.     ^LS.    folio. 
Duondi'  (ICl),  de  las  Pasquas  ul  S.  .S.  Honduras,  Piciembre  '24,  17.'>").    MS.  4to. 
Dufuy  (P.  J.    S.),    K('.suiii(';   de   i.."lIi;<toire    ded    lii'vohuions    de    li'Aniriiqno 

]NIeiidionalc.     I'ariii,  lS2(i.  2  voks. 
Dnnlop  (Uib^rt  (}la';;j;ow).  Travels  in  Central  America.     Loii'lon,  l'!7. 
Dunn  (Ueiirv),  (inu'aniala,  or    tlio    United    Pro.  inees    of   (.'ent.al   America. 

Xevv  York,  1S2.S. 
I)u  Perier,  A  (jcncral  History  of  all  Voya,u;cs  and  Travels.     London.  170S. 
Diipuv  ( Auyuste  Myionuet  de).  Deux  Ans  de  .Sc'jour  dans  L'Etat  de  Nicaiagua. 

I's.i;)  2.    Paris,  is:.;]. 

Durau  (I'ray  Diego),  liistoria  de  las  Indi.is  do  Nueva  Espafia.    Me>;ico,  l.")S.'). 
yi\  ioVh).  .'ivols. ;  also  edition -Mexico,  ISd7. 

Ivirdlcy-Wilmot.     Our  .Tonrnnl  in  the  Pacific.     London,  l.''".^. 

Eastern  C-'o:u^t  of  CeiU'.'d  America,  Commercial  ami  A;^riculLuial  Company, 

IJi'ief  f-'tatcncnt.  in<lon,  is;!!). 

Eco  llispanii>- Americano  (Ml).     Paris,  l.S.")4  et  sc(i. 
l-Wn  I'opiilar  |i;i),     [Oranada,  l;s,'i4|  et  seq. 
Ivlinbuigli  Hcvicw,     lvlinl>ur,Lrh,  lSi)2otsoq. 
]'",li'ni('ntos  de  '.  lt'o;,'ralia,  Civil.      Mesiei),  1,S4.>. 
lOlorxa  V  i;  ida,  (I'rancisco  ile),  Xooiliario  de  el  Valle  de  la  Yaldorba,     I'am- 

pidn.i.  1714. 
]'aiii,i,'rad  (  Ob^ervador  (El).     Loudon,  1S2S  et  s(>i(. 

lMni):)ii  (uiov.inni  di),  Via;:'j'io  fitto  MeU'liivlia.     In  Uamu'^io,  Via-^gi,  to:n.  i. 
lOilciso  (Ma)'tin  I'ernandez),  Mcnioiial  (pie  di()  id  bacliillcr  Ivieiso  i  ;i  dvfelisa 

de  h)s  lie  del  deiei'lios.     In  Paclieco  and  CiU'delias,  Col.   Doc,  t  >m.  i. 
Enciso  (Martin  I'Vniamlex),  Sum  i  de  (leo^'rai>hia.     Seuilla,  l.ioO.  folio. 
Ens  ((la:;j)ai').     See  West-  und  (),;;dndi:-i!lu'r  i.,u^.t;.^•lrt. 
I'h'.iso,  (Circular,      in  i'aclieco  and  ( ';iiileiias.  Col,  Hoc,  i  nn.  xi. 
Iv-icamill.i  (.losi^  Maria),  Sncesion  ( Jlironolouica,     .MS,    1777.  folio, 
Espino.ii,  Chronic.i  Aivj-itoHca.     n.pl,,  174ii.  2  vols. 

l"Jspinos:i  (da  ■.i)arilr),  Itelacion,  l.~d<».  in  Paclieeo  and  Ciirdenas,  Col.  Docii. 
J'lqiinosi  (I,idro  Felisde),  i;i  P"re;;rim' •'^i'|'ti'id]'ioiial  .Vtlaiite.  Mevi.'o,  17,'!7. 
Espiiiosa   (l.ddii)  F'ciia  de),   Nuuvaa   Euiprcssus   del    Peicu'rino  Aiuericano. 

Mexico.  1717. 

Eslliriln   Pldilico.       Mexico,   1S2S  et  se(|, 

J')s(iueiiir!in  (.Vlexandre  Olivier),  1  >e  .Vmerica'liselie  Zce-noovers,     Amstei-dam, 

i(;7s. 

Esqueini'lin  (. Vlexandre  Olivier),  llistoire  de  .\venturii'rs  I'lilnistiers.     ^Vntre- 

vonx,  I77"i.  4  vols, 
Esquenielin   ( lolni).    Historic   der    I>oei:aniers  of    N'rylmyter-   van   America. 

Amsterdam.  I7<l(), 
Es(jiietne!iii    (.John),    History  <d    tiie    llucaniers  of  .Vnierica;     I'o^t  ,i,    IS,",. 

Lund,  17U4,  I)  voU. 


-'«ft 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


xU 


mucrtc  del 

il.,  11,(1. 

I>;iri9, 18,10. 
'oyages  and 

c.  cd.) 

.a.   1  Uh  od. 

J  lit   Ma;,U;r 

York.  isn.!. 
of    Ihu'opc. 

Sriuti;igo  do 

i").    MS.  tto. 
lj'Au\i'riiiuo 

,  u;i7. 

■:d  Aiucrica, 
Ion.  1708. 

loxico,  15S."). 


i\  Coiiipaii}^ 


lorhn,     Tiun- 


n;^^,  toni.  i. 
so  I'll  dvt'cnsa 
;.,  toiii.  i. 
».   folio. 


,  Tol.  Dna.ii. 
M'vi,.,.,  it;',:. 

I    AliiriiiMllo, 


Amsterdam, 
liiTrt.  AntT''. 
van  Auu'ric.'i, 
Uo'l  ,1,    US,");. 


Estancolin  'L.),  Rechcrchos  snr  Ics  Voyages.     Paris,  1832. 

K.str.ula  (T.  Ma'ia),  Dolcnsa  dol  I'odt'r  Lejislativo  del  Kstivdo  do  Nicaragua. 

(iranada,  1851. 
Estrada  R:iv.i::o  (.Juan  de),  De;icripcion  do  las  Provincias  Coata  Rica,  Ouatc- 

mal.i,  Ifoudiiraf.     MS.   1.J7-.  folio. 
Kvcri'Vt  (ivhvanl),  Spoocii  in  U.  S.  Senate,  March  '21,  1853. 
Ezquebel,  Aankouist.     In  Gottfried,  llcy.sen,  tuiu.  i. 

Fabrns  (.ToHcpli  W. ),  A  Story  of  Life  on  tlic  Isthmus.     New  Yor!;,  18.')3. 
I'abriea  y  lisUirnpa  de  Naypcs  tlo  Nucva  Ivspafia.     Mexico,  17(i  >. 
Eu'rliairii  (Henry).  Project.)  for  Marino  Itadv.'ays.    In  U.  S.  .lour.  ]S,",2.   ]it.  iL 
Pajjirdo  (f)oniin;,'o),  Infonno  del  Ministro  do  Relaciones.     Canii)eclio,  ISJS. 
Fancoiirt  (Cliarle.i  .St  .John),  T!io  History  of  Yucatan.     Londoa,  lo.i-t. 
Fato  of  Republics.     Boston,  LSSO. 

Fidix,  L'Orc'/on  et  b-'-i  {'.'itcs  de  rOe[''an  Paei'Mjuc  du  Nord.      Paris,  Is'-lfi. 
Fer'sandcK  (Alonso),  llistoria  l^clcsiasticatle  XvestrosTienipos.    Ti.utlo,  Kll  1. 
'  rnando  \'1I.     D''crotos  del  Roy.     Mexico,  IS.'iG. 
I  rcr  il  !  Coufo  (.losel.  Cucstionos  d('  Mr  jieo,  Veneznela  y  America  en  Ocneral. 

Madrid,  P;(J1.  4!)9pp.;   Madrid,  l;.ai,(lGOpp. 
Fcuillee  (Louis),  .fonrnal  des  Observation.H  Phyoi(juos.     Pari.s,  182.3.  4to. 
Fiijuoredo,  y  Uictoria  (I'rancisco  .lose])h),  Carta  Pastoral  l^xortatoria.     No- 

vicndjro  1,  175,').     (ru.-itenrda,  |17.">(). ) 
Fi^'ueroa  ( I'"r.'inci:;co  Ajitonio  <le  la  Ro.sa),  Vindicias  de  la  V(  I'l!  id.   MS.   folio. 
I'iguerola,  ll-.lacion  do   los  Korvicios,  Julio  21),  I."J41.     In  I'aeheco  and  (Jiir- 

denas,  C'ol.  Doc,  toin.  iii. 
Filis!;).!  (  \'ic' ;u,'),  Jd  (jiudadano  Oenei'al  do  Pri^ada.  Vicente  I'ili-.ohi  ii  .fosii 

I'ranc'.ico  Hurrundi.-i.     Puebla.  1824. 
Fili-ola  (  Vici  r.te),  Meniorias  para,  la  Ilistoria  do  la  Guerra  do  Ti  j.is.     Mexico, 

l-i:(.   2vola.;  also  .Mexico,  1.S4S.   2  vols. 
Findlay  (.Me;.  G.),  A  Directory  for  the  Navigation  of  tlio   P;i(  i(ic  Ocean. 

Londijii,  1S,")1.  2  vols. 
Fisher  and  ('olliy.     An., 'rican  Stntiatieal  Annual.     New  York,  lS."i4. 
Fit/d'oy,  on  I  ateroceanic  (_'onr.nuidcation.     A  f 'oUeetioii. 
Fitzdloy  i  llobi'rt),  C'onsiderations  on  the  <!reat  Istlmnis  of  Central  America. 

L'lndo'i,  I, '")();  al:-o  in  Lond.  Geo.;.  Soc,,  .lo'ir.,  vol.  xv. 
i'itz-Roy  iR'.l. (•;+),  Report  on  the  Honduras  Interocoaido  Railway.     Loudon, 

l.s:.;'.. 
Flnch.;i  i.)ii'-       No'cs  .sur  le  Flenve  du  Darien.  etc.     Paris,  l"!i;). 
i''lo"''y  • !.  iL.  :,  I'llistoire  do  la  decouvcrti!  d.'  TAuieriipio.      Pa:is,  18.'0. 
I'.'ii.    ('r  ■  ;e,  !i  ■),  History  and  Geography  of  tiio  .Missiysippi  Valley.     Cincin- 

Ti.iti    I ■'.".2.  'J.  Vols. 
Floriiu'a(    rncii  o  do),  ZoMaeo  Mariano.     Mexico,  17."). 
Florcs.Coiii,    '■..  ;oi,<;i  laGacetadelGobi-rnodel.-alvailor.  [San^alvador,  18."0.] 
Fhn-es  y  RiiHi'a  (.lo.u.'  .\ntonio),   lOlog'os  1'unidiro.s  en  los  dias  21)  y  IIO  do 

Octidire,  17o(5.     Mi'\ico,  17'')7. 
Florida,  Coleeiaoii  do  ^'al•ios  Doenmentos. 

Florida,  Diieovery  and  Con.piest  of.     Lo.idoii,  IS.'l.     (Ilakl.  Soe.  eil.) 
Fonseca  (Fabian),  ami  Urriilia  (Carlos),  Ilistoria  Genei'al  de  la  R>,;il  Hacienda. 

Mexico,  1S4.1,  lSt!)-.\'l.  (i  vols. 
Footo,    R'ej  ort  njion  the  trade  of  the  repnb'ic  of  S.alvador.     London,  IS.'iO. 
Fo<ito(Mrs),  Recollections  of  Central  .\n)erica.     London,  KSli!). 
l'"or.e9  (.\l'x.),  (.'alifornia:  Lomlon,  is;;!). 
F",i  i"ii  (^Inarterly  Jteview.      London,  I S-J7  et  sef|. 

I'  •;!  ,a  de  Goliierno,  Cai'ta  Kserila  ii  nn  .Vnierieano.     San  Sebastian,  1821. 
Fra.i -e    t  Ain.Tii|ue,     liruxelles,  |  lS4(i.  | 
Fr.ii.e.-    I  Ain.Tiijuc,     Sur  les  inoyens  .le  [ires.Tver  Tc'iiuilibre  Aniericain,  etc. 

Dpi.,  n.d, 
Francis,  De  Orbis  Sitv  ne  Deseriptiono.     .Antwerp,  1.V24. 
FiuncLs  of  I'-niogua,  l.a  Letera  al  nunistro  della  I'roviucia  cli  lioloiina.     Veuu- 

tiu,  1. ■.:!!.  " 

llnr.  Cknx.  .Vm.,  VuL.  I.    i 


^!sm 


11. I      : 

li:h  J 


xlii 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


I'l'juick  (S;cl),isti:xn).  Wcltbncli-Spiogcl.     Tiibingcn,  ]r:"4:. 

I'l'jiukliii  liifstitiitc  .Ifnirnal.     I'liilailolphia,  1>S.'.4  ut  hccj. 

Fra!isl]ii:ii  (John),  'I'lio  World  in  .Mni'.iture.     Loriiloii,  1711.  -  vols. 

Fiiciiirt  (Viilcntiinis),  liiJiaiiiscli(!r  l'oIi;,'i()iistanilt.     Iiiyoldstadt,  l.'SS. 

FriedrifliNtlial  (EiiuuuK'l),  Xous  on  tlio  lalit  of  Nicaragua,  and  the  ]jrovince 

of  ('iioMtah's,  in  <  iuatoniala.   i  .pi.,  u.d. 
Frisch  (1'.),  I)i(!  .'^tiiatcn  von  Moxico,  Mittei-  uud  Siidamcrika.   Liibcck,  Ib'.'.l. 
Fio(jl)tl  (.Iiiluis),  Alls  Ainci'ikr..     L^'ipzig,  n.d.   '2  vjI.s. 
Fi'oel)t:l  (.liiiiii.s),  iSovt'ii  Vcafs'  Truv  •!  in  (.'entral  Anioriea.     Loinlon.  l.S.'O. 
Frost  (TIu)ii::ih),  l[alf-Hour»  with  the  Early  I'Aplorers.     London,  "tc,  INTO. 
FuLutL'ti  y  (in-. man,  Conquiista  du  (iuati'niala.     Jn  (iavaiTcic,  Copias  do  ].)')c. 
Fiioi.tos  y  Gn/.i;ian  ( Fr.'Uicisco  .Xntonic  de),  Historia  do  Guatcniaki  o  itccorda- 

civn' Florida.     M  n^.-id,  ISSJ. 
Funncll  (Wni.),  A  V<      ye  U'lind  tlie  World.     London,  1707. 

Oaceta  do  Oobicnio  do  .\i  '.7-28-lSOr),  ISIO--:?!,  182,"}  ct  soq. 

(laocta  IniiiCM'ial  do  Moxicj.         oxiLO,  l.S:.M-'2:^. 

Gage  (ThoniMst),  A  New  .Survey  of  the  West  Indies.     London,  1(177. 

(lago  (Tlioina^),  Noiivcllo  llckition  Contenant  les  Voyages.    I'ari.s,  l()7rt.  4  vols. 

(Jago  (Tliomas),  Voyages  dans  la  XoiivcUo  l^spagne.     Anistcrd.iui,  i  7-  ''.  '-'  vols. 

Gallardo  (Manm  1),  A^inntes  liiogr.iticos.     .San  Salvador,  1S7-. 

(Jallego  y  Cadt'na,  liflaeion  do  la  I'lovincia  do  Vera  Pa/..      >!S.   ].")7'1.  folio. 

(ialvaiio  (.\ntoido),  Diseoveries  of  the  World.     l,nn<lo!i,  KiOl;  al.;o,  IS<>'2. 

(ialvano  (Antonio),  Voyages.     In  Kerr"s  Col.  Voyages,  toni.  ii. 

Ciania  ( Vadeo  di),  Xavigatioue.     In  Kaimi.-io,  N'iaggi,  toni.  i. 

(tandiara'.  Do  Xavigationo  Chiisi(>]ihori  Culunihi.     I'onie,  l.")8."). 

Oaraldini  (Ahxan.),  Itinerarinni  ail  liegiones  sub  Eijuinuct.     Ivonio,  Ifi.^l. 

(iareia  (.Manuel),  Kefloxioiies.     ( iiialeniala,  IS'Jd. 

(iarela  dela  Conrejieion  Mose|i!i),  Historia  iiethk'lieniitica.    Sevilla,  17'2n.  folio. 

(ian'ia   y  (.'I'lbas  (Antonio),   Ite.sena  (.ieograliea   del   Distrieto  ilo  .Soeomiseo. 

Mexieo,  l.S."i7.   atlas  Ito. 
Gareilaso  do  ia  VeL:a  {K\  Inca),   I'riniero  I'arto  de  los  Conientarios  IJeales. 

-Mailriil,  17l.'.'l.   folio. 
(Jareila.so  dv.  la  N'eg"'  C'l  IiU'a),  La,  llofid.i  del  luea.     Madrid,  17-:).   f<iliii. 
Garclla   (Xapoleon),  I'rojet  d'un  Canal  de  Jonetion  de  li'()ei'au   l'aeilic[UO  et 

Atlautiijue.      Paris,   IS.').">. 
Gasea,  C.irta  al  Consejo  de  Indias.     In  Col.  Doe.  Ined.,  toni.  i. 
(iastein,  IN  al  TiUilo  ih^  (  miIki  iiiulor  d(^  ( 'osta,  l!iea,  a,  l';ivor  de  Coronndo,  Abril 

8,  l.'id.").      In  I'aeheeo  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doo.,  toni.  xi. 
Gaslizab.'d  (Martin  (iareia  de),  I'orel  Maeli'o.      |Gr,atein.il;i.  I('4I.|    tto. 
Gavarri'to  (.lu.ia  de),  (.'opia  do  Algunus  Fiacnioutos  Intori'santes  do  la  liecor- 

daeiou  l''lorida.     ]\I.S.    folio. 
Gonielli  Caireri.     See,  ( 'arreri. 

Geiither  (Sanniel),  IJejiort  iijion  the  riiiriinn  Uoad.     Now  York,  IS.'iil. 
(i!iillany(  i'riedriiii  \\'ilheliu),(  Jesi'liiehle  des.Seefahrers  1  Jitter  .Marl  in  Ikhaini. 

Xiirnlierg,  IS.'i.S. 
Gil  (llilarion  Itoniei'o),  .Memoria  sobro  los  Desoiibriniienios  (pic  los  I'sjiauoles 

hieieron  en  td  Siglo  XVI.  en  Xiieva  Galicia,  Diu.  '21,  1801.     In  Soo.  Mex. 

Get)g,,  lioletin,  toni.  viii. 
Girava  (llieroiiyiuo).  La  Cosniographia  y  (ieographia.     Veiietia,  l.">70. 
(iisboriie  ([>ioiul).  The  Isthniiis  of  Darien  in  18,"i-_'.     London,  18,"iH. 
(iiustiiiiaiii  I'.iaUeriuiii.     <ienoa,  l.'iKi. 
Goldsehniidt  (.Vlbert).  Cartograiiiiy  of  tin;  I'aeitic  Coast.    .MS.   folio.   .T  vols. 

San  {'"ranei.seo,  IS7M. 
Goiiiai'a  (i'raneiseo  Lujie/.),  Croiiiia  de  la  Xueiia  Esp.ana  eoii  la  ( 'oiiipiist.i  d(! 


Mexiro  V  otl'as  Cosas  Notable 


Sara:,'i> 


Goni.iia  ( l''i.iiieiseo   i,,opez),  Historia  de   l.is  ('ompiistas  de   Uernaiido  Coi  ti' 


(Chinialpain  edition.)     Mexico,  I8-J(i.  -J  vcds. 


<loiiiara  ( f'r; 


l.,opez),  llisloria  di   Do 


iialido  (Elite's,     V.'uetia,  l."i(i;). 


Gunuiiu  (Fnuioisoo  Lopez  de),  lliaturia  do  .Mo.xioo.     Anvcrs,  15o4. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


x:.:i 


lis. 

i.:ss. 

the  jirovince 

lUieck,  18."3. 

Ion.  1850. 
1,  "ic,  1S7G. 
pi;i>>  'Ic  ]-)oc. 
a  ()  i'ocunla- 


>/ 1. 

1070.  4  vols. 

JT-J;).  i;v(j1^. 

."74.  fdlio. 
..-;o,  lSw2. 


lino,  i(;;ii. 

),17'2;i.  folio. 
o  .Soconusfo. 

arios  llcuks, 

::!.  folio. 

I'uciliciiU'  I't 


•onado,  Al>ril 

4to. 
Ic  111  lU'cor. 


1  ,s,->o. 

luii  IV'li.iiiii. 

Espafioli'S 
III  Sou.  Mox. 

1.-.70. 


lio.  11  vols. 
'oiii|uista  ill', 
iiiilo  Corti's. 
•iiitia,  l.'ilK). 


Oomara  (Francisco  Loyic/,  do).  La  Hi.storiaOenoml  fie  l.as  Indias.    Anvors,  l."."4. 

Gome.;,  Uiaiio.     In  I)oc.  lli.st.  Mcx.,  .soric  ii.,  toni.  vii. 

(loin.ii'a  ( F.  Copi.'Zl,   rioasant  HL-storie  of  the  Con(|Uust  of  the  Wedt  ludiua. 

l>oudoii.  l.i7.S. 
(Ion/alt/  I ),i Vila.     Soc  Davila. 
Gooilrii'li  (.\aron),  History  of  tho  Clinractor  and  Achievements  of  the  socallod 

CliristopluT  ( 'olimilms.     Xi.'W  Yorlv,  1S74. 
GfHjdrioli  (Ir.'ink  I).),  Man  npon  tlio  Sea.      riiiladolphia,  18.")S. 
(lordo'-i  (.laiiie.i).'rht^  Ocean  I'asscnu'oi's  ( luiile  and  ( 'Iiart.    .San  Francisco,  n.d. 
Oordoii  (.fames    iJentley).   An  Historical  and  Oeoijraphical    Memoir  of  tho 

Xorlli-.Vmerican  Continent,  its  Xatioii:^  and  Trihes.     Dublin,  iS'J;).  4to. 
Gordon  ('{"'•omas  F.),  Diirest  of  tho  Laws  of  tho  United  States.     J'hil.  1S4S. 
fiordon  ('I'liomasF.  ),Tho  History  of  Ancient  Mexico.    I'hiladolphia,  1S;!'2.  -Jvols. 
Gordon  (Tliomas  F.),  Spanish  i  'scovoiies  in  .Vmerica.      I'liil.  ISHl.   •_'  \dls. 
<Tos.<('!lin  (I'aseli.  Franc.  Jos.),  it.-  '"jrciics  sur  la  Geographic  Svsteniatiquc. 

Paris,  lSi:i.  4  vols. 
Gottfriedt   (.lohann   Liidwig),    Xcwo   AVclt   und   Amcricaniaciie    Ilistorien. 

FraneUt'nrt,  lil.")."i.   foli  >. 
tJracias,  ( 'iiadro  Kstiidist'co -lei.     Pari.s,  IS.'iT. 
Graliain'.s  Maita.ano.     Philadelphia,  l^i'i.")  ot  scq. 
Graniula,  l']\posicion  A  S.  M.  jior  la  .Jnsticia,  Nov.  24,  1544.     In  Pachoco  and 

Cardcii.is,  Col.  Doc,  torn.  vii. 
Grant  (!',  S.),  The  Nicaragua  Canal.    In  North  American  Itoview,  I'chnii'.i'v, 

I8SL 
Grau  y  Monfaloon,  Memorial  solire  pretensiovch  'lo  la  ciiidad  do  Manila.     In 

Paelicco  and  (^ilrdenas,  ( 'ol.  ])oc  ,  torn.  \i. 
Groenhow  (ilohert).  Hi  ;tory  of  Oroi.ron  ami  California.    New  Yorh,  PU'i;  aKo 

editions  Hoston,  18 14 ;"  lioston,  184.') ;   London.  1844;   ISoston.  1S47. 
Grec'diow  (Rolievt),  Memoir,  Hi ..torical  and  Political.     Was!iin_'ton,  1840. 
Groy-Town,  ilomliai'do'iient  ot  Kntieri?  Heslriiction.      Paris,  jsriii. 
(!rey-Town.  Lettro  dii  Uiii  .;ne  do  la  Population  I'l'ancaiso.     I'avis,  lS."i(J. 
Grij-dvii  /.foliann).  I;eis(' uml  allerorste  Fntdcc!;un;r.    In  Sainmlmiu'.  torn.  xiii. 
(;i'i<wold  (C.  1). ), 'I'he  Istlmnr!  of  Panama.     New  York,  IS.VJ. 
GroLshcck  (\Y.S.),  Spoecli  in  U.  S.  Houscof  P>'.'p.,.Jan.  1 1, 18:)S.     Washington, 

18,-18. 
Grynxus,  No%'v.'i  Orbi.s  Regionvni  ac  Insnlarvm.     Rasilia',  l.'i.'l^.  4t(). 
(Inardia,  (.L  ^L),  L<'S  Ri'pniiliipie.s  dc  L'Ani''ii(|no  Iv-p:\giiolc.      P.iris,  1802. 
Giianliola  (General),  .V  Sus  Compalriotas.     |Cnii|uinii;la,  IS.TL]  fulio. 
(iiiardiola  (Santos),  Parte  Olieial  (.'omavagna,  I8.)0. 

(luutv'mala,  Acta  on  esta  Ciudad,  2;).lidio,  18:.:!.     Guatemala,  18,".;!.   fol. 
Gnatemala,.\|)iintamiont()ssoorol;i.\;_'riciilturayCoinoi'cio    |Giiatem,d,i.l81 1 .  j 
Gii.itemala,  Arancel  Provi  iunal  para  las  xVdnanas  <lo  Gnati'Uiala.  n.pl..  n.d. 
<.uatoma!a,  Arauoelos  Fonnadas  do  Ordou   do  la  Real  Andiiiicia.     Gu.'ito- 

iird.i,  n.d. 
(luat'iuala,  Autos  d,>  Parte.     .MS.   1043.  4to. 
(iuatom.ila,  iloletin  do  Noticias.     Guatemala,  18,")0  ot  scq. 
(Juatem.diUCal.ildoilet,  l!ifonnesol>reere,:eion  do  Ohispido.   Gnateniahi,  l8-_'7. 
(inatcma'a.  Carta  di-iiida  id  llustiisimo   Seuor  .\r/ol.i.po,  2.)  A^'osto,  IS.'.!. 

(Gu.aieni.ala,  Is.". 1. 1  folio, 
(iuatemala,  (.'.irta,  d(d  Ohispo,  historia  d<;  Nuova,  Kspana,  .\gosto  27,  l."i20.     Fu 

Pachoco  and  C:ir(lenas,  Col.  Doc,  torn.  xiii. 
(!iiate;r.ala,  Cliarti!  .Vulorisnnt  la  P.an(|ue  do  Guatenuda  fGu;itonia!a,  IS.'!!)]; 

alsooditiou  l>rux(dles,  ls4(». 
Guatemala,   Ciiarto  do  Couccssi<.n  ilii  Territoire  de  \'era   P;i/.     Guatemali, 

ls;!!». 

Guatem.ala,  Coleceion  doCdulos  Re.des,  l."i .".,">  1708.     MS,  and  print. 
Guatemala,    ( 'onstitucioucs    niunicipales    de   e^to    Siinto    Colcio  do   X|it(). 

|Guateniala|,  !7:i(J.     .MS. 
<  juatom.ila,  ( 'oiit"stacion  al  ( 'omuniendo  sobro  Nttcionalidiid,    Salvador,  IS4fl. 
Guiitcinida,  Decretos.     [Yarioiis  datcs.J 


illll 


xUr 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


duatomala,  El  Dean  <le  la  Santa  Iij;lc3ia.     n.pl.,  n.d. 

( iuiitciiiala,  ( iacota  (Ic.     Giiaternala,  184!t  I't  ficij. 

(iuati-'iii.ila,  (liiia  clo  ForastoroH.     (luatciiiala,  lS."i;?  ct  seq. 

<  inatcniiila,  Hospital  di;  San  Juan  do  Dio-i.     (luatrniala,  I8.")4.   folio. 

(UiaU'iiiala,  liifoinuicion  cclia  en  Santiiiu'"  <li^  (iiiatinala  Set.  \.'>,  \XU\.    MS. 

Guatemala,  Inforniedo  Ids  servicios  hcchaii  pur  la  ivligioii  da  >■  iito  Domi.'ii;  >. 

M.S.    I  vol. 
(Juatcmala,  Infornie  dirijido  por  cl  Presidcnte,  Agosto  10,  1801.    Giuiteniarn, 

[IN-.!.] 
Giiateiiiala,  Informe  sohrc  l;i  ereccion  do  Ol)ispo.     Onatomnlii.  IS'iT. 
Guatemala,  IntoniiC!  ipiu  el  Cabildo  Eclo;iiastico  do  la  (/atedral  (ii'.atoniala, 

1S-J7. 
Guntoiiiala,  Infonne  sobre  loa  Difcrcntcs  lljunos  do  la  Adniinistraoion.    Giiato- 

mala,  lSt4.  folio. 
Guatcmid.'i,    In^^tniccion   forniada  do  onion   do   la  Junta   proparatoria    p^ira 

facilitar  la )  olccoiunos  do  Diputados,  oto.     Guatoniala,  iS|_*.   .;'.ii. 
<jUatoiiiala,  liolacion  do  la  tornienta,  .Set.   lo,   1.541.     In  Paolicco  and  Car- 

d'lias,  Col.  lio.  .,  toni.  iii. 
Guati'ina!a,     luKtruccion  para  el  Arn.",do.     Xiiova  (liuitoniala.  I  TDD.   Uo. 
Guatoiuala,  Los  lMni','rado.s  do  Guati.'mala.     [(Joinayagua,  IS.Vi.]  folio. 


Guatc 


!a.,  l.os  ?'obl'j3  do.     San  Salvador,  iSii.'J. 


Guaioniala,  Maniiic.sto  di  i  Gefr  I'olitioo.     Mexico,  18"J1. 

Giiatcmiila,  McMUoiro  Contciiaut  un  Apoiru  Stall  ;tii|iio.     ])rux<'llos.  l'*-''40. 

Guatemala,  Moniorias.     [Dilioront  departiuoiits  of  tlio  Govornmont,  oiaid  liy 

dates.  J 
Gnateu\;d;i,  ^litustorio  do  Policia  <lcl  Gobieruo,     Guatoma'.a,  ]R'2S.  folio, 
tiuatoniala,  Nacionalidad  Espafiola.     Guatoiuala,  i8.")2.   folio, 
(iuat'iiiala,  Xuova  lustrucciou  y  niclhodo  do  cobfary  rocaudar  los  <lie::uiO';do 

lal"lo.aa,es  estoar;:obi::i>:ido  do  Guatcin.'ila.     M'.ieva  Gu::teui;>ta.  1/  ■•>.   INj. 
Gunteniii'a,  Obisjio  y  Olioialos,  Cai'ta  al  lauporador.     [Xov. 'J.'),    I.'.  11.]     In 

Cartas  do  Iii<lias. 
Guateniida,  I'or  l'ei'naudo"IT.,  el  li;<lc  Dioioudire,  ISDS.    Oraeion.  n.)il.,  n.d. 
(juatoniala,    rroyecto   do   Coustitueion   para   la  Itopublica.     San  Salva.l.ir, 

18.1.  folio. 
Guatemala,  U<;":;:lamonto  rrenoral  do  artcsauos  do  la  Xuova  Guatemala,  etc. 

Xuova  (iuateinala,  I7'J8. 
Guatemala,  Ki'Iacion  Ilistoiioa  Couoernientt\     Guatom.nla,  18,")-2. 
Guat";ii;i!a,  Jleso'.u'oen,  .V'^'rii.'ultural  and  Miuoral.     San  I'rancisoo,  1874. 
Guateui'ila,  Tratulo  di^  Aminiad.     [l.J'tatouiala,  1847.  |  folio. 
(iiiato.iiala,  I'^leocion  d(!  l)ij)utado«.     MonIoo,  1SJ2.   foiio. 
(iucrra  (Cristobal),  Capitnlaoion,  Julio  "Jl,  "22  y  '23  y  Agosto  IS,  1.100.     lu 

X^.'ivarioto,  Col.  do  \'ia'.;es,  toui.  it. 
Gucrra  (.1.),  Carta,  A';oHt.)'2.')  do  Is:,!.     MS.   folio. 

Gnerra  (.lo-: '■),  Histot'i.i  de  la,  Uevohieion  ilo  X.  I'^.iv.ua.     London,  b'lKi.   '2  vol?!. 
Guerroi'o  (lose),  Vindioaoion,  Julio  (i  ilo  18.12.     [Loon,  I8.')2.J  folio. 
Gnen-cro  (Vicente),  Mauili-^sto  .-'i  sua  Compatriotas.     Mexico,  182'.). 
Guijo,  l;i;vio  do  l(i48  I'l  l(lo4.     lu  l)oo.  Hist.  Mox.,  serio  i,,  torn.  i. 


182;).   M  vols. 

In  I'aolieoo  and 


(Jutlirio  i\Vi!!in;n),  A  Universal  Goo  jrapliv.      I'iiilad(''[)!iia, 
(Jutiorre;^  (Ulas.l.),  Loycs  tie  Uefonna.     Mexico,  1808. 
Giitii  iTi  •,  (l'"olit>o),  C:irta  ,al  lanjiei'ador  Ftlirero  10,  l.'t.'J!). 

C,ii'(lena>!,  Col.  i)oe,,  toni.  iii. 
<!uzni;in  (Fei'uauilo),  Mauilio.sto.     ^Iaua,!.'ua.  18(>7. 
(iuzuiau  (Foruaudo),  Monsaje.     !Manat,'ua,  1871. 

Hac'ke  (Wui.),  A  Collection  of  Orif^innl  V'oyafjtca.     London,  ICOO. 

Haetkens  {,].),  Central  .Uueriea.      Dordrool'it.  is;i2. 
llaetkeuH  (J.),  Itoi/e  Xaar  (inaieinala.     ( iravon!ia;.'e,  1827;  olso  18-28. 
Ilakinyl  (iJieiiarl),  l»i  vers  Voyages.     Londun,  18,0.     (Hakl.  Soo.  .-.l.) 
liakluvt  (iiieliai'd).  Tlio  Principal  Xu\ igalion.s,  Voyages,  etc.    London,  IjOO- 
KiOO.  folio,  3  vols. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


xlv 


olio. 

iito  D(jini!iy  >. 
Guat(;ui:iTa, 

827. 

il  (U'.atoinala, 

icion.     (lii:ito- 

larp.toria   p;!rr» 

1.  ■;'.<>. 

icco  and  Car- 

IT'.i;).  Uo. 
]  fuliu. 


riles.  UMO. 
iiiuut.  cKitl  I'V 

R'2S.  folio. 

los  (li(';:ino';ilo 
(uiUi.  Il'  •■>.  ■'•I'. 

■>;,  t.".M.l    In 

ion.  u.pl.,  11. (I. 
8au  .SalviuUii', 

lualeinala,  t'tc. 

o,  If'T-t. 
)  IS,  I.IOO.     Ill 


riKi.  '.'vols, 
olio. 

n.  i. 

ja.  '.2  vols. 

Taclu'ijo  and 


00. 

io  lR2Si. 
S.if.  txl.) 
Lmuloii,  ITiOO- 


Xuw 


ILikliiyt  ."society.     "Works  Is.suod  hy.     Iv-iulon,  ISoO  ot  .seq. 

lialo  (i;.  !•;.).  I'^aily  maps  of  Aincrica.     Wo-xcslei',  1S71. 

JIall  (ilasil).  l';xtnict:.s  !'ro:ii  a  .FoUMial.     E.liiilmrirli,  1.SJ().   '2  vols. 

ll;;ll.  l;>  jvii-t  on  the  tradoof  tho  rtiniMic  of  (Juatoinaia.     London,  ]i^'>Ci.   folio. 

]l,in;:iid  (T.  C),  I'arliaiiK'iitary  Deli.iU's  fro.n  hS;)."}.     London,  hSTJ  77. 

llardmin  (i'"rcdoriolv),  Scfni'.s  and  Adventures  in  Central  America.    Edinburgh, 

\!^:.± 
IfaiiK.'r's  Xow  Monthly  Marzazinr.     \e\v  Yorl:,  IS")()  ct  .seij. 
Harris  (.1.  I)  iini.'>),  A  .Snnnuer  on  the  liurder.j  of  tho  Ciribbean  .Sea. 

York,  ISDO. 
Harris  (.John),  Xavij-antiiim  atipie  Itincr.intinm.    London,  170.').  folio.  'J  vois. 
lliirri^se  (Henry),  ]]il<liotheca  Ainerie-ina  N'etustissima.     New  Yorlc,  lS(l(i. 
JlartiKMii  (Carl),  (ieograpliiscii-Statiatischu  lie-selireibung  von  Calii'oraien. 

\V(  iniar,  1840. 
llaskiii  (.John  IJ.),  Speeeh  in  U.  S.  House  of  Hep.,  Jan. ."),  IS.IS.     ^Va.dlillgton, 

Is.kS. 
Ha..i,iurek  (F.),  I'our  Yetirs  aniou'^'  Sp:inish-Anipvic;in.s.     London.  l.'--f;H. 
Hai-.-el  (li.).  and  •!.  < '-.  l\  U.  <  'anu'i'iieli,  VoHsl.iudi.re  iind  neiie.jle  JM'dl.e  ;elirci- 
1)1111%'  voni  Jicit'he  Me\ieo,  Cualennila  und  W'estindieii.     \\'i!ii;iir,  \i:2-l. 
ir:i\vkiiis  (Sir  Jiieha -d),  The  Oil  ;('rv,ition.s.     J^ondon,  lliJJ.     (Hal.'.  Soc.  ed.) 
JIaya  (L)ie;;o  do  la,  (iov.  Costa  Kic.i),  Iiiformo  dirigido  ul  lley.     M.S.  4to. 
H.iycs,  ^^cIap-iiooks.     lSr):)-74.    L!0  vo!s. 
Ibiyne,  Su'^eeh  in  U.  S.  Sen.ite,  Mareli.  ISl!().     n.pl.,  n.d. 
Ifa-ditt  (W'm.  Carew),  The  (iicat  Cold  Fields  of  Cariboo.     London,  1S!;2. 
Heine  (WiHul-.n),  Wan  leiliilder  ails  Central- Amerika.     Leipi;ig,  n.d. 
Heiper  (Hiuton  It.),  'J'lie  l^aiid  of  (lold.     Jj.i;tiiiiore,  18.j."). 
Helps  (.\rthiir),  ]..ife  of  Hernando  (Jorti'S.     New  York,  ls71.   2  vols. 
Jlcljis  (.\riiiiir),  Tlie  (.'oiii)iierors  of  the  New  World  and  their  JJondsmeu. 

London,  l,S4S--,"i2.  '2  vols. 
Hellis  (.\it!iiir),  Tho  Life  of  Las  Casa.s.     I'hiladelphia,  1808. 
Help?  (.Vrthur).  'J'lie  Spini.sh  (.'onquost  in  jVmeriea.    London,  lSo.")-lil.  4  vols.; 

ah-o  New  York,  l,S."(l.  2  vols. 
Hemh  ison  (.\lex.),  A  Ciranitiiar  of  tlio  Moskito  Lani^'nairo.     Xew  York,  184(i. 
Jieiideisoii  ((;corL;c),  An  Account  of  tho   IJritish   .Settlement  of  Honduraa. 

London,  181 1. 
Ilori'an  (\'ietor),Lo  Cheinindo  Fer  Iiiteroceanifpio  dii  Honduras.    I'aiis,  I  SOS. 
Ibrran  (Victor),  Notice  .siir  les  Cini|  El.its.     IJorileaux,  IS.").'!. 
l!<'!''c,vi(.\ntoni;>de),I)escri]iciondo  las  iiidias()ecideiit:iles.   Madrid,  I7;)!>.  fol. 
Ilerura  (.Vntouio  de),  Ceneral  History  of  tho  Vast  Continent  and  iolands  of 

America.     Ijondon,  l7-")-().  <!  vols. 
Iferrera,  (.\ntonio  dc),  Ceneral  Observations.     In  Voj'a'^c.s,  A  Collection   of. 

(Charchill  (,'oll.),  vol.  v.;  I'lirciias,  His  I'ilgrimcs',  vol.  iv. 
I leri-era  (Antonio  de),  Historia  Ceneral  do  los  llcclios  do  los  Castellanos  eii 
las  Islas  i  Tienii  Firine  del   .Mar  Occano.     Madrid,  lli.Jl.  4to.   4  vols.; 
also  edition  Madrid,  172(1  .'!0.  folio. 
Hesperian.     San  Fianeisco,  18o8  et  .sccj. 
Ileylyn  (i'etor^),  Cosmoj;rapliy.     Lomlon,  1701.   folio. 
Hill  (H.  R.),  Miip  Canal  across  the  Isthmus  of  I'anainn.     London,  LS45. 
Hill  (S.  S.),  Travels  in  Peru  and  .Mi'xieo.     L...ndon,  ISO;).  -J  y,,i^ 
His:r)rieal  Ma-a/.ine,  and  .Notes  and  (.hieries.      lloston,  etc.,  lS,')7-(:0.    l.'i  vols, 
lluiiiiiaii  (Williatii),  '{'he  Monitor.      N(!\v  York,  ISC.'t. 
Hi.lbrook  (Samuel  (!.),  Three  Score  Year.s.      IJoston,  18."i7. 
Holinski(.\h"X.).LaCalifornieet  les  lioutes  Interoc.'-aniipies.    liruxelles,  ISo."!. 
Holmes  (Abiel  I).  I).),  Annals  of  America.     Cambiidi;e,  JSJO.   '2  vols. 
Honduras.     A  los  Antijiatriotos  Escondldos.     Ilondiiras,  iS.Vt. 
Honduras.     A  Los  I'atriot.is,  Felu'cro  4,  1S,")4.     I  Honduras,  ls:.4.1  folio. 
Hondiu  


)i 


A   Los    I'lieblos.      I'n  Ami;,'o   del   Ceneral   (Juardiola,    Craca.s. 


:i,  I8."):i.    |( 


rivieias 


l.s.".:i.|  f 


olio. 


Hon.luras,  A  Mis  Comitentes  y  Dcmas,  Abril  8,  1854.     [Comayugua,  KS.IL] 


folio 


^.ti;J6iiifJSSS 


xlvl 


AU'^HORITIES  QUOTED. 


ill 


Ilijiuluraa,  A  Xiiestros  Compatricios,  Xoviembre,  18r)3.     [Comayagua,  IS.")!!.] 

folio. 
Hixuliira.s,  Al  Gran  Di;ilo;,'o,  Eiiero  '27,  IS'A.     Homluras,  1854. 
li  iudnr.'is,  Almanac,  lieliic,  Jhi't)  ct  soq. 

l£oiiliira.s,  Al  I'l'iblico.     |  Various  dates  ami  signatures,  18o2-4.] 
llondiiras,  Anagraina.     | Honduras,  lSo3.| 

ILiudura.-t,  B  iletin  del  Ejercito  do  llouduras.     Coinayagtia,  18.")3  ct  seq. 
HiiiiduiaH,  Bolctin  Oficial  del  Goljioruo  Supremo.     Comaya'jua,  1S.')1  ot  seq. 
H')ndui as,  Carta  Escrita  d'!  Guatemala.     [(Joiuayagua,  1654.]  folio, 
llouduras,  Clavclliua.     [Tcguci'^'alpa,  ISoJ.J  folio. 
Honduras,  Compatricios  [Tegucigalpa,  1852. J 
llmdiiras,  Conciiidadanos.     [Tegucigalpa,  1S52.]  folio. 

Honduras,  Conocimiento  y  satisfaccion  dc  los  Pueblos,  Julio  13, 1853.     [Tegu- 
cigalpa, 18.')3|.  folio. 
Honduras, Constitucion I'oliticadclEstado, Fobrci-oo,  184S.  [Comayagua, ISIS.] 
Honduras,  Contestacion,  Agosto  8, 1852.     "  Otros  Ciudadauos. "     [Comayag.ia, 

1852.]  folio. 
Honduras,  Contestacion  a  las  Trcs  Preguntaa  del  Anouinio,  1!)  de  Enero  do 

1851.     [Honduras,  1851.]  folio. 
Honduras,  Cuadro  Estadistico  del  Ucpartamento  dc  Graeias.     Paris,  1S57. 
Honduras,  Dofensa  que  el  Clero  dc  Uoudiiras.     ,San  Salvador.     [ISiil.] 
Honduras,   Dialogo  cntrc  un  Guauaco  y  uu  Escritor  Veterano.     [Honduras, 

1854.  J  folio. 
Honduras,  Discursos  pronunciados  en  la  tribuna  do  los  debates.   Comayagiui, 

1853.  folio. 
Honduras,  J3oenmentos  Jnstificativos.     Comayagua,  1855. 
Honduras,  Documentos  para  la  Historia  de  los  Atcutadoa  de  las  Tropas  do 

Guatemala.     Comayagua,  1853.  folio. 
Honduras,  El  Diput;vdo  Alvarado,  Abril  3,  1854.     "Los  Obsen-adores  en  la 

galcria."    [Comayagua].  18,54.  folio. 
Honduras,  El  jefo  Politico  del  Departamento  de  Comayagua,  Setiembre  1', 

1813.     [Comayagua],  1S53.  folio. 
Honduras,  El  Senudor  en  Ejerci  o  del  Podcr  Ejecutivo  del  Estado,  Mayo  15, 

1853.     [Comayagua,  1853.]  folio. 
Honduras,  Epediciones.     In  Pachcco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc,  tom.  xii. 
Honduras,  Exposicion  d(d  Prcsidento  del  Estado  do  Juuio  2lJ,  1;>45.     [Coma- 
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Honduras,  Exposicion  dirijida  por  el  quo  Suscribe  a  los  llabitantes.    [(Uiate- 

mala,  1853.]  folio. 
Honduras,    Felieitacion   que   los   liondurenos  hacen  al  Ciudadano.     [Coma- 
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Honduras,  I'undacion.     In  Pachcco  and  Girdenas,  Col.  Doc,  ton\.  xvi. 
Honduras,  Gaceta  de.     Comayagua,  18G1  etse(j. 
Honduras,  Gaceta  Oficial.     Coiniyagua,  1854  et  seq. 
Hiindiuas,  Gaceta  Oiicial  do  (iobierno.     Couiayagua,  184!)  et  seq. 
Jlondiras,  IIw^'Iios  de  las  Troj);is  de  Guateiunla.     Comayagua.  [l'\53.] 
Hmdm-as,  Hondurerios.     [Sinjrlc  sheets,  various  data's  in  1852-4.) 
Honduras,  lmi)()stura  y  el  Insulto  son  las  Armas  de)  Malvado.     [Comava.;ua, 

l.'v-,.!.]  folio. 
Hon<luras.     Indicacion.     Sctiombro  '2,  185'2;  also  Octubre  31,  1S52.     [Tegu- 
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Honduras,  Inti  rooeanii',  Unihvay,  Charter  of  the.     Xew  York,  1S53.   folio. 
IIoii'l  iras.  Invasion  al  Departamento  de  Graeias.     [Comay.ngua),  1S54.    folio. 
Houd  i\MS,  La  Preiisa  Lilire,  Miyo  15,  IS52.     ['JV';,'U('i  ,',i!;i;i,  )S.")2.  |  t'llio 
llondaras,  Lijer.'.s  ( )l>s''rvaeioues  sol)r(>  la  Ivitrega  del  EsUulo.     Leon,  1850. 
Honduras,  Los  Dos  Dias,  Iviero  4,  1S54.     Hoadura-i,  1S54.  folio. 
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(lores.     Te',;uiigalpa,  1S.'>3.   folio. 
Honduias,  ^f.iiiiii'sto  a  los  Pueblos  de  Honduras,  Diciembre  31,  1853.    [Guate- 
mala, 1853.  J  folio. 


^ 


|:ir..:.; 


AUTIIOmXIES  QUOTED. 


xlvii 


FTmdiri.s.  Miiiifu'sto  <hA  Viuhh.     Tc'mK'i_'alp;i,  [1S?2.1 

Jliiiiiliias.   Mciiiiria  ik'  los  Vuliuntcs  ./oiioralL's  hoii   Francisco  Onniez,  etc. 

A_'ost'>  ■_'!,  IS.Vl.     (J(>inayaL,'u:i,  1S,')4.   tolii). 
Homl'.iia.i,  MLiiiinia  ricdcuUda  por  tl  Scuor  Don  Jose  Maria  PLiiganiji,  18.")1. 

(.'i>iiiay:t'-,'iia,   IS.jl. 
]I<»inl.ua.s,"  MiiiisUrio  ile  Rcliiciones.     [Xiiiiu'iou.s  dcorocs,  citoil  hy  ilates.] 
llijinluras,  Ol.jccioiR'S  al  Contrato  del  Fcim-i.arnl,  Febrero  '_'-',  1534.    [Cuma- 

yau'.ia,  1S.J4.  |  t'ulio. 
lloiiduia.s,  Olisrrvacioii,  Julio  i.'),  l.S,V2.     ['IVmici^'alpa,  1S,V_'.]  fi.lid. 
Jlouduias,  (J])iui'>n.  [Siu'iioil  "La  (Jaluria,  Julio L'4.  IS./J."  Tc,u'uci"a!;)a.  1S.V2.] 
Hoiiduiu.s,  Otras  Ohscrvacioiu's,  Julii)  li7,  l^.VJ.     riV';uci;,'ali)a].  Is..:.',   t'olio. 
lioiiduias,  IViisanncnto,  Kmro  ;W,  IfS.');!.     IViruci^'aliia,  ls,');i.  in'io. 
lloudnras,  I'lvsidnito,  l)icioiiil)rc  .'il,  liM.i;  also  Diciembre  7,  I8.j4.     [L'oina- 

ya.'^'ua,  isjli,  lS.i4.]  fuliii.s. 
IToiidnras,  I'rotcsta  de  lus  l)i|)iitad()H,  Abiil  HI,  18.')3.     Comayagiia. 
lliiiidura-i,  Kcnitaciuii  dtl  Folli'tiu.     C'lnuayagua,  IHOl. 

llomliiras,  .">alutaciuuibien  vcuida  en  union  de  vuestni,  Mayo  '21,  IS,'A.    [Hon- 
duras, 1S.")4.]  folio. 
Ifonduras,  Tral)ajos  do  la  .Jiintji  Proparatoria,  Julio  1^  1S,V2.    fTcf,Mici;'alpa.] 
l[ii;)d;ii;i.<,  Cltiiiia.s  Noticias  <kd  Ixjcrcito,  Julio  \'2,  KS.J3.     [( 'oniaya.'ua.  J 
Jl'iiiluras,  I'll  Xacionalista,  Juuio  "Jd,  KS.V2.     [t'oiiiayagua],  18o2.  folio. 
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]1  iinlurcnos,  No  por  un  rasao  do  vil  adulaoion,  Abril  '23,  ]8o3.     Coiuayagua. 
Honolulu.     Polynesian,  I8r)7  ot  soq. 
Ilonttr,  |)e  (,'osnio,L;rap!ii.o.     ]5asiha',  I.IIU. 
Hol'as  di' Sdlaz.      .^au  .Jo.so,  187.'{  ot  SiMf. 
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Xoiivoan  (Jontinont.     Paris,  IMJii  !).  5  vols. 
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of  tlio  \o\v  Continent.     Loudon,  182'2-!).  7  V((l.s. 
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I'aiis,  18(;.'>. 
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Hulohiin.'s' California  Mriuaziuo.     San  Francisco,  1S,")7-()1.  f)  vols. 
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Inipugnacion  al  In.prc.io  cjuo  so  Pid)lico  on  .S.  Salvador.     ( in  iti  nial  1.  [I8.'!()]. 
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Indices  d(!  Ilistoi-ius  dc  America,     MS.  folio. 
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Nicara'.Ma.  (Joniayagua.  etc.     (iuat  niala,   I7i;!l. 
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MIX '::::■ -WS 


xlviii 


AUTIIOKITIES  QUOTED. 


'•)'  i  ! 


Isn'^'o;.'c,  Rel.ioion.     MS. 

lliiiuiariu  I'lirtujrallr'.siu.     Milan,  \'>()^. 

Ixllilxocliid  (J'criiiiiiiln  <le  Alva),  llorriblca  CruclJadcs  do  los  Coniiuistatlorcs 

(Ic  Mc'xico.     Mexico,  1V_".). 
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Jacob  (W.),  Historical  Inquiry.     London,  1S;!1.  2  vols. 
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.!» likiii:*  (^Mbcrt  (i.),  Sijcccli  iu  U.  S.  House  of  Ik'l).,  .laiiuary  1-.  b''-"<0. 
•lerez  (Maximo),  (Jontcstacion  al  Manilicsto  del  rresidcnti:.     Loon,  l;;i!2. 
■Josuitiis  (Los),  Observacioncs  sobrc  ua  Articulo  do  la  lljiir.ion.     Loin,  1S7I. 
Jesuits,  Coleccion  (icneral  de  las  rrovideneias.     Madrid,  IT'iT,  17ri;l.  2  vols. 
Jimenes  (.lose  Antonio),  Menioria  I'resentada  al  Cuer[io  Ltniblati\o,  I'ebrno 

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Jtllinson  (l''r.),  Speecb  in  U.  S.  House  of  J!cp.,  A])iil  LI,  ]iV2Ct.  n.pl.,  n.d. 
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(inatemala,  Ih.")?;  also  ( Juatemala,  KSUS  and  1S1;>. 
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Keller  (F.  A.  K.),  Canal  do  Nicaragua.     Paris,  18.")(). 

Kellev  (M.  F.),  I'rojetd'un  ("am  1  Maritime.     Paris.  l.'oT. 

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Kerr  (Henry),  Travels  through  the  ^Veytern  Interior  of  the  U.  8.     Klizabcth- 

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xlix 


iiKpiistatlorea 
ix. 


51.  4to. 
!,  l."..-.0. 
m,  KSC-i, 
I.uoii,  1871. 
ITCk).  -2  vols. 
two,  I'cbriii) 

sta  rruviuciai 

.pi.,  11.(1. 
-Ion,  i:;-2(i. 

s,  lo,)'lcti;oq, 
pai;i,  l!)2J. 
J   rAuiciiiiiio 

3  viuatt'inala. 

I!  Kiii^^ilom  of 
t/.u  dor  Ertlci. 


]:iizal)clh- 
and  TravfLs. 

folio.  9  vols. 
New  Yoil;, 

u  russisclii-'U 

•Ih  Ainoriua.. 

a.     NW'imar, 

1W;2.  2  vols. 

ih„;>.  ko. 

'o:k,  KSUO. 


a-cs.   rufis, 


T,nl!(  !n(^;it.  ncscliiohtc  von  Coliinil  icn.     Oacdliii'mr",  etc.,  1^27. 

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1  •;:!».  ;i  vw":.s. 

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Mu\ico,  1,>;;4. 
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l-:irit!\  ii;i'4a  (Mipfiic!),  }iIciiiorias<jbie  1 1  fiu-'jo  (,o  h-i  \\)\cii:n.i.  i  .iiiui  inula,  \V4'.i. 
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Sovilb,  1S'J2. 
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(Aii-den;is,  Col.  Due.,  toni.  xii. 
Lealio  (L'Van:.),  Popular  Monlldy.     New  York,  PSTfi  et  scq. 
Leater  (C.   laluard.,)  and  Andrew  Foster.     Life  and  V(n-a"o   of  ^'eapneiu3. 

XewYcik,   ]84i;.  ^   ■'  ^ 

Lcsui-  (C.  J^.),  Annuairc  Historirpic  Universel  pour  1.S27.     Paiia,  1S2.S. 
L.  >r;'a  lie  la  >.oljil  Cipta.     Zliav.d,  l.'.li.").   4to. 

Levy  (I'abio),  Xotaa  Ceogralieas  y  EeononiieaB  sobre  la  llep;d.lica  de  Nic- 
aragua.    Paiia,  I87J. 


Iiidi  IS  Occiilculalea. 


1  AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 

Lcj'cs  y  Ordcnnnnaa  Xucvamciito  hoclias  por  sii  Magcstad,  para  La  goucmaciiJ 

(Ic  la.s  Jiidias.     Valladoliil,  KiO."!.  fulio. 
Loves  y  Ordciiaii/as.      Madrid,  [l.'iSI.) 

Lilirctto  (1(!  tiitta  la  Niivi/a/iouo  del  l.'o  di  Sjiagiia.     ii.ii!.,  f  l.'Ot.] 
Licua,'.'a  (Jost!  Maiia),  Adicioiics  y  Iluctilicaeione.s  a  la  HUtoria  de  Mexico. 

(iu.iii.ijuato,  IMIS. 
Lii'vaiio,  riiiuer  Calendario.     [San  Salvador,]  IS'.T  ct  scq. 
Liua;,o  (J().SLi)li  de  V'citia),  Norte  de  laCoutrataciun  de  laj  Ii 

Seville,  lOT-J. 

I,iiia','e  (.losepli  de  Veitia),  The  Spanish  IJule  of  Trade.     London,  ]~i)2. 
Llwyd  (.1.  A.),  Xotcs   respecting  the  Isthnins  of  I'anania.     In  Lcjnd.  Gcog. 

Soc.  Jour. ,  vol.  i. 
Loaisa(I'r.(;areiade),  Viages  nl  Maluco.    InXavarretc,  Col.  deVia.cs,  toni.  v. 
L.iiidon  (leo'^raphical  Sieiety  Journal.     Loudon,  lSol-70.  40  vols. 
Liindon  Mijiiiig  Joui'nal,  ISIJT. 
London  Moining  Chronicle,  IS.IO. 

L>iii',',  Porter,  and  TneUer,  America  and  the  West  Indies.     London,  1S4">. 
Lopez,  i'otilaeion,  Guatemala,   lo~G.     In  Paelieco  and  Cardenas,  (Jol.  Doc, 

toni.  xiv. 
Lopez  { I )oniingo),  Disciirso  por  el  Picsideutu  de  la  Asamblea  Xacional,  Murzo, 

1>S77.     San  Salvador  (1.S77).   folio. 
Lopez  (Patriei(j  Antonio),  Mercnriu  Indiana  Pania  historico.     MS.  [lOOO.] 
Lord  (John  Kcast),  The  Naturalist  in  Vancouver  Island  and  British  Coiuuioia. 

London,  ISIiO.  -  vols. 
Lorenziina,  Viagc.     In  Corti's,  Hist.  N.  Espana. 
L  Ksada  (.luan  Miguel  de),  Cuestion  Mejicana.     Madrid,  1SG3. 
Lossiiig  (l.'enson  J.),  Pictorial  History  of  the  United  States.     Hartford,  1SG8; 

also  New  York,  18(J1. 
L'iw  (Conr.),  Meiir  oder  Seeliancn  r>nch.     Cologne,  lo98.   folio 
Lndil,  Speculi  Orliis.     Strasl)urg,  l.")07. 
Lunario  de  Cenlro-xbnerirano.     (Jnateniala,  1S;13. 
Luss:in   (liavenau  de),  Journal  dn  Voyage  fait  h  La  Mcr  du  Sud  avec  los 

I'ii!)ustiers,  1US4.     Paris,  Ki!).'}. 
Luj'ts  (Joiinuis),  Introductio  ad  Geographiani  Novam  ct  Vetcrem.     Trajccti 

ad  I'Jiennni,  ](i()2. 
Lynch  (P.),  P.elacion  Puntual  de  toda  la  costa  del  Mar  del  Xortc.     Leon, 

1737.    MS. 

Macario  (Juan),  Xecul  MS. 

Macfic  (Matthew),  Vanconver  Island  and  Britisli  Columhia.  London,  l.']C5. 
Macgillivray  (W.),  Lite,  Travels,  and  llesearches  of  Humboldt.  London,  1".  0. 
Macgrej'or  (.lohn).  The  Pi'o";ressof  America,  from  the  Discovery  by  Culumbna 

to  184(3.     London,  1S47. 
Maeham,ThcVoya;reof  Macham,an  En.'Tlishman,etc.  InHa!:lnyt,vol.ii,,pt.ii. 
Mackay  (Charles),  Life  and  Liberty  in  America.     London,  If^.V,).  '2  vols. 
Macjiherson  (I.):.vid),  Annal-i  (.>f  Connui'reo.      l.omlon,  180.").   4to.   4  vols. 
Mi'.doc,  The  most  ancient  Discouiryof  the  West  Indies  by.    In  Ilakluyt,  vol.  iii. 
Mallei,  llistoriarnm  indie, n'um.      I'lorence,  l.";;iS. 

Mnliei  of  Voltci'ra,  Commentariorum  nrbanorum.     Eome,  l."C().  folio, 
Ma^elhaens  (I'ernando  de).  Voyage.     In  Berenger,  Col.  Doc,  torn.  i. 
Magin.     See  Wytlliet. 
!Ma;;lianos,  St  Francis  and  Franciscans. 

Mairo  (A.),  Uensci'rnenn  iits  sin-  lo  Cintrc-Amerique,  etc.     Pari.5,  1844. 
]S]:;j(n-(i;ic!iard  Henry),  The  Life  of  Prince  H-nry  of  Portugal.    Ln-dou,  ISCS. 
Major  (i;ic!uud  Henry),  Select  Letters  of  Columbus.     London,  1847.     (Ilakl. 

Soc.  ed.) 
Maldonado  (Antonio),  Repertorio  de  las  Cedulas  I'rovisionos  i  Ordenanzas 

Ivcalea.     n.pl.,  n.d. 
Malte-P.run  (V.  A.),  Precis  de  la  Geograi^hie  Universclle.     Brnxelles,  1839. 

G  vols,  and  atlus. 


AUXnORITIES  QUOTED. 


li 


I  la  goucmaciCJ 


04.1 

ri;i  (le  Mexico. 


,s  Occi  Jcutalca. 

.uu,  17()2. 

11  Ldiid.  CJcog. 

Vi:i  .X's,  toiii.  V. 


indoii,  1S4". 
lias,  Col.  Doc, 

acioiial,  Marzo, 

MS.   [ICIX).] 
•itisli  (Joiinui)ia. 


Hartford,  1808; 

0 

a  Siul  avcc  los 

crcm.     Tiajccli 

Xorte.     Loon, 


Loudon,  I.'Cj. 

].,onilo!i,  !''.'/>. 

ry  \)y  CoLunlius 

,'t,vul.ii.,pt.ii. 
iidiiyt,  vul.iii. 

r,.  folio. 

ti'Ui.  i. 


ri.?,  ISU. 

L.):-..lon,  1S;-;S. 
L'ilT.     (Ilakl. 

s  i  Ordonanzas 

Sruxol'.os,  1S3'J. 


Maitrafainicnto  df  Viidios.     A  ridlf'tion.     MS.   folio. 

M.iikIcvIIIi;  (Sir.li>lin),  Tnivcls  of.     London,  17'i.">.     ( Haklnyt  .Soc.  cd.) 

M.uvli  y  Lal)oi-i;s  (.lose),  llistoiia  do  la  Marina  liual  K:ii)aiiolu.    Madrid,  lSr)4. 

4to.  "J  Mils,  and  atlas. 
Mart!)  I'olo,  1>(J  Vtniisiiido  la  meravci^'liose  cose  del  mondo.    ^'cnice,  I4!)(i. 
Marco  I'olo,  iJti  Viii>;gi  di  Mcssur  Marco  Polo  Gcutirhvomo  Veiictiaao.     In 

Il;iniiisio,  Via.;gi,  toni.  ii. 
Marco  I'olo,  Vtiu-ti  do  rogioiiiiius  oricntalihiia  liliri  trcs.     rolo'^nc.  1('<7I. 
Maicoii  (.Inks),  Origin  oflliu  name  America.     Li  Atlantic  Montlily.     Marcii, 

1S7.-,. 
Mariana  (.Tunn  dcV  llistoriaOcnoral  dc  Ivspana.     Madrid,  17^0.   folio.   'J  vol.<. 
Marie  (Adolfot.  i;i  \\ievo  I'eieclio  ilo  Oenlci  observadofii  Salvador,  Miiyo'J^i, 

ISol.      ((.iiiatclii.-da,  IS.'iL)  folio. 
Mariiieo,  Ohra  Coiiniuesta  de  las  Cosad  Memorables  e  Claros  Varones  de  Eapafia. 

Al.Mla,  1.-.:J0. 
Marr  (Willitliii),  llcise  nncli  Ccntral-Amerika.     Hnmlmrp,  ISG.I.  2  vols. 
MaiTo(inin  (Francisco),  Carta  al  Eniperiidur.    M;iyo  |!),  I.");>7;  A','o.-to  ],",  l.",^!); 

AL,'osto  10,  l.")41 ;  Xo\  ieniijri.'  '2'>,  l.'i4l ;  .Tuniol,  \.'A'>.    In  Cartasde  Inilias. 
Marnxjiiin  (l-'rancisco),  Carta  al  I'rineipe  Don  Felipe,  Soticmbro  'JO,  1.117. 

la  Carta.s  de  Indias, 
Mariyatt,  N.-uiative  of  t!ic  Travels  of  Monsieur  Violet.     Xow  York,  ISI,"?. 
Maisliall  (K.  (;.),  Speech  in  V.  S.  Senate,  Jan.  (!,  IS,~),'{.     AN'asliinfjlon,  ISoli, 
Ma:-.s!i,.!l  (T.  W.  M.),  Christian  Mi-.^ions.     Xev,-  York,  ]y(Jl.  '2  vol 
.Martin  (Ilobert  Jlontgoniery),  History  of  the  West  Lidies.     London,  1830. 

•J  vols. 
IManiiiez  (Toina.s),  Discurso  Pronnnciado.     Managua,  18o7. 
Martinez  iTaiias),  Mensaje.     MauaL'ua,  1SG7. 
Martire,  Suniniario.     In  lianuisio,  Viaggi,  torn.  iii. 
Martyr  (Peter),  Angliniediolaiuiisis  Opeia.     Seville,  l.'ll. 
Martyr  (Peter),  De  Xvper  svb  D.  Carolo  repertis  Lisulis.     I5a.sili;i[;,  1521. 
^Martyr  (Peter),  De  Orbe  Decades.     Alcala,  l.",l(i. 
JNIartyr  (Peter),  De  Oiba  Xovo  Petri  Martyris  ab  Aiiglcria  Mediolaucnsia 

Pi'otonotarrii  Ca'saris  seuatoris  decades,     n.pl.,  L'loO. 
Martyr  (Peter),  De  Ilebua  Oceanicis.     Paris,  l.'od. 
Martyr  (Peter),  Libro  Primo  della  llistoria  dclle  Indie  Occidentali.    Vincma, 

l.VM. 
]Martyr  (Peter),  Opus  Ei)istolaruni.     Copluti,  l.")30. 
Marine   (Alejandro),    Bosipiejo   llistorico  do   las    Rcvolucioncs   de   Centro- 

Aiiieiica.     Guatemala,  l;-37. 
Manir.^  (Alejandro),  Eteim  rides  do  los  Ileclios  X'otables  en  la  Pepiiblica  do 

(Vntro -America,     (niatiinala.  1844. 
Mavoi- (William),  Universal  llisioiy.     Xew  York,  1.S03-.J.  2.1  vols. 
IMaximilian.     De  Molvccis  Insulis.     Colonia',  lo2:{. 
Mayer  (laaiitz),  Mexico  as  it  was  and  tn  it  is.     Xew  York,  1S14;  also  Kalti- 

more,  lS4(i,  and  Pljiladclphia,  ]'.!7. 
Miyer(l;raiitz),Mvx_;co.  A:.tec,Spa;ii.<h,and  Pcpublieiiii.  Harlf-rd,  IS":!.  2vols. 
Mayer,  MSS.     (A  Collection  of  thirty  e-iiies,  from  Mcxiean  Archives.J 
jMayorga  (D.  Mateo),  Carta  .lunio  li),  IS  ,{.     .MS.  tolio. 
Medina  ( liaUlia'^sar  <le  i,  Chronica  de  la  Saiita  Proviiicia  do  San  Die^o  do  Mexico. 

Mexico,  1082.  folio. 
Mela(l'omponius),  De  Orbis  Sitv.     Pasilia'.  1,"22. 
Mela  (Poniponiiis),  Libri  de  Situ  Orbis.     Viduia,  MIS. 

Mcndez  (Diego),  l!e!acioii  hceha  por.     In  Xavarrete,  Col.  rio  Vi:--r.r!,  torn.  i. 
Mendez  (.fo.H!   Mariano),  M,.n„,iia  del   l^tado  Polilleo  y  Lclesias.ico  de  la 

(apitania  Ccueral  de  (lualfiii.Ia.     Madrid,  1S21. 
Mcudieta  (Fr.  Gheionimo  <le),  Cai,a  al  Pey,  Octubre  8,  lou.5.     In  Piovinci^ 

del  Santo  Evangelio. 
Mcudieta  (Geronimo  de),  Historia  ICclesiilstiea  Indiana.     Mexico,  1R70. 
Meiidoza  ( Auo  -do  ,1,:),  Cartas.     1  u  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc,  toms.  iii., 

XI v.;  and  in  I'iorida,  Col.  Doc. 


teS*^l^253ff5fflB8i 


•k 


lii 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Moixlnza  (Antoni")  (Iv),  Ilelauion  dosasosieiTos  cii  Peru,  Jnuio,  Ll.vr.     In  Pa- 

cIk.'co  aiicl  ( '.!i'(k'ua.5,  (Jol.  Doc,  toiu.  iii. 
!Mi,'lvatn|-\s  Atla-tM.      I."0;)  ct.  scrj. 

Mc  Miy  Loi)iiii>;iit,  Coiii|iOn(lii)  tlu  la  Ilistoria  do  America.    Paris,  K.70.  '2  vols. 
Mexiciiii  Ncwsj^iapurs  (cited  Iry  name.)  and  ilatca). 
Mexico,  A 'J'rip  to,  l)y  a  BarrisLcr.     I^oudon,  I !).")!. 
Mexico,  Act'is  del  (.V)iKn'cso  Coustituyento  Mcxieauo.     Mexico,   IS'J^-.j;  10 

vols.;  also  r\Ie.\ico,  lS.24-5.  4  vols. 
Mexico,  Aiialea  del  Mini  itcrio  do  I'oiiieuto.     Mexico,  ISot-.").  IS  vols. 
.Mexico,  DecreVos.     [Dili'eieiit  dates.] 

Mexico,  Dedcar^'o.-i  del  Man(uej  de  (jclves  A  loa  Cargoa.     MS.  folio. 
Mexico  ill  1S42.     New  York,  1812. 

.Mexico,  Memorial.     la  Pachecaaiid  C  irdcnas,  Col.  Doc,  toin.  vi. 
ilexico,  Meiuo! ias.     [Of  the  dili'ci'ciit  departments,  (jiiierra,  Jlaciendu,  etc., 

cited  ]>y  dale.i.] 
Mexico,  Noics  made  in  182'?.     Philadelphia,  1821. 
Mexico,  I'oLicioii  Particu  ar  y  Deacripcion  do  toda  la  Provineia  ilcl  Santo 

Evair;e!io.     MS.  folio. 
Mexico  and  Ccn'.ral  America.     The  Prohlem  ;"id  its  .Soluticii,     n.pl.,  n.d. 
Mexico  y  (luatcmahi,  Ciieodon  de  Ijinait.s.     ^Mexico,  Jo7-J. 
Meyer  (l.'arl).  Xac!i  de;n  iSacivinieiito.     A'lvau,  hS.),'>. 
MichoU  (li.  C),  A   iStatiitical    Accumt  and   Dc3criptlou  of  the  I.^iand   of 

Itaatan.      In  Uniied  Service  .lournal,  An';iiMt,  lijoO. 
Mills  (Xj.'liola  ),  lli.itory  of  Mexico.     London,  l;:.21. 
^liiiin;  Ma;.a;  inc.     '',)vols.     Xcw  Vorl;.  KS,')I>  ct  fiC(|. 
Modcin 'i'lave'lcr  (The).    Mexico  and  Guatemala.    London,  1.S2.").  2volj. ;  also 

Lo.iton,  18:5).  2  vols. 
Mofi'a:-!  ( i  >u;Iot  de).  Exploration  dn  Territoii'c  do  L'Orev.on.    Parii,  If  M.  2  vo's. 
!Mo!ina  (Felipe),  JJosipicjo  de  la  liepul)!! -a  ile  Cojta  Itica.     i,'ev.'  York,  lo   1. 
Molina  (i"eli;'c),  Boundary  Question  of  Costa  ilica  and  Nica;'a,.;ui.     Waali- 

in;jton,  IS.d. 
Molin.i  (IVlipcl,  (^osta  Rica  y  Xueva  Cranada.     AVashin'^lnn,  l.'r.2. 
Molina  (i'elipe).  Coup  d"(Jeil  rapide  siu'  la  Itepuhlicpie  de  Costa  Uica.     I'a'.'i.-i, 

ly.Hl. 
Molina  (Felipe^  ^Icmoir  on  the  Boundary  Question,  Costa  Rica  and  Nica- 
ragua.    NVasliim^Lon,  Is,")!. 
AIoll!iaii:;en  (i'alduin).  Diary  of  a  Journey  from  tlio  Mississippi.     Eo.  don, 

1808.  2  vols. 
Mollieu  ((-t.).  Voyage  dans  la  Repulilicpm  de  Colombia  en  IJiJ').     l';uis,  \ti2C>. 

2  vols. 
Monglave  (l-'u-^i'no  ilc),  Rcsum(''  do  I'llistoiro  du  Mexiciue.     Paris,  E  'J'i. 
Monroe  Doctrine,  Paper  liyE.  Everett;  Eettcrof  .r.(,>.  Adanii.    XewYorl;,  18();i, 
Montalliodd  >,    Pa'  i    X(ju:imento    retri)u:il.i,    Et    Xouo    Mundo   da   •VUierico 

Vespuiic),  Elorentino  intitulato.     V'inccntia,  l.~>i)7. 
Jlontanus   (Arnoldus),    Do   Xieuwo   en    Onbelcende   Wecreld.      Vm.iterdam, 

KiTE  folio. 
Montanui  (Arnoldi.s),  Die  U^nliekannto  Xeuc  Well:.    [Translated  hy  D;',[)]\r.J 

Ainslcitl'iii,  I'iTit 
Montauhiin,  Relation  du  Voya;To.     Amsterdam,  l(i!)H. 
Monlcjo,  Caita  dcscribieudo  el  Rio  (irijalva,  Al)ril  El,   KIJ!).     In    I'achecD 

(Kid  C:irdcna^',  (-'ol.  l>oc.,  toni.  xiii 
Montenriyir  y  Corilova  do  Cuenca    ( Tuan    I^rancisco  de),  iSvmarioi  do  las 

C(-ilvlas  Orderus  )ior  sn  Magestad  hasta  lliTT.     Mi'>;ico,  l!i78.  I'oiio, 
Monterey  (\arci.;  1),  I'royecto  de  rcurgani/iacion  naeional  en  (Jcntro-.Vuierica. 

I  Salvador.  IS.Hi.] 
j\[oute.-<earos,  C'rta  uohro  materia  tie  encon^.ndar  Yndios,  Ahiil  7,  I  il2.     In 

I'ai'lu'co  and  Clrdcnas,  Col.  Doc.,  toin.  vi. 
Moi,,  ,'o;iiery  (il.  \\'.),  Xarraiiveof  a  .liuiniey  toCiuatemala.    X'ew^'ork,  Isi'.!). 
Mr>'itnlar  (Eorea:'o),  Respuesta,  al  sc.Ljiindii  Opiisculo  de  Scuor  Don  Jjoren/,o 

Montufar  sobru  Jusuitus.     Leon  du  Xiea)'agua,  1873. 


AUTITOmXirS  QUOTED. 


m 


:>:,:.   in  Pa- 

::| 

,1 

ir,70.  2vul3. 

,   l.S2_'-.j;  10 

vols. 

lio. 

aciumbi,  etc., 

ji;i  ucl  Sail  to 
li.|il.,  11. d. 

lio  Inland    of 

'2voli.;  iiUo 

,lR1-t.  -Jvos. 
I'  York,  l>-  1. 
,gin.     Wash- 

r.2. 

liica.     l*a;'i.-5, 

i;a  ixiul  Xica- 

ii.     ]-:).. don, 

I'aiid,  ISJJ>. 

:,   l;  J). 

a-Yovli.lSOn. 

(la   ,\.lljin'ica 

.•\.m..U'rdani, 
l.ylhpjvT.J 

111    I'atliL'OO 

lari  li  do  las 
■>.  r.ilio. 
tr()-Aim.U'ii.';i. 

7,  I'll-'.     Ill 

\o:-h,  ls;'.!>. 
hull  Loivii/.o 


Moiitnfar  CManucl),  Memorias  i)ara  la  Ilistoria  do  la  Rcvolucion  do  Centra 

Anii'ii'M.     .lal.'ipa,  ISM'J. 
M'ira  (1.  M.  S.),  Mcjioo  y  sus  Revolucioncs.     I'uris,  183(5.  .1  vols. 
Moralos  (A,"iKstiii),  A  los  (V;itro-AimTieaiios.     JIaiia,<;n.i,  1840. 
Jldi-ali.s  (.\;,'iislin),  IVlciiiica.     [San  Salvador,  hs.il. J  lolio. 
^Itiiaxaii  li'.),  Al  I'lU'lilo  (■(.■iiti'D-AiiMiiL'iMi ).     [i^avid,  1;'.H.] 
Morazau  (I\),  Apiuiti.'s  »<hrc  la  Kcvolmioii  do  ISJ'J.     JIS.  4to. 
M(ira/:iii  iF.),  Tuatamciito  do.     San  Salva<lor,  l')4:i. 
Monizan  Miid  (.'arivia.     A  (.'olloctioii  of  MSS.  and  Print,  folio. 
MordeiMi;'ilii'rt),  (ioovrrnpliy  K'.'t'fili'.'i!.     London.   iC';):!.  ^ 
Morel  ilo  Saita  Cniz"(L'(Miro  Alinytiii),   \'i.sil:a  Aposiolica,  do  Nicaragua  y 

Costa  ];ioa.     Luon,  1S74.      '.l.S.  folio. 
Morclct  (Arlhiir),  Travi^ls  in  Central  Amei-iivi.     Xc-w  York,  1"71. 
!Morclct  (Ai'tiiur),   \'oy;rio  daiia  rAincri.|iio  Contrale.      rari...    |.''>.")7.  2  volj. 
Tilorclli  ((iriaousK  I'nsii   N'ovi  Oilii.sct  ( ^-iliiiatiomiin.     \'('!-.c.i!-,  I77'J.  4li>. 
^lorcno,  Infonnacioii  .soiiro  lixccios  on 'i'nixiilo.     In  Paclioco  and  C.iri!en:n, 

Col.  Doo.,  toiu.  ii. 
Moreno  (<  o  r,  nyino),  licglaa  ciortaa  y  pretiviKioiito  iiooossarias  para  Juozos, 

iMo:.ioo,  l,;..7. 
Moi- ;r;iii,  il.c  lliiccanoor.     Ilarpor'a  .Monthly,  vol.  xix. 
iMoro  (( lorarilt),  Tiiforino  on  doreolio  s^oln-o  (|no  la  conii:;;uia  do  ol  Peal  Asiontc 

do  !a  <  ii'iia  Prctana.     Mexico,  17-4. 
Mori'.'il  (l".>.':iii!Miin),   A  Xarrativo  of    four  Voyages   to  tlio  South  Soa,    etc. 

:;cu-  Vo:l;,   1,S.,2. 
Mosaico  Moxic.nno  (i'^i).     ^loxico,  ),'i4(t-12.  7  vols. 
Mo:i(ji'ili;i,  (^  invoiK'ion  rcLitiva  :'i  la  .Mo>,([iiitia  cntro  Xicara^jua  y  S.  M.  1), 

MaiKU'iia,  1>S()0. 
Mos<iui;o,  Pl.-ick  Piv'ir  Land-Ciraiit.     l..i!idon,  ISoCt.  folio. 
Mos([iii;<)  liiiH.in.     I:i  ^'oya;,fos,  A  ('olloiiion  of.     (Clunvliill  C'll.),  vol.  vi. 
JIoS)i|in;:)-Ku  ;to  nnd  Texas,  V'oUstiindigo  mid  Unpartlieii.'jclio  iJcschrciljiing. 

Cliarlottonliur;,',  181(5. 
Mof!(]uitol,!nd,  Devioht  iJier.     Porlin,  1SI,"». 
Mo:;i]ui,i)  tjaeiitioli.     A  Colloolion. 

J>IoH(|nito  (,»  u-.iLion,  PoemneiitH  from  till' S  (, lie-,  f.iiirary.     ;SI,-!.  and  ]iriiit. 
Mo.i(|iiiiO  S.ioro,  (V.so  of  His  Mijf.ity'ii  Sal  j.'rts.     Lo"il<.in,  IT^;'.  4;;>. 
Mofiiuilo  T(  iritorv,    Cnrr'd]Kinu<'tie(!  picsentod  to  tlio  llonau  of  Coniinons, 

.(uly  ;(,  IMS.   'London,  ISIS.  f(.!io. 
Mo'.a  l'.;di;!:v  (Matia.i  do  1,;).  llisforia  do  la  CoiKjuista  do  la  Xucva  (ialioia. 

<ltlad::li!i'.ia,  ir42.      MS.  eopy.   folio. 
Man  ,'\ii:i  \(  ioinento  do  Josiis),  IVstorali's.     A  Collection. 
Mniach  Atlas.     Mniiio!i,  LS.M». 

Muno/.  (IV.inin'ro),  A  i.oiSoldades,  Miiyo  1!>,  1  S,V_'.    [foniaya'^un,  l.Ti'J.]  folio. 
Minio/ (.lo.(>  Tiiiiidiiu!,  Carta,  A'joatoLM  do  )s".|.     M  -.   i'olio. 
Miii.o;',  (I.).;.'  'IVinidad),  l^l  (lonoral  Su;jcriho  a  loa  Xioara'.'Ucaso.),  '.\"  <sto  |:), 

IS.-.l.     ILoi.n,  ISol.l 
^Inrio>;  (  lu;:ii  Ptii'.isUi^  Ilistoria  del  X novo  M undo.     Mailiid,  17".'!.,  torn.  i. 
■Munoz  (M'  lie!),  Doi'onsa  do  l.is  llavoado  San  IVdro.     Xnova  \i\>-k,  Is.il. 
MiawU'r  (.n  !i, ),('()•  nio:'r:ip'iia.    I'a.sil,  I.VJ".;  iil'iocditioiiii  i.Vi.'i;  li  1  l./Kl.  folio. 
Murohisoii  (.  ir  Podoriek),  Addivi<s.     Jn  Loml.  Coo','.  Soe.  Jour.,  vol.  xwi.i. 
Jliiro  (.*:,t  inio  do  S,,n  .lo^el,  Utilidui'ea  y  inedios  do  ipio  todo.s  lo.i  Judioty 

Paditioi.      Nlleva  (iu.itemala,  17',)S. 
Musei)  Mevloano.      Mexii'o.   ISt.'!-."!.    "i  vol><. 
Myers  (11.  .M.iiiid  I'.  V.  \.),  Life  an. 1  Nature  uiidor  the  Tropics.    Now  Voik, 

Naoiionie,  Dictamen  Kolire  los  Paotos  Celehrados  por  la  Convonoioii.     Conia- 

J.i'jua,  IS4S. 
Naoioniil  ( i;h.     Leon,  1S,V;  it  He(|. 
Xaliarro,  Lelaoion,      In  Doe,  Lu'd.,  loin    x\vi. 
Napiono  di  Cocoiiato,  Delia  iialria  di  '.  ristoloro  Colombo.     I'loreueo,  1808. 


i(1 


Uv 


AUXnORITIES  QUOTED. 


I 


!       M 


' !  i 


{illii 


Kapionc  tli  roconato  nrnl  Pc-Ponti,  Patria c  i>iografi€a  del  Grande  Ammiraglio 

J  >.  Ciistdfoio  ( 'oloiiiho.     ]!()inu,  IS,"i;f. 
Katioiiiil  Calmclnrainl  Annals  (if  tlio  I'liited  States.    Washincjton,  lSl!2etscii. 
Xav  iiri'ti!  (Martin  Fcmaiidez),  C'oloi  uion  dn  los  A  inges  y  I'o.-cnliriitiientos  (jne 

liiviuron  log  Kspafiolcsdosdo  lines  del  Siglo  XV.     Madrid,  ltS'JJ-U7.  ovols. 
Xavnrni,  Kdaoiun.     In  ])(jc.  Ini'd.,  torn.  xxvi. 
Mavani)  (Luis  liicz),  l''xtracto  do  una  llelacion  sobre  el  Antiguo  Reyno  do 

(iuateniala.     (Juateniala,  1S30. 
Kave.'.'aciones  do  los  vascongados  A  los  mares  do  Tcrranova.     In  Xavarr<.'tc, 

Col.  do  Viages,  toni.  iii. 
Xi'W  (Iranada  and  the  United  Stiites  of  America,  Final  Controversy.     J.ivcr- 

f.dol,  [1 857.] 
New  Voik  '.'lianiber  of  Commerce.     Fourth  Annual  Report,   18(il-"2.     New 

York,  tSG'.'. 
X;\v  York  Historical  Society,  Collections.     Xow  York,  1841  ct  seq. 
Newc  Lades  (Of  the),   and  of  ye  people  foundo  by  the  nicsscn.cjorg  of  tiie 

Kyngo  of  portygale,  named  I'lniaiiuel.     Antwerp,  [15'Jl  or  \o-'2.] 
Xeweu  Zeytiing,  Cojiia  tier,    n.pl.,  n.d. 
Xewc  Zoytnng,  l!in  .Sclione.     Augsburg,  fl.")2"2.] 
Xiiaragua,  A  Los  Pueblos  del  Ivsiado.     [Leon,  1S.")'2.]  .'"  lio. 
Xicaragua,  Alocueion  (pie  Unos  (Jranadinos.     [Orauadn,  b''..)!.]  folio. 
Xicai'agua,  Al  Publico.    [Separate  slieets,  witli  varifjus  signature;!  and  ilatcs.] 
Xicaragua,  Al  S(  nor  Publico,  l)ici(inbre '21  d(!  IS.jL     Li.'ou,  ISjl.  folio. 
Xicaragua,  America  del  Centro  Menioria  diri  jida.     Loon,  1S47. 
Xicaiagua,  (A^^audilca  Constituycutc.)     Managua,  l!S4S. 
Xicaragua,  Abcrcion  Docunu^ntaila.     Managua,  1S70, 
Xicaragua,  Atlantic  ami  Pacilic  International  Sliip-C'anal  Company.     Papers. 

I'aris,  n.d.   folio. 
Xii'aragua,  llolctin  do  Xoticia.s.     Leon,  ISOOetscq. 
Xicaragua,  JVjlcliii  Olicial.     Leon,  etc.,  1S4',)  et  secj. 
Xicai'a'^ua,  liolctin  del  Pueblo.     Leon,  ISliIJ  ot  scij. 

P-ondiardi-ment  ct  cnticro  Hcitnution  ile  Crey-town.    Paris,  ISriO. 


Xicaragua, 
Xicaragua, 
Xicaragua, 

Enero 
Xicaragua, 

a  vols, 
Xicaragua, 


Mana''iia,  1871.  foli^ 


Codigo  do  la  Lcjinlacion_     __       ^      ,-.-_-    . 
Colcccioii   do   Dccretoa  y  Acuci'd.ns   Uuhernativos   ]'"m;tidos  do 
II  IX'cicndire  do  IStJ!!.     Managua,  18(jtl. 

Colcccion  do  Dccretos  (luliornativos,  1804-08,    !Managtia,  18(;()-7'2. 
Managua,  LS7."1.   2  vols. 

_,..._,  Colecciou  dL,'\'aiios'riab:iios  Imjiortantes.    [Managua,  1S,")2.]  folio, 

Xiiaragua,  Contestacional  Mcnsajo  del  I'rcoidcnte,  187r).    Managua,  187.').  4to. 

iSicara;;ua,  Coutestacion  a  I'nos  Versos  Publi(.'ados  en  Leon  por  I'-u  Pablo 
Puitpago,  etc.     [(Iranada,  I7"d.|  tolio. 

XiearaLTua,  Coutestacion  del  Sr  Prcsidcnte  del  Concresoal  Mensage.   5Ianag"a, 
18(i!).  folio. 

Xicar.igua,  Constitucion  Politi(>a,  18^8.     [Leon,  IS.IS.l 

Xicara_:Ma,  Continuacion  do  Corrcsponddu'ia  ()iicial  do  Limites  entre  Xica- 
ragua i  Costa-Rica.     Managua,  Ks7"2. 

Xicaragua,  (Contratas  con  (.'(iiupauias  lU^  Vapores.)     [Leon,  184'.).]  4to, 

^,icara,:,ua,  Contrato  do  Canali;'a<ion.     Leon,  bsi'.l. 

^icara','ua,  Contr.ato  do  b'erro  Carril.     Managua,  bS(U. 

Mcaragua,  Contiato  de  Pcrro-Cari  il  de  Leon  a  Corinto.     Managua,  1873, 

Xicaragi.a,  Contratodil  I'crni-Carril  dc  N'icaiagua.     Pananiii,  P'7-">. 

Xicaragua,  ('onvencion(  'oiisul.'i' AiusUida  entre  la  Rcpublica  de  Nicaragua  i 
l!i  ino  de  Italia,     Managua,  lr.72. 

Xicaragua,  Convencion  dc  l^stradiciiai  ciitro  la  Pcpalilica  di 
l']sl;idos-l'nidos  dc  .Vincrica.     Managua,  1871. 

Xicaragua,  Convencion  postal  entre  Xicaragua  y  S.  M.  15 

Xicaragua,  Convencion  I'usial.     Managua,  18(l',l, 

Nicaragua,  Convencion  lielatixa  A  la  Mosijuitia.     Managua,  JXIiO. 

Nicaragua,  Cunveiuo  (.'clcbrado  en  la  Ciudad  do  Oranada  el  dia  19  dc  Agoato, 
1851.     Oranada,  18o2. 


1 

N'icai'auua  i  los 
Managua,  1800. 


AUTIIOr.ITinS  QUOTED. 


Iv 


\c  Ainmiraglio 

m,  IS'iSetscq. 
nimientos  (pio 
S'Jj-o7.  5  vols. 

guo  Reyno  do 

III  Navanvtc, 

vcrsy.     I.'.vcr- 

18()l--2.     Xe*r 

t  scq. 

sciiL;or3  of  the 
•  10-'.] 


]  folio. 

wvA  :\uil  <latcs.] 

SJl.  folio. 

r. 


pany.     rapcrs. 

11.    rarisJS.'O. 

)S  l",ni'.tiiliis  do 
iii;/n:i,lS(;()-T'i. 

;u:i.lS,")L',l  Ml'>. 
^;or  Til  I'aMo 
ii;.-o.    ^luiuiiV'a, 

Tti's  cntrc  Nioa- 

.'un,  ISTH. 
is::'.. 
NiLarn^^'iia  i  A 

iNii'Mvayua  i  li'a 

llimap:ua,  ISCiO. 

1<J  lie  Agosto, 


Xic\'i''nTiin,  Tonvcnio  do  1  t  do  .Julii).     Lcin,  ISO,"). 

Ki(.ai-;i,'iia,  ('onvci.tidii  liotncuii  l!n;Uiii;:i;(l  States  and  Nicaragua,  n.pl.,  1871. 

Nil  aiM;_r,a,  Cirrei)  del  L-tnio.     i.cuii,  IS-l!)  et  8C'(|. 

Nicar;i  .'ua,  Conesponduiico  lii'tweeu   1^.   <1.  Scjiiiur,   8.  II.   Wecliis,  and    tho 

(iiivciniiiLiita  I'f  Nicaragua  and  Giiatuinala.     MS.  folio. 
Ni(."ir:.;,'i:-i,  ( 'orrcspoiidcucia  cntrc  Costa  lUca  soljie  la  licclainacioii.     ^lana- 

giia,  lS7r>.  4ti). 
Niea:';i,'iia,  C'oiTcspondcncia  rclativa  a  los  Asuntos  ciitrc  Nicaragua  i  Costa 

l!ira.     Managua,  is7"-'. 
Nicnra'iiia,  (Aicntii  Diicuimntada  del  Coiiiisioiiado.     [Leon,  lS4;i.] 
Nic  :i-,v;iia,  ].)ato3  rc'ativi.is  a  la  proyeetada  liiii,L;iacioii.     Managua,  18G8. 
Nieara^^iia,  Pccrctiia  Legi.slativos.     Managua,  loUTctseq. 
NieaniL'iia,    iJccietos   y   Acueidos   dc   la   Adininistraciou    Timias   Martino:^. 

Mi.ragua,  lS.JO-(n.  4  vols. 
Nicuni  _';ia,  Decrctos  y  Acuerdos  Cubeniativos,  Jose  Laureano  Pineda.     (!ra- 

iirii'a,  l."83. 
Nieaf:v;','.:i,  Decrctos  y  Aeuerdos  de  la  .Tuiita  dc  (Jcjbienio.     Managua,  18.j7. 
Nicaragua,  Defensa  dc  los  Dcreclios  dil  I'ais.     |  Leon,  184;!.] 
Nij:',r::gua,  Vu  Oi'dcii  del  Director  al  territorio  ]\Ios.piiio.s.     Leon,  1G47. 
Nicaragua,  Dic'amcn  d''  la  Coniisiou  del  Congrcjo  .sobro  la  J^leccion  PrcJ- 

iliii'^ial.     !Mana;:iia,  1S71. 
Nic:i;-.',':i;a,  DilTereiices  witli  the  United  States,     n.pl.,  ii.d. 
NuM:':i;,;;a,  Discuivos  prcjnunciado;  el  l.l  do  .'^rlieinljre.     ^lanagua,  18,"S. 
Nic:u-a.;u;i,    Docunieutos  de   la  Arbilraricdad  del  (lobicrno.     Oe'Lolirc   ]'2  do 

!.,_'.     f[.eou,  l:i.j_\l  folio. 
Ni'.virn"!!!!,  Docuinciitoii  <  Veailos  solirc  I'laticas  do  V.v/..    Craiiada,  IS'l.  folio, 
Ni  .•:•■  .1  :'.;:i,  Docuinrnlos  1  'iploni/ilicos  i)ara  si.'i'vir  ;i  lalli-doi-ia.   r;'.ri;,l.'li!'.  4:o. 
Nicar.".  :iia,  Docunieutos  Diploinaticos  llelativos  a  las  lleclainacloues,     Mana- 

g:;Ti,  1  ■■7-'. 
Nicai'a  -an,    D.Kunieutos   relativos  .i   la   lieclainacion    del    (iencral   IJarrios. 

^laiuigua,  1. ''().">. 
Ni.';;r:'  ;an,  l>ocuiuciito3  relativos  al  ,\rinistieio,  ^lar.-'o,  1;'.!S.      [.con.  l.'vlS. 
Nic.ii'a  ;.'.  1,    I)ocuiuentos    i\  lativos  a  l.is   I'Uiinas  Negociaciours  I'litre  Xiea- 

vr./:--  i  ( 'oota  ];ica.     ^laua'jua,  \'~2. 
Ni  'ara'aa,  Docuinentns  "obr:^  la  ^dl'di:;cion.     ^laiiaTua,  l'''''D. 
Ni.j;.;-;'  , v.a,  llKJiurinilauto  tlcueralde  laCaballcria  del  J-ljercito  Di'inocratieo. 

I  Leon,  l'V.!.|  folio. 
Nie  •.•:;a;>,  111  Director  d.el  Mstado,  "I'laiues  Ksnortadores.Tunio'J,  1SJ7,"  MS. 

folio. 
Nic.-u-.:  'ua.  111  Pi'ertorilcl  Mstado,  "Solireroiuereio.lunio  l;\  IS:::)."  MS.  I'olio. 
Nlcir.agiia,  111  lUrcctordcl  'l-'Mdd,  "SohreC  nueieio  .Mayo  lo,  li'J."  .MS.  foli). 
Ni'a-a  :\ui,  HI  Dir(c'or  Supremo  a  loa  I'liclilus  del  ll^iailo  •'  FrutoClunnorro. " 

I.M.-.uagua,  IS.-),!!  folio. 
N'caragiui,  Minprcsa  ('cutro-Ainerioana  ell  ("iniid  do.     MauaL;ua,  iSdli, 
Nicaragua,  Mstudius  sohro  el  ("anr.l  do.     [.MauagUii|,  1:>7.», 
Nicara  ;i:a,  (laccta  del  ( iobierno  Sniirenio.     Leon,  l;>l;i  et  t<iM[. 
Nicar.i  ;ua,  (iaceta  dc  Nii-aragua.     M;uia;ua,  l.ivi.'t  efc  Heij, 
Nicararua,  (Iaceta  OliciaJ.     (Iraindji,  elc,  I:;,VJ  ct  Hccp 
Nie,i''a','ua,  Informe  sohre  la  Mspedjeion  al  Uio  Coco.    "Manu'riia,  ]'■'•"'.). 
-Nie.ira;  u.i.  lateriio.uci.m  de  la  1!.  N.  de  < '.  A.  [ara  <'l  rael.lr,,   1)>  .rnlace  do 

1 1- Cucstiou  I'olitic;!.      I   'oii,  lS,"p|. 
Nii'M'-a'ua,  La.i  Ceuizas  dc  .-aii  .luaii  del  Norte.     Tuerto  l.iinoii.  1.S74. 
Nicaragua.  !,ector.      !  Si  eres  hoinlire  ile  honor,  etc.     [Leu.  |s.");t.  |  lolio. 
Nicaragua,    F.cttro   du    D.drgur  de   li    Population    I'rancai  .e  dc  C  rev-town. 

rari-i.  IS,")(1. 
Nicarn'xua,  Leyes  I'linitidas  por  el  Con.'rcso.     (Iraiiaila,  ls.-|;). 
Nicaragua.  Li^yes.     |  Xuinenais  si'parate  laws,  eiti'd  l.y  .snhieet  aud  .late.l 
Nicar.r;ua.     London.  (I.Sol.  | 
Nieaia.ua,  Loor  al  Cl.io  dc  Nicuragna,  "Los  Lcouescs."    .iulio  Jl  Ue  IS,".!. 

[Leon,  l8o2.J  folio. 


!1:  HI 
i 


!  :i'' 


'.111 


Ivi 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Kicaragua,  Los  Aiialcs.     Mnsaya,  1S7'2  ct  sc'([. 

Kicar.igiia,  Manilicstos.     [iNliiiiy  iliii'cTunt  .su'.'jccts  and  dates.] 

K:cara;,'ua,  Muiuoria  por  tl  Miiiistro  Mohrc  M<)S(|iiiv03.     Lc(i:i,  [1817.] 

I,icar;!;;iia,  }.i<Mii!)ri.!s  del  Miuistro  do  roiuciito.     [( lucrni,  llaciouJa,  Iiitcrioi", 

Ju.stici:i,  Itvlaoioiics,  eto.,  of  dilibrciit  yearn.] 
Kicarayua,  ^MeiLiajea  del  I'ro.sideuteH.     M;;na;^:iia,  1S,")7  et  scq. 
Kieara';ua,    Mes.s:i;;o   of    t!io    President  of    the   United   St;ite3  on    the  l^)'n- 

bardment  of  San  Juan  deNieaivv^iia.     (.'l.'Jd  Cong.,  1st.  .Sess.,l]x.  ]Joe.  b'l.) 
Nic:ira;;iia,    Miiiisterio  do   (ioliienio,    Jlaeiiiida,  tiuerra,  cte.     [Decrees  i.iid 

I'lijelanialiousi,  cited  hy  their  dates.] 
\ieara^iia,  Mueionea  lieeiias  pen-  el  L'c  prcsentante.     [Mana;riia,  1S./2.]  folio. 
Xicara'^'iia,  iMunieipal  Ordiuanecj  of  <  leytown.     Kiivjston,  IS-'il. 
Aieara^ua,  }iluy  j^itiuiaMe  ,M.E.(!eo.  Sijr.ie!',  .Marzo'27,  liio-^.  [Leon,  1850.]  foiio. 
]Sicai'a'.;iia,  I\Iay  llonoralde  Caniara.     [Managua,  lo.'ij.]  folio. 
Js'icara^na,   Xuuva  Diseusion  entre  S.  ^M.  ii.   y  Nieara;^'Uii  sohro  Mos^nito-T. 

Leon,  l.'il!). 
Xicaraj'ua,  Xueva  lira  del  Kstado.     Leon,  1S.")4  et  seq. 
Is'ieara^rua,  Oli-jervaeionei  al  lailo  Eniiiiilo  e:i  10  (k'  C)^'ti;1>rc.     I.or'n,  1R71. 
Nicara.rua,    I'ava  Conoeimiento  del  rublieo  sc  dan  a   Luz  los   Doeinneuios 

Oiieiale:*.     ^Iana;;ua,  liiii'J. 
Xicara^nia,  i'orvoidr  de  Xieair.'^'ua.     Vallo  Gottcl,  1S71  et  seq. 
Nioani;;ua,  riiniera  Amonestaeion.     [Loon,  l.S.")l.]  folio. 
Kicara'^iia,     I'rivt'.to    Prospeotiia   of    the   AihiiiLio   and    raciiie   Sliip   C.nial 

C'(jiupaiiy.     London,  n.d.   filio. 
Nicara'^ri,  Troinineiainento  y  Aeta  de  Organizacion  do  un  Gobierno.     [Leon, 

Ib.jl.J    I'i'iio. 

Kicara^na,  Trospocto  do  la  Compafiia  do  Diligcucias.     Manngna,  l.'^Ol. 
Nicar'i\;u:!,  I'roi.'.sla  dirijida  al  SeiKn'  DijII  .L  L.  ^Vl)ite,  y  'ir^:jerii:a  al  Sefior 

D^iii  (Jov.ieliii.i  Wr.iidvi'bilt.     A,:;ooto 'Jd  do  1S.")1       .MS.    folio. 
T<'ieara;.'ua,  I'roto.jla  Publiea  al  (loliieruo.     [Leon,  ISo;).]  folio. 
Nicaragua,  l'o';isti'o  Oilcial.     San  lAjmaiido,  ete.     181.")  ct  ly.'q. 
jS'ieanutna,    liclaniento   (!cueral  para  la  Cuenta  y  Ha.:o:i  do   la   Hacioii'la 

I'ublica.     iMi'.ua  ua,  iJiUI. 
Xieai'aru.'i,  IJc'lanieuto  Interior  de  las  I'^seuelas  rriniavi;i3  dc  la  Jvcpuldiea. 

M;ina;jiia,'l;>;j9. 
Xicarai;na,  ]v;\';]:uuento3  para  la  Organi/acion  Rejinien.     Leon,  ICC)'), 
Xicaragun,  Iiciinneia  I'rescntada  :d  Soberano  Congri'so.     Managua,  1.S7IL 
X'iearajr.a,  Ite^n'oixntaeion  Xacional.     [.''an  Salvador,  I'iJl.J  iolio. 
Xicarn;raa,    ]l"fl(jl'.K'ion   en   ordeu   ;V   llevarlo   una   laision   de    EranciscaMos. 

n.pl.,  ICiSS,  folio. 
X''icara'j;ua,  Sci:nn'o  of  (lencral  ^\'alker.     AVashin,"ton,  IS.'S. 
Xii'ara^;i'-'ii  •'■'('uinnal  Xir':i''aga('i\''(\     Mi'.nr.Tua,  I'TJ  cl  s  i|, 
Xicar:v;ua,  Scaorc.s  1!.  II.  del  Si';lo  iVli'.'cro  '27  de  Li.'iJ.     Jorje  ("Jliijoo  dv 

Xieara^'i'.a.     |f-con,  |S.""J.]  folio. 
Xieaiaipm,  S!iip-Canal  Reports  of  ICxplorationit.     AV'ashington,  l.'!7-1.  4to. 
Xieara'.jiia,  T'.rifa  I'ai-n  la  -Marina  dA  riurto  do  (':iriiit:;).     ^Managua,  JiJGO 
Xieai'a'jua,  'rclc;ri':',i'o  S.'t'.'nlrional.     (Iran;id;'.,  l'^.")7  ot  sco. 
X-eai'a  ;;r.a,  The  .VJics  of  <  Ireytov.n.     n.pl.,  n.d. 
X'eMi'a"ua,  'l"he  I)e3liny  of  Central  America.     Roston.  IS.'O. 
Xicar;'.;;ua,  'i'!'a!a'"o  eon  (,"osta  JMca.     Managua.  iNOUaud  1871. 
Xicara;!!,!,  'rr.'tado,  entre  XicaiT.gua  i  el  Reino  d'  Italia.     ?il;aiagua,  ]-^72. 
Xie;ii'a;ua,  Tralado,  entre  Nicaragua  i  Espana.     Mana/jua,  ISdS. 
Xicara   iia,  Tra'ado,  cutre  Xioiiniguii i  los  Estiidos-Unitlo.s  tie  Xorte  America. 

Managua,  ISCiS. 
Xiear.'igua,  'I'ratado,  entre  Xicaragua  y  Honduras.    Managua,  l^C". 
Xicaragua,  Tralado,  outre  Nicaragua  y  la  l!(l;;ica.     Maua;.'ua,  bS.'iJ. 
Xiearagua,  'I'ratado,  entre  Xiearag,uii  y  la  l''i'ai:eia,     Manr.gua,  l;i.);), 
Xioaragua,  'i'l'.dado,  entre  Xicarag'U'iy  S.  M.  1>.     [Managua,  ISdO.) 
Xiearagua,  Union  ile  Xiearagua.      Miiua'n'.'i,  KS(]1  et  r.eij. 
Xiearagua  y  Honduras,  Djciiuientji  io;aLi\o.i  a  la  J.,e^aciou.     C.rauada,  1S.">1. 


817.] 

ikUi,  Interior, 


on   the  r.D'ii- 
..r.x.  KocS.").) 

a,  lSr/2.J  folio. 

;)n,lS."M.]{>'l''J- 

lire  :MosiiUito.i. 


I.o-n,  ir^Tl. 
OB   l)uciiiiu'nt03 


i;io   Ship   Can:-.l 
)bieriio.     [Looi), 

•Li:jci'ii;a  ul  Scuor 
fulio. 

lo. 

la   Ibcicu'ia 
la  Ilepuhlioa. 

luli'i. 

Fi-auciscaiu)s. 


Jurjo  Oliisno  lU' 

n,  Vu\.  4to. 
M.ina.riKi,  ISOO 


M:'uu;-;ua,  1'n-. 
Xortt"  A;ii'-riea, 

a.  l..'..». 
im;o.i 

Ciraiui'la,  ISi'K 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


IvU 


Nicarn.crua  aivl  I'.ie  Fililinstors.     In  Blackwood's  Edin.  M.ig.,  March,  IS5G. 

Miciiiu^iiau  (I'liL'stion.     n.jil.,  IS.'iS. 

Kic.njiL'iioiisc  (I'll),  Grniiail.i,  IS.Vi  ct  scq. 

KiibUMl'iTiiaiido  dc),  M>  iiioiial  Tdciiitc  A  las  Cosas quo  hay  en  la  I'rovincia 

y  Costa  <li!  Zepotitlaii.     (.lali.-^co,  |  l.'iT!).     MS.  tolio. 
Kili.s(.loliu  M.),  History  of  South  Aiiu'iica  and  .Mexico.    Hartford,  1S44.  2  vols. 
Kil.s'l!i';.;istir.     IJaltiinorc,  etc,  ISli-iU.   7(J  vols. 
Kino,  A.»u'nto.     In  S(|uier"s  M.'^S. 
North  American  Mi.scuUany.     lloston,  etc.,  ISjI. 
Xorth  AuKiican  Ku\  icw.     JJoston,  ISlOctseii. 
Kotiiia  Individual  do  los  derccho.s  (juc  Sc.'un  lo  Reglado  en  el  ultimo  Re.  I 

Troyccto  lie  Ti  do  Ahril  do  17-0.     llarn  loua,  17."'<-'. 
lson\-rlir.s  Anuah's  dfs  N'oyaucs.     I'aris,  lsl!l-(')l).   KiS  vdIs. 
Kui\a  l-spana,  liruvo  IJcsunicu  del  iJescnbriniicnto  do  la.     Madrid,  [1707.] 

Ms.   royal  folio.  2  vols. 
Xucva  ( iviUNida,  J'ccrctodel  Toriirrcfo  iincioual  sohro  iu<liyeiias.     MS.   IS.'M. 
Is  r.(;va(  irauiidii,  lUviiioudo  laileiiul)licacii  d(,i)art;nii(nilos.  MS.  Xov.'2l,lM!l. 
X'ucva  ( Jranad;i,  La  Convoncion  del  Estailo  do  la  17  do  Dicicinh.o  do   Itiol. 

iln.ot:!,  isiil.   folio. 
Xn(\:i.  (irau'ida,  Monioiias.     [DitTcrent  <lcpartmcnts  and  dates.] 
Kucva  (Ir.-iHM'la,  Mru'iajcs  del  I'resiilcntc.-i.     IJogota,  ISIJo  ct  scq. 
Xi'.cva  (n;uia<la,  licji.stro  Olicial.     Eogota,  lSli7  et  seq. 
Xucvo  \"iaj(ic)  Universal.    Madiid,  Iho'J-O'J.  4to.     5  vols. 
IS'uAez  do  ll.-illioa.     Sco  lialhoa. 
Mniu/,  Traiado  da  Sfera.     Olisipone,  l.")."". 

Observaciones  al  Dictanieu  quo  la  comi-^ion  do  no^'ocios  Eclesidsticos  La,  pre- 

«(  iitiiilo  al  ronirreso  do  <  iuateniala.     ^Mexico,  IS-IO. 
(^cii^s  i\v  lispiififihs  Kuiigrados.     London,  1S'J4-II.  !(  vi,il.s. 
(.)iliirieo  (li  I'lirto  ^laggioro  del  Frivli,  Viaggio  del  Beato  Frato.    In  Rainusio, 

\'i;i;.:gi,  tom.  ii. 
()drin/ul,i  (Manuel  de),  Coleccion  <lo  Docnmento.s  Litcrarios  del  Peru.     Lima, 

)S(i;t-7S.    II  vols. 
Odriozdla  (Maiuiel  do),   I)oc\unento3  Ilisn'iricoa  del  I'cru.     Lima,  lS(;3-79. 

b)  vols. 
Ogilby  (.loliii),  Anie-ica :  Being  the  latest  and  most  accurate  Description  of  tlie 

New  World.     London,  1(171.   folio. 
Ojeila  (Alonso),  Xoticias   Biogn'ilicas   del   Capitan.     In   Xavarretc,  Col.    do 

Viai.'e.s,  torn.  iii. 
tijeda  (A'.oiisol,  Real  Cedula  por  la  cnal,  con  rcfercucia  A  lo  Capitul.ido,  etc., 

■Iiniio  10,  |.')!)|       In  Xavarretc,  Col.  do  ^■i:lLres,  bm\.  i  i. 
Oliveiia  (Kiiini.),  Lettres  Kcrites  de  la  Ca'iifoinie.     In  Xomelles  Aiinales  dca 

Voy.,  Is  Cl,  toin.  ewiii. 
Oi'ileiiiiiieris  p;ira  I'lUicdio  do  Ins  Dafins  ('■  l!U"U)venicntes  que  f;e  si   rcn  do  loa 

disciiniiu'is  1  Arribndas  inidici(;;;a.s  do    lo.-i    Navioa  (jue   Navegan  do  laa 

Indiiia  Ocidcntalcs.     Mnth'id,  ICin,   folio. 
Ordi'iiaiiivis  beale.sdel  Cousejo  do  Indias.     Valiadolid,  KKVi.   folio. 
Ordenaneas  l.'eales  para,  el  ( inbiurno  do  los  'rnbuuale-!  do  Contaduria  Mayor 

en  los  IveMio.s  ilo  las  ludi.as.     n.pl.,  n.d.   folio. 
Ordenaneas  Keales,  ])iira  la  C.isa  do  Contratacioii  di;  Sevilla  y  para  otraa  coaaa 

do  las  ludias.      Seville,  1(1-17. 
Ordcniin/.'is.     n.pl.,  I,"4S. 

Ordetian/as  de  la.lunta  de  Cueira  do  India.^.     [Madrid],  Kl,".-;. 
(»'denanz!i.s  (jf  ,(uly  14,  l.".")(i.    (Iuateniala,  I.V;(i. 

(/rdeuau.as  reales  para  Trilmnales  .lo  Contaduria.    Valiadolid,  KM.  4to. 
<irdeiies  de  la  Corona.     A  Collection.     Ms.  f.,lii>.  7  voLs. 
linloAe/  y  Aguiar  (Kjimnn  <le),  llistoria  do  la  Creacion  del'  Cielo  y  de  la  Tierra. 

n.pl,,  17!l(i.     .MS.   folio. 
Orellana  (MatiasI,  Uofutacion  do  las  Calunmias  eoiitra  el  canonigo  D.  MaMm 

(JrelLui.i.     J^eon,  ls72. 

Jlisr.  iJK.Nr.  .\.M  ,  V  .i,.  I.    j 


II    M 


\il 


r 


!:iJH 


Mil;  I 


llijli"'  ill 
'  llliiilliiii  1 


'111! 


Iv: 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Originnl  Lcttcs  to  an  noncf?t  Sailor.     London,  n.d. 

Oi'ic'liv:!  (Abi-alunnv.s),  Tlieatrvui  (Jrhis  Tcrrarvni.    .'uitvo^'pun,  l')7',].  folio. 

O.^lioi'iio  (■liiliii),  (luido  to  the  ^Vl.■3t  Indies.     Loudon,  1845. 

Otis(F.  N'.),  J.--tliniU3  of  l';ui;un;t.     \c\v  York,  IMJT. 

Otis  (F.  \.).  Troiiical  Joiiiucyiii;,'.*.     In  Ilarpcr'H  Magazine,  vol.  xix. 

Oval'.u  (Alonso  dt).  Historical  Jti'liition  of  t!ic  Kingdom  of  Chilo.    Uonic,  10-10. 

Ovi'iland  Midi  Company,  OliservatioiiH  suggested,     n.  pi.     [LS37.] 

Overland  Monthly,     .'■'an  Francisco,  1S()8  et  scip 

Oviedo  y  \'a!d  d  (Oonzali  J'ernandez  do),  Cartas  al  Emperador.     In  Paclicco 

and  Crtrdcnas,  Col.  Doe.,  toin.  iii. 
Ovicdo  y  Val'Ks  ((ionzalo  Fernaudez  dc),   De  la  Natural  Hystoria  do  las 

Iii.lias.     Tolrdo,  l.VJO. 
Ovicdo  y  Valdi's  (( lon/.alo  Fernandez  de),  Histoire  du  Xicaragua.    In  Ternaux- 

Conipans,  Vuy.,  scrie  ii.,  torn.  iii. 
Ovicdo  y  Valil  s  (Conzalo  Fernandez  dc),  Historia  General  y  Natural  dc  la.s 

Iiid'ias.     Madrid,  ISol-,").  4  vols.  4to. 
Ovicdo  y  Valdi'rt  (( lonza'.o  Fernandez  de),  J  fystoria  General.     .Salamanca,  l."47. 
Ovieil  )  y  Vald.'s  ((lon.Tnlo  Fernandez  dc),  Itelacion  Samaria  d.c   la  IlLstori- 

Natural  de  las  Indias.     In  Lareia,  llistoriadores  rrini,,  torn.  i. 

Paehcco  (lo.iquin  F.)  and  Ciirdcnas  ct  nl.,  Colcccion  de  Docur.icntos  In.'ditoa 

relatives  al  1  >cseuljriraiento,  Concjuista  y  Colonizaeiou  de  las  I'oaesiones 

Ivspauiilas  en  .\mcrica.     Madrid,  Ic'.iH-Sl.   .'?4  vols. 
Pacific  Mail  .'^tcam?'hip  Ci'mpany,  Memorial  to  Congress.     n.pL,  n.d. 
Packet  lutelligencei'.     liclizc,  ISVl  ct  sci(. 

Pages  (!•'.),  Nouvcau  Voyage  autoiir  du  ^Mondc.     Paris,  170".  ^  vols. 
Palacio  (iJiego  (;arciade),  Carta  ilirigida  al  I'ej^do  ^]spa^^■^,  afio  1  ')7i.>.     f^ritli 

Fng!i^;h  translation.)     Alliany,  \yx'A).     (No.  1  of  Sijuiers  CuUcction.) 
Palacio  (Diego  (Ir.rcia  del.   Description  de   la   Province  ilc  Guatemala.     lu 

Tcrnaux-Compans,  IJcciuil  do  Doc. 
Palacio  (i>itgo  Garcia  dc),  liclacion  liecha  por  el  Liecnciado  Palacio  al  llry 

]>.  Felipe  II.     In  Pachoco  ,ind  Cisrdenas,  CkA.  Doc.,  toni.  vi. 
Palacio  (Dic;ro  <  J-ireia  de),   .San   Salvador   und    llonduraa   iiu  .lalin;    157(>. 

P.crlin.  etc.,  1S7.'). 
Pnlafnx  y  }ifcndoz:i  (.ItianK  Carta  al  M.  R.  I'a.lie  Andres  d.^  R;id;!,  Mavo  t, 

\VA'.).     n.pl.,  MS.  folio, 
l^illiser  (Tol'u),  .'•Solitary  llainMes.     London,   ISol). 
Pananui,  ]3o!etin  Oiieial.      i'.mamii.  ISiiJ  et  sep 
Pananii'i,   Ccd-ilas  du  2v)  de  J-"elirero  ile  l.'i;M  y  C.wta  solive  la  Navegacion 

del  rio  (  hau'i'es.     Spain,  l.'i.'U.     MS.  fi>lio. 
P;niani:i,  ('hii-i.|ui   Ini]irovcnient  Company's    Prospectus.     New  York,  lS,"),"i. 
j-iinauui,  C; '.ijtitueion  I'oliticad.'l  I'.slailoSuljcranode  Lv.nam;i.    I'.-.hua;',,  U>7"'. 
Panama,  D;'erctos.     [Sc])arnte  shcet-i,  with  various  signatures  li'id  dates.  | 
I'anam.i,  Deeretos  i  Keglamentus  de  la  Caja  ilo  Alioi-ro;  dc,     Pa;Kin;'i,  1S47. 
Panamii,  Dcscripcion.     In  PacIicco  anil  (Vmlenns,  Col.  Doc,  toai.  ix. 
Pananu'i,  ICl  Constitueional  del  Istmo.     I'anamii,  1831  et  seq, 
Panamd,  (.'aceta  de.     I'ananiil,  iSo,")  et  secj. 
Panama,  (Jacetadcl  Istmo.     Paiiam;!,  1S41  et  seq. 
Pananiii.  La  Cri'.ni''a  Odcial.     Panam:i,  lS4l)etHcq. 
Panamii,  La  Ksti'elki  de  Panama.     Piiniiniii,  1S4!>  et  seq. 
I'iininuii,  Leycs  expedidas  por  l;i  Asai'.dilca  Legiskdiva  lUd  Estndo  Sob?rnno  do 

Pjinmnii,  en  RU.ij  sc-lionc^  de  l.s7o-7;  1870-80.     Pananu\,  1'177.  t'''-.'.  'J  vols. 
Pananiit  Mail,     Piuiiiinii,  l8()!(etseq. 

Pi'.niim.i  Miissiicre.  A  Collection  of  the  Principid  Evidence.     Piinaniii.  I.s,"i7. 
PaniiMKi,  ^Icmoriii  <|uc  prescnta  el  Secvet;irio  de  Golnerno  li   l.i  Asamblcii 

Lcjislativa,  1878.     Piniamii,  1.S70.  4t(>. 
Pi\namii,  McuKg'ia.T.     f  r'iH'cri'Jit  depiirtmcnts  and  dates.] 
Paiiitniil,  .Metisages  did  I'rcsidrutcs.     Panamii,  IS(X(  et  seq. 
Pauiim.i  Mercantile  Chronicle.     Paiuimii,  18(iO  et  seq. 
Ptinamd  Notes,  Scrap  l>bok. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


lis 


137;].  folio. 

)1.  xix. 

;.    Uoiuc,  10-19. 

j37.] 

)!'.     In  Paclicco 

lystoiia  dc  las 

;a.    luTonuiux- 

y  Xatunil  do  la3 

vilaniaiu'a,  L->-li  • 
I  .If  l;i  llLstori- 
tola.  i. 

iineuto'^  I'.v.'ditns 
[t;  las  IV'sesiones 

.pi.,  11. d. 

:.  ;ivol9. 

ivrio  i")7o.    ["^'itli 

3  Collection.) 

.  eUiateiiuda.     In 

lo  Palacio  al  Key 
u.  vi. 
iiu  .lahro    \~uif. 

\h^  llLida,  Mayo  -1, 


|,vo  1.-.  Xavcgaciou 

Nrw  YovU,  IS.Vi. 
[.:..    IV.'.i'.ma.Un''. 

V,.:<  and  "lltrs.l 
.      I'niK'.nu'i,  1SI7. 
,  lo-.n.  is. 


fsi-ad)  S;  l).vnno»'i! 
[lS77,  IW'vt.  -J  vols. 

IVnwiind.  l^"t"- 
lio  :'i   U  AsiiUibU.'a 


r;'.nni-:\t,  Ori'riml  Paper?.     London,  1714. 

i'iuiania,  Froji  t  irOrL,M nidation  dii  sci-vieo  dc  .Sant(5  do  l.-i  coinpacrnie  ilu  Can:il 

hufl'iii'.aiiiquo  do  I'auaiiia.     Pali-*,  l.SSO. 
I'aiiaiiia,  I'rolnnuacion  del  IVno-Canil  do  I'anania.     Pannmil.  1S77. 
r'aaair.a  llailn.ad  Company,  Abstraot  of  Tustiniuny  and  Ar^'Uiiuiit.     [Wasii- 

int,'ton,  isiil.] 
Panama   Itaihoad   Compaiiy,   Commmiication   of    the   Board   of    iJircutor.^. 

Niw  i'ork,  18.").">  et  scq. 
I'ananiri  Pailroad  (,'omiaiiy.  Contract  between  the  Eopnblio  of  Xew  Cranad.i 

aiidtiie.     New  Yorli,  1S.')0. 
I'anamii  Kailroad,  Rcpurt  of  T.  I'.  King.     Wnsliington,  1840. 
I'.inania,  Ilc.dcs  Ccdulas.     In  Paciicc)  and  Cardenas,  Col.  lV:>c.,  torn.  xvii. 
1  ana'iui,   lUcopilaeion  do   Ordenauzaa  dc  la  I'rovincia  do   \'eraguaa   lia.st:» 

Ks.'iO.     Cartagena,  18ol. 
Panaai:'i,    Ilccortea    dc    nu    pcfi'idico    Correspondciicia    Ili^jti'irico-Politica. 

Pananul,  1S71. 
Paiiam.i,  liej:laiiiento  dc  Administracion  i  Contabilidail  Militar.   Panaimi,  lS7."i. 
laiiamd,  Kcport  on  the  Coal  Mines  of  Pi^cas  del  Toro.     Xew  York,  Iholi. 
r.aiaiii;i  Star  and  ircrald.     Paiianui,  1S4'J  et  iscq. 

I'aiK'.m.l,  Taxation  of  Ciii;;cnsof  the  United  ."^tutcs  in  Transitu,     Wash.  ISIl. 
I  aiiaiiui,  Th(!  Istiinnis  of.     [f.ondnn,  Is.jI.] 
]'ai;am;t,  Tho  Panama,  ^^assacro  in  is,")(i.     Panamd,  lSo7. 
Panaiiui,  Tropical  .loiiriieyiiig.s.     Xew  York,  l.S.")0. 
Panama,    Ulier    die    StiasdcuverbLndnng   der   IJeidtn    Meorc    bci    Pananui. 

fiVrlin,  \H4d.]  4to. 
i'ape'es  dc  .lesuitas.     A  Colloction.     MS.  folio. 
P:: piles  I'Vaiiciseanos.     A  Collcetinii.     M,'<.  folio.  2  vols. 
I'.ipi'les  Vaiios.     A  Collection  of  Spanisli  Pamphlets.  21(5  vols. 
I'ai-ides  (Victoriano  dc  D.),  Coast  of  Mo.s<piii,o  aiul  tho  PouuJary  Question. 

Xew  York,  18."). 
P^'.rker  C^aimicl!,  Journal  of  an  Ex'plorim,-  Tour.     Ithaca,  1.S42. 
r.ivliainentary  ]>ebates.     See  Hansard,  1'.  C. 
Parra   (.loscpli    Uomez),   ImpcirtantisBiinas    y  verdadcras  resoluciouea  piarj 

]'A'le,siaHtico.i.     Piielila,  1712. 
Patton  (.1.  Harris),  History  of  tlie  United  States  of  Anierica.    Xew  York,  IS;',;. 
P.;\  lie  (Edward  ,1.),  History  of  the  European  Colonies.     London,  1.S77;  aUu 

edition  London,  1S7S. 
Piy;io  {I'.dward  .1.),  Yoy.ages  of  the  Eli;uilxtlian  Scanicn.    London,  ISSO. 
P.  yne  (John),  A  Xew  and  Coinplcto  .System  of  Univer.s.il  Cieoeraphy.     Ki  \7 

York,  I71ts.  .1  vols.  ' 

P.'vno,  Cronologia  de  Mexioo.     In  Soe.  Mex.  G<>o:r.,  tnm.  vi. 
IV'lae/ (Francisco  do  P.  (iareia),  Memoiias  para  la  Hid.'oiia  del  (iuatenia'.i. 

< 'luatemala,  l.S,")l-2.  ,'1  vols. 
Pillion  (OdetK  Peport  im  G.tlfo  Dulcc,  June,  Is.VJ.     n.])l.,  n.d. 
l'ei:ib..Tton  (.).   Despanl),   Facts  an.l  Pi'.'ures  rekiting  to  Vancouver  Isln:;-! 

and  Pritish  Columbia.     I^.uidon,  ISCO. 
]Vria(.ruan  Antonio),  Hiario  del  Viage  del  Marques  do  San  Miguel  do  Amiavo. 

In  Mayer,  MSS. 

Pena  y  i  'eiia  (Manuel  de  la),  Lcccionos  dc  Pra.etica  Foreuae  Muiicaim.   ^loxic, 

l.\'i.V!).  4  v..k. 
!\  iioiiom.'.  ]•;!  Coclesano.     Pcnonoini?,  ISSl  et  sep 
r.  r.ilta  (M.),  La  R('publii|iic  do  (,'osta-ltica.     (ieiievo.  1S71. 
iVriz(.ler.ininio).  Pi.i;.:ralia  ilcl  ('...roiicl  Don  Crisanco  .Sacasa.     [Masava].  P7"i. 
I'eivx,   (.ier.-,iiimi.),    .Meiiiorias   para,    la    Hi.<toria   do    la   Compau.i   Xa.:io;i;.L 

Mas.aya,  1S7:(.  ' 

P.ie'.  (.leiV.nimo),  Moniorias  para  la  Ilisloria  .lo  la  Kcvolucion  do  Xieara"ua. 

.Managua,  ISO."). 
I'.^re.'.  (.Max.),  Coiitestaeioii  al  in.aniHesto  del  prcsidonte  do  la  Eenublica  d« 

Xiearagua.     Icon,  1m;2. 
IVre::  (.Max.),  Contos;adou  ul  voto  dc  las  aotualidadeB.     Le.ni,  l!^..',:. 


Ix 


AUTIIOniTIES  QUOTED. 


Ma.h-id, 
[Madrid], 

I.(Mli'.011, 


I'orcz  y  Lopez  (Javier),  Tc.itro  de  la  Lcgislacion  Universal  dc  Espana  c  Iiidias. 

Madrid,  171)1->S.     4to.  US  vols. 
I'osc'liul,  (Icsehiclito  ik'r  Kiitdockimgen.     Stuttgart,  1858. 
I'etir  Martyr.     Sie  Martyi-,  J'ftvr. 

lV:ti)  (Sii'  S.  Morton),  Kesoureos  luid  Prospects  of  America. 
I'tVitlrr  (Ida),  A  Jvady".-,  Si'cond  .rounjcy  round  the  A\'or!d. 
Pliilli]i:i  (J.  Artluir),  The  Mining  and  Metallurgy  of  Gold  and  Silver.    London, 

1S(I7. 
I'i^al'ett.i  (I'raneisco  Antonio),  Le  Voyage  ct  nanigation  faict  par  Ics  Espaig- 

nol/,  es  Isles  do  Miilluc(|ues.     MS.  cif  llith'cenUiry. 
I'igafitta  (Fnini'iscu  Antonio),  Viaguio  atorno  il  nioudo  fatto  et  descritto.    lu 

Itaniusio,  Vingsri,  toni.  i. 
I'i'.'ghc,  J)o  duuinoetioruin  Sol.     Paris,  [1.")'20.] 
Pini  (Bedford)  and  Jjcrtliold  Secmann,  Duttings  on  the  Roadside  in  Panama, 

Kicaragua,  and  Mos(juito.     Lomlon,  ISO!*. 
Pirn  (iieill'ord),  Tlie  (Jato  of  the  Pacilic.     London,  ISf).?. 
Pineda  (.lose  Laurcano),  ^lensage  ])ronuneiado  por  el  Director  Supremo  dtl 

K.stado.     (Iranada,  l^.'!;!. 
Piiielo  (Antonio  de  Iveon),  Autoa,  acuerdos  y  decretos  de  gobierno  del  real  y 

supremo  eonyejc)  de  las  Iniliaii.     Madrid,  UmH. 
Pinelo  (Antonio  de  Leon),  I)iseiirso  solire  la  [m]iort.ancia,  forma  y  di.-posicao;! 

de  la  Ivceopilaeioiido  Leies  do  Lulias.     [Madrid],  lii'Jo.   folio. 
Pinelo  (Antonio  de  l^eon),  Epitome  de  la  Liijliotlieea  Oriental,  eie. 

i7'!7  8.  folio.  ;{  vols. 
I'iuelo  (Antonio  de  Leon),  Rclacion  que  en  el  Consejo  de  Indias. 

Ki.'fS.  folio. 
Piidcerton  (.lolni),  A  General  Collection  of  Voyaf^'cs  and  Travels. 

ISiiS-14.   17  vols.  4to. 
Pinki'i'ton  (.lolm).  Modern (ieograpliy.     London,  18(17.  3  vols,  and  atlas,  'lin. 
I'in/on,    De   XaviLratione   I'inzoui   Soeii  .Vduiirantis,   et  dc   relivs  per  ei;m 

repertis.     In  (iryna'us,  Xovvs  Orliis. 
Pio  L\.,  Carta  al  Oli'ispo  de  Niear.T.'ua.     Xovicmlire,  1810.     [Leon,  lS-0.] 
Piratas  de  la  America  y  luz  ;i  la  iK'linsa  de  las  costas  de  Indias  Oeeidentales. 

:\ladrid,  i7;i:!. 
I'itman  (Kol)crt  liirks),  A  Succinct  View  and  ^Viialj'Sis  of  a  Ship  Canal  across 

the  Isthnuis  of  America.     London,  IS'Jo. 
Pizarro   (Francisco),  Inforniaeion   lucha   en   PanamA  al   navio   Coueepcion, 

l.")IJ4.     In  I'acheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doe.,  tom.  x. 
pizarro  y  Orellana  (Fernaiulo),  Varones  Ilvstres  del  Nvcvo  Mvndo.    ^Madriil, 

l(i;i<>.  folio. 
Poinsett  (.1.  R.),  Xotes  on  ^Mexico.     London,  ]8'2.">. 
Ponce  tie  Leon.     See  Leon. 

ponce,  Kelacion  de  las  Cosas.     In  Documentos  IiK^ditos,  toms.  ivii.,  Iviii. 
Pontelli  (L.  de),  l^xplorations  in  Central  America.     In  Xouvelles  Annales  de-: 

Voy.,  I.s.'i7,  tiini.  civ.;  and  in  California  Farniei',  Xov.  7,  14,  1802. 
Ponton  (Mungo),  l''arthiiuakes  and  \'oleanoes.     London,  l'--(i8. 
Porras,  Kelacion  de  vin','c  do  loO'J.     In  Xavarrete,  Col.  dc  Viiiges,  tom.  i. 
Poussiu  (Guillaume  Tell),  De  la  Puissance  Americaine.     Paris,  1848.  "2  vols. 
Povedo  (Ignacio),  lOsposicion.     Leon,  1S72. 
Prescott  (William  11.),  llistoria  ile  la  Concpiista  de  ^Irxico.    ^lexico,  lS44-(). 

3  vols.;  also  Mexico,  184.")-('),  .'{  vols.;  also  Madriil,  lS47-o;i,  4  vols, 
Prescott  (William   I.),  llistoriade  laC(jn<|nista  del  Peru.    Mexico,  l.s.'iO.  2  vols. 
Prescott   (William    11.),   Historia  del    Lcinado   de   los  IJeyes  Catolicos  D, 

Fernando  y  Isaliel.     Mexico,  18o4,  '2  vols. 
Prescott  (William  II.),  History  of  tlie  (\>niiuest  of  Mexico.    New  York,  1814. 

;i  vols. ;  also  Philadelphia,  !S(iO.   ,S  vols. 
Prescott  (William  II.),  History  of  Ih.'  Con(|uest  of  Pern.    Phil.,  1871.  2v(>ls. 
Prescott  (William  11.),  Historv  of  tlu^  lieiai  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  the 

Catholic,     Philadcl]ihia,  is71.  :(  vols." 
Prior  (Samuel),  All  the  N'oyages  round  the  World.     Xew  York,  1840. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Ixl 


•]sjiafia  c  Iiuliaa. 

[cw  Yoil;,  r^"i<>. 

Silver.    Loiiilon, 

par  lc3  Espai;^- 
et  descritto.    lu 

side  in  raiuiiiia, 

;tor  Snproino  <ltl 

bicnio  dol  rtvil  y 

•ma  y  (lifxwsiiiou 
folio. 
;al,  etc.     Madrid, 

iidias.     [Miidrid], 

travels.     London, 

Is.  and  atlas.  'Ito. 
o   rclivs  per  iT.!n 

as  Oociduntalcs. 

■lip  Canal  across 
avio  Couccpcioii, 
Mvndo.    Iiladriii, 


IK.  Ivii.,  Iviii. 

■lies  Ainiak'S  dcs 
It,   180-'. 

itr.jcs,  toni.  i. 
vis,  1S4S.  -2  vol;;. 

Mexico,  Isy-C. 
.^,,:),  4  vols. 
'xico,  iS.'iO.  'J  vols, 
jyes  Catolico-i   1». 

New  York,  1844. 

liil.,  1S71.  '2  vols, 
and  Isabella  the 

'ork,  1840. 


Provi.lcnoias  Itc.ilcsde  Variosasnutosy  forlia.-;.   Spain,  l.'DG-IT^t.  MR.   f.-lio. 
I'voviaeiii  del  Nuito  Kvangelio  do  Nncva  J'^j^jiana.     [.V  Collection  of  MS.S.  of 

the  lOtli  century.  J  folio. 
I'inviiiei.e  s-ivc  lle^iiones  in  India  Occidentali.     Valladolid,  \ry20. 
I'tnliiiiy,  Cosniographia.     Ulnue,  14^'J;  and  otiier  ediuona. 
I'toleiiiy,  In  hoc  operc  h;cc  conlinentvr  ( ie'.._':aplii;e  (.'1.  l'tc.'.enin.i.   Rome,  1  ."O"!. 
I'nentc  and  Marijnez.     Carta  de  Alonso  do  la  I'uentc  y  l)ieL;o  Man|Ui'Z  snliro 

descnbriniieutos,  Euero  "JS,  loll).     In  I'acheeo  and  Canteuao,  Col.  Doc, 

torn.  ii. 
I'larto  (Xicolns  Antonio  del),  Convite  A  lo.s  Catolicos  Amer.     Mexico.  I'M  I. 
I'liga  (Va.seo  de),  [ceduiarioj  Provisiones,  CVdula.*,  ln;.truriicntci.j  du  .sn  .',ia- 

Kestad.      Mexico,  l.')lj;{. 
Purcha.s,  His  ril^riinage.     (1st  Part.)     London,  1(114.     !)  books  in  1  vol.   f..I. 

1!  1.   !US  pp."  l.Sl. 
I'lirchas,  His  l.'ilL.'rinies.     London,  \i'r2'>-l\.  5  vols,   fnlio. 
I'nyilt  (LuL'ien  de),   Acconnt  of  .Scientilic  Explorationa  on  the   I.-^tlnnu.s  (4" 

Darien,  ISlil,  18(j."».     la  J.ond.  (ieou'.  Soc.  .I;jiir.,  vol.  :..K;;vi;i. 
Puydt  (.M.  lo  Colonel),  ]ia|>piiit  jioiir  f.iire  suite  a  la  collection  de  tons  Id 

d  icnnient.s  relutif.s  an  (.iiatcmala.     linixelKs,  ISIJ. 
Puydt  (R.  lie)  ar.d  \'an  Deuberjilio  Uinckum,  Colouidatiou  daud  L'Anierii]..j 

Ccntrale.     l'ari.s,  1M44. 

Qi  iite.-ly  Review,  Londnu,  ISOO  et  seq. 

lj:iiaouez  (Faustino),  A  la  Meuioi'ia  <lei  Ceiieral  ]]ener.ierito  do  la  I'.itria  l)oii 

l'"ranciico  Moi-a/an.     Saa  .Salva<liir  [is.")!)|. 
C'.dntana  (^lanael  Josef),  Vidas  do  Espaiiolea  Cclebres.     Paris,  lS4o. 

ilafn.  Abstract.     In  Loud.  ({eog.  Soe.  .lourn.al,  ISoS,  vol.  viii. 

i;::fii,  Auii'iuitates  Aini'ricau:.'.     liafuia,  lMi7. 

iLamirez  (.lo.-o  l-'ernando),  Proccso  de  Resideneia  contra  Pedro  de  Alvarado. 

^bxico,  1S47. 
P  unin/,  (.Vorberto),  Xiearv^'iifnses,  .Tunio  19,  ISIO.     Leon,  n.d.  folio, 
j;  iijiirez  (Sobastianl.  Vida  cle  Mcjtoliuia.     In  Icizbalceta,  Col.  Doe.,  toni.  i. 
R.uniisio  ((iiovanni  Uattista),  .Navi^'ationi  et  \'iagL;i.     Venetia:  toin.  i.,  l'.."4; 

tini.  ii.,  l.'l^.■t;  toai.  iii.,  !.")().').  ."{vols.   fi)lio. 
Raynal  (It.  T.),  llistoiro  Piiilosophiipie  et  Politi(pio.     Paris,  LS-0-1.   12  vols. 

and  atlas. 
ILal  C .dula.    In  Col.  Doc.  Ineditos;  Xavarrete,  Col.  de Viagc?;  Paclux'o  an  I 

Cardenas,  Col.  Doc. 
Ib-desO-dulas.     (A  collection  of  MS.S.]  folio.  '2  vols, 
lu  alis  Ord.'ne.s.    [A  collection  of  Cednlas,  etc.,  of  tlio  ISth  ccntui-y.]    Madrid. 

f  ilio.    12  vols. 
liechH   (M.  A.),    Exploraeiones   :l  los   istmos   do   I'anania  y  do   Darien    i.i 

bs:i;-77  y  78.     Madrid,  Issi.  fnlio. 
Recopilaeion  de  las  Leyes  del  Gobierno  Espafiol  ipie  Ri^^'en  en  la  Rej.ubliea. 

.Nlexieo,  1S,")L 

Reco|iilaeion  do  Loves  do  los   Revnos  niandadaa   Inipriuiir  y   I'ubliear  por 

Carlns^ll.     Madrid.  17IM.   foli'...  4  vols. 
R>>s  (Ii.  E.),  Ri'ports  and  Documents  relating  to  the  Sacra  Eamiha  Mines. 

Ivmdon,  I  bS()(i.J 
Ri  lU'xiones  en  contestacion  al  articido  comunicado  inserto  en  el  Univc>-.al, 

Xauiero  111!).     Madrid,  Is-Jl. 
Ril'atai'ion  de  la  Cr.'iiiie;i  Khctor.-il  de  (Iraii.ada  seguida  de  una,  lievista  sobro 

la  eleccion  del  nusnio  Distiito.     Araiia;,'na,  IbOG, 
l.''"..'eiieraeiun  (La).     San  Salvador,  187(1  diieip 
l:.  ^;l  (.bis.)  .Maria)  and  .Monso  Manuel  i'eon.     Estadistic.l  del  Departanieul  ) 

lie  Yucatan.     In  Soe.  Mex.  (Jeo','.,  I'.ohtin,  tom.  iii. 
I  -.'laineato  I'rovisioual  del  Correo-M.iritinio  a  sua  Indias.     [:N[adriill.  17(;'. 
be  ;l,iiiieuto  y  Araucelea  Reules  p.ira  el  Coniercio  Libru  do  Espana  a  Indias. 

n.pl.,  1778. 


iili 


Miiilli 


i; 


lllli  11 


H     ! 


bcii 


AUTHORITIES     'TOTED. 


rcichardt  (C.  F.),  rontro-Amcrika.     BraTinsclnvcig,  I8j1. 

liei'jharilt  (C  h\),  iSicaniLrua.     JJrannschwcig,  lh.j4. 

Liiscli  ((it'oryes),  Margarichii  I'hilosopliica.     [Basli'l,  ITilT. 

lU'laciou  do  la  Dorrota,  quo  lii  zoiin  l)LTL;aiitin  cii  1.">'J7.     In  Florida,  Col.  Doc. 

]:L!aciou  do  los  Oidores,  l.");!|.     In  Paciicco  and  (Virdcnas,  Col.  iJoc,  toni.  xiv. 

Ilclacioii  y  I)uiiMtL'r(),  i.jo.S.     In  Facheco  and  Cardciia.s,  Col.  Doc,  toni.  xiv. 

l;ulacion(.'.s  did  \  iajc  liuolio  d  las  islua  Molucas,  l.j,']?.    In  I'achoeo  and  Caiden  is. 

Col.  Doc,  V. 
];unu's.il  (Antonio  do),  Illstoria  do  la  Frovincia  do  S.  N'icunto  do  Clij'apa. 

Mailrid,  l(;i:>.    Ito. 
J  lemon  (.Miucuel),  FA  iutVnne  do  Oobieiiio  de  la  Fi-oviucia  do  Santo  Domingo  ilo 

cl  DariLii.     n.pl.,  i7")4      iJS.  lolio. 
llopertorio  Americano  (El).     Londi-es,  IS'2()ot  scq. 
Kostiepo  (Joso  Mamie  ),  liisioriade  la  ilevolueion  do  Colombia.     Paris,  IS'27. 

lU  vols,  atlas  in  "Ito. 
llcviila  (.Foso  do  la),  Rcsi'imon  ITistorico  do  la  Conquista  do  Xuova  Espana. 

In  Soils,  Hist.  Mex.     Edition  Madrid,  1.S43. 
lu'visor  do  la  Folitica  y  Literatura  Americana.     Xcw  York,  ISJO  ot  seq. 
iJevolution  in  Spanish  America,  Outline  of  the,     London,  1817. 
J^.vue  Anuricaine.     Faris,  1  Sii(i  et  .scq. 
Fcvuo  des  lleux  Momlcs.      Faris,  IH'M  et  scq. 
licvuo  Fran(,'aisc.     Faris,  lS(i4. 

Licliardson  (Charles  S.),  Report  on  Chiriqui.     Xew  Yoi'k,  1S.")7. 
Fiinj:ro.so  (Basil),  The  Dnn;^'crou3  Voyage  and  bold  attempts  of  Captain  B. 

Miarp.     London,  l(JCi4. 
Fvivas,  VA  Forvcnirdc  Nicaragua.     Eivas,  1807  ct  scq. 

Fivcra  (.Ju..n  Antonio),  Diario  (Jurioso.    In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  seric  ii.,  toin.  vi. 
Fivera  (.Manuel),  Historia  iiViitigua  y  Modcrna  do  .lalapa.     Mexico,  lh(J'.)-71. 

5  vols. 
IV.vcra  (Mamtcl),  Los  Gobernantca  do  Mexico.     ^Mexico,  1872.  2  vols. 
Fiviniis  (Eduard  I'lorcns),  Atlantis.     Leipzig,  lb'J7.   2  vols. 
iLoberts  (Orlando  'NY.),  Narrative  of  Voyages  and  Jvxcur.-ions  on  the  East 

Coast  and  Interior  of  Central  America.     Edinlturgh,  1.'  J7. 
liobcrtson  (\\'illiam).  The  History  of  America.     Loudon,  1777.  2  vols.  4i.o. ; 

also  London,  17813.   'A  vols, 
liobinson  (Conway),  An  Account  of   Discoveries   in  the  West  until   l.jH). 

Ixichmond,  1S4S. 
i;obinson(\Viiliani  Davis), Memorias  do  la  Rcvolucion  do  Mc!,'ico.  London.  1824. 
l^obinson  (William  Davis),   Memoirs  of   the   Mexican    Revolution.     Fliila- 

delpliia,  1S20;  also  London,  1821.  2  vols. 
Robles  (Antonio  de),  Diario  do  los  aiios  IGiJj  y  1703.     In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex., 

Beri(5  i. ,  tom.  ii. 
Follies  (Antonio  do),  Rcs^uardo contra  el  Olvido,  vida  dc  I).  Alonso  do  Cucvii^ 

D:ivalos.     Mexico,  17o7. 
lioclia  (.lesns  do  la),t'6di;iodc  laLcgislacion  do  Hacienda  Fiiblica,  Xavcgacioii 

y  Comercio  do  Nicai'a,irua.     Managua,  1S7I.   folio. 
Focha   (.Jesus  de   la),  Codigo  do  la  Lcgislaciou  de  Nicaragua.     ManaLTi:;., 

1S73-L  4to.  3  vols. 
Roelia  (Jesus  de  la),  Suplomcnto  del  Libro  OctUvo  del  Codigo  dc  la  Lcgisla- 
ciou do  Nicaragua.     ISIanagua,  1871.  folio. 
Rocha  (Pedro  Trancisco  de  la),  Revista  Folitica  sobrc  la  Historia  de  la  Rcvi> 

luciou  dc  Nicaingua.     Granada,  1847. 
Roche  (I.  L.),  luTiiand  Cortez.     Lille,  18"JS. 
Rodriguiv.  (Y.),  Diseurso  Frouuuciado  el  20  do  Oetubro  del  corricntc  an '. 

Sun  Salvador,  ISj;?. 
RiC'crs  (W'oode),  A  cruising  Voyage  round  the  World.     London.  1718. 
Rjjas,  Iustnicfio;i;i(.;aljriel  dij  Roja-i  pai'a  el  clescubrimicnto  del  Desagaade;  ', 

l.")27.     lu  I'aehcco  and  C.irdcnas,  Col.  Doc,  tom.  xiv. 
Rol  (Jill).     San  A'iccutc.  18.').">  ot  .seip 
iLjiucro  (Elia;),  Lu-i  .Salvagcj  6  La  Caridad.     jlexieo,  1S^3, 


AUXnORITIES  QUOTED. 


bdii 


'loiida,  Col.  Df>c. 
1.  Doc,  torn.  xiv. 
.  Doc,  toin.  xiv. 
CO  unci  Ciirdeiii!^, 

juto  do  Chyay.i. 

auto  Domingo  do 

)ia.     Paris,  lo-7. 

!  Xucva  Espaua. 

1  SdO  et  scq. 
S17. 


S57. 

its  of  Captain  Ij. 


,sc'nc  ii.,  torn.  vi. 
Mexico,  lbU'.)-71. 

72.  2  vols. 

ions  on  tl.c  East 

77.  '2  vols.  4l;o. ; 

West  until   l.Jl'.). 

,100.  London.  1S24. 
.'Volution,     rhihi- 

Doc  llist.  'Mox., 

Alonso  do  Cucv;.-; 

lUioa,  Navegacina 

-U'jua.     Managua, 

ago  dc  la  Lcgisla- 

istoi'ia  de  la  Rove- 

del  corrionto  au". 

mdon,  ni'^. 

)  dfl  Uosagaadci  ', 


r  "juptto,  Ooogrnphio  dc  la  Nouvcllc  Cranada.     In   Xouv.llos  Annalcs  du3 

Vijv.,  IS.V).  toiii.  0x1  vii. 
J:    <'oi-;in.s  ( \V.  S. ),  J,ji  |)i»otrina  Moiinic.     ^iloxico,  1S70. 
i.osocran.s  (\V.  .S.I,  MaMilV-t  I'ostiiiy.     .Moxioo,  1870. 

][u:^M•^  (W.  11.).  Sliort  .Ncitos  on  tiio  Winds  of  tli"  r.-icilic     London,  ISGS. 
J;.i->ci-  (\V.  ]l.),  Tao  Niivi-alion  of  tlio  Tluvo  (Koans.     London,  ISOS. 
liu.-si,  .Sciuvonii-.s  d'uu  Voyaiio  en  On'^on.      I'aris,  1m;4. 
]i..uli,iud  (Hi|)i)'>lytf).  Lo'j  Regions  Nouvolle.     I'ari.-j,  ISiW. 
Roulo  dil  V-'\X  y\'i  I'an.'iiiia  a  oolui  clo  Aoajndoo.     MS.   fo'.io. 
R,jux  <lu  Roilifllo,    Dissertation  sur  Ics  Voyages  de   ,S,l)aotien  Cabot.      In 

.Soo.  Ct'o,'..  IJulletin,  Ai>iil,  ls;j2. 
];  nix  .lo  Roelhlle,  I'.iiiaud  Corti s,  I'oenie.     Palis,  1S.",S. 
];o',al  ( ii-'ourraiilucal  .Society  of  Lonilon.     See  i.oud.  ( Jeog.  Soo. 
Ra'lia!c,i\a  (.f.  (\.  ilo).  'I  ralado  llistoiico  Poliiico  y  Legal  do  el  Comcrcio  do 

la.-i  Lidi.i.s.     Cadi/,  |17.">0. 1 
R'.ichainer,  Newo  uuliekaiitlK-  landto.    Nnroudicrg,  1.">0S. 
Jiuiz  (1.),  Calelidario  Salvadoreao.      San  Salvador.  lS7.'i  et  ^01]. 
Ru.'dsoII  (William),  Tlio  Jlistiiy  of  Aiiierioa.     Loiulon,  177S.  4to.  2  vols. 

Saaveilra  (Dofia  Aldonza  de).  Carta  ,4  Fi'ay  P.artoloin.'  do  Las  Ca.s.!3,  Mayo  0, 

lo(i2.      Ill  i'aeheco  and  Cardenas,  (,'m1.  Doc,  toni.  vii. 
Sacaza  (l>;inicn,  I'rotestado  la  Ci)ni))ariiado  Diligenoias.     Or.uiada,  18()G. 
Sacro  lio.soo  ((dovanni  di),  Spliera  \'olgaro.     \'oaetiis,  ir>r{7. 
Saeii/  (M.iteo),  Scniiou  piodicado  el  Domingo  do  Panes,  IS  ile  !Ma'zo  do  18G0. 

-Maiiagna.  tSliO. 
S:i_'ra,  I  \ istoiie  physicino  ct  piditiqno  de  I'ilc  dc  Cuba.    Paris.  IS.'IS ;  and  atlas. 
Saint. Vinaiit  (l)e).  Voyages  en  Caiifornie  et  dans  rOregoii.      I'aris,  lS.')4. 
.'^.iint  l''iaiieis  of  Assi.si,  Tho  Life  of;   and  Sketch  of  the  Franciscan  Order. 

\e\v  ^'ork,  lS(i7. 
Sala/ar  (Franeisco  Cervantes),  Mexico  en  !.").')4.     Mexico,  ls7."). 
Sa!a;:ar,  Mi-ioiicsdo  Vera  I'az.     ^IS.  foiio. 

Salazar  (Reiiiijo),  (>racion  I'uiirlire  el  dia  .'»  de  Octulnv  di'  l>!4!l.     fb-ou,  \i^^'^.\ 
Sala.^ar  y  Olarie  (rL,'iiaeio  del,  liistoi'la  de  la  Coiujui.sta  de  .Mexico.     Segniidii 

I'arto.     [(Jontiuuation   of   Solis.J     Cordova,    1743.    folio;    also   -Madiiil, 

17Mi.  4to. 
S.dcc'li)    (UieL'o    Lopez   de^,    Listrnoeion   y    Jioder  ipie  dii'i  el  ( !olicr:iailor    X 

<  iahrii  Ide  Uojas  |i;um  iiue  fuese  al  de.-:.ciiliriiiiientc>  del  !)e,sagaadeid,  1  ")27. 

In  Paeheco  and  (.Virdeiias,  Col.  Doc,  toiii.  xiv. 
Salcedo  (j)ie;i(j  Lo[ie/),  'I'laslji  lo  Testliiioiiiado  de  una  Ci''du!u  did  ]'',in)Ki'ailor 

noinbraihlo  il  Salcedo,  (ioin'niador  del  (ioU'o  do  la.j  iligueras,  Nov.  20, 

loj.').     Ill  Paclneo  uiid  C;irdei:as,  (Jol.  floe,  to'n.  xiv. 
Saiga  lo  (.luaii  Ramon),   Meiiioria  ili'  los  Acoiiti'oiiiiientos   Ociirridos    eu    el 

Pueblo.     Leon  do  Nicaragua,  |S72. 
Salnias,  Ri  laoion  do  varios  Siiersos.      In  Col.  l)oc  lie'd.,  toni.  xxvi. 
Salmon,  ;Miiilcrn  History.     Ijondoii,  1744.   folio,   ,'i  vols. 
Salvador,  Al  I'ul/li.o.     j  Various  dat's  and  si  uMin  tares.] 
Salvailor,  Roletiii  (.)licial.     San  Salvador,  1.S7.»  et  se<|. 
.  alvador,    CVnnara   de    Senadoros,   "Coinunicaeiou   do  Doroto*  Va-sconztdos, 

Fei>rero22de  IS.-.I."     | Sail  Salvailor,  lS.')l.l  folio. 
Salvador,  C.leceiiai  do  I'roclainas.     n.pl.,  n.d.  4to. 
>alv.idor,    Conmnicaeiones  entro  el  Supremo  (iobierno  y  el  Consnlado  liri- 

tiinieo.     (San  Salvador,  I s.")i).  I  folJD. 
Salvador,  Contestaoion  del  (.Jobicrno  ;i  el  Consul  do  .S.  !M.  1>.     San  Salvadfir, 

)S4!).  4 to. 
Salvador,  Cjjitcstaeion  del  T'rcHideuto  del  LogislativD  al  ^lensajed.l   Prosi- 

deiito  d  J  la  Rei.ublica,  J'aiero  21  do  1S7.").  "S.in  S.dvador,  Is/.'t.   lolio. 
Salvador,  Corre^pondoncia  entro  Negreto  y  Snuier.    [Stm Salvador,  IS.")."!.]  folio. 
Salvador,  Cr.iiiica  del  Dia.     Leon,  l^u.').  .(to. 
Salvador,    Do  Ordcu   del   Supremo  (Iobierno  y  para  Conocimiento   do   los 

Puebl.js.     [San  Salvador,  IbJl.J  fuiio. 


Ixiv 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Salva'lor,  Dinloqo  cntro  D.  CIicpo  y  D.  Xaclio,  Xovlcmbro  23  y  '2S,  1S51. 

[Sail  Siilvaaor,  IS,!!.]  folio. 
.Sal vfu !(;!•,  J)i:i!i  >  O'amL     Saa  .'••alv.ador,  IST-'^  et  sc(i. 
Salvador,  Dilli<;ultuv!  with  t!i;-  IJi-itisli  Authoritic-s.     Wasliiiv^'ton,  iHol. 
ISalvitJor,  Didciuso  I'romuici.ulo  ]<ur  cl  Soiior  iScuudor  I'lv.sidciitc,  l'\;b;cro  19 

du  1S."»1.     Sail  Salvador,  hS.jl. 
Salvador,  l>ocuiii('iito:i  par.'i  maiiifcwtai'  la  Jiuticia  con  quo  <.l  Cli.'iiirno  so 

ni(.';;a  a  rcuonoccr  al^'uuoa  crodito3  quo  ruclama  cl  Consul  Yuijlod.     [S.iu 

Salvador,  ltiL).\  4to. 
Salvador,  l-doccioiiis  riocHJuias  "Poi-  Los  Salvadorefios,"  NovicnilM-ul."),  1S,')1. 

[CojiitL'|)Ci[ue,  I.Sol.  I  folio. 
Salvador,  El  Uohierno  ilul  Salvador  y  la  Curia  Eclesidstica,  San  Salvador, 

1S71. 
Salvador,    VA  Porvciiir  did   Salvador  doducido  djl  ^\j;;ili.d.s  de   lo.s   hcclios. 

Leon,  1S7± 
Salvador,  1>1  Sonado  y  Ciiuiara  do  Diputado.-i  a  una  Comitcntus.     I'du'cro  '22 

do  ISol.     Sail  Salvador,  ISol.   folio. 
Salvador,  Kstadi^ica  (loncral,  lSoS-[lStiO.]     San  Salvador,  1SJS-[ISG0.] 
Salvador,  (lacuta.     San  Salvador,  1S4;)  ct  acq. 
Salvador,  Ciaouta  de  (lobicrno.     Sau  Salvador,  I'ioO  ct  suq. 
Salvador,  Gaccta  Olicial.     Sau  Salvador.  loTci  ct  necj. 
Salvador,  La  Justieia  y  la  llazou  "Lo.s  Vcrdaduroa  Inijiarciales,"  Xovicnibro 

•JS,  l.Sol.     [S.iu  Salvador,  ISrd.]  folio. 
Salvador,   In  Vcrdad,   '"Lod  I'iiiriotas  Vicentinos,"  Xovicuibio  24  du  iSol. 

Sau  Salvador,  [ISol.j 
Salvador,  Mcniorias  [of  dilujront  departments  and  date:)]. 
Salvador,  Mensaje  del  Presidentcs.     Sau  Salviidor,  1S,j7  ct  R' .{. 
Salvador,  Miui.iterio  General,  etc.     [Various  dccreoa,  eitcd  l)y  dates.] 
Salvador,  !Modelo  para  llevar  las  (.'ueutas  do  laTcsorcria.     Si"  Salvador,  ISCf). 
Salvad  ir,    Xotieia   Euneata    "  Temljlores  en  Sau  Salvador.       [Comaya^'uaJ, 

18."4.  f jlio._ 
Salvadfir,    Ojiinion  del   Estado   del   Salvador  con  rulaciou  d  los  tiucesos  do 

Xiearagua.     San  Salvador,  1S51.  folio. 
Salvador,     Plan  Pro]iaesto  para  la  Coustruccion  do  uu  Cauiino  de  Madur.a. 

[S.iu  Salvadoi',  IS."),').] 
Salvador,  Primera  Ri'pliea  ;i  los  Libclistas  del.     San  Salvador,  1S7-. 
Salvador,  Protoeolo  de  las  Confereueias  entro   los  Coniisioiiados  cu  los  d  .13 

Gol)ieruos  do  Honduras  y  el  Salvador.     San  Salvador,  ]S7I. 
Salvador,  Seuore.t  Edi tores  del  Salvador  llejeuerado,  Juuio  'JJ  de  1S4().    [San 

S.alvador,  1.S47.] 
Salvador,  'Pari  fa  do  Aforos  para  la  Ecsaccion  do  Dercchos  en  cl  Comercio. 

Sau  .Salvador,  [1841).  |  folio. 
Salv.'ulor  y  Honduras,  IManliierito  de  las  Confereueias.     S,iu  Salvador,  184S. 
Sdniauo,  Senteneia  contra  el  piloto  Kodrigo  Xiuo.     In  Paclieco  and  C;u'denaa, 

Col.  1)(K'.,  toni.  xi. 
Samiuluu.,' aller  ]voiscl)eschreibungcn.     Leipzii:,  1S74-74.  ^Ivols.  4to. 
Sauii)st)u  (Marniadnlie),  Central  America  and  the  Ti'ansit.    Xew  Yeirh,  bS,"):"). 
Santloval  (Prudeneio),  llistoria  de  la  Vida  y  hechos  del  Empcrador  Carlos  V. 

Pamplona,  KJ.'U.  folio.  '2  vols. 
San  I'raucisco  Ni^wspajjcrs.     [Cited  by  name  and  date.] 
San  .luan.  La  Ociipaeiou  de.     [Leon],  1S4S. 
iSan  Juan  del  Xorto  de  Xiuaragua,  Documcutos  relatives  d  lo  Ocurrido  en 

piierto  de.     Leon,  LS4I. 
San  Alartiu  (Tosc  !Maria),  A  sus  Ilabitantcs,  Abril  18  de  I8.'J4.    [San  S:dvad  r, 

18,")4.]  folio. 
Sau  Salvador.     Tratadixle  la  Fundaciou  delConventoilelaCiudad.  !^bS.  folio. 
Sanson  D  Al)l)Cvillo  (Le  S.),  LAmeri'ivo  en  Phi.siovrs  Cartes.    Paris,  n.d.  4lo. 
SantaiiLTelo  (().  do  A.),  Circular  to  ^lembers  of  (.'onu'ress.      Xcw  York,  1841:. 
Santan.;('lo   (O.  do  A.),  Las   Cuatro   primcras  discusioncs   del  Cou^'rcso  do 

Panama.     Mexico,  1S2G. 


<4.- 


■■jS 


■m 


AUTIIOn  TIES  QUOTED. 


Ixv 


31%  184';. 

Virdcuaa, 


1-1; .  IS,-)--). 


dvjul  r, 
:.S._  folio, 
k,  181 1. 


Saiitivcn,  Cnvta  iV^l  Excnio  Sofior  Vi/.coiulc  <lo  Santarrm.    Tu  Xavarrete,  Col. 

(lu  Via-'i'.-',  ton.  ii. 
S.viitaroin  (M.  lo  Vicoiiito),  Menioiro  sur  la  fjiic-tion  (Uisavoir  d  nuclle  I'lioqtio 

ifiu  L'A;:uriiiuo  M  ritliovia'o.     In  Soc.  (iio:.,  Uul.,  .si;ie  iii.,  toni.  vii. 
Santaicni   (M.   lo  Viconitc),    lli'choicius    lli.storicpio.s,   C'ritii)iie.s   ct    Liblo- 

jir.i Jill ii [ties  sur  AniOiio  VuspiU'e  ct  scs  Voya'^'us.     I'aru^,  1S4J. 
Santiago  do  VLi'agu.as.     Kl  Ucpnlilicmo.     S.-intia',,'!),  IST'.)  it  .scq. 
ij.uiuir.  (i'lanci-i;)  .luau),  ("uonoloujia  llospicalaiia  y  lludunicii  liistorial  do  la 

sa^.'nida  rcli;4ion.     M.iiU-id,  17l.")-li!.  fuliu.  'J  vols. 
Sui  Viccnti;,  Cn'mica  i\u  S m  Salvador,  IS.VJ. 
fcj.u'iivia  (MiL,'m,l   (lon/ulczj,    Uosqucjo    I'olitico    Estadistico   dc   Nicaragua, 

On  itcmida,  ls:24. 
Sard.'i  (•((.-.' I,  DiiTuto  dc  contvili'icion  forzosa.    1S20. 
.S.itiuday  Maqa/.ino.     Londou,  1n;J-1-41.  )>  vol.-).  folio. 

.ScarlettVi'-f'-iiniilicllKSonlli  .Xnicricaand  t!io  Prcilio.    London,  1S38.  2  vols. 
!Si.-lii  !' 1  (ilartniann),  llciristrum.     Nuritnl)(av,  14'.ll{. 
Si:lii  lur  (-ftan  iJenoit),  Ko^^liLTclie^i  llisLoiiqilca.     I'aris,  1777. 
f-'c'.ur::i  r  (Ivai'l),  lluriclit  an  die  .K.aii.crliulio  Akaik-au;;  ik-r  Wisscnscliaften, 

IS.VJ-,').     Wiun,  l.soO. 
S;-!icri;or  (i\arl),  Diu  ludian'.r  von  I.;tlavacan.     Vv'icn,  I'loi). 
!>i;liciv(.r(]varli,\arraiivc<if  ili(5(,'ircunniavii^atiouof  the  tilobc  by  the  Austrian 

l''rigato  Xovara.     London,  l.'^G I.  ;i  voii. 
Si'!iC'r;:cr(i\arl), Travels  in  tlio  i'rcu  Stalcriof  C.  America.   London,  IS.-7.  'Jvol.f. 
iSjIien;<:r  (Karl J,   L'oljcr  dio  Ilandaclu'iftlicheu  Wcrko  dud  I'adru  XinionL/. 

n.|il.,  n.d. 
S^licr/ur  (Karl),  Wa  idcrnn^'un  durch  diu  'Mittul-Aniorikamsclion  Fruislaatai. 

LraunschwL'ig,  i  V)7. 
.ScIano'iVr,  Ucliur  eini.'o  dur  liandscluiftliclicn  SuLkartc-n.     In  Akadeinio  dcr 

Wiv'-'j  !3cliaftun,  .Mj'aandl.,  torn.  iv. 
fy^i.  'idt  I .  a-fUvu.-i),  Tlio  (JivilLawof  Spain  and  Mi'xico.     Xcvif  Orleans,  I'.ol . 
Sciiuutr  (.lolm),  Lucukntissiuia  qucuda  torriu  totins  du.^criptio.     Nuruinljcrg, 

l.")l.->. 
Sc'itiucr  (-Tohn),  Opvscvlvm  CrooLrraphicvni.     n,])].,  [L";!:!,]  4to. 
Sjli'inur  (-loIm),  ()r])i.i  Typv.^.     Xn:viulnr;r,  l.'-l  >, 
School;raft  (Uonry  11,),  Archives  of  Alrjri,i;inal  Knowledge.     Philadelphia, 

ISiii).  0  vula,  4to, 
Sclral.;  (•lohaim  l^iliraim).     [Letter  in  Oennan;  lilewlield;;,  Mosfjuito  Shore, 

Central  Ainerika,  July  '20,  1S47,  J     n,pl,,  n,d. 
Scraps  on  Interiiceaiiic  Coninmnieation. 
Scn!mer'.s  Monthly  Mau'a/.ine.     Xc-.v  York,  1S71  ct  scrj. 
Scropo  ((i,  I'onlot),  ".jn.iiileration:i  on  Vijlcinoes.     London,  1823. 
.^i;al>lieM  (Cliarlcs),  S  ;oviesand  Advent  ares  in  Ctntral  America.  London,  1852. 
S  award  (iMward),  ^.u•rative  of  hi.s  Siupv.-reek.     Londi'n,  1S4L  2  vol ;. 
S  eiuann  (wcilhold),  Ili.uory  of  tlie  Isth'mu.s  of  Panama.     i'anam:i,  18vi7, 
Seeniann  (Dmlholel),  History  of  the  liLlimu.sof  Panama.   In  i'anam/i  Star  and 

ih.'vald.  ISOS. 
■  Ifri  i  ;c  (Thomas  Olliver),  Reports  of  Explorations,  Ship-Canal  l:v  wav  .'f 

]!.,.ien.     \Vat;hia;;ton,  ls74,  4to, 
Sclva  [ioiii  Jrimiel),  Sidud  ])n  Jose  :Manuel  Mayo  10  do  LC.2,  ScL^unda  Ca;)- 

iladil.     (Te;,'ueii,'alpa,  l!5,-)J,) 
va  (Jose  Manuel),  Viudicaeionrelativa  a  la  C.damni.i  For  jadi.  [Tei/nei'aliia, 

S  ward  (William  I[,),  Speech  in  U.  S,  Senate,  .Jannarv  ,T1,  18.-.r,,    n,pl,,  n,d. 
S'larj)  (I'arth.),  Tiie  Voya';es  and  Adventures  of.     Loudon,  KiSt. 
^'""••r.s  Sjutll  .Sea  Wa;_".'oner.     MS.  folio. 


.Ivoeke  (Ceo-  •<■),  A  Voya'^e  round  the  \\Va-ld.     London,   172!j 
■d  (A.  K       Papers  on  Spanish  .Imerica.     Alhauv,  ISIJS. 


.'iip-(  'anid  Que.stio!!,  State  of  t 


dt  (E 


a.ei' 


tW,),  u 


Load-i 


tepuc.     (42d  Ce 


q)l 


n.d. 

ions,  Sliip-I'aual 


)V  M-;iv  « 


f  Te 


-d  deb3.,E.\.  Doc.  U.)    WusUingtou,  lb72.  4to, 


Ixvl 


AUTITOrJTII'.^  QUOTED. 


m\;m 


m 


tlii 

III    i  i 


HP  11 


Sicnrd  (rdixO,  Simples  Notes  snr  L'Ain(''riquc  Contrr-Ic.     Pan's,  IRf).*?. 
iSiurralta,  Kt'iil  Titnlo  dv  ( iolici'iiador  <lu  L'o.^ta  llica,  A  Corouado,  Abril  .S,  iriG."). 

Ill  I'aclieco  and  C;iid;Mi;'..j,  L'ol.  Uoc,  toiii.  xi. 
Si'do  (1]1).     Sail  Salvador,  1>S,")1  et  se(i 
Silliinaii  (ncnjaiiiiii),  Tlio  Amuii.an  Joi'rnal  of  Science.     New  Ilavrii,  ISIO 

ct  seii.    1(J7  Vols. 
Silva  (•Tnaii  de),  Adverteiicias  Importaiitcs  accrca  dcd  liven  (iobieniodo  las 

Indias.     Madrid,  Ki'Jl.  lolio. 
Simon  (L'cdro),  riinura  I'artc  d';  las  Xoticia.s  Ili.storialcs  do  las  Contjuistas  do 

Ticrr;.  l*'iiin('.     Cnciica,  KIJO.  lolio. 
Simoiiiii  (L. ),  La  Vic  Sontcrraine.     IVris,  1807. 
Sintra(i'ictiodi),  La iS'aui^'atidii  del,  'icrit taper  Jlcscr  Aliiiseda  ca  da  Mo?Uo. 

Ill  Laiiiusio,  ViaL'Ld,  toni  i. 
Sivers  (Jczur  vi:n),  Ueber  iladcira  uud  die  Aiitiilcii  iia^'Ii   Mittel-Aiiicrika. 

Lci\y/i'j,  ISUl. 
8!oii.'li  (Ad'dei'ly  W.),  The  Prince  of  Pnnauirt.     [London,  I.S47.1 
Siiiitli.soiiiaii  Listitution.     ^Viiiiual  licport  of  the  iiourd  of  lit -cuts.     Wa.sh- 

iiiuton,  IS,'),"!  ct  sc(j. 
Suowdi  11  (Uieliard),  Tlio  History  of  NoiUi  and  Soutli  America.     Pliila<lcli)1iia, 

]s:]± 

Socicdad  <lc  Aiiiantes  do  la  Patria  do  Guatcniala.     Cataleigo  dc  lo;i  liidividiiOH. 

[N'ucva  (Jiiatcniala,  17Ili*.l 
Socicdad  Kconi'iiiiica  dc  Ainantes  dc  la  Patria  dc  Cuatcinala.     Xueva  Guatc- 
niala, 17'.)7;  and  otlu  1  ycara. 
Socicdad  .Mcxicana  dc  ( leo,i:rafia  y  Estadi.stica,  Jjolctiii.     ^Icxico,  hS(il  et  seij. 

[Inclndcs  Instituti)  Nacinnal.] 
Socicdad  I'atiiotica  dc  ( liiaUniida,  Junta  General.     [fJtiateniala,  ISll  et  .sei].] 
^'ocicti' dc  Geo,L'ra])liie,  IJulIcLin.     Paris,  Pi'J,')  et  tscij. 
SoconUHCo,  Gciipado  Militarinente  do  Onlen  del  Ciol/ieriio  Mcxicano.     (Waitc- 

inila,  1S4'_'. 
Sndcn  (Julius),  Die  Spaiiier  in  Peru  und  Mexiko.     P.erlin,  1701.  2  vols. 
Sulinr.s-C'anicrs  (.li'annis),  l]narr,itii.)iics.     \'i('nna,  ]','20. 
Solis  (Antonio  dc),  liistoria  dc  la  C'lunjiiistado  Mexico.     Madrid,  IdSl.  fnllo; 

aNi)  Madrid,  IS!;;;  and  various  oLlier  edition  ;. 
Solis  (Diaz  dc)  and  N'r.ne/  l'in;':in,  lieisodes.     In  Sainiiilunrr,  toiii.  xiii. 
S  :l('i''.MUo  Pcn'vra  (.i  nan  lie),  Dc  Indiarmn  .Jure.   Lupduni,  lii7-'.   "J  v.  Is.  folio. 
Solurzano  Pereyra  (-luan   dc),    Politica  Indiana.     [Trauslatioii  of  preccdii;.,' 

work.]     Mailrid,  I77().   '2  vols,   folio. 
South  America  and  ^lexico,  A  \icw  of  the.     Xew  York,  Iri'J.").  2  vols.     \ew 

York,  1S-J7.   o  vols. 
Southern  (Quarterly  llcvicw.     \c\v  Orleans.  1S4'2  et  f:(>. 
S:>ulliey  (Uohert), "History  of  lirazil.     London.  l;il'»,  |;.i;,  l.Sl!).  4to.  ,'1  '  <;':s. 
South  Sc;i  (Company,  An  llNamiuation  iind  I'lxplanation  of  the.    London,  I  7-v). 
South  Sea  Goiniiany,  A  l''nit!ier  Lxaminatlon.     Ijoiukui,  I7-<K 
South  Sea  Conipai.y,  A  View  of  the  Coasts,  Countries,  and  I.vlauds  wiliiin 

the  Uiiiits  of  the.     London,  1711. 
Spanisii  America,  A  Concise  1  iistory  of  tiic.     Lonloii,  1741, 
Sp;;iiisli  Aineric'i,  (Jliservationa  on  the  liistructio;;s  L'iven  I  y  tlic   I'resid.'iit 

of  the  irjiiled  States,  etc.     London,  ISL!',). 
Sjiaiiish  .Ainr'rica  ar.d  tlie  United  Stati's.    I'y  a  .Merchant  of  I'hihidelphia. 

riii!;ideli.hia,  IMS. 
Spanisii  Coni|Uests  in  .\nieriea,  Stories  of  the,     I'.oston,  I'i.'IO,   .'{  vols. 
Spanisli  l';ni[)ire  in  America.     London,  1747. 
Sliailisll  Lies,  A  Lihel  of.       London,   l.'iilli. 
Spanish  Scttlenients  in  Anici'ica.      Ildinliur;;,  I7i'-'. 
Sjiotorno,  Codice  liiiiloni  ,tico,     Genoa,  ISl'.'I. 


S  I'.iicr  (i''i.  G,),  AimnUiniii'iitos  solire  (.'entro-.\'ni'rica,  etc 


|S,->("i, 


vS.iuii'r  (M.  (!.l,  Clieiuin  de  I'Vr  lntei'oeranI.|ue  dc  Honduras,     Pacini,  IS,'),"). 
S>j;iicr  (!'l.  (i.).  Collection  <     i  are  and  Original  Documenis,  etc.,  conee-iiiui 
the  Discovery  ainl  Con  piest  uf  America.     Albany,  IbO).  4to. 


lih 


■3. 


AUTITOrJTIES  QUOTED. 


Ixvii 


ills  witliia 


1  '.."><i. 

.  is:)r>._ 


Squior  (E.  G.),  Commimicacioii  d  Costarica,  Octuliro  1,  1840.     San  Salvadir, 

18t!). 
S'luicr  (10.  G.),  Compciulio  do  la  Ili.storia  Politica  do  Centro-Amcrica.    ruii.-i, 

is:.(i. 
Siiiiiur  (E.  (t.),  Dio  St.iateii  von  Central-^Vjiioiika.     Leipzig,  18,")(3. 
i^.iiiior  [K.  (J.),  (iiiati:uala.     n.)i!.,  n.d. 

S  [iHif  (!';.  (r.),  Ifoiiduias  and  tiu.itenrda.     [Xpw  Yorl^,  1^4.".] 
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Siiuior  (M.  <!.),  Tlondura.s  Tntcr-Gciauio  U:iil\v:iy.     Lo]idon,  IS">7. 
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Yolk,  '  vj4. 
!S(luiiT  ;i-l.  G.),  lii/orniation  on  the  Coal  Miiics  of  tlio  Lompo  lliver.    London, 

lS.-,0. 
S.(nirr  {]■].  G.),  Letter  to  FL  S.  Footc,  New  Y>.rk,  is"!),     n.].!.,  n.d. 
,S.luiir(E.  G.),  Lettre  ;l  propo.s  dc  ki  letLi'c  de  M.  llr.iSMeur  do  Boiivbonrg, 

Paris,  IVw. 
Sijuier  (E.  <;.),  Monograpli  of  Authors  wlio  have  written  on  the  kuiguago  of 

Central  America.     Xew  York,  ISGI. 
Sijuier  (!•;.  G.),  Nicaragna :  Its  J'eople,  .Scenery,  Resources,   Condition,  an<l 

I'liijiDscd  Canal.     New  York,  18Gi);  and  New  York,  ISoo.  :2  vols.;  al.-..o 

New  York,  lS(iO. 
S  juier  (K.  G.),  Notes  on  Central  America.     Xew  York,  ISo'. 
S^jiii-r  (]•;.  G.),  Xutes  .snr  les  Jltats  de  llniidnras.     I'ari.s,  is."),"). 
iS  pii(;r  (10.  G.),  Report  to  the  Directors  of  the  Honduras  Inter-Occauic  Rail- 
way.    [Londiin,  ls,")8.]  folio. 
I'^'l'iier  (I'].  <t.l,  IJuinsi.f  Teniinipun.     ]S.";!.     n.jil.,  n.d. 
S  ,aier  (!•:.  (!.),  Tlio  Serpent  Syinl.ol.     New  York.  ISol. 
f^  jiiier  (i'J.  (J.),  Tho  State  of  Centrrd  America.     New  York,  18,"iS. 
iSpiier  (E.  ii.),  Travels  in  Central  America,  [lartieularly  in  Xicaragua.    New 

York,  ls.');5.  2  vols. 
S  (ui'-r  (E.  G.),  Tropical  Filircs.     Xcw  York,  1801. 
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sepai'ately.] 
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Steilihowel,  (,' 


lica  lleschr 


eibnn;. 


I'rauckcnfoi't,  1.' 


iSte[i!!eiis  (.((ihn  L.),  Lieidents  of  Travel  in  Ceuira 


a  Ai 


1841. 


lis 


lel'iea. 


Xt 


Stephens  (TolmL.),  Incidents  of  Tr.ivel  in  Yuc:itan.     Xi'W  ^'ork.  ]~':i^\.  2  vols. 

Stephen.!  ( lohn  L.),  \  i'lje.a  Yneatan  en  1S4I--J.     Cnnineehe,  l'  :  -. 

SLiAensl  llinry),  Jlistorieal  anil  (ieocraphicnl  X'ote  i  ou'the  lOariicst  Discover- 


l.S  HI 


rica.  I4."i;>-1. ■>;«).     Xewllavon,  ISIIO. 


[■wnrt  (William  Frank),  Last  of  the  Filil 


Stilh 

St  ilmie/a  s 


Misters. 


:'nto,  1.' 


•I.  1>.  15. ),  Soeking  tho  Golden  ITecce.     San  Francisco,  etc  ,  1ST 


I'tolo 


ny.     Cracoviic,  l.il: 


Sioiit  (I'eter   F.),   Reniinisccnccs  of  X'icar 


Qu 


1S.-.7. 


n  ..vr.ierican 


X(;te 


■^toiit  (I'eter  1'.),  Xieanernn.     I'hiladelpliia,  lS."n, 


an  (.1.  G.l,  Paper  c.ntlie  History  and  Pro-pectsof  Inter-Oceanic  Coiiim 
cation,  .hiiie  17,  ISol!.     Xew  Yolk,  IS.")l 


1  ^  JJ. 


S:r;ni-i^\vays  (Tliomasi,  Sketch  of  t!io  Mij^piiu)  Shore.     i:din'i.ir;-h,  .  ., 
S.relnr  (i;.),  E\i)o,icion   Documcntada  Bobro   loa   Siico.-;o.s   do   Oinoa. 

Salvador,  1874, 
Si.arez  y  Xavarro  (.rii!Mi>,  Uistoiia  d 


[are 


y  Xav 
"il 


M 


M' 


e.Mco,  I 
irro  (.Tun 


10(». 


•  iro  y  u 


1  G 


A.  I.,  de  Saiit.i 


fiifo 


Snehim 


camliios  polltieos  tni  el  est  ulo  de  Vn 


■hi-.'  Ins  Caiisnf  v  C  i!';ii'fi'r  di;  los  I' 


eat.in, 


-Mc 


reciient<  i 


1  .;;i. 


C..I.   IV 


1,  Carta  do  sin  Caeiipies,  Mayo  '2,  WYX     la  Paclieeo  and  C. 


tiiiii.  xiii. 


riienas, 


Suckainilcnridcj.Le.iGraadcsYoiesdu  I'r 


o  a'LuSue/.ct  llunduruo.   Pi.ris,  ISO'J. 


Ix .  iii 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


!l    m 


Suckaii  (ITciiri  ilc),  Unc  Voic  Nouvclle  ii  travcrrj  L'Aintrique  Ccntralc.    Pai  is, 

Sac  (Jiiscpli),  ITcnri  Ic  Chancelicr,  Souvcuii's  d'uii  Voyage  dims  rAiuc'i  i^iuo 

(.'(-■ntnilu.      Paris,  1S."j7. 
Suniariu.s  do  las  G^dulas  i^uo  so  Iiau  Dcspachado  dcsdo  cl  auo  1()"28  Iiaata  l(i77. 

Mexico,  1078. 
Sutil  y  Moxieaua.    Rolacion  del  Via.'jo  licclio  por  las  Gulctas.    ^Madrid,  1H><"J; 

atlas  ill  •!  to. 
.Syllacio,  ad  Sapictissimu . .  .do  isulis,  etc.     Pavia,  1491  or  1495. 

Tdpia  (Andrt'S  do),  Rolacion  sobro  la  Couquista  de  ^li;.\ico.     In  Ica::l)alotta, 

Col.  Doc,  torn.  ii. 
Tapia(!Mi','cniodo).Hi.stoi-iadola  Civilization  Espanola.  Madrid, 1.S40.  4  v(il^. 
'i'aylor  ((ieorgo),  .Sixoch  in  U.  S.  lluuso  <jt'  Ucp.,  Jjccendjcr  -2, 18.')>S.   ii.pl,.  :i.d. 
To^'uci'-'.ilpa.     La  .Miiiiici[ia]id:t(l  do  Teu'iicigaipa  a  sud  ConciiidailuU'-i.!.    Julio 

S'.fdo  1S,-.8.     llJoiidiuas,  18,'»;!.|  iV.iio. 
Tejorino  (Triiiidatl),  UhscrvacioiiLS  6  Apunti'S  para  la  Xacionalidad  do  Cuiitro- 

Ainoiica.     Lc'C)n,  1.S71. 
Toiiii'.d;y  (<l,  F.  von),  Mitla:   A  Xarrativo  of  Incidents  and  Personal  Ad- 

ventur'.s.     London,  IS.'jS. 
Tcrnau.x  (IFcnri),  ljil)]iotlu'i|no  Ann'ricaino.     Paris,  ]^.^7. 
Tornaux-Conipans  (Henri),  Recuoil  do  Dooinnents  ct  Mi'nioircs  ori;nnaux  sup 

rilistoiro  i.es  Possession!!  lOspa.guolo:)  da'jy  I'Ai.r'ri  inc.     Paris,  PvlO, 
Ternaux-Cuinpans  (Henri),  Voya.jos,  Relations  et  M('..ioirc3  ori;:;iiiaax  i.our 

ser\ir  a   I'lastoiro   de    la  Deoouverto  do   l'Ani'.'.ri4U0.     Paris,   ]bo7-4L 

2  series,  10  and  8  vols. 
Tcvet  (Andrea),  ilistoria  dell' India  America.     Vinc;/ii,  ]'C,\. 
Tezozomoc  (Alvaro),  liistuiro  dii  ?iIe.\i'|uo.      Paris,  llid'S.  "J  vols. 
Te/.uuip  (Franciscf)  (jarcia),  Qr.iel'.v';  ^LS. 
Thavor  (iuli),  Spoecli  in  U.  8.  llouso  of  Rep.,  January  7,  1838.     V.'.n:iiun:jUin, 

'l8o8. 
Thesaurus  Googrnphicus.     London,  1709.  folio, 
'i'liiers  (Adolphc),  Tlic  ]Mi3.sissip)ii  liublilo.     Xcw  York,  IR.'SO. 
'i'lionias  (Lewis  1"'.),  (Jortez,  the  (/omiuernr.     \\'a;iliin;;toii,  1S,j7. 
Tliompson  ((1.  A.),  Xarrativeot'  anOiiieial  VliMt  to  (iuaieniala,    London,  lS'2t>. 
Tliompson  (John),  iSpeech  in  U.  8.  liouso  of  Rep.,  J.muary  PJ,  18.jS.    \»';;u:i> 

ington,  ISoS. 
Thorno  (Robert),  Tlio  Booke  made  Ijy  tlio  right  wor.shii.ful.     In  llalLlayt'a 

Voy,,  vol.  i. 
Tioknor  (OeorLre),  History  of  Sjianidi  Literature.     New  York,  IS.";!.  .'!  vola. 
Tigro    Island,  Soi/ure  of,    Message  of   tiio    President  of  the  UniLO-l  Sta.eu. 

\Vashin,aton,  P>JO. 
Tomos  (Itoliei't),  PanauKi  in  18,').").     Xew  York,  18.3u. 
'I'orfa'us,  (Irienlandia  Anticpia.     Iliiunii',  17vii), 

'i"oi'<|uenuida  (Juan  de),  Jilonarquia  Lidi:uia.     Madrid,  1723.  H  vols,   fi'io, 
Torrento  (Mariano),  Ilistoria  do  la  Rovoluoion  llispano-Anierieana.     ^ladrid, 

18;!t>.  ■'}  vols. 
Toscanedi  (Pablo),  Cartas  a  Cristi<))a1  Colon.     In  Navarrete,  Col.  dr.  A'ia  ,'03, 

toni.  ii. 
'i'ouron  (R,  R. ),  Ilistoiro  C.eneralo  do  PAnierique.     Pa.rij,  17(i8.  S  vols. 
'i''i\vlo  iGeorjro  M.),  Pi:'.a!'i-(j:    His  jVdv<  utuna  a';d  Conijuests,     Rostou,  1S7',1. 
Towiishend  (F.  Ficneh),  Ten  Thouand  Miles  of  Travel.     London,  \'<t'0. 
Traut\\  ino  (.Jolin  C),  Ron^h  N'otes  lA  an  lA-ploratiou  of  the  Rivers  Atrato 

and  iSan  .Juan.      I8."ii.'.     In  Fra'dclin  iubtiiuto  Journal,  vols.  'J7-8. 
Tribune  Alni.anac.     New  Y'ork,  bS.'kS  et  seip 

Tmllopo  (.Vnthouy),  'I'ho  AN'est  Indies  and  S[)anish  Main.     New  York,  ISOO. 
Tudeki  (I.eiijaniln  de),  liineiariiini.     Leyden,  l(;.'!;{. 

'I'uclola  (I'enjaniia  de),  Iiinera.MUMi  ex  versiono  .Moutani.     Antwerp.  l.')7o. 
'J'udela  (Uenjaiiiiu  de),  'iVavels  of   Penjaaiin,  Son  rf  ,J<i;;a!i,     London,  1783, 
Tuniultos  do  Mexico.     (  olloction  of  Uoeunientj.     MS.  foiio. 


iVv 


!  lili 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Ixix 


!c.  Paris, 
AiiR'i  iiiuo 
abta  li<77. 

;azbalccta, 

40.  4v(.l^. 
n.[A.,  -.i.d. 
lo.i.    Julio 

(lu  Ccnlro- 

.'suual  All- 


■nnaux  siir 

!i:iax  i.our 
1,  lb37-ll. 


aaliiiigton, 


1.011,  i;;crt. 

llaUlayl':! 

,1.  avola. 
1  Stiuca. 


li!  Viaycs, 

ul^<. 

ai,  1^79. 

.■IS  Atvato 

•\k,  IHCO. 

'■''■':  , 

1)11,     I'tb'X 


Two  On'li^ifclioyflpnc  Tdcrtcn.     In  Aa,  Xnaulcotuiiro  Vcrsnm.,  tim.  xi. 
Tytl  T  (i'atiiik  l-'i a.sur),  Historical  Viuw  of  tliu  l'ioi,'res3  of  Diiscovcry.    Eiliu- 
inirg,  Iboo ;  >.'c\v  York,  iSoo. 

U'tvu'rirro  rteys-Tngton.     In  (tottfric<l,  Reyson,  iii. 

rili>a  (Antonio  (If),  Xoticias  Aiiiiricaiias.     Mailrid,  1772. 

Ulloa  (!''ianci.scoile),  A  lUlatirm  of  the  Discoucry,  cto.    fl.'nn.]    In  TTakliiyt'a 

\'oy;iyo.^'.  >  .".iii. ;  riumusio,  Navigationi,  toin.iii.;  rinkerton'.s  Col. Voyages, 

tnni.  xiv. 
Ui.ilcrwodil  (\V.  L.)  and  1'.  A.  Emory.    Rrportof  tlieroniinis.':ionfi-3of  Central 

Aiiierieau  < 'oloni/atioii  Society  to  XiearaLjua.     San  Franeiseo,  ISIKl. 
Underuooil  (W.  L.)  and  1'.  A.  Enif)ry,  KeiHJitvon  Ab^'osandtcn  <li  r  Ccntrn'.- 

Aniirikani.-clien  Coloiiisation-Gesellscliaft  nacli  Nicaragua.     San   Iran- 

ci.ico,  liSUU. 
T'ni)n(La).     San  Salvador,  1849  ct  seq. 
Uni'.'d  Service  .lournal.     London,  ISliOctseq. 
Uniird  States  Cat!iolio  Magazine.     Baltimore,  1844  et,  scq. 
Uiiitiil  States  (ioveriiment  J>oeuinents.    [('o:ist  Survey  ;  Commorco  and  X:n-i- 

gatioii;  Conunereial  lielations ;  Foreign  Relations,  etc.     Cited  by  tlieir 

date...] 

Unit'  (1  States  fiovcrninent  Documents.    [Senate  Doc,  House  Doc,  Journals, 

Kiport.s,  eto.]     Cit<'d  by  tiieir  Congress  and  Sessioa. 
Unit!(l  Slates  S(>rvice  M,'i;,'azine.     Xrw  Yorlj,  1S,">4  ct  scq. 
I'uiversi.'i  id  X;u;ioi;al  (La).     S;in  Salvador,  I -'7'>  et  sef|. 
Uiiart.'  (llamon),  ()l)-ervacioiu  s  sobrc  la  Union  du  las  Rcpi'iblicns  Centre- 

Anicricanas.     Managua,  1S71. 
Urin,;  (  Xathaiiiel),  A  History  of  the  Voyages  and  Travels  of.    Loivlon,  17-1. 
I'll  iencliea,  Mai)oteea  (."oliiinbiana.      Loudi'ii,  l.SOO. 
Urruela  (.losi''  Antonio  Ortiz),  Sejunda  L.-olica  A. .  .en  defensa  do  los  Antori- 

dndes  do  Sidvador.     San  Salvador,  ]S(i<). 
Urniela  (.lose  Antonio  Ortiz),  Tereer.-i  lii'piiea.     Sim  Salvador,  ISdO. 
I'rrutta   (Manuel   Orte/),  La  Inglaterra   y  los   Estados-L'iiido.s   en   Centro- 

Anierica.     I'aris,  bS.")((. 
Urrntia  (i.'.irlos  de),  Modelo  do  Hnnianidad.     Ciiiatemala,  l'-'2\. 
Uznay  (Clias. ),  lufonno  de  .sobro  el  Establceiniiento  do'uiui  Olicina  de  Ensayar. 

ilanagua,  1808. 

Vnilianus  (Joaeliim),  Epitome.     Antwerp,  L'^."). 

Valle  (Andres).  Maniliesto  ilel  rresidente.     San  Salvador,  187(5. 

Vali.is  (Alfred  de),  Me.vique,  llavane,  ct  (biateniala.      Paris,  n.d. 

\'an  I'.ni-en  (Martin),  Speecli  in  U.  S.  Senate,  March,   l'-2.>.     Washington, 

1'>.M. 
\  ariilau'eii  (]•".  A.  de),  l-]x;iinen  de  qnelciues  iioints  de  riii.^toiro  ireo''raiihii|no 

n  l.reMl.     Pans,  l'^o8. 
Varidiageii  (F.  A.  de),  llistoria  di>  P.razil.     Mad-id,  18.-:4. 
VarnliaL;en(l\  A.  de),  l.e  Pi  eiiiier  Voyage  de  Amerigo  Vespneci.   Vienne,  18f;0. 
Variilia.an  (F.  A.  de),  Lea  Nouvi.'lles  reehereiies  sur  In  dernicrs  voyages  du 

iiavigateiir  Floi'entin.     Vienna,  ISiill. 
\'arnhaL:eii  (I".  A.  de),  Vespuco  et  son  pri'iiiier  voyage.     Pari.s,  IS.'iS, 
X'arnhaL'eii  ( F.  A,  de),  Vespucc  son  earactt'-re.     Lima,  1m;,-i. 
\  arth'iiia,  Diseorso  sopra  lo  Itinerario  di  Lodouieo  llartiiema.     In  P.ainnsio, 

\  iagiri,  toiii.  i, 
\'artlieii]a,  Itinerario  nello  cgitto.     Veiietia,  [l.")-.'0.] 
\'a-.eo  di  (Jama.     See  (laina. 
\'a»enii:',.l,,.s   (Doreteo),    A    mis    Coneiudadanos,    Dicicndn'o    4,    LS.'O.     [San 

Salvador,  I.S,")(»,  |  f(,]io. 
Vaseoii;:elos  (|),iroteo),  A  .siis  Pueblos,  llnevo  10  de  lS."il.    San  Salvador,  18,M. 
A  asconzelos  (Ooroteo),  Diseurso  'Jo  de  Ivaero.  iSoO.     San  Salvador,  |  I8."i().| 
\  a-H  on.'elos  ( Doroteo),  Felieitaeion  id  ISeuemi'rito  Presideiitc  del  Salvador. 

Julio  ]2  do  l&OO.     Suu  Salvador,  I8.j0.  folio. 


m 
liii 


Ixx 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


i  it 


:i=sfir  (Toliii  Guy),  TSrcnty  Ycirs  around  the  World.     New  York,  18G2. 
a/ijue/  (Fi'Jincisco),  Chioiiica  do  lii  I'roviucia  del  .Santisfiiino  Xoliro  dcJesv.i 

do  (Ivatc'Uiala.     Guatoinalii,  1714. 
a/.ijuo/.  (Francisco),  Kolatiouo  clio  inaudo  Francesco  Vazquez  di  Coronado. 

Ill  Kaniusio,  Viairgi,  toiii.  iii. 
oga  {('t.  do  la).     Sco  iiarcilaso  do  la  Vega, 
cga  (.Manuel  do  la),  ll'ston'a  del  Dcscubrimiento  do  la  America,  poi  Cris- 

t()l)id  Colon.     Mexico,  1S2(>. 
elasijiic:'.  (Fodro),  lllu.strated  Memoir  of  an  Eventful  Expedition  into  Central 

America.     Now  Yoik,  1S.")();  also  Loudon,  ISo.]. 
ela.siiuez  (I'edro),  ]\rcmuiio  illustre  d'uno  expedition  remarquahle.  n.pl.,n.d. 
euegas  (Miguel),  Natural  and  Civil  History  of  California.     Loudon,  17"*0. 

2  vols. 

cnega.s  (Miguel),  Noticia  de  la  California  y  do  su  Conquista.    Madrid,  17o7. 

3  vols. 

era  Pax,  Cliarta  dc  Concession  du  Torritoirc  do.     [Bruxelles,  1840.] 

era  I'az,  Colonisation  de.     l)rux(dlos,  1S40. 

craguas,  DecretoH.     !M.S.    l.S'J7  et  seq. 

eraguas,  Gobernador  .tVnt.  del  Rio,  al  Gcfe  Politico  de  Santiago.     MS.  Oct. 

1,  1S44. 
■-•raguas,  Gobicrno  do,  al  Congrcso  naeional,  sobro  las  liocas  del  Toro.     MS. 

Sept.  24,  1S42. 


A'ernuuas,  in<lico  do  las  ordcnanzas  delai'io  do  ISriH.     !MS 
\ 


eraguas,  Meinorias  6  Infornicg.     MS.    IS.'loetseq. 

eraguas,  Xotaa  oliciales  sobre  extrangeros  on  liocas  del  Toro.     MS.    lS;)n. 
eraguas,  Ordeuaiizaa  sobro  ekcciones  c.\pedidas  por  la  Legi  datura  provin- 
cial.    MS.  ISoj. 
erdadera-s  liazoiu  s  contra  las  aparcntes.     [Guatemala],  IS'24. 
erne  (.lules),  'i'lio  Exploration  of  tlio  World.     Ne'n-  York,  1S70. 
eri'azzaiio  ((iiounnni  da),  llelatioiie.     In  Kainuaio,  Viaggi,  torn.  iii. 
'•.spneei  (.Vnieiigd),  l)o  Seciindari.e  Xavigatinis  Curau.     In  Xavarrcto,  Cid. 

do  ^'ia,;es,  toiii,  iii. 
■.•spi'.eci   'Anieriuo),    I'^crsto   Zee-Togt   van    Aloiiso   D'Ojeda   en    AuieriK,ni 

Vts))uti\i?i.     Jn  Gottfried,  lleysen,  toin.  iii. 
e."pucei  (Auvn-igo),  Lotti'ra  di.      Florencty,  loUi. 

espuci'i  (Auierign),  Letteia,  Siiinario,  etc.     In  Katnusio,  Viaggi,  torn.  i. 
os-pueci  (Aniei  igi)),  ^luiiduH  Ndnus.     ii.)i1.,  1,")04. 
esfiiieci  (Amerigo),  Navigationum  Alberici  N'esputii  I']pitome.    In  Grynieus, 

Xov\s  Orbis,  l')a.=iieie,  l.viJ'J. 
ewpueei  (Amerigo),  Viagcs.     In  X;iv;irretc,  Cil.  do  Viages,  tuin.  iii. 
etancvrt  (Avgv.stiii  de),  Meuologi.v  i'"ranci.iCauo  de  los  N'aroues  nias  Sefiala- 

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'aclioco  and 

i^uniiirraga, 

siii. 

.,  n,(l. 


r 


Kit 


H  I 


lA 


-I      r     r 


N.^__„r..M' 


.liM  Vivlilhl 

,  Tr|t»»«|ili 


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.     \,c'  «.^'  '"''".yuinh  i»tiin 

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lilll-IM  KslMT.IIIK'll^  ,,  N.,1    l,.rl;'  'I'  <>'-*<»^>C    ^ 

'       V  .^^ 

1,  ''**'•/,.  ..r  X.irvHVnll...l..llil  //  >  '    ^ 


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•  I  liiiiiilio  II  M;il,i>,<,il|>.i 


•V 


"■"'•■J"  1.  MiimiKT." 


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■■■■  '^-..  ' 


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*  '  11...... .•  L*........  .........  ''*iin') I t'ttff  L' 

.^«  '  /■  ?latl  .l«!rt;»   af  illilDt'bcrf   * 

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"^.Wr*       c.SinlsiiiiHlr  --';?!j,'|/{  TcLlu  .aaliin' 

,JHla|i«c 
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MAV    OIF 


AND 


TIERRA  FIRME 


J  U  II      I.  Ml) 


//.;  .\/,»<F/f. 


HISTORY 


OF 


CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


CHAPTER  I. 


INTRODUCTION. 


SPAIN  AND  CIVILIZATION  AT  THE  BEGINNING  OF  THE  SIX- 
TEENTH CENTURY. 

Gexekal  View — Transition  from  the  Old  to  the  New  Civilization — 
Historical  Sketch  op  Spain — Spanish  Character — Spanish  Soci- 
ety— Prominent  Features  of  the  Age  —  Domestic  Matters — The 
New  World— Comparative  Civilizations  and  Savagisms — Earli- 
est Voyages  of  Discovery. 

How  stood  this  ever  clianEjinj;  world  four  hundred 
years  ago?  AlreadyAsia  was  prematurely  old.  Ships 
f^kirted  Africa;  but,  save  the  northern  seaboard,  to  all 
but  heaven  the  continent  was  as  dark  as  its  stolid  in- 
habitants. America  was  in  swaddlings,  knowing  not 
its  own  existence,  and  known  of  none.  Europe  was 
ail  aged  youth,  bearing  the  world -disturbing  torch 
which  still  shed  a  dim,  fitful  light  and  maliijnant 
odor. 

Societies  were  held  together  by  loyalty  to  civil  and 
ecclesiastical  rulers;  not  b}'  that  cooperation  which 
springs  from  the  connnoa  interests  of  tlio  people. 
Unhallowed  were  all  things  real;  divine  the  unsub- 
stantial and  potential.  Beyond  the  stars  were  laid 
out  spiritual  cities,  and  under  foot  the  hollow  ground 
was  dismal  with  the  groans  of  the  departed.    Regions 

Vol.  1.    1 


t  DfTRODUCTION". 

of  tliG  world  oiitlyiiiG^  tlio  known,  were  tenanted  by 
soa-nionsters, dragons, and  liobj^oLlins.  l']uro))ean  coni- 
inoree  civpt  i'orth  IVoni  walled  towns  and  battlenionted 
build in,L,''s,  and  peratlventure,  escapiiitj;  the  dan'^irs  of 
the  land,  liUL^g'cd  the  shore  in  open  boats,  rcslinL^'  l>y 
ni<,dit,  and  trenddiiiLf  aniiil-ships  by  day.  Learning  was 
chiefly  eoniined  to  the  clerf]^}'.  Feudaii^;m  as  a  system 
M'as  dead,  but  its  evils  remained.  Innumerable  burdens 
were  hea})etl  upon  the  people  by  the  dominant  classes 
■\vlio  gave  them  little  protection  in  return.  Upon  the 
most  frivolous  pretexts  the  fruits  of  their  industry 
were  seizi.'d  and  ap|)ropriated  by  their  masters.  It  was 
a  praisworthy  performance  f{)r  a  hundred  thousand 
men  to  meet  and  slav  each  other  to  f^ratifv  the  whim 
of  a  statu  minister  or  a  king's  concubine.  Then  came 
a  cliange,  and  by  reason  of  their  revised  Ptolemies, 
their  antipodal  soundings,  and  new  geographies,  their 
magnetic  needles,  printing  machines,  and  men-killing 
implements,  learning  began  to  revive,  and  the  people 
be<»'an  in  some  faint  doLjree  to  think  i'or  themselves. 

Under  the  shifting  sands  of  progress  truth  incu- 
bates, and  the  hatched  ideas  fashion  for  themselves 
a  great  mind  in  v.hich  they  may  find  lodgment; 
fashion  for  themselves  a  tongue  by  v.hich  to  s]Kak; 
fashion  for  themselves  a  lever  by  which  to  move  the 
world. 


The  epoch  of  which  I  speak  rested  upon  the  con- 
fines of  two  civilizations,  the  old  and  the  new.  It 
was  a  transition  period  from  the  dim  twilight  of  the 
dark  aGfo  to  the  brinhtness  of  modern  thoujiht:  from 
an  age  of  unquestioning  faith  to  one  of  curiosity  and 
Bcepticism.  It  was  a  period  of  concretions  ond  crys- 
tallizations, following  one  of  many  rarefactions;  re- 
ligion was  embracing  science;  astrology  was  merging 
into  astronomy;  magic  into  physics;  alcliemy  into 
chemistry.  Saltpetre  was  superseding  steel  in  war- 
fare; feudalism  having  fulfilled  its  purpose  was  being 
displaced  by  monarchical  power;  intei'C(nu-sc  was  spring- 


TRANSITIOX.VL  ErOCII. 


ic  con- 
^^.  It 
of  the 

froiu 
ty  and 
fcrys- 
ns;  rc- 
icrginiJf 
ly  into 
n  war- 

bcin,!^ 
spring-- 


in'jf  up  l)i'twocn  nations,  and  intornationnl  laws  v.'orc 
])v'nv^  made.      Even   the   material   nnivcrsc   and   the 
icalnis  ot"  space  were  cnlarginLj  with  the  enlargement 
of  mind.     Two  worlds  were  abcait  that  time  uuwik-d 
to  Sj)aiii,an  oriental  and  an  occidental;  hy  the  caj)[ure 
of  Constantinople  ancient  (Ircck  and  Latin  Icariiini^ 
was  emancipated,  and  the  Christian  i-elig'ion  became 
settled   as    the   I'aith   of   ]:^urope;    while    toward   tho 
west,  the  ndsts  of  the  ages  lifted  from  tho  ocean,  an<l, 
as  if  emerging  from  ])rimeval  waters,  a  fair  new  con- 
tinent ri[)e  lor  a  thousand  industries  stood  revealed. 
This  was  progress  indeed,  and  the  mind,  burstin'j: 
its  mediaeval  fetters,  stood  forth  and  took  a  new  sur- 
vey.    With  the  dawn  of  the  sixteenth  century  tlieru 
appeared  a  universal  awakening  throughout  Christen- 
dom.    Slumbering  civilization,  roused  by  the  heavy 
tread  of  marching  events,  turned  from  I'oyal  })ris<in- 
houses  of  learning,  and  beheld  with  v.onder  and  de- 
li''ht  the  unfoldinn'  of  these  new  mysteries.     The  dust 
and  cobwebs  of  the  past,  which  had  so  long  dimmed 
the   imagination,  were    disturbed    by    an    aggrc^ssive 
s})ii-it  of  inquii-y,     Tho  rejxjrt  of  exi)loding'  falhu-ies 
rt'Verberated   throughout  Eui'opo;  and  as  tho  smoke 
cleared  awav,  and  liu'htbrolce  in  throuii'ii  tlio  obscurity, 
there  I'ell  as  it  wei'o  scales  from  tho  eyes  of  the  leariied, 
and  man  gazed  upon  his  fellow-man  with  new  and 
strange    emotions.      For   centuries  men's  minds   had 
been  chained  to   the  traditions  of  the  past;  thought 
had    t'l'aveled  as  in  a  treadmill;  philosophy   had  ad- 
vanced vritli  the  face  turned  backward;  knight-errantry 
had  been  tho  highest  type  of  manhood,  and  Christian- 
ity, like  its  founder,  had  been  made  to  \h\\y  the  sins 
of  the  many.     While  its  friends  claimed  i\)V  it  ail  the 
virtues  of  mankind,  its  enemies  charged   it  v.itli  all 
the  vi(-'es.     The  first  eftbrts  of  scholastics  in  their  ex- 
position of  these  new  appearances  was  to  square  tho 
accumulative  information  of  the  day  with  the  !;ub(le- 
ties  of  tlic  schools  and  the  doctrines  and  <logmas  oi'  tho 
past.    The  source  of  all  knowledge  and  the  Ibundation 


IXTRODUCTIOX. 


ji'  1 
lii 


of  all  science;  wore  claimed  t'»  l)e  in  the  holy  .s('ii[)- 
tures  and  in  tho  te'iets  of  the  church.  Any  con(ej)tion, 
or  inventior..  .)r  discovery  that  might  ]tas,s  unscathed 
ihese  two  t  >u  'hstones  was  dtMioininated  truth,  though 
human  I'eason  '.-ould  net  grasp  it.  Jjikewise,  any  stray 
I'act  which  bv  tliese  tests  failed  satisfactorily  to  ac- 
count  for  itself,  Avas  pronounc(3d  false,  though  human 
I'eason  declared  it  true. 

J  do  not  mean  to  say  tliat  all  darkness  and  nescience 
Merc  sw(.'[)t  away  in  a  Ifrcath,  or  that  knowledge  I'ell 
suddenly  on  mankind  like  an  insjiiration;  it  was 
(.■nough  for  some  lew  to  learn  for  thi;  iii'st  time  of 
such  a  thing  as  ignorance.  Although  the  change  was 
real  and  docisivo,  and  the  mind  in  its  attcir.iit  to 
iathom  new  phenomena  was  elfectually  lured  iVom  ihe 
mystic  pages  of  anticjuity,  there  yet  remained  enougli 
and  to  spare  of  ignoraiH.'o  and  credulity.  Searehei's 
after  the  iruth  yet  saw  as  through  a  glass  darkly;  tlie 
clearer  vision  of  face  to  lace  could  he  attained  <inly  hy 
.'-low  degrees,  and  often  the  very  attempt  to  scale  the 
prisondiouse  walls  ]»lunged  the  aspirant  ai'ter  higher 
culture  yet  deeper  into  the  ditch;  hut  that  there  were 
any  searching.s  at  all  was  no  small  ach.anct'.  Shackles 
vvere  sli'iektn  oif,  hut  the  untutored  intehect  as  yet 
knew  not  the  use  of  liherty;  a  new  light  was  Hashed 
in  ujion  the  menial  a  ision,  hut  i\\v  sudden  glare  was 
for  the  moment  l»t'\\  ihh'ring,  an<!  not  until  centuiies 
after  A\as  the  signilicance  of  this  transitional  e[ioch 
iully  manifest.  It  may  be  possdde  to  exaggerate  the 
iMi|)ortance  of  this  awakening;  yet  how  exagu'erate  tlie 
\alue  to  western  I'lni'opo  of  (iii'ek  liti-rature  iuid  the 
I'evival  of  classic  learning,  of  the  inveidion  of ''rinting, 
or  the  inihience  foi'  good  or  evil  on  S[)ain  of  ur  New 
^\  (irld  (hscoveries^ 

Uightly  to  undtM'stand  the  condition  ol'  (ihication 
in  {Sjiain  in  the  iifleenth  ccntiny,  we  must  remember 
that  mental  training  and  not  the  acipiisition  of  kn<»wl- 
cdge  was  th<'  objt'ct  of  e<hication,  and  as  the  object  tt> 
be  attaineil  (.Uifered  }>'reatlv  from  that  which  we  are 


SPAXISII  HISTORY. 


.1 


no\r  !^cclcin,<:>',  i^^o  tlio  result  was  proportionately  diflor- 
tiit.  The  teiuleiiey  <»f  education  in  tli(!  iii'teeiitli  ern- 
Ini'V  was  towai'd  a  nioi'e  determined  reliance  and 
iKlicI"  in  authority  and  in  I'evelation;  the  tendency  <>t' 
(■(hic;iti<)u  in  the  nineteenth  century  is  toward  iiKpiiry 
and  sce])ticisn).  As  to  the  comparative  value  of  thc^c; 
I'csults  there  are  of  course  many  diilc'renccs  of  opiii- 
idii,  and  I  shall  not  di.icuss  them  here.  \\v.  may  I  to 
sm-c,  however,  that  in  whatsoever  direction  lunnaii 
miihi  i>  ii';iin<.'d  hy  other  huni;in  i;iiiid,  ^]:>  I'e  is  •■\'er 
jiieseiit  and  miderlyiuu'  ;dl  ;irti\ilies  inexoi-ahle  l>ro;^- 
I'ess,  ;m  etei'ual  unt'oldiiiL;'  into  e\-er  i'nirei"  pro[)ortions 
ol'  all  that  is  best  and  nohlest  in  mankind. 


I 


Our  history  dates  from  Spaiii,  at  the  time  when 
(^astilo  and  Ai'a<^on  wm)  the  dominant  power  of 
J-]u:'oi)e.  JJel'oro  enter! iiuj  upon  vhe  doing's,  or  passin:^ 
jiia^^anent  u})on  the  character,  t)f  tliose  whose  i'ortunes 
it  is  th<^  jiurposo  of  this  work  to  i'ollow  ir^to  the 
forests  of  the  New  World,  let  us  p;lance  at  the  (,/ri;.;ln 
of  the  Spaniards,  examine  tlie  cradle  of  their  eivili;'a- 
tiou,  and  see  out  of  what  comhtions  a  people  so  unlil;c 
any  on  the  globe  to-day  were  evolved. 

Far  back  as  tradition  and  theory  can  I'eacli,  Iho 
Iberians,  possibly  of  Turanian  stock,  foll'>wed  their 
]'uile  vocations,  hunting,  fishing,  fighiing;  guarded  on 
one  side  by  the  Pyrenees,  and  on  the  others  by  tho 
sea.  Next,  in  an  ■^poeh  to  wliose  date  no  approxima- 
tion is  now  })os.siu!o,  tho  Celts  came  down  en  h)])aiii, 
the  iirst  wave  of  that  Ar^'an  sea  destine*!  to  .submerge 
nil  ]']urope.  Under  the  (Jeltil>crians,  llu^  llorco  and 
jtoweri'ul  compound  race  now  i'ormed  by  the  union  wf 


]! 


)crian  anc 


I  Celt,  brok(!n  indeed  into  vaiious   iribe-i 


but  with  analogous  custom^;  and  tongues,  Spain  iir^t 


lecame 


.nowu 


to  tl 


to 


•IV 


',( '( I 


world 


Tl 


u'U  oamo 


the  coimnercial  and  coh^ni/ing  J'lr"iiician  ;nid  planted 
a  settlement  at  Cadiz.  After  them  t  he  CarthagiuiauH 
landi>d  oil  the  casierii  shore  of  Ww.  J\'ninsula  and 
founded  Carthago  Nova,  nov;  Carta-jcna.     Tiie  power 


e 


INTRODUCTION. 


inii 


of  the  Cartliaginians  in  Spaii).  was  broken  by  the 
Scipios,  in  the  second  Punic  war,  toward  the  close 
of  tiie  third  century  u.  c;  and  yet,  says  Ticknor, 
"they  have  left  in  the  population  and  lan':,mage  of 
►Spain,  traces  which  have  never  been  wh'-li}'  oblit- 
erated." 

The  Romans,  after  driving  out  the  Carthaginians,  at- 
tacked the  interior  Ccltiberians,  who  fought  them  hard 
and  long;  but  the  latter  being  iinally  subjugated,  ail 
llis[)ania,  save  porha})s  the  rugged  north-west,  was  di- 
vided into  lioiuan  ja-ovinces,  and  in  them  the  language 
and  institutions  of  Home  were  established.  l'"urced 
i'rom  their  hereditary  feuds  by  the  iron  hand  of  their 
conquerors,  the  Coltibcrians  rapidly  increased  in  v/ealtii 
and  numbers,  and  of  their  j»i'0sperify  the  Einpli'e  wa.s 
not  slow  to  make  avail.  From  the  fertile  lields  of 
Spain  il(jwed  ^•ast  (]uantities  of  ccrealia  into  the  gran- 
aiy  of  Home.  The  gold  and  .silver  of  their  nietal- 
veincd  sierras  the  enslaved  Spaniards  wore  i'orccd  to 
produce,  as  they  in  succeeding  ages  wrung  IVoiu  the 
natives  of  the  New  World  the  same  unjust  service. 
The  introduction  (jf  Christianity,  about  the  mid;;l;  of 
the  third  century,  brought  upon  the  adherents  of  ihis 
religion  tlu;  most  cruel  ])iU'secutions;  which,  h(/V.evcr, 
instead  of  destroying'  it  but  rooted  it  the  more  ilr:nly. 
Some  say,  iiukHxl,  that  Saint  Paul  [ircached  at  Sara- 
gossa,  and  planted  a  church  there;  however  this  may 
l)e,  it  was  not  until  the  eonvcson  of  Constimtiiie  that 
Christianity  became   the    dominant   religi.Mi   of  ilio 


einns 


sula. 


I 

Tlie  jirth  century  opens  with  tlic  diss'iliilion  of 
the  omj)ire  of  the  ITomans,  for  the  bar!)a!'i;ms  arc 
upon  tliom.  ()v(M'  the  Pyrenee"^,  in  awl'r.l  (!  lugo, 
swec^p  Su'^\i,  .ManI,A''andals,  an  1  Silingi.  The  Suevi, 
in  A.  i>.  ■!(;;),  ki'^e  possessiini  <il'  i\\r.  noj'tli-west,  inyvf 
Cilicin;  the  Alani  y-c'vAo  Lusitaiiia,  to-il;iy  Portugal; 
and  the  Vandals  and  Silingi  settle  \'aii(!;dusin, or  Xn- 
diihisla,  the  lattcn*  tribe  occupying  S<n-iile.  Liighted 
by  this  barbai'ic  wliirlw  ind,  ci\'ili;catlon  droops;    ihe 


ai)Vi:nt  of  Till':  moors. 


it 

lO 
:0 


10 


nrfs  and  sciLUcos  introduced  l)y  llie  Romans  fall 
into  disgrace:  tln^  churlish  concpicrors  will  luivc 
none  of  tlieiii ;  and  the  culture  of  ancient  Greece 
and  lloni(\  turning  toward  its  origin;d  seat,  ll(>es 
the  inhospitable  west  and  takes  refuge  in  the  ca[)ital 
dt"  the  eastern  empire,  which  tlicreafier  becomes  tho 
dcoository  G,:'tho  wrecks  of  classic  learning".  In  their 
dilennna  the  il{jmauized  indigenes  call  tt)  their  hel[) 
t'.ic  los.i  uncouth  Visigoths.  In  427  the  A^uidals  jjass 
into  Africa.  IJetwoen  A')3  and  581  the  A'isigoths 
conquer  the  lloinans  and  subjugate  the  Suevi;  so 
that  now  their  kingd(jni  stretches  ironi  th('  bank  of 
the  Ijoire  to  (Jibraltar.  Thus  to  the  ]_'itin  is  added 
the  Ciothic  clement;  the  Lutin  languag''  corru[)ted 
as  it  had  become,  gains  u])on,  or  rather  lor  tlie  most 
i):uu  luildo  its  original  advantage  over  the  (Jothic 
ton:''ue,  and  becoinos  the  basis  of  tlio  modern  Cas- 
i..;,  \  wiih  such  granunatical  simpliiications  as  the 
u  •:   'lern  taste  renders  necessary. 

Still  the  great  Peninsida  seethes  and  bubbles  like 
a  caldron  oxer  the  furnaee-lires  of  its  ])rogressional 
um-est.  Two  centuries  of  contentions  between  states, 
and  between  kings  and  nobles,  a'jfL'Tavated  by  the 
UMi  d  conviusKins  incident  to  elective  monarchies, 
.sulii''o  to  bring  upon  them  a  lunv  foe.  'i'lie  crescent 
of  Islam,  vesting  on  !Mecca  and  threatening  at  once 
the  ]>o,.porus  ,.nd  the  Pillars  of  Hercules,  ilames 
su<ldeidy  out  at  its  wosterii  horn  over  I'ated  Spain. 
At  Algocii'as,  near  (ril)raltar,  in  711,  in  great  f'oi'ce, 
l!ie  ]\Iain'itanian  Arabs,  oi-  ]\Ioors,  cUect  a  kinding, 
invited  thither  by  ( 'ount  Julian,  commander  of  An- 
dalusia, in  revenge  for  the  violaiion  of  hi^  daughler 
by  Juxlrigo,  last  df  the  (lo(hI(;  kings,  touting  the 
A'islgoths  in  tin;  bailie  of  ,\v\va  do  la  J'h-(*nti'i'a,  in 
live  swift  years  t!ie  Saracens  are  nuistei's  <tf  all  save 
llie  mountaiuoiis  north-west;  and  penetrating' A<|ui- 
linia,  the  king-dom  of  the  Franks  is  ju'evenled  from 
fahing  into  (heir  hands  only  l)y  the  (K;cisive  victory 
won  by  Charles  ]\Iartel  at  I'ours  in  7;J'J.     An  emirate 


8  INTRODUCTION. 

under  the  caliphate  of  Bagdad  is  established  at  Cor- 
dova,  and  multitudes  of  Syrian  and  Egyptian  !Malioni- 
etans  flock  to  S[)ain.  Thus  pressed,  to  the  rugged 
mountains  of  Asturias,  under  Pelayo,  one  of  tlieir 
national  heroes,  llec  such  Christians  as  will  not  sub- 
mit. There  the  wreck  of  the  Visiu'ethic  kin'j'dom 
talccs  refuge ;  there  stubborn  patriots  rally  and  nurse 
tiieir  nationality  betimes  In  the  caves  of  the  Pyrenees, 
waiting  opportunity  to  deliver  their  country  from  the 
yoke  of  the  hated  Infidel.  In  755  Abdurrahman,  the 
last  caliph  of  the  dynasty  of  Ommiades,  having  es- 
cajied  the  massacre  of  Damascus,  wrests  Spain  from 
tiie  hands  of  the  Abbassides  and  founds  the  cali{)hate 
of  Cordova,  whic^h  then  formed  one  of  the  four  great 
divisions  of  the  Prophet's  dominions.  Moorish  Icings 
now  take  the  place  of  jNIoorish  emirs,  and  thus  is 
governed  Cordova  till  1238,  and  Granada  till  1492. 

Meanwhile  the  ]\Iahometans  ruled  mildly  and  M'ell. 
The  native  Christians  living  among  them  kept  tlieir 
religion,  churches,  and  clergy,  as  well  as  their  laws 
and  tribunals  except  in  cases  involving  capital  })Uii- 
ishment,  or  where  a  INIahometan  was  a  party  in  Ihc 
suit.  The  usual  consequences  of  race-contact  fol- 
lowed; over  wide  tracts  Arabic  became  tlio  common 
language,  and  so  remained  even  after  Moslem  power 
had  fallen.  As  late  as  the  fourteenth  century  ])ubho 
acts  in  many  parts  of  Spain  were  written  in  Arabic. 
As  the  result  of  this  intermixture,  tlierc  was  the 
linguistic  medley  called  liii'fKft  franca,  a  com[>osito 
of  Arabic,  Gothic,  Latin,  Hebrew,  and  Gallic,  witli 
the  Iloinance,  or  corrupted  Latin  of  Spain,  united 
with  the  Limousin,  the  language  of  the  gay  science 
spoken  in  Languedoc  and  Provence,  as  a  base.  Out 
of  this  came  the  Castilian,  which  after  undergoing 
various  mo;hfications  settled  into  tlic  Spanisli  lan- 
guage, lea\  iiig  it  substantially  in  its  j)resent  form, 
though  relined  and  [)olished  by  subsequent  centuries 
of  civilization.  It  was  not,  however,  until  near  tlie 
reign    of    Alfonso   X.,     1252-1282,    long    after    the 


THE  EIGIIT-CEXTURY  ^VAn. 


oil 


no 

nto 


ted 


>ut 


111- 


Christians  had  emerged  fi-om  the  mountauis  and  had 
ninigled  with  the  reconquered  indigenes,  that  the 
CastiHun  became  perlectly  estabhsliod  as  a  written, 
settled,  and  pohtc  language.  Xor  were  the  couse- 
( I  nonces  of  Arabic  occu|)ation  confined  to  language; 
they  tinged  the  whole  lite  of  the  nation. 

The  8[)aniards  who  under  Pelayo  had  taken  refuge 
in  the  mountains  of  Asturias,  in  71G  founded  a  small 
government  called  the  kingdom  of  Oviedo.  There 
the  seeds  of  liberty,  tramjiled  by  adversity,  took  root, 
aud  from  the  patriot  soil  arose  a  nation  that  spread 
its  branches  wide  over  the  land.  GradualK-  tlic 
Christian  kingdoms  cnlarixed.  First  Galicia,  then, 
two  hundred  years  later,  Leon  and  Castile  wi;re 
added  to  the  little  empire.  The  latter  part  of  the 
tenth  century  the  kingdoms  of  Leon,  Castile,  and 
Xavarre,  held  the  northern  extremity  of  the  l*eni;i- 
sula,  while  all  the  rest  was  under  the  dominion  ol'  the 
cali[)hate  of  Cordova. 

And  now,  emerged  from  the  mountain  flistncsses 
Mhither  they  had  iled  before  this  southern  swarm 
n\'  turbaned  Infidels,  tlic  sturdy  Christians  ])ress 
heavily  on  their  foe.  Inch  by  inch,  each  step  count- 
ing a  century,  they  fight  their  way  from  the  l*yi\':ieos 
back  to  Granada.  Assuming  the  title  of  caliph, 
.Vbilurrahmau    III.    defeats   the    Christians    at    /a- 

urn  repulsed,  in  ;»;!S, 


mora  on  the  Dovu'o,  but  is  in  t 


at  Simancas.     In  vain  the  ^lahometans  call  to  their 
aid   the    .Vhnoravides  of  ^Morocco;   their  I'ace  upon 


the  IVninsula  is  r 


un. 


As  portions  ot   the    counlry 


f  the 


ai't;  wrested  from  them,  lands  are  awarded  to  uolabK 
( 'hristian  leaders,  who  at  intervals  pause  in  i\\v\v 
holy  crusade,  and  i'all  to  warring  on  eacli  other; 
aud  by  tht>se   intestine  brawls  moiv  Christian  blood 


IS     Spl 


ilt    11 


laii   by   a 


11   th 


e  (•jiiiitcrs  ol 


tl 


10 


Sar 


icelis. 


At  such  times   the    Infidels  nuLrht  turn   and    mal 


vO 


llie  Christians  4<u  easv 


liice 


an( 


1, 


cvtv 


pt  al 


pi 


w 


but 


on«jf 


th 


cei 

•tl 


iturit 


es  or  onu 


leir    nortlKM'ii    borut'i',    ( 


inaction,  have  sa[>jvd   their  strength  and    left   thei 


10 


IXTnODUCTIOX. 


I 


I  ! 


!    ■  I 


ml 

K  5i 


nerveless.  It  U  tlio  old  story  alike  of  people^i,  sects, 
and  individuals;  discipline,  begotten  by  necessity,  en- 
genders sti'cngtli,  Vv'liicli  fattened  by  luxury  swells  to 
Vv-ealvness. 

The  beginning  of  the  eleventh  century  finds  the 
Christians  occupying  about  half  the  Peninsula,  that 
i-;  t(j  say  the  kingdoms  of  Leon,  Castile,  Aragon, 
Xavarre,  and  Portugal.  Leon  Avas  but  another  name 
for  the  kingdom  of  (Jviedo,  or  Asturias,  the  birth- 
placo  of  Spanish  niiiionality.  Castile — lloman,  cas- 
tt'lia;  Arabic,  anio-l-kuld'i,  land  of  castles,  so  callc«l 
from  the  (Xisti/lo--,  or  forts,  built  there  —  thougli 
destine  1  eventually  to  al)sorb  all  the  kingdoms  of 
tl\e  I'eninsula,  was  at  hi-st  a  republic,  consisting 
of  a  fciw  small  towns  or  fortified  castles,  which  had 
united  for  mutual  jiroteetion  from  both  Mahometans 
and  contentious  Christian  brethren.  In  10o7  Leon 
was  united  by  Ferdinand  I.,  called  the  Great,  to 
Castile;  and  from  its  central  jiosilion,  and  the 
strength  arising  b'om  perpetual  vigilance,  the  new 
kingdom  gradually  widened  and  added  to  its  domin- 
ions, until  eventually  all  the  kingdoms  of  tlie  Penin- 
sula were  unlti^'cl  under  the  banner  ol'  Castile. 
Navarre  belonged  to  a  Prench  count,  whose  ruccessor 
drove  the  Sara(,'ens  fii'U)  the  territory  adjacent  on 
the  south-west,  and  founded  tlie  kingdom  of  Aragon. 
'  In  108.3  the  Cid,  i\  Castliiaii  chieftain,  born  at 
Pih'gos,  and  famous  in  poetry,  romance,  and  war, 
seized  Toledo,  and  overran  Valencia;  in  1 1 J8  Alfonso 
of  Ara •i.'on  wrested  Saragossa  from  the  Mij</fii,  Port- 
ugal, hitherto  a  province  of  Cast  lie,  assunit'/l  i\io 
title  of  kingdom  in  1. 1;'0.  Finally  the  four  kiu^' 
doms  of  the  north,  together  with  Portugal,  foi-med  u 
league  aga*  ist  the  Intidels,  and  in  a  o-reaf  buttle 
f  lught  ni  the  ftleira  JMorena,  near  'J^olo'^a,  In  ["Jl'J, 
^Mahometan  })ower  in  Spain  was  efilclually  broken. 
^n  this  decisive  engagement  the  ( hristi;in  confed- 
erates were  commanded  by  Alfonso  IJf.  of  ( 'astile, 
who   never   rested  till    the   followers  of  the    l'i'o[)h('t 


111 


m 


Sr.UN'S  GRAjS^DKUR. 


11 


.St 

on 

I'OU. 

at 


orl- 

ii'J.- 
hIh 
flic 
'A'l, 
;oii. 

lle, 

lie 


1^ 
It 


'■■■t 


were  driven  from  the  central  jilateaii.  To  the  king- 
dom of  Castile,  Ferdinand  III.,  1217-1252,  annexed 
Jacn,  Cordova,  and  Seville,  which  with  difliculty  were 
lield  by  his  son  Alfonso  X.,  surnamed  the  Wise — 
a  better  scholar  tlian  soldier,  as  we  see.  Alfonso  XT. 
vvas  bucceeded  by  Pedro  el  Cruel,  who  died  in  loGl). 

A  succession  of  sinijfularly  brilliant  events,  cul- 
miadliii^;'  in  th(3  empire  of  Charles  V.,  brought  Spain, 
at  the  beijinninix  of  the  sixteenth  centurv,  to  the 
front  rank  among  Euro])ean  ])owers.  The  marriage 
(»f  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  which  in  147'J  united  the 
crowns  of  Aragon  and  Castile;  the  con(]uest  of 
(jiranavla  in  1 192,  terminating  eight  centuries  of  al- 
most continuous  warfare:  the  discovery  of  America 
tiie  saviie  year;  the  annexation  of  Naples  in  1303, 
and  of  Navarro  in  1512,  after  the  union  of  Spain 
iind  the  Netherlanvis  in  the  marriage  of  J  nana, 
(laugbter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  vrith  Philip  the 
Fair,  son  of  the  Emperor  ^Maximilian  I.,  and  i'atlier 
ef  Charles  V.,  all  coming  in  quick  succession,  ibrm 
a  train  of  inii)ortant  incidents  imparalK'led  in  the 
hist' try  of  nations.  .1  before  the  death  of  Philip  II. 
in  1598,  the  em]nrc  of  Spain  extended  to  every  part 
of  the  globe — I^ortugal,  contpiered  by  the  duke  of 
Alva  in  15  0;  Sicily  and  Sardinia,  Artois  and 
Fraucho  Comfe,  the  Balearic  and  Canary  islands; 
in  .Vfrica — ]\lelilla,  Ceuta,  Oran,  and  1'unis;  in 
A-i'.a — tlie  MohuH';is  and  the  Phili[)pine  Islands,  to- 
gether with  several  settlements  elsewhere;  beside  a 
lar"o»  part  of  the  two  Americas,  which  alone  com- 
prised alxmt  one  lifth  of  the  M-orki. 

]jut  nations  like  men  nuist  die.  Tlu'  full  measure  of 
jirosperity  liad  been  meted  out  to  S[iain,nnd  now  she 
i!)ti;,t  lay  it  down — such  is  the  in(\xorn,ble  law  of  prog- 
tisfH,  It  was  the  very  iwny  of  autocracy,  tli;il  one 
iiKif/  •  boulil  rule  half  tlie  world!  Spain's  p3'ra?nid  of 
^•rc:  <  f)r(*y[,4,  wbich  .')^-;sume(l  such  lofty  proportions  (huhig 
<))'•  )"Jgii(/f'Ui'!ir  ( 'all)olic]\rajesties,culniiu;ited during 
tl>e  ruiLcna  of  their  imiuediate  successors.     A  lonir  liuo 


12 


INTRODUCTIOX. 


of  aiiiljitious  and  able  princes  had  raised  the  cni|)iro 
to  a  giddy  licight;  but  with  an  ilhterato  and  noii- 
progTossive  populace,  no  sooner  did  the  rulers  Ijeconie 
in('(jnipetent  than  the  nation  fell  in  pieces.  In  the 
height  of  his  grandeur  Spain's  grandest  monarch  sur- 
feited of  success  and  abdicated;  and  with  the  death 
of  his  son  Philip  the  ghny  of  the  empire  departed. 

Then  might  her  epitaph  be  written Nine  centuries 

of  steady  growth — a  long  and  lusty  youth,  more  than 
falls  to  the  lot  of  most  nations — and  in  three  brief 
centuries  more  she  rose,  and  ripened,  and  rotted. 

It  is  not  with  death,  however,  but  life,  wc  have  to 
do.  Intellectual  sparks  were  lighting  up  the  dark 
corners  of  the  earth,  and  a  scries  of  brilliant  epochs 
beiran  ^ith  the  reiu'n  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella— 
modern  (Jolden  Aujes  they  mi^-'ht  be  called.  The 
golden  ago  of  Spain,  dating  from  1474  to  lalG,  was 
followed  by  Geruiany's  golden  age,  which  Avas  during 
the  reign  of  Charles  V.,  lal'J-loaS.  Then  came  En- 
gland witli  tlic  reign  of  Elizabeth,  1558-1(503;  then 
France  under  Jjouis  XIA'^.  and  Louis  XV.,  1G40-1  740; 
Ilussia  under  Peter  the  Croat,  1072-17:25;  and  Prus- 
sia under  Frederick  the  Croat,  1740-178G.  During 
this  time  European  civilization  was  bursting  its  nar- 
row confines  and  encircling  the  hitherto  unknown 
world  in  every  direction. 

The  Spaniards  we  would  know  and  judge.  We 
shall  judge  them,  even  though  wc  know  them  not. 
We  love  to  judge  our  fellows,  and  to  think  how  nmch 
better  are  we  than  they.  Little  attention  we  give  it, 
though  it  is  a  self-evident  projtosition,  that  to  judge  a 
people  by  any  other  standard  than  that  to  which  tliey 
have  been  taught  to  conform  is  to  do  ti:em  great  in- 
justice. If  wo  may  believe  psychology,  thouglit,  in 
its  higher  phases,  develops  only  with  the  do  -elo])n)eiit 
of  language;  the  conce|)lions  of  the  mind  "an  not 
rise  much  higher  than  forms  of  speech  will  enable  it 
to  ex])rcss.     Apply  this  postulate  to  the  measure  of 


MEASUREMENTS  OF  CILmACTER. 


13 


■40; 


Wo 

Br^ 

not. 

ij 

unci  I 

S'  .'■■If 

vo  it, 

w, 

tliey 

^r*' 

t  iu- 

1 

it,  ill 

m 

IMOllt 

m 

not 

■ 

«K-  it 

B 

ro  o 


cliaractcr,  and  the  corollary  is,  that  to  interpret 
fairly,  wo  must  restrict  our  imagination  to  such 
iilcas,  our  mind  to  such  beliefs,  and  our  tongue  to 
Mich  formulas  as  belong  to  those  we  judge.  This, 
liowovcr,  is  no  easy  matter.  In  the  present  age  of 
intellectual  progress  and  changing  activity,  when  old 
delusions  are  being  rapidly  dispelled  by  science,  and 
now  discoveries  are  constantly  opening  new  channels 
to  distinction,  it  is  almost  impossible  to  place  ourselves 
■witliin  the  narrow  limits  of  mediaeval  restrictions,  in 
wliich  thought  and  opinion  were  not  allowed  to  giir- 
iuinate,but  were  passed  unchanged  from  one  generation 
to  another,  "It  often  happens,''  as  John  Stuart  Mill 
rcniarks,  ''that  the  universal  belief  of  one  age  of  man- 
kind— a  belief  from  "svhich  no  one  was,  nor,  Avithout  an 
extra  effort  of  genius  or  courage,  could  at  tliat  time 
l)v\  free — becomes  so  palpable  an  absurdity,  that  the 
only  difficulty  then  is  to  imagine  how  such  a  thing 
can  ever  have  appeared  credible."  Xot  only  were  the 
Church  dogmas  of  the  Middle  Age  accepted  as  truth, 
bat  at  that  time  to  hold  opinions  antagonistic  to  estab- 
lished creeds  was  seldom  so  much  as  deemed  possible. 
From  the  foregoing  premises  it  clearly  follows,  that 
rightly  to  measure  the  character  of  tliose  who  cariied 
]:]uropean  civilizationinto  tlie  wilds  of  America,  we  must, 
in  s(j  far  as  we  may,  divest  ourselves  of  the  present, 
and  enter  into  the  spirit  of  their  times.  We  must  fix 
in  (jur  minds  the  precise  epoch  in  the  history  of  human 
j)r()gress  to  which  the  discovery  of  this  Xew  World 
belongs.  We  nmst  roll  up  four  brilliant  centuries  of 
the  scroll  of  science,  cloud  nine  tenths  of  the  world  in 
obscurity,  throw  a  spell  upon  the  ocean;  then  wall  the 
imagination  within  the  confines  of  this  narrow  horizon 
and  (Conceive  the  eftect.  We  must  know  sometliing, 
not  alone  of  national  polities  and  the  attitude  of 
kings,  but  we  nmst  enter  the  society  of  individuals, 
and  study  the  impulses  of  the  people.  Wo  must  call 
lip  the  inscrutable  past,  surround  ourselves  with  tho>  o 
iulhiences  that  give  the  stamp  to  character  and  the 


14 


INXnODUCTIOX. 


■  i     ■: 


color  to  creed.  Wo  must  familiarize  ourselves  with 
scenes  familiar  to  the  people  wo  discuss;  ^vc  must 
M'alk  tlicir  streets,  look  through  their  eyes,  think  their 
thoughts;  \;o  must  personate  them  and  })ractically 
construe  them.  We  should  fill  our  breast  witli  the 
aspirations  that  impelled  them,  our  imagination  with 
the  fears  that  restrained  them,  and  feel  those  subtle 
forces  which  for  generations  had  been  developing  in- 
tellect and  moulding  opinion.  Vv^o  should  dare  evuu 
to  gain  access  to  their  domestic  and  religious  pcuc- 
tralia,  to  invade  the  sanctity  of  the  hearth  and  altaj-, 
to  sound  the  hidden  chords  of  domestic  life,  to  walk 
softly  throuGfh  vaulted  aisles  and  convent  corridors, 
oending  the  ear  to  catch  the  whisperings  of  the  eon- 
fessional;  we  should  enter  with  the  monk  his  cloister- 
cell,  with  the  gallant  the  presence  of  his  lady-love, 
and  learn  whence  the  si<jrnificanco  and  whither  the 
tendency  of  their  strange  conceits.  If,  at  the  outset, 
with  the  political  position,  we  also  thus  lirmly  grasp 
their  inner  social  life,  much  that  were  otherwise  unig- 
matical  or  susjiic-ious  appears  in  a  clearer  light;  and 
we  can  then  behold  their  chivalrous  but  cruel  deeds 
with  the  same  charity  in  which  we  hope  posterity 
may  shroud  our  own  enormities.  Thus  only  may  wc 
be  led  to  understand  the  various  processes  by  which 
this  phase  of  civilization  was  evolved. 


'I 


The  configuration  and  climate  of  the  Peninsula 
assist  in  giving  variety  to  the  character  of  its  inhab- 
itants. The  interior  is  one  vast  table-land,  higher  than 
any  other  plateau  in  Europe,  being  from  two  to  throe 
thousand  feet  above  the  level  (jf  the  sea.  On  cither 
side  precipitous  mountain  ranges  interpose  between 
the  tal)le-land  and  the  shores,  and  tlirough  these 
numerous  streams  thread  their  way.  The  table-land 
is  for  the  most  part  dry  and  treeless,  hot  in  sunnner 
and  cold  in  winter;  Asturias  is  wet  and  woodetl; 
the  valleys  of  the  Guadalquivir,  Douro,  Ebro,  Tagus, 
and  other  rivers,  are  in  places  (juite  fertile.     In  the 


SrAXISn  CHARACTEn. 


IS 


southern  provinces  of  Andalusia  and  ]\Iurcia,  autumn 
and  vv-inter  arc  mild  and  [)leasant,  and  spring  is  surpass- 
iuL^ly  lovely;  but  the  solano  Avliicli  during  sunnner 
blows  ironi  the  Iicatcd  plains  of  Africa  is  intolerable  to 
any  but  the  acclimated.  From  the  snow-clad  Pyrenees 
the  piercing  blasts  of  winter  sweep  over  Loon,  Castile, 
and  Estremadura,  at  the  north  protracting  the  long 
winter  and  making  cold  and  humid  the  spring,  and 
arrive  at  the  middle  provinces  stripped  of  their  moist- 
ure, but  not  of  their  raw  unwelcome  chilliness. 

During  tlie  eleven  convulsive  centuries  preceding 
our  epoch  wc  liaA'o  seen  mix  and  agglutinate  the  sev- 
eral ingredients  of  Spanish  character — Iberian,  Celt, 
Phoenician;  Iloman,  Gotli,  and  i\Ioor,  all  contribut- 
ing tlieir  quota.  Christian,  Infidel,  and  Jew,  with 
their  loves  and  hates,  season  the  mass;  and  thus  soci- 
ety becomes  an  o//c(j)oJ>'/t/a,  and  Spain  presents  the 
anomalous  race  of  the  world. 

Ill  different  provinces  different  race-elements  pre- 
ponderate, that  of  lionie  tincturing  the  whole  more 
strongly  than  anv  other.  Under  analvsis  these  sev- 
cral  social  ingrecHents  may  be  easily  detected.  Py 
comparison  with  Strabo,  Arnold  traces  many  C)f  the 
social  characteristics  of  the  Spaniards  back  to  the 
Iherians.  "The  grave  dress,  the  temperance  and  so- 
briety, the  unyielding  sj^irlt,  the  extreme  indolence, 
the  perverseness  in  guerilla  warfare,  and  the  remark- 
al)le  absence  of  the  highest  military  qualities  ascribed 
l)y  the  Greek  and  Poman  writers,"  ho  affirms,  "are 
all  more  or  less  characteristic  of  the  Spaniards  of 
modern  times.  The  courtesy  and  gallantry  of  the 
Spaniard  tc  women  has  also  come  down  to  him  from 
his  Iberian  ancestors." 

So  in  the  volatile,  dark-haired  Celt,  where  reckless 
courage  and  Indiiference  to  human  lil'e  reached  their 
height,  where  quick  perception  and  reatly  wit  su])])lied 
tlie  place  of  sober  thought  and  logical  deductions, 
\\liere    man    ^\as    courageous   and    changeable,    and 


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16 


INTRODUCTION. 


woman  was  at  once  fickle,  chaste,  and  passionate — 
in  these  fierce  barbarians  we  see  a  multitude  of  traits 
handed  b}'  them  to  their  descendants.  Of  Phoenician 
and  Iberian  influence,  traces  are  seen  in  their  skill  in 
scientific  mining;  of  Gothic,  in  their  comparatively 
liberal  forms  of  government,  their  attachment  to 
military  display,  and  in  their  good  faith,  integrity, 
and  morality — would  these  latter  had  been  a  trille 
more  Gothic;  of  Roman,  in  their  love  of  ecclesi- 
astical forms,  church  and  sfate  loyalty,  in  their  stately 
dignity  and  sobriety  of  deportment;  of  Arab,  in  their 
hatred  of  work,  their  love  of  freedom,  their  re- 
ligious enthusiasm,  their  tactics  in  war,  and  in  fxieir 
language,  poetry,  art,  and  architecture.  Some  of  these 
terms  appear  paradoxical,  but  human  nature,  in  its 
ingredients,  is  ever  paradoxical.  In  the  Spanish  lan- 
guage Brace  discovers  that  the  principal  "terms  for 
agriculture  and  science  are  Latin;  for  the  Church, 
Latin  or  Greek;  for  arms,  riding,  and  war,  Teutonic; 
and  for  arts  and  i>lants  in  southern  Spain,  Arabic." 
From  the  north  c  id  east  and  south  the  boldest  of  the 
nations  liad  congregated  on  this  frontier  peninsula, 
waiting  the  outburst  which,  after  a  thousand  years 
of  fermentation,  broke  over  its  western  slope. 

Buckle,  in  support  of  a  theory  referring  the  origin 
of  character  to  physical  causes,  ascribes  the  supersti- 
tion of  Spain  to  famine  and  disease,  to  cartlKjuakos 
and  the  awe-producing  phenomena  of  wild  scenery; 
their  fickleness  he  attributes  to  climate,  the  heat  and 
dryness  in  Spain  interrupting  labor  and  leading  to  des- 
ultory habits;  their  love  of  romance  and  adventure 
he  traces  to  pastoral  life,  which  prevailed  to  tho 
neglect  of  agriculture  during  the  Moorish  invasion. 

The  fall  of  Granada  left  the  Peninsula  occui)ied 
essentially  as  follows :  In  the  north  and  west  were 
tlie  descendants  of  Goths  and  Celts  who,  unmolested 
by  Koman  or  Moor,  retained  in  a  measure  their  an- 
cestral characteristics.  Low  of  stature,  thick-set  and 
awkward,  as  strong  and  as  hairy  almost  as  bears,  the 


EVOLUTION  OF  THE  SrANISII  NATION. 


17 


men  of  Asturias  and  Galicia,  of  Leon  and  Biscay, 
century  alter  century  come  and  go,  living  as  their 
fiitliors  lived,  neither  better  nor  worse,  caiing  nothing 
for  Arab  or  Dutchman,  and  little  even  for  the  Spanish 
kings;  proud  as  ever  of  IVlayo,  of  the  mountains 
that  cradled  Spanish  liberty,  of  their  great  antiquity, 
which  they  boast  as  greater  than  that  of  any  living 
nation;  superstitious,  irritable,  and  impetuous,  but 
lioncst,  frank,  and  sincere;  iujplacable  as  enemies,  but 
faitliful  as  friends.  Their  boast  is  that  never  have 
they  been  subdued  by  jMoor.  Their  chiefs  were  of 
tht!  ancient  Gothic  blood,  hluc  Idood  they  called  it, 
not  l)eing  tainted  with  Arabic  like  that  of  their 
darker  southern  neighbors;  of  such  material  were 
earlv  founded  the  kingdoms  of  Leon  and  Castile. 

On  their  eastern  side  was  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
varre, founded  b}'-  the  counts  of  tho  French  marches. 
Though  at  one  time  these  two  sections  had  been 
uniteil,  the  usual  partition  of  heritage  had  soon  dls- 
uiemljered  them.  Portugal,  an  olVshoot  of  Castile, 
was  permanently  separated;  Aragon,  founded  by 
Xavai're,  became  also  independent.  Upon  the  east- 
ern seaboard  the  |)eo[)le  of  Catalonia  and  A'alencia, 
tiiough  diluted  with  the  Limousin  element,  yet  retain 
traces  of  their  foreign  relationships.  "Of  the  modern 
evidences  of  race  ni  tho  different  jjrovincrjs,"  says 
Ih'ace,  "travellers  tell  us  that  in  Valencia  the  j)eoplo 
rescnible  both  their  Keltibcrian  and  Carthaginian 
ancestors,  being  cunning,  perfidious,  vindictive,  and 
sullen.  The  burning  sun  has  tanned  their  skin  dark 
anil  aided  to  form  in  them  an  excitable  and  nervous 
temperament;  they  have,  too,  the  su|)erstitious  tend- 
encies that  characterize  the  people  of  a  hot  climate. 
Tlie  Videncian  women  are  fanner  than  the  men,  and 
are  conspicuous  for  their  beauty  of  form.  They  wear 
tlie  liair  and  tho  ornaments  of  the  head  after  the  old 
liomish  style.  The  Catalan  is  rude,  active  and  in- 
dustrious, a  good  soldier,  and  fond  of  his  indopen«l- 
ence,   resembling    both   Kelts   and   Iberians   in   his 

Uiit.  KltiM,  Am.,  Vol.  I.    'i 


Il: 


18 


IXTRODUCnON. 


covetous,  1>()](1,  "riu'l,  and  warlike  eliaractcr.  Tlie 
Araufones*;  are  tvo  children  of  the  (Jotlis  in  llicir 
force  of  will,  tbi-ir  attachment  to  eonstiluiionnl  lil>- 
erti(^s,  and  their  opposition  to  arbitrary  }i(»w(  r." 

The  tall,  tough,  ai^ile  eastern  niountaincei"  pi-esents 
as  marked  a  contrast  to  the  stubby  Asturian  as  does 
the  sparklinuf  Andalusian  to  the  «^rave  Castilian.  For 
a  loii;^  time  the  })eo{)li'  of  Andalusia  were  semi-^rooi'ish 
in  ^heir  character.  There,  where  the  soft  air  oi' Afi-ica 
comes  fivsh  I'roin  the  ^[editerraneaii,  h;id  dwelt  the 
dusky,  graceful  Arab;  worshipping  ^raliomet  as  tlu! 
Castilian  worshipped  Christ,  and  regarding  his  Chi'is- 
tian  and  Jewish  neighbors  with  as  little  allcction  as 
either  Jew  or  Christian  regarded  him.  Scattered 
along  the  banks  of  the  Cruadahjuivir,  and  in  sej)arate 
(piarters  of  many  towns  of  southern  S[)ain,  wert;  bands 
of  that  anomalous  race  the  gypsies.  Sliort,  dark, 
ugly,  with  long,  coarse,  wavy  hair,  mixing  with  other 
men  as  light  and  darkness  mix,  tiiey  j)li<'d  their  trade 
of  buying,  stealing,  and  selling.  J)uring  the  latter 
part  of  th(^  war  they  occupied  themselves  in  bring- 
nig  horses  from  Africa  and  selling  them  to  Moors  or 
Christians. 

In  the  mountain  fastnesses  of  Toledo  there  yet 
lived  a  renmant  of  Silingi  stock,  known  as  <dmn<jd- 
ixir<\s,  who  had  nt!ver  bent  knee  to  Infidel;  who, 
throughout  the  long  contest  which  waged  on  every 
Rido  of  them,  had  ke[)t  green  their  liberty  and  their 
faith  — a  Christian  oasis  in  the  broad  pagan  desert. 
There,  too,  a  broken  band  of  the  chosen  Israel,  now 
fiiirly  launched  uj)on  their  eternal  wand(>rings,  found 
A  momentaiT  restmg-place.  Before  the  arrival  of  the 
Visigoths,  it  is  said,  a  colony  of  l[(;l)rews  ])lanted 
themselves  hear  Toledo,  and  by  their  industry  and 
guperior  tinancial  ability,  became  at  length  the  royal 
bankers,  and  notwithstaiuling  bitter  prcijudices,  tliey 
n>8e  high  in  iutluence,  even  to  the  honor  of  having 
tl)cir  daughters  enrolled  among  the  king's  mistressi^s. 

Jims  fbr  a  time  the  several  parts  of  the  Peninsula 


RESULTS  OF  INTERMIXTURES. 


10 


(lifT.'!'  Avlili'ly  in  language,  manners,  and  institutions; 
!.ut  at  length,  by  wars  and  political  combinations, 
riU'c-Uarricrs  are  bn^kcn  down,  and  opposing  clan- 
ships welded  by  an  intonser  hatred  for  sonio  coniUKm 
enoniy.  The  south  through  its  Mediterranean  trade 
soonest  attains  eminence,  but  warlike  Castile  sub- 
se(juently  acriulros  ])rcdominance.  Meanwhile  the 
masses  i-etain  their  old  ways  better  than  tiieir  leaders. 
The  noi)ility,  and  Ircfjuenters  of  courts,  mingling  more 
with  the  world,  adopt  the  fashions  of  courts,  and 
change  with  their  changes.  The  inhabitants  of  the 
border  |)rovinces  feel  the  influences  of  the  war  com- 
paratively little;  u[)on  the  great  central  plateau,  bow- 
ever,  there  meet  and  mix  almost  all  tlie  stocks  and 
creeds  of  the  then  known  world.  Aryan  and  Se- 
mite; Roman,  (jloth,  and  Mauritanian;  Mahometan, 
Christian,  and  Jew;  i)lanting  and  plucking,  building 
u|)  and  tearing  down,  fattening  and  .starving,  fighting 
ami  worship[)ing  and  burning — the  whole  tal)le-land 
of  Spain  turned  into  a  battle-arena  of  the  nations, 
into  a  world's  gladiatorial  show;  its  occupants  alter- 
nately marrying  and  battling,  ^loslem  with  Chris- 
tian, Moslem  with  Moslem,  Christian  with  Christian, 
Christian  and  Moshnn  uniting  now  against  Chi'istian 
and  now  against  Moslem,  while  the  .slaugliter  of 
Jew,  heretic,  and  gypsy  hlls  tlio  interlude.  So  pass 
centui'Ies;  and  from  this  alembic  of  nations  is  distilled 
the  tall,  synunotrical,  black-haired,  bright-eyed,  shar[)- 
featured  Castilian  and  Kstremaduran. 


Out  of  this  heterogeneous  medley  of  opj)osing 
(|ualities  we  have  now  to  draw  gcnoral  chai-act(;risi  ics. 

In  domeanor  the  Spaniard  is  gi-ave,  ])Uiictilious, 
reserved  with  strangers,  j»!alous  of  familiarity  or  (!n- 
croachment  on  his  dignity;  but  among  his  acquaint- 
ances, or  with  those  who  are  ready  to  recognize  what 
lie  conceives  to  be  his  due,  he  throws  oif  restraint, 
and  becomes  an  agreeable  companion  and  a  lirm 
friend.     While    impatient   antl   resentful   of   fancied 


INTRODUCTION. 


X   1 

I: 


slights,  ho  is  easily  won  bv  kindness,  and  is  always 
dazzled  by  skill  in  arms  and  personal  valor. 

In  disposition  ho  is  serious  almost  to  melancholy, 
firm  to  stubbornness,  imperturbable,  lethargic,  inert, 
moody;  yet  when  roused  there  breaks  Ibrth  the 
deepest  enthusiasm  and  the  most  ungovernable 
])assion.  So  punctilious  is  his  sense  of  honor,  so 
zealous  and  truthful  is  he  in  his  friendships,  so  aliec- 
ti(jnate  and  humane  in  all  his  private  relations,  that  at 
one  time  tlie  term  8|)anish  gentleman  was  synonymous 
with  everything  just,  generous,  and  high-minded 
throughout  Europe.  In  intellect  he  is  contemj)lative 
rather  than  profound,  apt  in  emergencies,  but  lacking 
breadth  and  depth.  In  habits  he  is  temperate  antl 
frugal,  easily  satisfied,  indolent.  To  live  without 
work  is  his  iileal  of  enjoyment.  ])issoluteness  and 
intemperance  can  not  be  ranked  among  his  vices,  nor 
do  travellers  i)lace  hospitality  in  his  list  of  virtues. 
There  is  no  such  word  as  rowdy  in  his  vocabulary. 
Turbulent  from  imposition  he  may  be,  and  after 
injury  vengeful;  but  brawler,  disturber  of  peace  and 
social  order,  he  is  not.  Though  taciturn,  he  is  deep 
in  feeling;  in  his  love  of  country  he  is  provincial 
rather  than  national.  Though  hanl  t»)  be  driven  he 
is  easily  led;  acting  collectively,  ollicially,  hu  is  given 
to  venality,  when  j)ersonally  thrown  ujwn  his  lienor 
he  is  scrui)ulous  and  trusty. 

In  manners  the  Spaniard  is  proverbial  for  high 
breeding,  courtesy,  and  decorum.  Whether  beggar 
or  courtier,  his  politeness  seldom  deserts  him.  "Dios 
guarde  a  usted,'  May  (lod  protect  you;  "Vayausted 
con  Dios,  caballero,"  God  be  with  you,  sir;  are  the 
usual  valeilieiions.  In  rejdy  to  the  importunities 
of  a  beggar  the  cavalier  exclaims,  "Perdone  usted, 
por  Dios,  hermano,"  For  the  love  of  Crod  excuse  me, 
my  brothel".  To  the  highest  noble  and  to  the  meanest 
peasant  tlie  greeting  is  the  same.  Sedate,  sober- 
minded,  reserved,  the  Spaniard  is  but  the  modified 
result  of  his   several   exemplars.     "All   Spaniards," 


CASTILIAN'  mroE  AXP  POLITENESS. 


91 


remarks  Ford,  "arc  prodigal  to  cadi  otlicr  in  cheap 
iKiiiios  and  titles  of  honor;  thus  even  heggars  ad(hesa 
ciicli  other  as  scuor  y  aihulUro,  lord  and  knight. 
The  most  coveted  style  is  excclcncia,  your  cxcel- 
K  ncv."  Nicknames  are  common.  No  one  rises  to 
distinction  without  carrving  with  him  one  or  more 
jippcllations  significant  of  the  skill  or  occupation  of 
his  (>urly  days. 

The  Castilian  has  less  ingenuity  in  nieclianics,  less 
skill  in  trade,  less  taste,  less  delicacy  of  ])erception, 
than  the  Italian,  but  far  n>')re  pride,  lirnmess,  and 
couraLje;  a  more  solemn  demeanor,  and  a  stronger 
sense  of  lionor. 

lOvrry  Spaniard  of  whatever  class  considers  himself 
a  cdhiil/cro,  a  well-born  and  Christian  gentleman,  the 
sii[)erior  of  most,  the  equal  of  any,  the  inferior  of 
none.  Profu.so  in  profTers  of  kindness,  he  is  no  less 
slow  to  fuhll  tliem  than  to  accept  favors  from  otlu-rs. 
lie  is  very  vain;  vain  of  personal  appearance,  vain  of 
his  ancestry,  his  breeding;  vain  of  his  ignorance  and 
s'ijierstition ;  proud  of  many  things  he  should  bo 
ash  nncd  of,  and  ashamed  of  nothing.  Thievinij  was 
iievi  r  prominent  as  a  national  vice.  As  a  rule  Span- 
iiiiils  an;  too  ])roud  to  steal;  the  impulse  of  wounded 
iitleetion  or  injured  pride  nerves  the  arm  that  strikes, 
ol'tener  than  the  desire  for  plunder. 

The  old  German  cosmographer  Sebastian  Munster 
<iu;iiiilly  writes,  Basel,  155.']:  "The  S[)aniards  havo 
good  heads,  but  with  all  their  studying  they  learn 
liiit  lillle,  for  after  having  half  learned  a  thing  they 
lliink  themselves  very  wise,  and  in  their  talk  tiy  to 
show  much  learning  which  th«\y  do  not  possess." 
Comparing  them  witii  the  French,  the  same  chi'on- 
irler  says:  "The  Frenchmen  are  taller,  but  the  Span- 
iards more  hardy.  In  war,  the  Spanianls  are  <ielib- 
eiate,  and  the  French,  impetuous.  The  French  are 
great  babblers,  but  the  Spaniards  can  well  keep  a 
secret.  The  French  arc  joyous  and  li<;ht  of  thouufht; 
l.iey  hke  to  live  well;  but  the  Spaniards  are  nielan- 


22 


INTRODUCTION. 


!■ 


dloly,  scrioivs,  aitd  not  givou  to  carousing.  Tho 
Freneli  rcceivo  their  guests  friendlily  and  treat  thcni 
well,  but  the  Spaniards  are  cross  to  strangers,  so  that 
one  must  go  from  house  to  house  in  search  of  enter- 
tainment. The  cause  of  this  is  that  Spaniards  have 
travelled  little,  and  do  not  like  to  spend  tiioir  money 
for  food." 

In  Castile,  more  than  elsewhere,  was  seen  tho 
f)erfect  central  type,  which  in  its  earlier  stages 
was  so  remarkable  for  i)ractical  sagacity,  for  an  in- 
sight into  causes  and  motives,  and  skill  in  tho  adap- 
tation of  means  to  ends.  In  the  wars  of  tlie  New 
World,  aflirms  Macaulay,  "where  something  dilferent 
from  ordinary  strategy  was  required  in  the  general, 
and  something  different  from  ordinary  discipline  of 
the  soldier,  wlicre  it  was  every  day  necessary  to  meet 
by  some  new  expedient  tlie  varying  tactics  of  a  l)ar- 
barous  enemy,  the  Spanish  adventurers,  sprung  from 
the  conunon  i)cople,  displayed  a  fertility  of  resource, 
and  a  talent  lor  negotiation  and  command,  to  which 
history  scarcely  aftbrds  a  parallel."  It  must  be  borno 
in  mind,  however,  that  the  New  World  adventurer 
was  not  always  a  national  type. 

Graham  declares  that  "the  history  of  the  expedi- 
tions which  terminated  in  the  cnquest  of  ?.Iexico 
and  Peru  disj)lays,  perhaf)s,  more  strikingly  than  any 
other  portion  of  the  recortls  of  the  human  race,  wliat 
amazing  exertions  the  spirit  of  man  can  prom[)t  him  to 
attempt,  and  sustain  him  to  endure."  And  again  — 
"The  masses,"  says  Ford,  who  has  studied  tlicm  well, 
"the  least  spoilt  and  the  most  national,  stand  like  [hi- 
lars amid  ruins,  and  on  them  the  cdilioo  of  Spain's 
greatnes:>  must  be  reconstructed."  "All  the  force  of 
Europe,"  exclaims  I*etcrborough,  "would  not  be  suffi- 
cient to  subdue  1  he  Castilcs  with  Uv^  p-ioyile  against  it." 

So  great  is  their  reverence  for  r.ntiquity,  that  they 
appear  to  live  almost  as  mucli  in  the  past  as  in  tlie 
present.  Aj';e  is  synonymous  with  wisdom;  tho  older 
tile  habit  or  opinion,  the  more  worthy  of  belief  it  is. 


REVERENCE  FOR  ANTIQUITY. 


23 


fiiMovalion  tliuy  iiblior  as  dangerous;  the  universe  of 
ku(Avledgu  stands  already  revealed;  there  is  nothing 
more  to  loarn.  Their  premises  they  know  to  be 
sound,  their  conclusions  correct,  their  beliefs  true^j 
what  necessity  tlien  for  further  troubling  themselves?* 
Children  in  everything  but  teachableness,  with  them- 
selves and  their  traditions  they  are  content.  Their 
educaticMi  is  iinished.  This  is  the  most  hopeless  fonii 
of  ignorance.  Their  legends  they  carefully  preserve, 
oM-lime  customs  they  love  to  ))ractise,  and  they  dwell 
with  dovotetl  enthusiasm  on  the  exploits  of  their  an- 
cestors. To  this  day,  twelve  centuries  after  the 
occurrence,  the  peasantry  of  Asturias  are  divided  be- 
tween the  descendants  of  those  who  aided  the  patriot 
Pelayo  against  the  Moors,  and  those  who  did  not  — 
the  latter  being  stigmatized  as  ixiqncius;  while  the 
Andulusian  Morisco  keeps  alive  the  story  of  (Jranada'si 
grandeur,  and  dreams  of  ^Moslem  warriors,  of  Aben- 
cerrage  knights,  and  the  restoration  of  I'ormer  grout'- 
ness.  So  strong  is  the  inlluence  of  tradition  and  dead 
ancestry. 

ISj)caking  of  the  quality  of  firmness,  and  tenacity  of 
pin'[)ose,  says  IJell,  "So  obstinate  is  the  Spaniartl,  and 
m  some  provinces  so  remarkably  self-willed,  that  i\tp 
inhabitants  of  one  part  of  Spain  make  a  jest  of  the 
others  on  that  account.  Thus  the  obstinate  Biscayan 
is  represented  as  driving  a  nail  into  the  wall  with  his 
licad,  whilst  the  still  more  obstinate  Aragonian  is  fig- 
ui'ed  in  the  same  act  and  attitude,  but  with  the  point 
of  the  nail  turned  outward!"  With  the  poniard  at 
his  throat,  many  a  })rostrate  foe  will  die  rather  than 
yield,  and  as  surely  will  the  victor  plunge  in  the  fatal 
wea})on  if  the  cry  for  (juarter  l»e  not  quiclily  uttered. 
In  .Vndalusia  there  was  a  fashion  prevalent  among 
(hiehists,  when  determined  to  light  their  (juarrel  to  the 
end,  of  linnly  binding  together,  below  tiie  ell)Ows,  the 
loft  arms  of  the  cond)atants;  tlien,  with  knives  in 
tlu'ir  right  hands,  they  fought  until  one  or  both  were 
dead. 


24 


INTRODUCTION. 


t 


Xotwithstandinsf  their  excessive  lovaltv  to  their 
rulers,  tlieir  love  of  antiquity  and  hatred  of  cliange; 
and  notwithstandiuL^  the  op[)ression  of  their  princes, 
the  condition  of  the  lower  classes  in  Spain  at  the 
close  of  the  fifteenth  centurv  was  far  ahove  that  of 
the  same  class  in  any  other  European  country.  This 
was  o\vin<>f,  not  to  any  special  consideration  on  the 
part  of  their  political  or  ecclesiastical  rulers,  but  to 
that  greatest  of  scourges,  war. 

While  the  rulers  were  aljsorbed  in  conquering,  and 
in  keeping  themselves  from  being  conquere<l,  except 
within  the  immediate  battle-arena  the  people  were 
left  much  alone.  Besides,  armies  must  have  supplies, 
and  producers  were  held  in  esteem  by  the  military 
consumers. 

Inequalities  of  power  and  wealth,  unless  arrested 
by  extrinsic  causes,  ever  tend  to  wider  extremes.  In 
Spain,  the  increase  of  wealth  in  the  hands  of  priests 
and  princes  was  checked  by  long-continued  war.  The 
products  of  the  country  must  be  used  to  feed  the 
soldiery,  and  the  power  of  the  nobility  nmst  be 
employed  against  the  common  enemy.  There  was 
neither  the  time  nor  the  opportunity  to  grind  the 
people  to  the  uttermost.  Though  the  war  bore 
heavily  upon  the  working  classes,  it  proved  to  them 
the  greatest  blessing;  while  the  masses  elsewdiere 
throughout  Europe  were  kept  in  a  state  of  feudalistie 
serfdom,  the  necessity  of  Spain  being  for  men  rather 
than  for  beasts,  elevation  followed.  Further  than 
this,  race-contact,  and  the  friction  attending  the  in- 
terminglings  of  courts  and  camps,  tended  in  some 
degree  towards  polishing  and  refining  society.  "  Since 
nothing  makes  us  forget  the  arbitrary  distinctions  of 
rank,"  says  Hallam,  "so  much  as  participation  in  any 
common  calamity,  every  man  who  had  escaped  the 
great  shipwreck  of  liberty  and  religion  in  the  mount- 
ains of  Asturias  was  invested  with  a  personal  dignity, 
which  gave  him  value  in  his  own  eyes  and  those  of 
his  country.     It  is   probably  this  sentiment  trans- 


C.VSTE  AXD  SOCIAL  STRATA. 


95 


iiiittc'd  to  postoiity,  aiid  fjfradunlly  flxiiijjf  llio  national 
t  haractcr,  that  luul  piotlucvd  thi)  t-U-vation  of  manner 
ii  iiiailu'd  l)y  travellt-rs  in  the  C'astilian  ])rasant.'" 

And  yet  there  were  caste  and  soeial  stratilicatioii 
iiiouiLjh.  Tlie  stul)born  numliness  oi'  tlie  lower  orders 
did  not  make  them  noUe.  Kovaltv  alont^  was  divine. 
The  noMi's  lovetl  money,  yet  lor  them  to  trailic  wa.s 
(hsoract'iul.  The  eedesiastie,  wliose  ealliiiLf  ])laced  him 
oil  a  plane  distinct  I'rom  these,  asi<le  IVom  his  relii^ious 
tcacliinLjs,  stood  out  as  the  earnest  advocate  of  honest 
lahor.  Work  was  well  enoui^h  for  Moor,  and  Jew, 
and  Indian;  but  he  whose  line  of  fi<^!itini^  ancestors 
liad  not  beginning  within  the  memory  of  man,  nmst 
starve  rather  than  stain  his  lineage  by  doing  some- 
thing useful. 

The  several  social  strata,  moreover,  were  j(>alously 
k('[>t  distinct.  The  first  distinction  was  that  whidi 
stjiarated  them  from  foreigners.  In  t!ie  days  of  Caesar 
and  Cicero,  Home  was  master  of  the  world;  lumio 
was  the  world;  were  any  not  of  l?ome  they  \\v\\) 
baib;nians.  So  it  was  with  Spaniards.  To  be  of 
Castile  was  to  be  the  most  higldy  favored  of  mortals; 
to  lie  a  Spaniard,  though  not  a  Castiliaji,  was  some- 
thing to  be  proud  of;  to  be  anything  else  was  most 
unfortunate. 

The  next  distinction  was  between  the  Spaniard  of 
pure  blood  and  tlie  C*hri:4iaiii:ied  native  of  foreign 
origin.  In  tiic  eyes  of  the  Castilian  baptism  couKl 
not  whcilly  cleanse  a  ^loor  or  Jew.  IMorlseos  the 
Church  n)ight  make;  lieretics  the  Inquisition  miglit 
reconstruct;  but  all  Sjiain  could  not  make  fi'oni 
I'oi'eign  material  a  Christian  Spaniard  of  the  pure 
tUK'ient  bl<iO(l.  About  foreign  fashions,  foreign  in- 
ventions, foreign  ])rogi"ess,  foreign  criticisui,  they 
cared  nothing.  And  probably  nowln-re  in  modern 
times  was  this  irrational  idea  of  caste  carried  to 
such  an  absurd  extent  as  in  the  New  World.  Chil- 
dren of  Si)anish  parentagi%  born  in  Amei'ica,  wero 
It garded  socially  as  inferior  to  children  of  the  same 


IXTRODUCTIOX. 


I, 


IKin-iits  who  liappt'iiod  to  })C  bom  in  Spain.  To  be 
K)rn  u  Spanish  peasant  was  l)t;tti'r  tiian  /lidahjOy  or 
cavaHor,  with  American  nativity;  iV»r  at  one  tiuio  the 
i'onner,  on  nii^n*atiniif  to  America,  was  entilleil  by 
virtue  of  that  i'act  to  the  prelix  *J)t)n.'  Under  the 
viceroys  native  Mexicans,  though  of  pure  (.Vistilian  an- 
ci'stry,  were  too  often  exchided  from  the  hit^her  olHces 
of  Clnirch  and  State;  and  this  notwitiistauding  that 
l)oth  canonical  and  civil  law,  if  we  may  believe  iJe- 
tancur  y  Figueroa,  i)rovi<led  tiiat  natives  sliould  bo 
preferred  in  all  ecclesiastical  ap])ointments  from  the 
lii^htest  beneiice  to  the  highest  prelacy.  "J]ut  not- 
withstanding such  repeated  recommendations,"  says 
Kobertson,  "preferment  in  almost  every  ditferent  line 
is  conferred  on  native  Si>aniards."  ^Ir.  Ward,  En- 
glish consul  at  JMexico  in  182r>- 7,  affirms  that  "the 
Bon,  who  had  the  misfortune  to  be  born  of  a  creole 
motli(.;r,  was  considered  as  an  inferior,  in  the  house 
of  his  own  father,  to  the  Eur()])ean  lxn)k-kce})er  or 
clerk,  for  whom  the  daughter,  if  there  woi'e  one,  and 
a  largo  share  of  the  fortune  were  reserved.  'Eres 
criollo  y  basta;'  You  are  a  creole  and  that  is  enough, 
was  a  common  ])hrase  amongst  the  Sp  niards  when 
an*jfry  with  their  children,"  Truly  it  was  a  u:ood 
thing  in  those  days  to  be  at  once  'of  Christ'  and 
*of  S[)ain.'  It  was  positively  l)elieved  by  some  that 
blood  ilowed  in  accordance  with  the  majesty  of  law, 
and  that  the  (|uality  of  one  was  inferior  to  the  quality 
of  anotlier.  Tlie  blood  of  the  Indian  was  held  as 
scarcely  more  human  than  the  blood  of  beasts,  and 
was  often  shed  as  freely. 

'J'hen,  too,  there  was  a  distinction  between  the  pro- 
ftjssion  of  arms  and  all  other  professions.  Following 
republican  Rome  again,  the  education  of  no  man 
a^pii'ing  to  a  public  career  was  complete  until  he  had 
served  as  a  soldier.  No  one  can  ti'utld'ully  charg'' 
the  Spaniards  of  the  sixteenth  century  with  lack  <it 
eourage.  Military  skill  was  the  higliest  type  of  man- 
hood.    Of  danger  they  made  a  plaything,  not  only 


11 


JEWS  AND  MOORS. 


27 


To  be 
lihjo,  or 
iuic  tho 
tied  by 
dvr  the 
ilian  aii- 
!!•  olHces 
ing  that 
cvo  13o- 
lolllll  V»c 
10111  the 
Hat  not- 
is,"  says 
rent  liuo 
anl,  En- 
lat  "the 

a  creolo 
lio    llOUHC 

cooper  or 
one,  aiul 

I.     'Eixs 
eiuni;4'li, 

rds  when 
a    gooil 

Irist'  and 
)mo  that 
y  of  hiw, 
c  quahly 
held  a> 
astri,  and 

the  pro- 
|'\)llo\vin,'4 

no   man 

ll  he  had 

|y  charji" 

ll  lack  ot 

of  man 

I  not  only 


Ml  their  wars    hut  in   their  sports.     Life   was  dull 
unless  hrighteiied  hy  blood. 

Jn  Aragoii  the  barons  were  ^'niitrd  to  a  few  j^reat 
families  who  traced  their  descent  fro  .a  twelve  peers, 
called  ricos  homes  tic  natura.  AlthoUjL^h  obliu^ed  to 
attend  the  kinir  in  his  wars,  in  every  other  respect 
they  were  intlopendent.  They  Nvero  themselves  ex- 
cnijit  from  taxation  and  punishment,  and  held  ahso- 
hite  authority  over  the  lives  and  property  of  tlieir 
va-^sals.  Tlie  next  lower  order  of  nobility  in  Arai:^ou 
was  called  itijanzoncs,  correspond  in  jj^  to  the  hidalo'os 
of  (.'ustile.  Tho  cahallerus,  or  knii,dits,  were  the  im- 
mediate followers  of  the  ricos  homes,  and  were  pos- 
sessed of  iiiii)ortant  V'/ileLres. 

In  La  Mancha  the  peasantry  wore  of  a  (piality 
ditfereiit  from  :  'lose  sent  by  Castile  and  Estremadura 
to  tho  New  World.  Quiiitana  writes  of  them,  "He 
who  travels  throu-j^h  La  Manelia  will  see  the  scaffold 
l)ei"ore  he  sees  the  town.  They  are  lazy,  dirty,  (juar- 
relsome,  and  never  sutler  from  hun;i^er,  for  when  they 
wish  to  become  the  owners  of  anything  they  take  it;" 
and  remarks  another,  "They  live  on  parched  (/<ir- 
bdiiios,  and  pass  tlic  winter  lying  on  their  bellies  like 
re})tiles  in  the  sun."     See  Murillo's  matchless  pictures. 

Another  class  and  race,  broken  fraf;ments  of  which 
we  have  before  encountered,  secured  more  rest  in 
Spain  than  elsewhere,  yet  from  a  ditlerent  cause. 
HomcJless  Israel  in  the  Arab  found  a  friend.  Not 
that  the  ^Mahometans  loved  the  Jews,  but  because 
tlie  Christians  hated  them,  was  their  condition  made 
so  tolerable  in  Spain  under  Saracen  rule.  Then, 
and  until  their  expulsion,  they  occupied  an  inij)()rtant 
position,  being  tho  clii(if  money-handlers,  merchants, 
and  bankers.  Overcome  in  their  dislike  ibi  each 
other  by  a  more  bitter  hatred  against  their  common 
enemy,  the  Jews  and  Moors  lived  upon  terms  some- 
what a{)proaching  equality.  The  Jews  surpas^;ed  their 
Moorish  masters  in  wealth,  and  were  but  little  in- 
furi(jr  to  them  in  arts  and  letters.     They  were  not 


28 


IXTRODUCTION. 


1 


only  usurers,  but  husbantlnicn,  artisans,  and  doctors. 
As  Clnistian  domination  extended  soutliward,  tliis 
eoniparatively  happy  state  of  the  Spanisli  Jews  dis- 
ai)peared.  Under  pretext  of  justice,  their  moneys 
were  wrested  from  them  hythc  nobles;  indeed,  if  too 
stubborn  they  were  not  unfrequenlly  i)ut  to  death; 
and  with  the  ca])itulation  of  (Iranada  and  the  loss  of 
tlieir  ^loorish  allies,  the  condition  of  the  Jews  became 
])itiabh>  in  the  extreme.  Two  incidents  of  the  crown- 
ing' d'"  Pope  John  XXIII.,  in  1410,  as  related  by 
IMonstrclet,  give  us  a  tolerably  fair  idea  of  the  feel- 
ings entertained  toward  the  Jews.  In  his  progress 
tlirough  Rome,  these  people  presented  him  witli  a 
manuscript  eopy  of  the  old  Testament.  lie,  "having 
examined  it  a  little,  threw  it  behind  him,  saying, 
'Your  religion  is  good,  but  this  of  ours  is  better.'" 
And  ayain,  "There  were  belbre  and  behind  him  two 
hundre;l  men-at-arms,  each  having  in  jiis  hand  a 
leathern  mallet,  with  which  they  sti'uck  the  Jews  in 
such  wise  as  it  was  a  pleasure  to  see." 

With  such  an  example  the  condition  of  the  Jews 
grew  more  serious.  As  for  the  S[)aniards,  they  bi-t- 
tered  the  instruction,  as  was  suiiiciently  jiroved  by 
their  expulision-edict  of  j\Iarch,  14'J2 — an  edict  foi- 
bidding  unbaptized  Jews  to  be  found  within  the  limits 
of  Spain  at  the  end  of  four  months;  an  edict  allowing 
tliem  in  tliat  time  to  sell  their  j)roperty,  but  Ibrbid- 
<hng  them  at  the  end  of  that  time  "to  carry  away 
with  tliem  any  gold,  silver,  or  money  whatsoevei';" 
"an  edict,"  says  the  Catholic  historian,  Lafuento,  "that 
condenuu\l  to  ex|»atriation,  to  misery,  to  desjiair,  and 
to  death,  nuuiy  thousands  of  families  born  and  bred 
in  Spain." 

In  almost  every  me(lia>val  town  there  was  a  Jewish 
district,  in  wiiich,  says  M.  Depping,  their  historian, 
"Jews  like  ti'oo[)s  of  h'pers  were  thrust  away  and 
huddh  (I  together  into  i\\v.  most  uncomfortable  and 
most  Uiilualthy  quarters  of  the  city,  as  miserable  as 
it  was  disgusting;"  or,  as  Paul  Lacroix  describt;s  it, 


11 


THE  CHARGE  OF  CRUELTY.  flf 

"a  large  enclosure  of  wretched  liouses,  irre<j^ularly 
jtuilt,  (livitled  by  small  streets  with  no  atteni[»t  at 
uiiironuity.  The  principal  thoroui^lilare  is  lined  with 
stalls,  in  which  are  sold  not  only  old  clothes,  liirni- 
titrc,  and  utensils,  hut  also  new  and  jj^litterinjjf  articles." 
AVithin  their  prescribed  limits,  all  their  necessities 
were  supplii'd,  and  a  <lirt-he»>rime(l  prison-like  syna- 
n(M_>ut'  usually  occupied  the  center.  But  even  in  these 
wietchcd  places  they  were  often  suhjected  to  crui'lties 
the  most  severe  and  sickeninj^.  Terrii)le  as  were  the 
indignities  heaped  upon  this  unfortunate  ])eople  it 
must  not  he  supposeil  that  they  were  wholly  unpro- 
Adkc'd,  or  that  all  the  forbearance  was  on  the  part  of 
the  sullerers.  ()j)inions  on  these  (piestions  are  widely 
(liver^t'nt,  and  1  refer  to  them  lici-e  only  to  show 
more  clearly  the  condition  of  Europe  at  the  time  of 
which  I  write. 


Tiio  Spaniards  of  the  sixteenth  century  have  been 
called  a  cruel  people;  and  so  they  were.  Yet  they 
were  no  more  cruel  than  other  nations  of  their  day, 
and  no  more  cruel  relatively,  accordinpr  to  the  progress 
of  Jiumanity,  than  are  we  to-day.  Time  evolves  in 
many  respects  a  more  refined  civilization,  but  the 
nature  of  man  changes  not.  Individuals  may  be  less 
beastly;  society  may  be  regulated  more  by  law  and  less 
by  jiassion ;  between  nations  in  their  wars  and  diplomac}'' 
there  may  be  less  systematic  torture,  less  unblushing 
chicanery;  but  the  worhl  has  yet  to  find  a  weightier 
right  than  might.  I  fail  to  discover  in  America,  by 
Catholic  Spaniards  or  hcatlien  savages,  deeds  more 
atvoeious  than  some  committed  in  India  and  China 
v.ithin  the  century  by  Protestant  England,  the  wo:«!d's 
model  of  piety  and  propriety;  and  yet  the  treatment 
of  Indians  in  North  America  by  the  people  of  Great 
'h'itain  has  been  far  more  just  and  humane  than  their 
treatment  by  the  people  of  the  United  States. 

]]efore  such  a  charge  as  that  of  excessive  cruelty 
can  be  made  good  against  a  people,  there  are  several 
thinjjfs  to  bo  considered.     And  lirst  the  motive.     The 


INTRODUCTION. 


surgeon  who  amputates  a  limb  to  save  a  life  is  not 
called  cruel.  Now  the  Spaniards  were  the  s[»iritual 
surgeons  of  their  dc. y.  Nine  tenths  of  all  their  cruel- 
ties were  committed  muler  the  conviction  that  what 
thev  (Hd  was  in  the  line  of  dutv,  and  that  to  refrain 
from  so  doing  would  have  been  no  kindness.  Thtaigh 
with  the  i'X[)erience  of  the  past  and  by  the  cleaiiT 
light  of  the  nineteenth  century  we  conclude  that 
these  convictions  were  false,  and  though  M'e  contcm- 
jtlato  lliem  with  horror  and  condemn  the  acts  which 
resulted  from  them  as  barbarous,  yet  it  is  almost 
supeiihious  to  say  that  with  tiieir  teachings  and  sur- 
roundiu'jjs  wo  should  have  been  the  same.  IMic  in- 
herent  (jualitics  of  human  nature  seem  to  be  changed 
but  little  if  at  all  by  the  cultivation  and  development 
of  mind.  Secondly,  the  quality  of  cruelty  is  not  ])ro- 
nounce(l,l>ut relative.  Tlu'reai'e  cruelties  of  the  heart, 
of  i\\v.  sensibilities,  no  less  cruel  than  bodily  tortures. 
The  a^;e()f  sava<»ism  is  always  cruel.  Cruelty  s|)rinLis 
I'rom  ignorance  I'ather  than  I'rom  instinct.  (MiiMliki! 
and  thouuhtless  thin<j:s,  thini^s  tender  by  instinct,  an; 
cruel  fiom  disingemious  ])eiversity.  A  clouded,  un- 
reasoning, unreasonalile  mind,  even  Nvhen  hiding 
beneath  it  a  ti'uder  heart,  lu'ijfets  cruelty;  while  a 
stei-ner  disposition,  if  accompanied  by  a  clear,  trntli- 
loving  intellect,  delights  in  no  injustice — and  cruelty 
is  always  unjust.  'J'his  is  why,  if  it  bo  true  as  has 
been  charged,  that  notwithstanchng  boys  are  more 
cruel  than  girls,  women  are  more  cruel  than  men. 
Childi'en,  women,  and  savages  are  cruel  i'rom  thought- 
lessness; thouuh  th(^  cruel  boy  may  be  very  tendi'r  of 
his  pu|)py,  tiie  cruel  woman  of  her  child,  the  cruel 
s'avage  of  his  horse.  ]']ven  the  moralities  and  intel- 
lectual retinemeats  of  that  day  wa>re  not  i'ree  from 
what  would  seem  to  us  studied  and  unnecessary 
cruelty.  I  will  cite  a  few  instances  of  Lnropeaii 
cruelty,  not  confined  to  Spaniards,  which  will  show 
not  only  that  Sjrnin  was  not  more  cruel  than  othir 
nations,  but  that  tlie  savages  of  America  wore  m)t 


TIIK  BARB^VTJSMS  OF  EUROrE. 


li 


more  rrncl  ilian  llio  Europoans  of  their  dny.  Both 
tortured  to  tho  uttoriuost  %vh(>i'e  thoy  hated,  even  as 
men  do  now;  the  chief  (hil'oreneo  was,  the  J']iiroj)i'aiis, 
heii!L,^  thc!  stroiiLifer,  could  torture  the  liarder.  Civil- 
i/.;itioii  ch;in.L;'es,  not  the  <iuaiitity  of  cruehy,  but  the 
(|u;dity  only. 

••(  a'sar  JJoni^ia,"  \vrites  S(>hastiano  d(>  Branca  in  his 
dinry,  ahout  tlit^  year  loOO,  ''Cjesar  Borij^ia  was  tli(^ 
cruciest  man  of  any  at^e."  To  sei've  his  purposi's  ho 
(lid  not  lu^sitate  to  use  poison  and  iierjuiy.  He  was 
treaclierous,  incestuous,  nuirderous,  eveii  kee])in,LC  n 
]irivate  executioniM",  Michilotto,  to  do  his  [)id«lin_iL,'. 
Louis  XI.  of  France,  and  otluM-  ])rinces,  ke|>t  a  couit 
assassin.  The  hi'teenth  c(>ntury  was  lurid  with  atro- 
cities. Bodri'^'o  Ijcnzuoli,  the  father,  Jjucretia,  tlu; 
dauj;hter,  and  (^a^sar,  the  son,  coin})rised  the  Borgia 
llio,  distinu^uished  no  less  for  tlu'ir  intellect,  beauty, 
wealth,anfl  brav(My',thaiifortheircraft,lust,  ti-eachei-y, 
and  ciueltv.  Says  Leckv:  "Bliilin  II.  and  Isabella 
thoCalholic  inilicted  more  sulUrinn'  in  (>bedienc(>  to 
their  consciences  than  Xero  or  Domitiau  in  obedience 
to  their  lusts." 

In  I4l.>  John  IIuss  was  burned  for  his  relii^ion, 
and  in  1431  Joan  of  Arc  for  her  patriotism.  In  like 
manner  perished  thousands  of  others.  Mahomet  II., 
disputing  with  the  Venetian  artist  Gentile  ]:{ellini 
as  to  the  lenjiifth  of  John  the  Ba|)tist's  neck  after  de- 
collation, called  a  slave,  and  striking  off  his  head  with 
one  blow  of  his  cimeter,  e.Kclainied:  "There!  did 
not  T  say  yours  is  too  long?" 

Princes  made  bloodshed  a,  pastime.  Edward  IV. 
put  to  death  a  tradesman  for  perpetrating  a  |»un; 
caused  a  gentleman  to  be  executed  for  sj>eaking 
against  a  I'avorite;  and  condenmed  his  own  bi-otber 
to  death  in  a  lit  of  ]»etulanci>.  Jn  an  interviinv  be- 
tween this  same  Ivlward  of  England  and  the  king  of 
I'rance,  the  monarchs  were  brought  together  in  inigo 
iron  cages,  each  distrustful  of  the  other.  Louis  XI  I. 
oontined  Ludovieo  8for/,a,  duke  of  ]\Iilan,  in  un  iron 


32 


INTRODUCTION". 


iti*! 


cage  for  ton  years,  and  until  his  death.  This  was  a 
punishment  eoiinnon  at  that  time  in  Italy  and  Spain. 
Pedro  el  (,'ruel  is  charged  by  Hallam  with  having 
nmrdered  his  wife  and  mother,  most  of  his  brothers 
and  sisters,  many  of  the  Castilian  nobility,  and  multi- 
tudes of  the  connnonalty. 

The  church  tolerated  the  persecution  of  its  enemies, 
l)elieving  it  was  for  the  glory  of  Clod.  Nor  was  this 
idea  confined  to  Spain  or  to  the  fifteenth  centary,  for 
we  find  in  England  and  even  in  America  that  perse- 
cutions for  conscience'  sake,  with  all  the  cruelties  that 
refined  civilization  could  devise  existed  at  the  opening 
of  the  present  century;  nor  indeed  is  the  world  yet 
com[>letely  emancipated  from  this  thraldom. 

Yet  the  Spaniards,  I  say,  were  bad  enough.  The 
cruelties  following  the  capitulation  of  Malaga,  in  1487, 
were  more  befittinuf  fiends  than  a  man  and  woman  who 
prided  themselves  in  the  title  of  Catholic*  king  and 
queen. 

Since  the  establishment  of  the  Inquisition,  relig- 
ious ])ersecutions  had  become  but  too  gratifying  to 
the  national  taste.  On  this  occasion  at  Malaga,  the 
apostate  j\[oors  were  first  caught  and  burned.  Twelve 
apostate  Christians  were  then  fastened  to  stakes  in 
an  open  ])lace  and  made  the  barbarous  sport  of  Span- 
ish cavaliers,  wlio,  mounted  on  fleet  horses,  hurled 
at  their  naked  luxlies  pointed  reeds  while  rushing 
past  at  full  sj)eed.  This  was  continued  until  the  torn 
and  bleeding  flesh  of  their  victims  was  filled  with 
darts,  and  the  wretched  suflerers  cxpiied  under  the 
most  excruciating  torments.  Then,  of  the  rest  of  the 
Moorish  ])risoners,  three  divisions  were  made;  one 
for  the  r('(K'nq)tion  of  Christian  captives,  one  to  be 
distributed  among  the  victors  as  slaves,  and  one  to 
be  ))ubli('ly  sold  into  slavery. 

Spanish  knights  returned  from  their  incursions 
against  the  Mo<n's  with  strings  of  turbaned  heads 
hanging  from  their  saddle-bows,  which,  as  they  passed 
along,  they  threw  to  the  boys  in  the  streets,  in  order 


CIVILIZED  TOPwTUnES. 


33 


t  1  inspire  their  youthtul  nuuds  ^vith  hatred  to  the 
l'>cs  ol'  their  rehgion. 

Troin  making  slaves  of  prisoners  of  war,  a  traffic  in 
Iranian  llosh  springs  up.  A  slave-traile  association  was 
liirnied  in  Portugal  in  1443.  (lonzalez  brouglit  slaves 
to  Seville;  Columbus  sent  to  Spain  a  cargo  of  Indian 
.'-laves  in  1495;  in  laO.T  the  enslavement  of  American 
Indians  was  authorized  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella;  and 
in  1  ji)8  the  African  slave-trade  unfdded  in  all  its  hid- 
eous Ijarbarity.  The  slave-trade,  however,  was  toler- 
ated hv  these  sovereigns  from  mistaken  kindness, 
rather  than  from  cruelty.  It  was  to  shield  the 
Indian,  who  died  under  the  infliction  of  labor,  that 
Isabella  permitted  the  importation  of  Africans  into 
the  colonies. 

Cruelty  was  a  prominent  wheel  in  the  machinery 
of  government,  as  well  as  in  religious  discipline. 
Torture  was  deemed  inseparable  from  justice,  either 
as  preparatory  to  trial  to  elicit  a  confession  of  guilt, 
or  as  j)artof  an  execution  to  increase  tlie  iiunishment. 
Ilippolite  do  ^Marsilli,  a  learned  jurisconsult  of  I]o- 
1  "giia,  mentioned  fourteen  ways  of  inllicting  torture, 
which  are  given  by  Lacroix.  Among  them  were 
conipi-essing  the  limbs  with  instrumentsi  or  cords;  the 
iiijoctlon  of  water,  vinegar,  or  oil;  application  of  liot 
pitch;  starvation;  ]»lacing  hot  eggs  under  the  arm- 
pits; introducing  dice  under  the  skin;  tying  lighted 
caiKhos  to  the  lingers  which  were  consumed  with  the 
Vva\,  and  droppinj  atcr  from  a  great  lieight  upon 
the  stomacli.  Josso  Dandioudere  mentioned  tlurtecn 
modes  of  execution  or  i)i;nishnient — lire,  the  sword, 
mechanical  force,  quartering,  the  wheel,  the  fork,  tho 
gilihet,  dragging,  spiking,  cutting  olf  the  ears,  dis- 
membering, llogging,  and  the  ]>illory.  I']\-ery  country 
luid  its  peculiar  system  of  torture. 

In  l.")47  Kuijlish  vagrants  were  branded  with  a  V 
and  enslaved  for  two  years.  Should  the  unfortunate 
a'ilemj)t  escape,  a  hot  S  was  burned  mto  the  llosh 
and  he  was  a   slave   for   life.     A  second  attem[)tcd 

Hisr.  t'EN,  Am.,  Vol.  I.    3 


31 


IXTnODUCTION. 


escape  was  dcatli.  Tii  those  tlays  \vin'-wlii]>j)iiiic  was 
ucoiuiiKMi  and  ivspculablo  doiuestie  dist-iiiliiu";  rulprits 
in  tlie  pillory  and  stocks  were  stationed  in  the  market- 
place whoro  all  the  peojtle  might  strike  them;  pris- 
oners were  stripped  of  their  clothes,  coniined  in  iilthy 
dnnixeons  half  hlled  with  stairnant  water,  and  there 
not  imfreijuently  left  to  starve,  while  slimy  reptiles 
crawled  owr  the  naked  hody,  or  drove  their  poisonous 
fani^s  into  the  (piiverinLj  ilesh. 

The  sports  of  the  Spaniards  we  now  regard  as 
cruel,  as  ours  will  be  regarded  four  hundred  years 
lience.  Although  delighting  in  games,  in  pantominiir 
<lance,  in  fencing,  wrestling,  running,  leaping,  hunting, 
hawking,  with  the  gentler  pastime  of  song  and  guitar, 
the  more  p<»[)ular  anuisenients  were  cock-lights,  dog 
and  bull  tights,  bull  and  l)ear  tights,  bear  and  dog 
lights,  enjoyt'd  alike  by  high  and  low,  by  women. 
boys,  and  men,  by  laity  and  clergy.  Sometimes 
fighters  would  enter  the  arena  blindfolded  and  en- 
gage in  deadly  encounter.  Yet  how  nuich  more  cruel 
were  these  spoi'ts  than  modiTu  horse-racing,  cock- 
tight  ing,  dog-ilghling,  prize-lighting,  rope-walking, 
lion-taming,  steeple-chases,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
more  gentlemanly  cruelty  of  raising  foxes  to  be 
hunted,  and  worried,  and  tinally  torn  in  pieces  by 
dogs,  let  posterity  judge.  I  do  not  say  that  the  six- 
teenth-century sports  of  Spain  were  not  more  cruel 
than  the  l^nglish  sports  of  to-day.  I  think  they 
were.  But  that  Spaniards  were  inherently  mor^' 
cruel,  that  is  to  say,  that  their  hearts  were  mor' 
wickedly  M'anton,  their  sympathies  more  inhuman^'. 
or  that  they  enjoyed  a  more  artlent  i)leasure  in  inilict- 
ing  pain  ujmmi  others  than  me'.i  <lo  nov/,  I  do  not  belii'vc 
The  Spaniai'ds  were  a  nation  of  soldiers,  and  soldiers 
are  necessarily  cruel.  Men  go  to  war  to  hurt  the 
enemy,  not  to  be  kind  to  him.  Unquestionably  the 
ctl'ect  of  bull-lights,  like  the  gladiatorial  shows  <{' 
imperial  Home,  was  debasing,  teudiPig  to  excite  ;i 
love  of  the  b.loodv  and  terrible,  and  to  reu:.ler  in:  i;  i  1 


SrAN'lSn  DOMESTIC  LIFE. 


S8 


1>i!;ior  antl  more  refined  amusements.  Tliis  to  tliem 
Avas  ;i  misfortune,  although  the  repulsive  sport  did 
losler  a  spirit  of  courage  and  endurance. 

The  coi'i-ida  de  loros,  bull-run,  or  bull-figlit,  tlio 
national  sport  of  Spain,  is  a  relic  of  JNIoorisli  chivalry, 
vet  no  less  Spanish  than  Arabic:  for  the  institution 
as  it  exists  in  S})ain  is  found  neither  in  Africa  nor  in 
Arabia.  Originally,  as  in  the  ancient  tournament, 
ill  the  s})ort  engaged  only  cavaliers,  or  gentlemen,  in 
whom  were  combined  sucli  skill  and  strength  that  the 
liead  of  a  bull  was  sometimes  stricken  oil'  bv  a  sinirle 
blow  of  the  montantc.  Since  which  time  thi  tourna- 
ment has  degenerated  into  a  prize-ring,  and  the  chiv- 
alrous bull-light  which  in  principle  was  a  display  of 
courage  combined  with  skill  in  horscmansliip,  and  in 
the  use  of  'he  lance,  has  become  a  sort  of  <h*amatic 
sliainbles,  where  the  actors  are  low-born  and  mer- 
cenary })rofessionals. 

The  home  life  of  the  Spaniard,  which  pictures  liis 
softer  ishades  of  character,  and  shows  the  more  deli- 
cate tracings  of  his  mental  and  moral  sens'bilities, 
must  not  be  disreu^arded.  There  alone  we  shall  see 
him  a.i  ho  is,  stripped  of  the  para[)hernalia  attending 
his  appearance  before  men,  with  the  intents  and 
pai'poses  of  heart  and  mind  laid  open  Ijefore  us. 

\v'o  liave  noticed  how  the  genius  of  the  Mahometan 
clan;;'  to  the  soil  long  after  ho  was  driven  away;  to 
this  day  southern  Spain  is  more  Ara])ic  ilian  (jlothic. 
The  towns  of  Andalusia — of  wliicli  CVidi:^,  with  its 
whitev/ashed  antiquity  and  its  streets  and  walls  clean 
as  a  ta':ct  de  plata,  is  the  key;  and  Seville,  radiant 
with  sunny  L'ardens  and  jjlittering  towers,  is  tlie 
|i!-l>!e — consist  of  narrow,  tortuous  streets  walled  by 
.M  inri.jh  mansions  enclosing  cool  courts.  Shutterless 
will  K)ws,  through  which  half-muUled  lovers  whisj)er 
sell  nothings  to  ])ar-imprisoned  scuon'^as,  open  wilh- 
out;  fresh  young  love  and  musty  antiquity  thus  min- 
gl;:i;,'  i:i  b.armonious  contrast.     Then,  favored  bv  tlie 


3G 


INTRODUCTION. 


voluptuous  air  of  spring,  or  broiling  beneath  the  ener- 
vating heat  of  summer,  arc  Oranada,  Cordova,  and 
^lillaga,  wlierc  glory  and  shame,  heroic  vii'tuo  and 
unblushing  vice,  erudition  and  ignorance,  Christianity 
and  paganism  were  so  blended  that  the  jiast  and 
})resent  seem  almost  one.  As  it'  proud  of  their  ]\Iour- 
i,Mi  origin,  these  cities  of  southern  Spain  battle  with 
time,  and  hold  in  fast  embrace  the  shadows  of  de- 
partetl  grandeur.  The  better  class  of  ^loorish  houses 
are  yet  ])reserved;  and  the  otherwise  unendurable 
heat  of  this  so-called  oven  of  Spain  is  rendered  sup- 
})ortable  by  the  narrow,  crooked  streets  — so  narrow, 
indeed,  that  in  some  of  them  vehicles  can  not  i)ass 
each  other  — and  by  the  irregular,  projecting  stories 
of  the  terrace-roofed  houses. 

Though  widely  separate  in  their  i-eligious  systeni>^ 
nuich  thei-e  is  ahko  in  the  national  characterisl  ics  nf 
these  gr;!Vi'  and  haughty  sheiks  and  the  Spaniards. 
To  both  were  given  coiujuest,  wi'alth,  and  o[)})()rtunity. 
IJoth  struggled  blindly  and  bravely,  sinking  into  na- 
tional decay  and  corruption,  whiih  elosed  in  around 
them  like  a  ])estil(Mice.  But  in  their  religion  there 
was  no  iloubt  a  diirerence.  One  was  sensual,  tlie 
other  spiritual.  In  one  were  the  seeds  of  ])r(>gress, 
of  intellectual  culture,  and  of  all  those  eidighteninents 
!Uid  rilineinents  whicli  make  men  moie  iit  to  dominate 
this  earth.  -,Vnd  though  iUcA/fah  alhar  echot's  from 
the  receding  hosts  who  worshij)  (jod  and  his  pro])]i('t, 
V(>t  its  mis.sion  is  fulfilled.  Where  now  is  the  miLiiit 
of  Mauritania  :*  Where  tlu'  i>ower  and  pride  that  caused 
l*]gV]it  to  di'cam  again  of  the  days  of  the  Pharaolis 
and  the  I'tolemies!'  Syria  and  Palotine  are  desolate, 
Ix'douinized.  To  l^agdad  remains  but  the  memory 
of  ancient  s])l(.!ndor;  her  palaces  are  hea[)s.  No  moie 
the  good  liaroun  al  Paschid  walks  her  streets;  no 
more  the  universities  of  Knfa  and  IJassora,  Samai- 
cand  and  Balkh  enlighten  the  world.  The  sons  ol' 
liagarhave  had  their  day;  their  work  is  ilone.  What. 
Sjjain  and  her  colonies  now  are  neeil  not  here  be  told. 


DWELLIN'OS  AXB  FURNITUKE.  ST 

Every  S|)anisli  town  lias  its  i)laza,  great  sijiia re,  or 
j'.'.lilie  market-place,  whieh  every  day  ])resents  a,  imsy 
Meiu\  Thitlier  ill  early  moruiiij^  resort  the  iiiijirovi- 
(Iviit — tliouu^li  not  specially  lazy — coiiiinon  ])eoplo  lor 
1  heir  daily  supply  of  I'ood.  Then  there  is  the  ji'tsca, 
or  puMic  promenade,  or,  as  it  is  more  f'recpieiilly 
(•;i!K'(l,  the  alaincdd,  from  d/amo,  ])oplar,  a  heautil'ul 
^v:dk,  shaded  on  either  side  by  trees.  There  mav  he 
sci'ii  every  pU'asant  day  after  the  siesta,  or  midday 
si  -ei*,  j;rou})S  of  either  sex,  and  all  classes,  hi^-h  and 
1  »\v,  rich  and  poor,  M'alkiiig  to  and  fro,  chattiiii;', 
siiiokiii''',  ilirtiiiij',  drinkiiiLT  in  health  and  content  and 
merriiiieiit  with  the  cool,  diilicious  eveniiiL'"  air;  while 
ladies  in  carria;j^es  and  cavaliers  on  curvet iny,'  steeds 
occupy  and  enliven  the  roadway. 

Xuaiherless  kinds  of  dwelling's  obtain  in  various 
jiarts,  cons[)icuous  amoiiL;"  which  are  the  Asturian 
ea\i'rns,  the  subterranean  abodes  of  La  ]\Ianclia,  Ihe 
iorls  of  Castile,  and  the  ]\roorish  ])alaces  of  Anda- 
lusia. Stone,  lievrn  and  unhewn,  is  the  material  i-ni- 
]>l(»yed  in  mountainous  districts;  mlohc,  or  sun-dried 
brick,  with  thatched  roof,  upon  the  plains.  A  coiii- 
iiioii  class  of  architecture  is  a  windowless  parallelo- 
gram divided  into  two  rooms,  one  lor  the  family,  and 
I'le  oilier  lor  the  cattle,  the  attic  beiii'^"  us(>d  as  a 
liarii.  J  [ouses  of  this  kind  are  built  in  one  and  tw(> 
stories.  An  out-house  for  stores,  which  is  also  used 
a^  a  sleepiu'H'-place  for  the  women,  perched  on  pillars 
ci^-'iit  feet  hi,L;'h,  sometimes  stands  adjacent.  Across 
one  end  of  the  family  room,  W'hich,  of  luM^'ssity,  is  used 
l'"i'  all  domestic  [)ur[)Oses,  extends  a  tire-[)lace,  ten  or 
Jifteen  feet  in  length  and  six  feet  in  depth,  over  which 
j;  a  large  l)(>ll-shaped  chinuiey  extending  out  into  tlie 
i.iiildle  of  the  room.  This  stvlc;  of  buildiii'''  miLjht 
''i'  (elaborated,  wings  added,  or  the  form  changed. 
Tiled  roofs  are  common,  and  overhanuin'^  eaves. 
Si>:iie  houses  are  of  three  or  four  stories;  others  run 
I'lii  Ion;;;  and  lowui)on  the  ground,  ^iore  ])retentious 
tlwelliiigs  are  often  in  the  form  of  a  holh>w  scjuare, 


38 


INTRODUCTION. 


"witli  a  patio  and  garden  within.  Of  such  are  con- 
vents with  cloisters,  and  over  them  ranges  of  corri- 
dors and  rooms. 

^X'Mong  the  upper  classes  the  apartments  of  the 
lady  consist  of  an  antechamber,  or  drawing-room,  a 
houdoir,  a  bed-room,  a  dressing-room,  and  an  oratory. 
Tiie  drawing-room  is  furnished  with  tapestry  hang- 
ings on  which  are  represented  battles  and  biblical 
scenes — war  and  religion  even  here;  polished  oak  or 
mahogany  high-backed  chairs,  clumsy,  and  elaborately 
carved;  in  the  corners  of  the  room  triangular  tables 
on  which  stand  heavy  silver  or  gold  candlesticks  with 
s})erm  candles,  the  light  from  which  is  rellected  by 
small  ovcd  A'enetian  mirrors,  in  fantastically  wrought 
gold  or  silver  frames;  cupboards  with  glass  doors  for 
])late,  etc.  In  the  boudoir  is  a  toilet-table  before 
Venetian  niirrors  profusely  draped  in  handsome  lace; 
a  book-case,  work-table,  arm-chairs,  sacred  paintings 
and  family  portraits;  in  the  sleeping-room,  a  tall 
heavy  bedstead  with  damask  or  velvet  curtains,  a 
crucilix — the  imago  of  silver  or  gold,  and  the  cross 
of  ivory — with  a  little  basin  of  holy  water  near  it, 
a  pried  lea  and  ])rayer-book ;  in  the  dressing-room  a 
wardrobe,  and  all  necessary  toilet  appliances;  in  the 
oratory  an  altar,  a  crucifix,  two  or  more  priedieux, 
and,  if  mass  is  said,  as  is  often  the  case  in  the  houses 
of  the  great  or  wealthy,  iinages  of  saints  by  the 
masters,  with  all  the  acconipan3'ing  ornaments  of  de- 
votion. 

The  dwellings  of  southern  Spain,  large  and  small, 
lean  toward  the  Arabic  in  architecture — Arabic  do:'- 
orations,  with  second-story  balconies;  the  rooms  ric'n 
in  carved  ceilings,  wainscoting,  and  arabesque;  tli" 
entrance  from  the  street  in  city  houses  being  through 
a  vestibule  and  an  ornamented  iron-grated  gate 
Durinii'  l.ho  summer,  when  the  sun's  ravs  strike  lik^' 
poisoned  darts,  the  family  live  for  the  most  part  in 
the  patio.  There  upon  the  marble  pavement,  bcsido 
the  cooling   fountain,   and   amidst   fragrant   orange, 


H 


WOMEN  AND  DRESS.  W 

])al!n,  ;tn(l  citron  trees,  vi.sitoi-s  arc  received,  cliocolato 
(Iruiik,  aiul  cigarettes  smoked.  There  too  they  dance 
to  tlic  niusie  of  the  guitar,  play  cards,  and  take  their 
i>iesta. 

To  oriental  customs  may  be  attributed  the  jealous 
privacv  1))'  which  the  women  of  Spain  were  guarded 
by  husbunils  aiivl  fathers.  Besides  her  natural  weak- 
ness, woman  was  yet  inferior,  ine})t,  characterless,  not 
to  bo  trusted.  The  fortress-like  houses  of  the  better 
sort,  which  are  scattered  all  over  the  table-land  of  the 
]'eninsula,  with  tlieir  spacious  inner  court  and  iron- 
burred  windows,  were  so  arranged  that  the  ])art 
occupied  by  the  female  members  of  the  household 
was  separate  from  the  more  [)ublic  rooms  of  the  men. 
This  precinct  was  unapproachable  by  any  but  the 
most  intimate  friend  or  invited  truest.  Their  domestic 
})()]!cy,  like  every  Other,  was  suspicious  and  guarded. 

This  is  further  illustrated  by  the  -node  of  entering 
a  house,  which  also  shows  the  eftect  of  centuries  of 
wai'fare  upon  manners.  In  outer  doors,  and  in  tliose 
of  distinct  iloors,  and  apartments,  was  inserted  a  small 
grate  and  slide.  On  knocking,  the  slide  moved  back, 
and  at  the  grating  appeared  the  lustrous,  searching 
eyes  of  the  inmate.  "Quieucs?"  Who  is  it?  was  the 
salutation  from  within.  "Gentc  de  paz."  Peaceful 
people,  was  the  reply. 

Extreme  sensitiveness  with  refj^'ird  to  dress  cliarac- 
terizes  Spaniards  of  the  bettor  sort,  and  rather  than 
n]ipoar  in  public  unbecomingly  attircl,  tlicy  remain 
liiddcn  at  liomc,only  stealing  out  for  necessil  les  at  night- 
fill,  or  perhaps  in  the  early  nioi-n,  and  tlien  back  to  their 
home  for  the  dav.  In  this  Ave  sec  a  stronuj  mixture 
ot  pride  and  hienscancc,  in  which  there  is  more  sensi- 
tiveness than  sense.  But  man  can  not  live  by  reason 
alone.  lie  who  in  this  factitious  world  is  guided 
only  by  the  instincts  of  a  sound  mind,  regardless  of 
tlie  frivolities  of  fashion,  of  cunroiaiicc,  indifTerent  to 
liis  neighbor's  ideas  of  propriety,  and  to  any  taste 


IXTIIODUCTION. 


except  his  own,  coimuits  a  mistake.  Tlioui^di  he  alono 
is  wise,  aiul  all  the  \vorl(l  ibols,  yet  of  necessity  he 
must  heeoMie  ioohsh,  olsu  he  is  not  wise. 

]\Ialos,  in  their  costume,  were  the  hinls  of  jj^ay 
pkinia,!jfe  at  the  bei^iunin;jf  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
So  fantastically  clatl  was  the  English  nobleman  in  his 
laced  doublet  aiul  o[)en  gown,  that  he  was  scarcely  to 
be  distinguished  from  a  woman.  In  the  time  of 
Charles  V.  courtiers  dressed  in  briLlht  colors,  but 
with  his  sombre  son  IMiilip,  all  was  black  — blade 
velvet  trimmed  with  jet;  ami  stitV — stiff  collars,  and 
stiff  black  truncated  cone  hats,  with  brim  scarcely  an 
inch  wide,  in  place  of  the  soft  slouchy  suiii()rcro. 

The  natit)ntd  and  characteristic  garment  of  both 
sexes  in  S[»ain  for  about  three  centuries  was,  for  the 
outer  covering,  the  capa,  or  cloak,  of  the  cavalier,  and 
the  mnniUhi  of  the  ladv.  In  the  reign  of  Charle; 
V.  the  f  )rmer  was  a  short  caj^e,  and  the  latter 
simjily  a  head-dress;  but  with  time  both  enlarged 
until  one  reached  below  the  knee,  and  the  other  below 
the  waist.  Somo  writers  give  to  these  garments  a 
remote  antiijuity.  They  point  to  ancient  coins  where 
Iberia  is  re[)resented  as  a  veiled  woman,  and  ignorin^' 
sex  claim  that  to  the  Iburians  the  llomans  gave  the 
t'xjii^  and  that  for  tifteen  centuries  the  fashion  con- 
tinued. Others  deny  such  connection.  It  is  mi- 
doubtedly  true  that  the  capa  of  t  lo  sixteenth  century 
was  much  shorter  than  the  do-:  i  of  to-day,  beinii'  a 
capo  rather  than  a  cloak,  and  i  ;  at  all  rescmblhig 
the  llouian  toLja.  Sebastian  Fri.  c  in  his  Wt'lthucli, 
Tubingen,  15.^4,  writes:  "Their  wc  lenwear  a  curious 
dross  around  the  nock;  they  ha\  ;  an  iron  band  to 
which  are  fastened  bent  prongs  ^•ea(diing  over  the 
head,  over  which,  when  they  desire  it,  they  draw  a 
cloth  for  the  protection  of  the  head,  and  this  they 
hold  to  bo  a  great  ornament."  To  the  men  and 
women  of  Spain  this  garment  is  as  the  shell  to  the 
turtle;  within  it,  though  on  a  crowded  thoroughfare, 
they  may  at  any  moment  retire  from  the  Avorld,  and 


vm 
m 

III 


TITE  MANTILLA  AND  CA?A.  H 

onseonce  tliomsclves  within  theinselves.  The  cavalier 
villi  a  peculiar  iliiii^',  utterly  unattainablo  i>y  a  Ibr- 
ei:;!ier,  throws  the  .si;irt  over  the  hreast  and  .^houliler 
M»  as  to  partially  or  coni})letely  hide  the  lace  ai-i.-ord- 
inuf  to  his  pleasure.  On  the  way  to  and  Ironi  church 
t!ie  Luly's  I'aco  is  covered;  and  the  ^' dlant  si;j^liin<^ 
tor  a  ^iinijjse  of  features  divinely'  fair,  is  oLlii;-e'd  io 
.  ator  the  sanctuarv,  hide  liehind  a  cohunn  near  the 
■dtar;  then  as  one  female  after  another  a}){)roaches, 
kneels,  and  unveils,  he  may  I'citst  his  eyes  on  the  faces 
h 'fore  him.  1'he  mantilla  serves  as  a  honnet,  veil, 
and  shawl;  formerly  it  was  but  an  oblong  piece  of 
cloth,  v»ith  velvet  or  lace  border;  later  a  lace  veil  was 
added  as  part  of  it;  and  now  the  Spanish  lemalo 
face  is  becoming  more  and  more  visible  in  public. 

The  capa  is  indispensable  to  the  Spaniard;  it  hts 
his  nature  like  a  glove,  antl  is  almost  u  part  of  him. 
It  may  be  worn  over  u  rich  dress  or  it  may  conceal 
r.igs  or  nakedness;  it  may  jover  a  iiol)lo,  generous 
lieart,  or  a  multitude  of  sins.  Hidden  beneath  it,  in 
secret  the  wearer  may  work  out  his  purpose,  though 
in  the  market-place.  It  keeps  out  the  cold;  it  nuiy 
hide  tlie  assassin's  daufu'cr;  it  serves  as  a  dis^-uise  in 
love  intrigues,  and  is  a  grateful  ])rotectiou  from  im- 
portunate creditors.  Twisted  round  the  left  arm,  it 
is  a  shield;  at  night,  it  is  a  bed;  and  with  a  sword, 
capa  11  cspada,  it  not  unfre(|uenily  constitutes  the  en- 
tire earthly  possessions  of  the  haughty,  poverty- 
sfi'icken  cavalier.  Whatever  be  the  jharacter  or  con- 
dition of  the  wearer,  dignity  is  lent  him  by  its  ample 
folds,  and  comeliness  by  its  graceful  drapery.  It  is 
an  uii[)ardonable  breach  of  tlecorum  I'or  a  nndlled 
cavalier  to  address  a  person,  or  for  any  one  to  s[)ea]c 
to  him  while  so  nudlled.  l\)liteness  teaches  him  to 
throw  open  to  his  friend  both  his  garment  and  his 
iieart,  that  it  may  be  plain  that  no  concealed  weapon 
is  in  the  one,  or  malice  in  the  other.  A  son  dare 
not  s))eak  to  his  own  father  when  his  face  is  covered 
l>\'  his  cloak. 


42 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  peasantry  flaunt od  the  gnvcst  and  most  pic- 
ture.S(|iie  attire  on  hohtUiy  occasions;  the  rnajo,  a 
rustic  beau,  wore  a  ligured  velvet  waistcoat  with 
.square  velvet  buttons,  and  brilliant  with  C()h)retl  rib- 
bons; embroidered  stockings,  silver-buckled  shoes, 
and  a  colored  capa  thrown  gracefully  over  the  lel't 
shoulder.  The  dress  of  Figaro  in  the  play,  is  that  »tf 
an  Andalusian  dandy.  The  costume  of  A'alencia  is 
more  Asiatic,  or  Asiatic-antique  it  might  bo  called, 
j)artaking  somewhat,  as  it  does,  of  the  ancient  Greek 
costume  — wide  linen  drawers,  linen  shirt,  hempen 
sandals,  footless  stockings,  wide  red  woollen  belt,  gay 
velvet  jacket  with  silicon  sash,  willi  a  colored  capa 
over  all.  The  long  hair  is  bound  by  a  sili;en  band 
in  the  form  of  a  turban.  The  female  peasant  dress  is 
no  less  showy;  a  rod  velvet  bodice,  with  scarlet  or 
j)urple  petticoat,  all  profusely  cnd)r()idercJ,  a  gay- 
colored  square-cut  mantilla  iastened  ly  a  silver 
brooch,  with  chains  and  jewels  and  colored  stones 
according  to  the  purse  of  the  wearer. 

The  ordinary  peasant  dress  of  Estremadura  con- 
sists of  wide  ck)th  knee-breeches,  closely  resenibling 
those  of  the  floors,  a  gabardine  of  cloth  or  leather, 
and  cloth  leggings.  I'he  men  wear  the  hair  lonii'. 
The  women  ha\e  a  fashion  of  putting  on  a  great 
number  of  ])etticoats;  the  rustic  belles  of  Zamar- 
ramala,  a  village  of  I'^stremadura,  manage  to  carry 
i'rom  iourteen  to  sevent(;en.  In  Andalusia  ilio  men 
have  short  jackets  ornamented  with  jet  or  steel  beads, 
knee-breeches,  and  highly  ornamented  leathern  leg- 
gings; the  women  wear  short  embroidered  and 
flounced  petticoats,  and  a  ^Moorish  sleeveless  jacket 
embroidered  with  gold  or  silver  and  laced  in  front. 
Aslurian  })easants  have  wooden  sho(>s  with  three 
large  nails  in  the  soles,  whicli  keep  them  iVom  tlit^ 
ground;  leathern  shoes  they  frequently  cany  in  theli' 
travels,  and  to  and  from  church,  under  their  arms,  or 
on  theii"  heads,  ])uUiiig  th(>m  on  just  before  entering' 
the  vilhiu'c  or  church. 


-4 


The 


women   A\ear  ear-rings 


VAPaOUS  COSTUMES. 


43 


and  necklaces  of  olass  imitation  of  coral;  a  handkor- 
rliicf,  foKled  triang-ularly,  covers  the  liuad;  at  funerals, 
a  larg'o  black  mantle  i^  worn.  Tlio  C'astilians  wear 
t^anilals,  called  ^/ycovrs',  tied  to  the  ankle  by  narrow 
stri[)s  of  rawhide.  The  E.stremadiirans  wear  a  hat, 
very  broad-brimmed;  the  Catalonians,  a  red  Phry- 
gian cap;  the  Valencians,  a  kind  of  (Jreek  cap;  the 
Asturiaiis,  a  tliree-cornered  black  or  dark  blue  ca'p 
with  velvet  facins^s;  the  IJiscayans,  a  ilat  red  woollen, 
cap;  the  Andalusians,  a  tarban-like  hat,  or  a  silk 
handkerchief.  In  Arapj'on,  as  well  as  in  some  of  the 
southern  ])rovinces,  the  broad-brimmed  slouchinjjf  som- 
brero obtains.  Hats  were  invented  by  a  Swiss,  l\ui- 
sian,  in  llOl,  and  a  Spaniard  lirst  manufactured  them 
in  Jjondon  in  1510.  Jews  in  Spain  wei"o  obli,<^ed  to 
wear  yellow  hats;  in  (.rermany  bankrupts,  in  like 
manner,  were  reipiirod  to  wear  hats  of  green  and 
yellow. 

The  jjfencral  costume  of  a  Sjianish  nobleman  con- 
sisted of  a  silk  cfabardinc,  with  sleeves  close-iUlin<j!;  at 
the  wrist  but  j)uifed  and  slashed  between  the  elbov/ 
and  shoulder  so  as  to  siiow  tiie  line  linc;n  shirt  be- 
neath; chamois-skin  doublet,  thick  but  lh.^Kible;  silk 
hose,  and  silk  trow.scrs  slashed;  lon;^  b^'ll-s!laped 
boots  with  golden  s])ur-,supporters;  broad,  ])()lished 
leathern  belt,  from  which  hung  a  long  swoivl  on  the 
k'l't  side,  and  a  long  daggei  in  a  leatlierii  or  velvet 
scabbard  on  the  riglit;  a  I'ound,  soft,  Ijroad-brimmed 
beaver  hat,  with  an  ostrich-featlier  fastened  by  a  dia- 
mond brooch  on  the  side  or  in  front;  a  cape  or  cloak 
Ci'broidri'ed  or  laced  with  gold  or  silvi'r  thrt-ad,  fa-^t- 
ciied  with,  cord  and  tassel,  and  worn  hanging  from 
the  lel't  shoulder,  or  thrown  around  the  body  so  as  to 
(•n\vv  part  of  tho  face.  AVithin  doors,  thi;  cloak  was 
laid  aside;  a  velvet  doublet  was  substituted  I'))'  t  he 
li'athern  one,  and  instead  of  boots,  s!ioes  of  leather 
<ii'  veh'et,  slashed  ovta'  the  toes,  wei'e  worn.  The 
(h'ess  (»f  the  lady  was  a  heavy,  lIov*'ing  brocade  or 
\<'lvel  skirt,  open  in  front,  displaying  an  uuvlerdresd 


44 


INTRODUCTION. 


slasliGcl 


of  lif^lit  silk  or  satin;  a  chemisette  witli 
sleeves;  a  stomacher  with  loni;  ends  hamxinij  in  front, 
and  a  velvet  sleeveless  jacket  laced  with  gold  or  silver 
cord.  The  breast  was  covered  with  lace,  and  the 
nock  and  shoulders  were  bare,  except  wlien  covered 
by  the  toca,  a  kind  of  head-dress,  out  of  which  by 
elonixation  o-rew  tho  characteristic  mantilla.  ITur 
shoes  were  of  velvet,  her  stockmgs  of  silk  or  wool; 
from  the  waist  on  tho  ri'_rht  side  hun<x  a  reticule,  a 
Silver  or  gold  whistle  for  calling  servants,  and  a 
poniard.  Her  dueaa  wore  a  black  skirt,  and  a  large 
black  mantle  completely  covering  the  head,  face, 
and  shoulders  down  to  the  waist.  Swords  formed 
no  part  of  domestic  dress  prior  to  the  fifteenth 
century. 

Black  was  the  color  of  the  church,  certain  clerical 
orders  excepted.  Those  of  the  learned  professions 
wore  black.  The  ladies  usually  attended  church 
in  black,  and  indeed  wore  sometimes  seen  in  sombre 
hues  upon  tlic  alamcda.  Black  robes  and  a  canoo- 
sliaped  hat  covered  the  llasque  priest;  and  the  friar, 
sackcloth  and  gray,  bound  round  the  waist  with  a 
twisted  cord.  Ahjuacila^,  or  constables,  followed  the 
ancient  cavalier  costume — broad-brinnned  hat,  black 
cloak,  short  kneed.-»recches,  black  stockings,  silver- 
buckled  shoes,  A^andyke  rullies,  and  white  lace  colLu*. 
This  in  the  Basque  i^rovinces  only.  Friars  a[)- 
pcared  in  a  hooded  robe,  extending  to  tr.u  ankles 
over  woollen  breeches  and  jacket.  A  cord  was  tied 
round  the  waist  from  \vhicli  lumg  a  rosary.  Hempen 
or  leathern  slioes  were  worn,  and  by  some  ordei'> 
bi'oad  hats.  The  robe  of  the  friar  was  of  coarse  wool ; 
that  of  the  clergyman  serge,  witli  a  cloak,  low  leathern 
shoes  with  buckle,  black  stockings,  kneo-l)reeches,  a 
white  collar,  and  a  l)lack  liat  with  broad  brim  turned 
up  at  tlie  sides.  The  robes  of  vicars,  jiarisli  curates, 
and  oilier  church  diufnitaries  were  of  silk.  The  Fran- 
ciscan's  robe  was  of  a  yellowisli  gray  color,  the 
Dominican's  white,  tho  Carmelite's  reddish  gray,  tho 


ill 


EXCESSIVE  RELIGIOUS  TRAIXIXG. 

rajiucliln'.s    silver    gray,    the    Jesuit's    black, 
l)i>h()}»'s  color  was  violet,  the  cardinal's  red  or  \ 


45 


Tho 
purple. 


Domestic  routine  in  Spain,  Avitli  allowances  for 
class,  sea'?on,  and  locality,  was  substantially  as  follows. 
The  noble  or  wealthy  master  of  a  household  was 
served  before  rising  with  chocolate,  which  service  was 
caUed  the  dcsaijuno.  lie  then  rose  and  dressed; 
ai'ter  which,  kneeling  before  the  crucifix,  he  said  a 
])i-aycr;  then  he  proceeded  to  the  avocations  of  the 
(lay,  taking  las  once,  or  the  eleven  o'clock  luncheon 
of  cake  and  wine,  citlier  at  home  or  at  tlie  house  of  a 
friend,  or  wherever  he  happened  to  be.  After  a 
twelve  or  one  o'clock  dinner  came  tho  siesta.  At 
Wxo  o'clock  there  was  to  be  eaten  tlir  mcrienda,  con- 
sisting of  chocolate,  preserved  fruit,  and  ices;  and  be- 
tween nine  and  eleven,  supper.  In  the  private  chapel 
of  the  grandees  mass  was  said.  The  middle  class 
usually  attended  church  about  sunrise;  after  which 
breakfast,  and  at  noon  dinner. 

Tlie  religious  training  of  children  was  excessive. 
At  daybreak  the  aiif/cliis  was  ivcited,  then  to  chapel 
or  cluu'ch  to  mass,  after  which  the  child  miu'ht  break- 
fist;  at  noon  angelus  and  dinner;  after  tlie  siesta 
vespers  at  church,  and  rosary  at  home;  at  six  o'clock 
angelus  and  chocolate;  prayers  at  eight;  sujiper  at 
nine;  after  which  more  prayers  and  to  bed.  Tho 
(•liild  was  expected  to  attend  all  these  devotions,  tho 
night  prayer  perliaps  exce[)ted,  the  youngest  children 
being  sent  to  bed  after  the  rosary.  And  this  not 
alone  Sunday,  but  every  day. 

A  national  dish,  centuries  old,  common  to  Sjiain 
and  all  Spanish  countries,  called  tlie  o/l't  junh't'da, 
(■i>nstitutes  a  staple  ibod  with  almost  all  classes. 
It  is  made  of  meat  and  vegetables  boiled  together, 
but  usually  served  in  two  dishes,  and  its  constituents 
depend  uj)on  the  resources  of  the  cook,  for  e\ery- 
thing  eatable  is  jiut  into  it  that  can  be  obtained. 
l)eel',  mutton,  pork,  and  fowl;  beans,  peas,  potatoes, 


40 


INTRODUCTION. 


onions,  cabbage,  and  garlic;  the  water  in  which  th». 
mess  is  boiled  is  served  as  soup  with  rice  or  bread, 
and  the  two  courses  constitute  the  whole  of  every 
meal  of  tlic  lower  classes.  On  the  tables  of  the 
weallli}',  after  the  olla  podrida,  fish,  roast  meats,  and 
a  profuse  dessert  of  sweetmeats,  jellies,  preserves, 
and  bonbons  are  served.  The  Andalusians  make  a 
salad  of  cucumbers,  tomatoes,  lettuce,  green-peppers, 
chiccorv,  with  oil,  vinegar,  salt,  pepper,  and  stalo 
bread,  which  with  them  is  a  staple  dish,  called  (ja> 
2V(cJio. 

It  was  a  gluttonous,  sensual  age,  that  of  the 
century  preceding  our  epoch;  but  from  these  vices 
Spain  was  ])robablymorc  free  than  any  other  civilized 
nation  of  Europe.  There  the  discipline  of  war  ab- 
sorbed the  attention  which  elsewhere  was  given  to 
luxurious  living.  We  find  nothing  in  Spain  such  as 
we  are  told  about  in  England,  where  the  households 
of  the  great  were  composed  of  brawling  retainers, 
ill-mannered  clowns,  and  riotous  servini;  men  and 
women  who  terujinated  many  a  feast  with  bloodshed; 
where  guests  snatched  and  scrambled  for  food,  gorg- 
ing themselves  with  whatever  they  could  lay  hands 
on;  where  drunken  broils  were  of  daily  occurrence, 
and  the  master  of  the  household  was  not  unfrequently 
obliged  to  sheatli  liis  sword  in  the  body  of  some  con- 
tumacious servant  grown  dangerous  by  the  unbridled 
license  in  which  he  had  been  indulu^ed. 

Wliat  shall  we  say  of  the  monks  and  cardinals 
now  grown  fat  from  the  \vt>ll  filled  cotters  of  the 
Church?  With  their  wealth  in  some  instances  thov 
had  grown  sensuous  and  exti'avagant.  Their  cu])- 
boards  were  loaded  with  rich  viands,  in  which  tiny 
freely  indulged;  and  their  tables  were  surrounded  by 
nuisieians  and  all  the  luxuries  and  delicacies  the  woi'ld 
could  contribute.  Not  to  the  faults  of  the  iew,  how- 
ever, would  we  call  too  nuich  attention,  l)ut  to  the 
virtues  f)f  the  many;  for  during  these  ilark  years  of 
igncir.nce  and  volu])tuousness  tlie  Church  was  phiiit- 


gorg- 
iand>5 


rOOD  AND  FILTHIXESS. 


47 


ill'.;-  .ii'.'l  watorlnn^  tlic  seeds  of  the  sanctity  of  marrlaG^o 
;iiKl(l<'iiiestic  life  in  Spain,  and  surrovuidinL''  tlie  family 
;;ltar  with  so  many  safei^uards  among  her  people,  that 
tlic  li)ng  ages  since  have  not  sntHced  to  disjK'l  nor 
(Irsti'ov  them.  The  Avealthy  families  of  8i)ain  had 
llu'ir  court  jesters,  but  coai-sc  buffoonery  or  indecent 
JLst^  were  seldom  tolerated. 

Two  persons  often  ate  from  one  plate,  using  their 
fingers  lor  forks,  A  sheath-knife,  or  dagger,  which 
they  carried  upon  the  person,  served  to  cut  the  food. 
Ainon<j:  the  first  books  printed  in  Venice  was  a  folio 
volume  on  cookery,  issued  in  1475.  In  the  English 
metrical  Stann  Piier  ad  Mensam,  following  Wright, 
Ihe  guest  is  told  to  "bring  no  knj^vcs  unskoured 
lo  the  table;"  in  other  words,  his  sheath  knife 
should  be  clean,  and  ho  is  also  informed  that  ])olite 
persons  will  not  ])ick  their  teeth  with  it  while  at 
table.  It  was  considered  a  breach  of  good  manners 
to  bl(jw  the  nose  with  the  same  fingers  used  in  con- 
veying  food  to  the  mouth.  Hats  were  worn  by  the 
men,  and  head-dresses  by  the  women,  on  all  domestic 
occasions.  In  France,  the  metrical  Contenanccs  dc 
ToJJc,  or  manual  of  table  manners,  shows  but  little 
more  refinement  there  than  elsewhere.  Among  other 
directions  the  reader  is  told  first  to  examine  his  seat 
whether  it  be  clean: 

"  Enfant,  prcns  dc  rogardcr  peine 
Sur  Ic  siogo  oil  tii  tc  licrrais., 
So  aiK'unc  choso  y  verras 
Qui  soit  dcshonncsto  oil  vilaino," 

Tie  is  forbidden  to  spit  uj)on  the  table  while  at 
dinner: 

"  Xc  craiclie  par  dosniis  'a  talilo 
Car  c'ust  choso  doscoiivoiiablo." 


Or  to  spurt  water  from  his  mouth  into  the  basin  used 
in  conuuou  by  the  company: 


"  Quant  tu  bouclic  tu  laveras 
Ou  baeiii  point  ne  crachonis." 


I|»!fi' 


48 


IXTRODUCTION. 


Or  leave  sops  in  liis  wine  j^^a.ss: 

"  Sc  til  fais  soiippcs  en  ton  vcrrc 
lj(jy  le  via  ou  lu  guttc  ;i  tfiie.'' 

But  by  inii)licatl()U  he  may  s])urt  and  throw  remnants 
on  tlie  floor,  as  nmch  as  ho  pleases. 

Even  in  their  use  of  tobacco,  of  which  they  are  ex- 
cessively fond,  the  Spaniards  are  temperate.  Though 
they  smoke  it  almost  constantly,  it  is  in  such  small 
(juantlties,  and  in  so  mild  a  form,  that  tobacco  does 
tliem  less  injury  than  it  inllicts  on  many  other  na- 
tions. It  was  the  custom  to  carry  a  daily  sujiply 
wrapped  in  a  lettuce  or  cabbage  leaf  to  j)reser\e  it 
moist.  The  cigarette  was  prepared  for  smoking  by 
taking  a  small  (jUtaitity  of  tobacco,  finely  cut,  rolling 
it  in  a  [)iece  of  corn-husk  or  j)aper,  and  lighting  with 
iHut,  steel,  and  punk.  Though  the  tobacco  may  be 
strong,  i)repared  in  this  way  the  elVcct  is  less  injuri- 
ous than  when  rolled  in  larger  (|uantities  into  a  cigar, 

anil    snujked    irom    a   })ipe   or 


or    cut    irom    a 
chewed. 

Xoblo  youths 
serve  a  sort  of 
in  the  king's   '. 
and  danghters 
the   nobilitv,   at 
gentlemen,    that 


«lug 


h  sexes  were  accustomed,  to 
eshi[)  for  a  nundter  of  years 
.(.      In  like  manner  the  sons 
'        II  served  in  the  houses  t)f 
".Ic  in  Ihe  houses  of 
..1.    ;nigi.^     ju    bene'ited    by    the 
knowledge  and  iT'tmement  of  his  su|>erior. 

S})aniards,  as  I  have  said,  are  called  inhospitable; 
but  this  charge  nnist  be  taken  with  allowance. 
]]vei'y  phase  of  human  nature  has  its  generous 
(piality;  locked  in  every  heart  is  a  wealth  of  kindli- 
ness which  oj)ens  to  him  who  holds  the  key.  13y 
natnre  these  peojile  are  reserved,  suspicious.  They 
(  !  N)  window  in  their  breast.  In  their  tlomestic 
.-■  J  5  hey  are  specially  reticent  before  strangers. 
'J  h  u  vive:?  and  daughters  they  hide  away;  their 
troubles  tluy  cover  within  the  ashes  that  preserve 
them;  thch-  sensibilities  shrink  from  cold  contact  with 
the  world.     If  some  lind  certain  Spaniards  at  given 


A5nJSE3iIENTS. 


49 


iiants 

'0  cx- 
loiigh 
siuall 
docs 
n'  iia- 
;lll)ply 
rvc  it 

U>jr    l)y 

y  ^vitll 

Kiy  1>o 
iujuri- 
i  cigar, 
)ipc  or 

null,  to 
years 
0  soir^ 

|i>es   of 
.y    the 

it  able; 
^vaucc. 
iiorous 
Ivimlli- 

r,y 

They 

inestic 

|iij.>;ors. 

their 

:;servo 

It  with 

•  •iveii 


]-)Oiio(ls  inhospitable,  others  at  other  times  and  places 
iind  them  very  generous.  In  early  times  inns  were 
not  common  in  Spain,  and  we  are  told  that  in  certain 
places  every  private  house  had  its  guest's  quarters 
consisting  of  one  or  more  rooms  according  to  the 
opulence  of  the  owner.  To  this  apartment  every 
stranger  of  v;hatsoever  degree  was  welcome.  There 
he  lived  as  long  as  he  pleased,  fed  and  cared  for  by 
the  host;  and — you  may  call  it  pride — if  through 
jioverty  provisions  grew  scarce,  the  family  would 
uiulorgo  the  greatest  privation  rather  than  the  guest 
should  suflcr  want,  or  be  forced  to  hasten  his  de- 
jiarturc.  Furthermore  all  was  free;  to  offer  pay  for 
entertainment  was  deemed  an  insult,  though  a  present 
might  be  given  and  accepted. 

While  called  a  melancholy  people,  amusement 
appeared  at  times  to  be  the  life  of  the  nation. 
Itoyalty  and  religion  at  rest,  peace  here  and  hereafter 
secured,  there  was  nothing  more  of  life  than  to  enjoy 
it.  To  labor  when  one  might  repose;  to  sigh  when 
one  might  sing;  to  undergo  the  pains  of  culture  when 
sweet  pleasure  temptingly  proposed  a  holiday — ah 
no!  Fools  attempt  to  better  their  condition  and 
make  it  worse.  Let  those  who  need  improving  scour 
themselves;  we  know  enough. 

So  lazily  lapped  in  stupidity,  beside  their  feast-days 
and  bull-fights,  their  passions  and  passion-plays,  they 
lolled  upon  the  greensward  and  danced  to  tambourine 
and  castanets,  and  wrestled,  and  ran  races;  they 
fenced,  fought,  played  cards,  shook  dice,  and  enliv- 
ened home  monotony  by  all  sorts  of  games  and  gym- 
nastic exercises.  Dancing  was  carried  to  such  excess 
as  to  lead  to  dissoluteness  and  occasional  death,  even 
as  it  does  to-day.  The  dances  of  the  peasantry  in 
many  instances  bear  a  striking  resemblance  to  those 
of  the  native  races  of  America.  In  Asturias,  men, 
and  sometimes  men  and  women,  form  a  circle  joining 
Lands  by  the  little  finger.    A  leader  sings  in  plaintive 

UiNi.  CBN.  Am.,  Vol.  I,    A 


M 


IXTRODUCTION". 


monotone  a  description  of  some  Spanish  feat  of  arms; 
priol*  to  the  eleventh  century,  or  of  a  tournament  of 
later  days,  or  of  some  unhappy  love  adventure,  or  of 
a  thrilling  incident  in  the  conquest  of  America.  At 
the  end  of  ever}'-  strophe,  all  sing  in  chorus  the  refrain 
which  sometimes  terminates  in  an  invocation,  as  for 
example.  May  Saint  Peter  be  with  me!  May  tho 
Magdalen  protect  us!  The  dance  is  a  long  stop  for- 
ward, and  two  short  steps  backward  and  laterally  to 
the  right,  so  that  th  j  circle  keeps  constantly  moving 
in  that  direction,  moanwhile  keeping  time  to  the 
music  with  arms  as  well  as  feet.  Tlicse  dances 
take  place  on  Sunday  afternoons,  and  on  foast-dayr;, 
and  when  the  priest  is  present  men  and  women  aro 
separated  in  the  dance.  The  fandango,  danced  by 
two  persons  with  castanets  to  the  music  of  the  guitar, 
is  peculiar  to  the  south  of  Spain. 

Between  the  eras  proper  of  tournaments  and  bull- 
fights, a  species  of  tilting  called  corrcr  la  sortija  was 
greatly  in  vogue.  A  gold  finger-ring  was  suspended 
by  a  thread  from  the  top  of  a  pole,  and  at  it  charged 
the  cavalier  with  lance  in  rest  and  horse  at  full  speed. 
Tho  smallncss  of  the  object,  its  constant  motion,  and 
its  proximity  to  the  polo  rendered  it  an  exceedingly 
difficult  feat  to  accomplish. 

Cards  and  dice  were  at  this  time  in  the  height  of 
their  fascination.  Every  class,  age,  profession,  and 
sex  were  filled  with  a  passion  for  gambling — a  mof-t 
levelling  vice,  at  this  juncture,  bringing  in  contact 
noble  and  commoner,  knight  and  squire,  women,  sei 
vants,  and  trades -people.  An  English  poet  about 
tho  year  1500  thus  laments  the  degeneracy  of  tlio 
nobles : 

"  Before  thj-a  tjnnc  tlu-y  lo^•y(l  for  to  juste, 

Anil  ill  tihotyngc  (.'liet'clj'  tlicy  sett  thor  myndc ; 
Anil  thor  liuulys  iinil  iKisscssyous  now  sett  they  moste, 
And  at  cardcs  and  dyce  ye  may  them  ffyndc. " 

From  her  low  estate  of  medijBval  drudge  or  plny- 
thing,   woman  was  lifted   by  the  exaltation  of  tlio 


FE!iIALE  CHASTITY. 


61 


f  arm^; 

Qcnt  of 

c,  or  of 

a.     At 

refrain 

I,  as  for 

[ay  tlio 

,top  for- 

!rally  to 

moviii!^ 
to  tlio 
dance:? 

ist-day:-, 

men  aro 

/need  l)y 

,e  guitar, 

xnd  biill- 
^rtija  ^vas 
luspendcd 

charged 
dl  speed, 
tion,  and 

ccdingly 

ttieisjbt  of 
pion,  and 
-a  mo;  t 
contact 
Incn,  sei 
let  about 
of  tlie 


or  pliiv- 
li  of  U>o 


Yji-nrin, — lifted  too  high  l)y  chivahy;  then  fell  too 
lowVith  the  sensual  reaction.  Finally,  after  many 
waverings,  she  rises  again,  and  in  the  more  favored 
spheres  takes  her  rightful  place  beside  her  lord, 
his  confidant  and  equal.  At  the  time  of  which  I 
write,  however,  she  was  less  respected  than  now,  and 
licncc  less  respectable;  less  trusted,  and  consequently 
less  trustworthy.  Her  virtue,  fortified  by  bolts  and 
bars  at  home,  was  watched  by  servants  abroad. 
Fallinor  into  the  customs  of  the  invaders  durinsf 
]\Ioslem  domination,  Castilian  ladies  became  more 
and  more  retired,  until  the  dwelling  was  little  better 
than  a  nunnery.  The  days  of  tournaments,  and 
jousts,  and  troubadours  w^ere  over,  and  indillcrenco 
succeeded  chivalric  sentimentality. 

Seldom  has  Spanish  society  been  conspicuous  for  its 
high  moral  tone.  Female  chastity  was  an  abstract 
quality,  the  property  of  the  father  or  husband,  rather 
than  an  inherent  virtue  for  the  safe-keeping  of  which 
th.c  female  possessor  w^as  responsible.  The  master  of 
a  household  exercised  sovereign  authority  therein, 
claiming  even  the  power  of  life  and  death  over  the 
nioiiiljers  of  his  family.  He  was  addressed  in  the 
third  person  as 'your  worship;'  sons  dare  rot  cover 
their  head,  cross  their  legs,  or  even  sit  in  his  presence 
unless  so  directed;  daughters  were  betrothed  without 
thuir  knowledge,  ai>d  to  men  whom  they  had  never 
seen;  the  selection  of  a  husband  rested  entirely  with 
tlic  father,  and  the  daughter  had  only  to  acquiesce. 
Female  decorum  and  purity  were  placed  under 
espionage.  A  duena  kept  guard  over  the  wife  and 
daugliter  at  home,  and  closely  followed  at  their  heels 
whenever  they  stepped  into  ljio  street.  Ladies, 
clo^^ely  veiled,  marched  solemnly  co  church,  preceded 
liy  a  rodn'gon,  or  squire,  with  cushion  and  prayer- 
book,  and  followed  by  a  duena.  At  service,  her  place 
was  in  front,  and  men  took  up  their  station  behind 
her.  Teach  woman  first  that  she  is  inferior,  next 
that  she  is  impotent;  add  to  this  intellectual  inanity 


INTRODUCTION. 


,;ti!|, 


MM 


and  implied  moral  unaccountability,  and  you  have  a 
creature  ripe  for  wickedness. 

This  excess  of  caution  defeated  its  ov/n  purpose. 
Women,  left  much  alone  within  their  cloister-liko 
homes,  waited  not  in  vain  for  opportunity.  The  gay 
mistress  could  often  too  easily  win  over  her  attendant, 
and  make  of  her  duena  a  fjo-between ;  yet  if  wo  may 
believe  the  record,  infidelity  was  rare,  and  for  two 
reasons.  First,  woman  in  her  seclusion  escaped  many 
temptations ;  and  secondly,  a  wholesome  fear,  the  ccr  • 
taintv  that  venixeance,  swift  and  sure,  would  follow 
the  offence,  resulting  in  the  death  of  one  or  both  of 
fenders,  placed  a  curb  on  passion.  Females  of  the 
hnver  classes,  left  alone  to  take  care  of  their  virtue  as 
best  they  might,  with  faces  open  and  actions  free, 
were  less  given  to  transgression  than  their  wealthier 
sisters. 

Lewd  women  could  not  testify  in  criminal  cases. 
Respectable  women  were  permitted  to  testify,  but 
the  judge  was  obliged  to  wait  on  them  at  their 
homes,  as  they  were  not  allowed  to  attend  court. 
Learning  to  write  was  discouraged  in  females,  as  they 
(XHild  then  have  it  in  their  power  to  scribble  love- 
letters  to  their  gallants.  Queen  Isabella  did  much 
to  elevate  and  purify  both  religion  and  morals.  The 
court  of  Enrique  IV.,  her  predecessor,  has  been  de- 
scribed as  but  little  better  than  a  brothel,  where  "the 
(|ueen,  a  daughter  of  Portugal,  lived  openly  with  her 
parasites  and  gallants,  as  the  king  did  with  his  min- 
ions and  mistresses."  Maids  of  honor  were  trained 
courtesans,  and  the  noblemen  of  the  court  occupied 
their  time  in  illicit  amours  and  love  intrigues.  From 
the  king  (m  liis  throne  to  his  lowest  subject,  all  who 
could  afford  it  kept  a  mistress. 

Ware  states  that  within  a  century  the  widows 
of  Madrid  were  "compelled  to  pass  the  whole  first 
year  of  their  mourning  in  a  chamber  entirely  hung 
with  black,  where  not  a  single  ray  of  the  sun  coul^l 
penetrate,  seated  on  a  little  mattress  with  their  legs 


I .« 

C' 


, 


EUROrE.lN  SOCIETY  IN  GENER^U.. 


SH 


always  crossed.  When  this  year  was  over,  they  rc- 
tiivJ  to  pass  the  second  year  ni  a  chamber  hung  with 
grey."  This  savagism  is  paralleled  by  the  Thlinkeets 
of  Alaska,  who  at  certain  times  confine  women  in  a 
little  kennel  for  six  months,  giving  them  one  a  sizo 
larger  for  the  second  six  months;  likewise  by  the 
Taculli'js  of  New  Caledonia,  who  make  the  widow 
carry  the  deceased  husband's  ashes  upon  her  back  in 
a  bag  for  one  or  two  years. 

A  glance  at  English  and  French  society  shows  us, 
however,  that  the  character  of  the  Spanish  women  of 
this  epoch  compared  favorably  with  that  of  their 
northern  sisters.  Though  perhaps  no  chaster  than 
the  French,  they  were  not  street-brawlers  like  the 
Eaglish  women.  These  latter,  we  arc  told,  from 
whom  the  men  would  separate  themselves  in  their 
debauches,  would  likewise  assemble  at  the  public 
house,  drink  their  ale,  talk  loudly  and  lewdly,  and 
gossip,  swear,  and  fight.  In  a  religious  play  of  the 
period,  representing  the  deluge,  Noah,  when  ready  to 
enter  the  ark,  seeks  his  wife,  and  finds  her  carousing 
with  her  gossips  at  the  public  drink-house. 

"  Young  ladies,  even  of  great  families,"  says 
AYright,  "  were  brought  up  not  only  strictly  but  oven 
tyrannically  by  their  mothers,  who  kept  them  con- 
stantly at  work,  exacted  from  them  almost  slavish 
doforencc  and  respect,  and  even  counted  upon  their 
earnings."  A  mother  in  those  days  was  accounted  a 
little  severe  who  beat  her  daughter  "  once  in  the 
week,  or  twice,  and  sometimes  twice  a  day,"  and 
"  brolce  her  head  in  two  or  three  places,"  or  still  worse, 
permitted  her  to  "speak  with  no  man,  whosoever 
come." 

Witness  the  wooing  of  Matilda  of  Flanders  by 
William  the  Conqueror.  Having  had  the  audacity 
to  refuse  him,  the  noble  suitor  entered  her  home, 
sci::c(l  her  long  tresses,  dragged  her  about  the  floor, 
struck  her;  then  flinging  her  from  him,  he  spurned 
licr  with  his  foot.     Matilda  at  once  accepted  him, 


^m 


h;:',' 


^\f' 


54 


INTRODUCTION. 


savini? :  "ITc  must  be  a  man  of  courai]fc  who  dare  beat 
me  in  my  father's  palace." 

Pe(h'o  el  Cruel,  \i'n\g  of  Castile  and  Leon,  about  tlie 
middle  of  the  fourteenth  century  held  good,  and  com- 
manded, under  heavy  penalties,  that  no  one  of  tlio 
laboring  classes,  man  or  woman,  who  was  able  to  work, 
should  be  found  begging.  He  fixed  the  day's  wage 
of  every  class  with  the  most  punctilious  exactitude. 
Shoemakers,  tailors,  armorei's,  and  others  who  worked 
by  the  job,  had  a  dcHnite  price  attached  to  the  mak- 
ing of  every  article.  A  shoe  of  such  and  such  leather, 
made  after  such  a  fashion,  with  a  double  or  sinvlo 
sole;  a  cloak,  lined  or  unlined;  a  weapon  of  an  oidi- 
nary,  or  of  a  superior  temper  and  hnish — c  tch  article 
in  its  fabrication  was  to  cost  just  so  much  and  no 
more. 

It  was  an  ago  of  interference  in  the  affairs  of  men, 
the  stronjij  acrainst  the  weak.  It  Avas  in  these  trade 
regulations,  and  in  sumptuary  laws,  the  superstition 
of  j)olitical  econmny  and  social  statics,  that  the  science 
of  iLjnorance  culminated.  It  was  then  that  learned 
men  threw  dust  into  the  air,  cast  a  cloud  about  their 
own  intellect,  and  labored  hard  to  inculcate  the  prin- 
ciples of  nescience  into  the  minds  of  men.  In  Eng- 
land the  number  of  servants  a  nobleman  might  have 
was  fixed  bylaw,  as  was  also  costume?,  and  the  number 
of  courses  at  dinner.  Soup  and  two  dishes  leg;dly 
constituted  a  Frenchman's  dinner  in  I'MO, 

Ferdinand  and  Isabella  were,  perhaps,  the  most 
parentally  inclined  of  all.  No  aflair,  religioas,  moral, 
political,  judicial,  economical,  literary,  industri;d, 
mechanical,  or  mercantile  could  escape  their  atten- 
tion. From  the  reflation  and  organization  of  the 
high  councils,  and  of  the  civil  and  ecclesiastical 
tribunals,  to  the  ordinances  for  the  Icathcr-drcsf^ors 
and  cloth-shearers;  from  the  decrees  concerning  tlio 
universities  and  the  literary  and  scientific  bodii ., 
to  the  orders  that  prescribed  the  weight  of  hor  o- 
sliocs;    from   the    general    laws       i    commerce    and 


SUMPTUARY  LAW3. 


fiS 


navigation,  to  ilioso  U'hich  fixed  tlio  cxpontliture  at 
Ml  delinks  and  baj)li.sms,  and  the  amount  of  wax  to 
bo  burned  at  funeraLs ;  from  the  highest  interests  and 
ri"'lits  of  reliLjion  and  of  the  throne,  down  to  the  most 
humble  and  mechanical  industries — all  were  consid- 
ered, legislated  upon,  and  seen  to  by  their  Catholic 
!M;:jc:;lie;3,  with  inlinito  pains  and  vigilance.  In  IjiO, 
thialiing  the  colonists  of  Espahola  too  fond  of  osten- 
tation and  extravagance,  Ferdinand  issued  a  procla- 
mation, forbidding  them  to  wear  rich  silks,  brocades, 
or  gold  or  silver  lace.  Owners  of  vessels,  in  times  of 
peace,  were  forced  to  engage  at  iixed  prices  in  pcril- 
ou:j  voyages  of  discovc^ry  or  commerce. 

In  Jilngland  it  appears  that  tnc  dress  of  the 
r.iea  commanded  the  special  attention  of  their  rulers. 
Sp;uiiards  made  men  and  women  alike  to  feel  the  iron 
hocl  of  sumptuary  legislation;  while  the  English,  in 
laws  of  nearly  coincident  date,  for  the  most  part 
oiiiltted  the  sex.  By  distinctive  qualities,  Edward 
1\'.,  1 -101-1-183,  regulated  the  dress  of  his  people — 
from  the  royal  cloth-of-gold  down  to  the  two-shillings- 
a-yard,  and  under,  cloth  of  the  laboring  classes;  but, 
if  wc  may  believe  Sanford,  ho  took  care  to  exempt  his 
women  subjects  from  the  provisions  of  this  act,  save 
only  tlie  wives  of  the  two -shillings -a -yard  boor, 
who  might  be  expected  to  have  other  things  to 
attend  to. 

The  continental  ladies,  it  appears,  could  flaunt  it 
bravely  upon  occasion,  at  least  ni  France  and  Elan- 
dci';'..  For  through  these  countries  crusaded,  in  14l18, 
Thouins  Conecte,  a  Carmelite  friar,  preaching  against 
the  evils  of  the  age,  or  what  he  considered  as  such. 
Among  these,  dress  held  a  place,  and  many  other 
things  not  generally  CDndenmed  at  present.  His 
nuMiaer  of  going  to  work  was  peculiar,  and  is  pretty 
Well  described  by  ^lonstrelet. 

In  his  audiences  he  alwa^'s  separated  the  men  from 
the  women  by  a  cord,  "  for  he  had  observed  some  sly 
doings  between  them  while  he  was  preaching."    llav- 


66 


TNTRODUCTION. 


ing  taken  these  wise  precautions,  he  was  accustomed 
earnestly  to  admonish  his  hearers  "on  tbe  damnation 
of  their  souls  and  on  pain  of  excommunication,  to 
bring  to  him  whatever  backgammon- ooarfls,  chess- 
boards, nine-pins,  or  other  instruments  for  games 
of  amusement  they  might  possess."  Right  bitterly 
would  he  then  attack  the  luxurious  apparel  of  ladies 
of  rank ;  especially  the  monstrous  head-gear  which 
was  in  fashion  at  that  time ;  all  of  which  bred  trouble, 
as  may  readily  bo  imagined,  and  produced  no  good 
results. 

We  see  the  same  style  of  preaching  indulged  !;■ 
by  the  Wesleys  in  England  and  Whitcfield  and  other  i 
in  America  at  different  times,  and  ever  with  the 
same  lack  of  practical  results.  The  most  costly  jew- 
elry, the  finest  apparel,  grand  houses  and  free  living 
are  as  conspicuous  among  the  followers  of  these 
self-sacrificinff  and  conscientious  men  as  amon<]j  tlie 
members  of  any  other  church,  or  among  those  who 
are  not  members  of  any  church.  And  if  the  pious 
Carmelite  friar  failed  in  his  crusade  against  fine 
clothes,  free  living,  and  monstrous  head-gear  among 
the  Spanish  of  the  fifteenth  century,  so  have  more 
modern  crusaders  failed  in  similar  attempts  in  later 
times. 

This  then  was  Spain  and  Spanish  character,  as 
nearly  as  I  have  been  able  to  picture  them  in  the 
short  space  allotted,  at  or  prior  to  the  dawn  of  the 
sixteenth  century.  Wo  have  found  Spaniards  the 
noblest  race  on  earth  at  that  time ;  their  men  brave, 
their  women  modest.  Before  them  opened  a  career 
more  brilliant  than  the  world  has  ever  seen  before  or 
since.  To  follow  them  in  some  parts  of  that  career 
is  the  purpose  of  these  volumes. 

We  have  found  these  people  after  all  not  so  very 
different  from  ourselves — more  loyal  than  we,  but 
more   ignorant;   more   religious,  but   more  supersti- 


!s 


m 


EUROPE  AND  AMERICA. 


C7 


tious;  more  daring,  but  more  reckless;  more  enthusi- 
astic, but  more  chimericul.  They  were  endowed  with 
the  virtues  and  vices  of  their  age,  as  we  are  with  tho 
virtues  and  vices  of  ours.  They  were  sincere  in  their 
opinions,  and  honest  in  their  efforts;  but  we  have  tlio 
advantage  of  them  by  four  centuries  of  recorded  ex- 
periences. Our  knowledge,  our  advantages,  arc  su- 
perior to  theirs;  do  we  make  superior  use  of  them? 
Spain  lighted  a  hemisphere  of  dark  waters,  brought 
forth  hidden  islands  and  continents,  and  presented 
half  a  world  to  the  other  half  With  all  our  boasted 
improvement,  have  we  done  more? 

It  is  the  custom  of  historical  commentators  to 
praise  and  to  blame  ad  libitum.  This  is  right  if  it 
bo  done  judiciously.  Wo  should  praise  discreetly, 
and  blame  with  steadiness.  But  there  is  really  little 
to  praise  or  to  blame  in  history,  and  most  of  it  that 
is  d(jnG  is  simply  praising  or  blaming  the  providence 
of  progress.  Would  you  blame  the  Spanish  people 
for  beinii  iirnorant,  submissive,  and  cruel?  Tliev  were 
iis  God  and  circuRistanccs  made  thorn.  Would  you 
blame  their  king  and  princes  for  douiinccring  tlioui? 
Tlicy  wore  as  the  people  and  circanistancos  inadc  them. 
Tho  people  were  indignant  if  tlioir  rulers  did  not 
inipos^o  upon  them.  Says  Grcnvillo,  writing  in  liis 
luomoirs  so  late  as  1818:  "The  llewnt  drives  in  tho 
park  every  day  in  a  tilbury,  with  his  gitx>ui  siUliig 
by  his  side;  grave  men  are  shocked  at  thiy  undiguilied 
practice." 

Moanwhile,  amidst  the  many  so-cnllod  spirits  whioli 
iu  this  epoch  hovered  over  man,  the  spirit  of  dis- 
covory  was  not  the  least  potent.  Curiosity,  tli(>  mother 
of  soicuco,  became  the  mother  of  new  worlds;  gsvvo 
Ijirtli  to  continents,  islands,  and  Koas;  gave  ionn 
and  boundary  to  earti..  Over  the  sea,  tho  mists  of 
tho  Dark  Aj^e  had  rested  witli  o-reator  dousitv  ovou 
than  on  land.  The  aurora  of  progn.'SH  now  illuniinod 
tho  wostorn  horizon  as  of  old  it  did  tho  eastern. 
Hitherto  the  great  ocean,  beyond  a  few  leagues  from 


H  INTRODUCTION. 

shore,  was  a  mystery.  As  may  be  seen  deplete  '\  on 
ancient  chaits,  it  was  filled,  in  the  imaginations  of 
navigators,  with  formid  .ble  water-beasts  and  monsters, 
scarcely  less  terrible  than  those  that  ^neas  saw  as 
he  entered  the  mouth  of  Hades : 

'•  Multaquo  prteterea  variarum  monstra  ferarum: 
Ccntauii  in  foribua  stabulant,  Scyllieque  biforraes, 
et  ccntumgcmiuus  Briarcus,  ac  belua  Lernaj 
horrendum  stridcns,  flammiaque  armata  Chimaera, 
Gorgonc3  Ilarpyiaque  et  forma  tricoi-poria  umbrae." 

Ancient  geographers  affirmed  that  the  heat  of  the 
torrid  zone  was  intolerable,  that  men  and  ships  enter- 
ing it  would  slirivel.  This  belt  of  consuminc:  heat 
presented  an  impenetrable  barrier  between  the  known 
and  the  v.nknown. 

What  wonder  that  intellect  was  stunted,  civiliza- 
tion dwarfed,  restricted  as  was  human  knowledge  to 
the  narrow  grave-like  walls  of  western  Europe  1  No 
sooner  were  these  ancient  boundaries  burst,  and  the 
black  and  dreadful  fog-banks  which  lay  upon  primeval 
ocean  pierced,  than  fancy,  like  a  freed  bird,  bounded 
forth,  swept  the  circumference  of  the  earth,  soared 
aloft  amid  the  stars,  and  dare  ^  even  to  ask  of  religion 
a  reason. 

One  glance  westward.  On  either  side  of  an  un- 
swept  sea,  a  Sea  of  Darkness  it  was  called  by  tlioso 
that  feared  it,  there  rested  at  the  opening  of  this 
history  two  fair  continents,  each  unknown  to  the 
other.  3ne  was  cultivated;  its  nations  were  well 
advanced  in  those  arts  and  courtesies  that  sprin-^ 
from  accunudated  experiences;  the  other,  for  the 
most  part,  unmarred  by  man,  lay  revelling  in  primeval 
beauty,  fresh  as  I'roui  the  Creator's  hand.  The  loavcii 
of  progress  working  in  one,  brought  to  its  kno\vlcil,L;'c 
the  exiiitence  of  the  other;  the  Sea  of  Darkness  wiili 
its  uncouth  monsters  was  turned  into  a  higlnvay,  and 
tivili.'^.ed  Europe  stood  face  to  face  with  sylvan 
America.     This  world  newly  found  was  called   the 


COMPARATIYE  RELIGIONS. 


60 


New  World;  though  which  is  the  new  and  which  the 
old;  which,  if  either,  peopled  the  other,  is  yet  unde- 
termined. One  in  organism  and  in  the  nature  human, 
the  people  of  the  two  worlds  were  in  color,  customs, 
and  sentiment  sovcral.  The  barbarous  New  World 
boasted  its  civilizations,  while  the  civilized  Old  World 
disclosed  its  barbarisms;  on  Mexican  and  Peruvian 
highlands  were  nations  of  city-builders  as  far  superior 
in  culture  to  the  islanders  and  coast-dwellers  seen 
by  Columbus,  as  were  the  European  discoverers  su- 
perior to  t.ie  American  highlanders.  Of  probable 
inJip:c  lou:^  v'-'yia,  this  lesser  civilization  shows  traces 
of  liigL  .n:  Jty;  even  the  ruder  nations  of  the 
north  iua-'c  far  behind  them  absolute  primevalism. 

I  do  not  say  with  some  that  in  America  were  seen 
in  certain  directions  marks  of  as  high  culture  as  any 
in  Europe.  There  were  no  such  marks.  Eut  this 
unquestionably  is  true;  that,  as  in  Europe,  we  here 
find  that  most  inexplicable  of  phenomena,  the  evolu- 
tion of  civility;  man  s  mental  and  spiritual  necessities, 
like  his  physical  wants,  appear  everywhere  the  same. 
Tlie  mind,  like  the  body,  craves  nutriment,  and  the 
dimmed  imprisoned  soul  a  higher  sympathy;  hence 
wo  see  men  o^  every  clime  and  color  making  for 
themselves  gods,  ar^'i  contriving  creeds  which  shall 
presently  deh^^er  tlioT'  from  their  dilemma.  The 
civili::ations  of  A.U(.rM:a,  unlike  well-rooted  saplings 
of  Egypt,  Greece,  an*'  Ecr.ie,  w  re  sensitive-plants 
which  collapsed  upon  tuo  lirst  foreign  todch,  leaving 
only  the  blackness  of  darkness;  hence  it  was  the  wikl 
tribes,  far  more  than  the  cultivated  nations,  that 
inlluonced  the  character  of  subsequent  American  so- 
cieties. 

In  hor  civil  and  religious  polities  America  was 
every  whit  as  c  .sistent  as  Europe.  Neither  was 
altogether  perfe  *  rv  wise;  and  wo  wonder  at  the 
blindness  and  st;;.  lity  of  one  as  of  the  other. 
Although  we  could  catch  but  a  glimpse  of  the  Anier- 
icans  belbre  they  vanished,  yet  we  might  see  that 


so 


INTRODUCTION. 


m 


ij  i 

.1    3 


intellect  was  not  stationary,  but  growing,  and  that 
society  was  instinct  with  intelligent  and  progressional 
activity. 

In  their  religions  the  Americans  paralleled  the 
rest  of  mankind.  Every  religion  derives  its  form 
and  color  from  the  mind  of  the  wors]iippers,  so  that 
by  their  gods  we  may  know  them.  From  elevated 
natures  emanate  chaste  and  refined  conceptions  of 
the  deity;  from  brutish  natures  coarse  conceptions. 
Christianity  is  the  highest  a>.  '  purest  of  all  religions; 
but  if  wo  study  the  moral  pi..'  i  of  the  foremost 
American  nations,  we  shall  see  tl.  in  many  respects 
they  were  not  far  behind,  and  were  indeed  in  some  in- 
stances in  advance  of  Christianity.  True,  the  Aztecs 
practised  human  sacrifice,  with  all  its  attendant  hor- 
rors; but  what  were  the  religious  wars,  the  expulsion 
of  Jews,  the  slaughter  of  Infidels,  the  burning  of 
heretics,  but  human  sacrifice?  Moreover,  while  wo 
turn  In  horror  from  the  sacrificial  stone  of  the  Aztecs, 
where  the  human  victims  were  treated  as  gods  and 
whence  their  souls  were  sent  direct  to  Paradise,  yet 
we  find  among  them  little  of  that  most  Infamous  of 
crimes — persecution  for  opinion's  sake;  nor  yet  do 
we  read  of  their  Ingenuity  being  taxed  for  the  con- 
trivance of  enijfines  of  the  most  cxcruclatinfj  torture,  as 
we  do  In  the  history  of  Christianity.  Tortures  which, 
while  killing  the  body,  it  was  believed  consigned  the 
soul  to  eternal  agonies. 

There  was  little  in  the  social  or  political  systems  of 
Euro[)e  of  which  the  counterpart  could  not  be  found 
in  America ;  Indeed,  the  economical,  social,  and  politic  al 
condition  of  every  civilization  finds  its  counter[)art  In 
every  other  civilization;  and  there  were  Institutions 
then  existing  in  America  at  whose  feet  Europe  might 
have  sat  with  benefit. 

Among  the  wilder  tribes  we  find  prevalent  the 
patriaivhal  state,  with  its  hundreds  of  languages  and 
theologies;  a  slight  advance  from  which  are  thoiio 
ass(jciatIona  of  families  banded  for  safety,  thus  j  re- 


AMERIC^l-f  ABORIGINALa. 


61 


sentinf  a  state  of  society  not  unlike  that  of  European 
feudrli.sin.  From  this  point,  every  quality  and  grade 
of  government  presents  itself  until  full-blown  mon 
arcby  is  attained,  where  a  sole  sovereign  becomes  an 
emperor  of  nations  with  a  state  and  severity  equal  to 
that  of  the  most  enlightened.  The  government  of  tlio 
Nahua  nations,  which  was  monarchical  and  nearly 
absolute,  denotes  no  small  progress  from  primordial 
patriarchy. 

Like  their  cousins  of  Spain  and  iTngland,  the  sov- 
ereigns of  Mexico  had  their  elabomto  palaces,  with 
magnificent  surroundings,  their  country  residence  and 
their  hunting-grounds,  their  botanical  and  zoological 
gardens,  and  their  harems  filled  with  the  daughters 
of  nobles,  who  deemed  it  an  honor  to  see  them  thus 
royally  defiled.  There  were  aristocratic  and  knightly 
orders;  nobles,  plebeians,  and  slaves;  pontiffs  and 
l)ricstlioods;  land  tenures  and  taxation;  seminaries 
of  learning,  and  systems  of  education,  in  which  vir- 
tue was  extolled  and  vice  denounced;  laws  and  law 
courts  of  various  grades,  and  councils  and  tribunals 
of  various  kinds;  military  orders  with  drill,  engineer 
corps,  arms,  and  fortifications;  commerce,  caravans, 
markets,  merchants,  pedlers,  and  commercial  fairs, 
with  a  credit  system,  and  express  and  postal  facil- 
ities. 

They  were  not  lacking  in  pleasures  and  amusements 
similar  to  those  of  the  Europeans,  such  as  feasts  with 
])rofcssional  jester,  music,  dancing;  and  after  dinner 
the  drama,  national  games,  gymnastics,  and  gladiatorial 
combats.  They  were  not  without  their  intoxicating 
drink,  delighting  in  drunkenness  while  denouncing  it. 
Their  medical  faculty  and  systems  of  surgery  they 
had, and  their  burial-men;  also  their  literati,  scholars, 
orators,  and  poets,  with  an  arithmetical  system,  a 
calendar,  a  knowledge  of  astronomy,  hieroglyphic 
books,  chronological  records,  public  libraries,  and  na- 
tional archives. 

The  horoscope  of  infants  was  cast;  the  cross  was 


62 


EsTRODUCTIOX. 


lifted  up;  incense  was  burned;  baptism  and  circum- 
cision were  practised.  Whence  arose  these  customs 
so  like  those  of  their  fellow-men  across  the  Atlantic, 
whom  they  had  never  seen  or  heard  of? 

The  conquerors  found  all  this  when  they  entered 
the  country.  They  examined  with  admiration  the 
manufactures  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  tin,  and  lead, 
wrought  to  exquisite  patterns  with  surprising  skill. 
They  gazed  with  astonishment  on  huge  architectural 
piles,  on  monumental  remains  speaking  louder  than 
words;  on  temples,  causeways,  fountains,  aqueducts, 
and  light-houses,  surrounded  as  they  were  with  statues 
and  intricate  and  costly  stone  carvings.  They  found 
that  the  Americans  made  cloth,  paper,  pottery,  and 
dyes,  and  were  proficient  in  painting.  Their  mosaic 
feather -work  was  a  marvel. 

There  are  many  points  of  interest,  well  worth 
examination,  which  I  have  not  space  here  properly 
to  mention.  The  interested  reader,  however,  will  find 
all  material  necessary  to  careful  comparison  in  my 
Native  Races  of  the  Pacific  States,  lie  will  there 
find  described  conditions  of  society  analogous  to 
feudalism  and  chivalry;  he  will  find  municipal  gov- 
ernments, walled  towns,  and  standing  armies.  There 
were  Icccislativo  assemblies  similar  to  that  of  the 
Cortes,  and  associations  not  unlike  that  of  the  Holy 
Brothorb  'd.  To  say  that  trial  by  combat  some- 
times occurred  is  affirming  of  them  nothing  com- 
pliuientary;  but  upon  the  absence  of  some  European 
institutions  they  were  to  be  congratulated. 

Although  living  lives  of  easy  poverty,  the  wild 
trihes  of  Amei'ica  cvoiywliere  possessed  dormant 
wealtli  enough  to  tempt  the  cupidity  alike  of  the  fierco 
8pa!ii:n'd,  the  blithe  Frenchman,  and  the  sombre  Eiig- 
lislnnan.  Under  a  burning  tropical  sun,  where  neitliir 
meat  nor  clothing  was  essential  to  comfort,  the  land 
yielded  gold,  wliile  in  hyperborean  forests  where  no 
])rocious  metals  were  discovered  the  richest  peltries 
abounded;  so  that  no  savage  in  all  this  northern  coii- 


COMPARATIVE  CHARACTERISTICS. 


C3 


tinont  was  found  so  poor  that  grasping  civilization 
could  find  nothing  to  rob  him  of. 

When  Europe  undertook  the  mastery  of  America, 
she  found  the  people,  as  a  rule,  ready  to  be  friendly. 
Some  at  fu'st  were  startled  into  the  seizure  of  their 
arras,  the  first  impulse  of  the  wild  man  on  meeting 
anythinGT  strange  being  to  defend  himself  But  their 
fears  were  easily  allayed,  their  confidence  easily 
gained,  and  their  pledges  of  good  faith  were  usually 
to  be  depended  upon. 

The  variations  between  them  and  their  brethren 
across  the  Atlantic  were  less  of  kind  than  of  quality. 
They  were  more  children  than  wild  beasts.  Phys- 
ically they  were  complete,  but  mentally  they  were  not 
fully  developed.  Their  minds  were  not  so  broad,  nor 
so  strong  or  subtle  as  those  of  white  men.  Their 
cunning  partook  more  of  brute  instinct  than  of  civ- 
ilized artifice.  There  was  mind-Dower  enough,  but  it 
lacked  shape  and  consistency.  They  were  naturally 
11!)  more  blood-thirsty,  or  cruel,  or  superstitious  than 
their  conquerors,  but  their  cruelty  and  superstitions 
wore  of  coarser,  cruder  forms.  The  American  abo- 
riginal character  has  been  greatly  misconstrued,  and 
is  to-day  but  imperfectly  understood. 

The  chief  difference,  or  cause  of  difference,  be- 
tween tlie  people  of  Europe  and  the  more  advanced 
nations  of  America,  it  seems  to  me,  lay  in  the  igno- 
rance of  some  few  things,  apparently  insignificant 
iii  tlienisclves,  yet  mighty  enough  to  rovolutioiii;:e 
("hi'istendoin;  such  as  the  use  of  iron,  gun[)o\V(l('i', 
and  nu)vablo  types.  The  absence  of  horses,  and  otlier 
nt'  tlie  more  useful  domestic  animals,  was  also  a  dis- 
advantage. 

Ai'ter  reading  of  the  Europeans  of  that  day  it  is 
irony  to  call  the  Americans  revengeful  or  cruel.  Where 
is  it  ]i()ssiblc  to  find  more  strongly  developed  those 
(|ualities  which  civilization  most  condemns  than  among 
civilized  nations — the  same,  only  refined?    So  blind 


64 


xNTRODUCTION. 


are  vre  to  our  ovm  faults,  so  quick  to  see  and  condemn 
the  faults  of  our  weak  and  defenceless  neighbor ! 

Catalogue  crime  and  place  the  white  beside  the 
red.  Seldom  was  t'ae  Indian  treacherous  until  he 
had  been  deceived.  The  Indians  tortured  their  pris- 
oners; so  did  the  white  men,  hunting  them  with 
bloodhounds,  enslaving  them,  branding  them  with  hot 
irons,  beating  and  roasting  them,  making  them  work 
in  the  mines  until  death  relieved  them  by  thousands, 
butchering  wives  and  children  because  the  husband 
and  father  dared  strike  a  blow  in  their  defence.  It  is 
well  to  call  them  brutal  in  warfare  when  the  white 
man  so  quickly  adopts  their  most  brutal  customs;  it 
is  well  to  call  them  beasts  of  prey,  when  the  white 
man  crosses  the  ocean  to  prey  upon  those  very  beasts 
which  he  pretends  to  slur. 

In  speaking  of  the  Indians,  it  has  become  the 
custom  wilfully  to  misapply  terms.  If  a  tribe  resist 
an  injury,  it  is  called  an  outbreak;  if  successful  in 
war,  it  is  a  massacre ;  if  successful  in  single  combat,  it 
is  a  murder.  Thus  soldiers  speak  to  cover  the  dis- 
grace of  defeat,  and  thus  reports  are  made  by  men 
who  regard  not  decency  in  speaking  of  a  savage,  to 
say  nothing  of  fairness.  It  is  enough  that  we  have 
exterminated  this  people,  without  attempting  to  ma- 
lign them  and  exalt  our  own  baseness.  What  should 
we  do  were  a  foreign  power  to  come  in  ships  to  our 
shore  and  becrin  to  slaughter  our  animals,  to  stake 
off  our  land  and  divide  it  among  themselves?  Wo 
should  drive  them  away  if  we  were  able ;  but  if  wo 
found  them  the  stronger,  we  should  employ  every  art 
to  destroy  them,  and  in  so  doing  regard  ourselves  as 
patriots  performing  a  sacred  obligation.  This  is  the 
Indian's  crime;  and  in  so  doing  we  call  him  cunning, 
revengeful,  hateful,  diabolical.  But  the  white  man 
brings  him  blankets,  it  may  be  said,  brings  him  medi- 
cine, tells  him  of  contrivances,  teaches  him  civiliza- 
tion. These  things  are  exactly  what  the  savage  does 
not  want,  and  what  he  is  much  better  ofl'  without. 


SIGNIFICATIONS  OF  TROGKESS. 


es 


dcmn 
[ 

ie  tlio 
til  he 
r  pris- 
.  with 
th  hot 
I  work 
isands, 
isband 
It  is 
!  white 
)ms;  it 
J  white 
beasts 

□ae  the 
e  resist 
3sful  in 
bat,  it 
he  dis- 
)y  men 
^age,  to 
re  have 
to  ma- 
should 
to  our 
stake 
I?     We 
if  we 
[cry  art 
lives  as 
is  the 
inning, 
to  man 
medi- 
liviliza- 
re  does 
Ithout. 


I 


The  white  man's  comforts  kill  liim  almost  as  quickly 
as  do  Ills  cruelties;  and  the  teachings  of  Christ's 
ministers  are  abhorrent  if  they  are  C(Uipled  with  the 
exniiiples  of  lecherous  and  murderous  professoi's  of 
Christianity. 

These,  however,  were  by  no  means  all  that  white 
men  gave  the  Indian.  Wc  might  enumerate  alcohol, 
s!iiall-pox,  measles,  syphilis,  and  a  dozeu  other  dis- 
trustiniT  adjuncts  of  civilization  of  which  the  savaGre 
bv-'fore  knew  nothing.  Can  savagi.sm  boast  greater 
achievements  ?  White  men  have  killed  iifty  Indians 
where  Indians  have  killed  one  white  man,  and  this, 
notwithstanding  that  nine  tenths  of  all  injuries  in- 
llicted  have  been  perpetrated  by  white  invaders. 
A  thousand  Indian  women  have  been  outraged  by 
men  whoso  mothers  had  taught  them  the  Lord's 
]i";iyer,  where  one  white  woman  has  been  injured  by 
th.'se  benighted  heathen.  At  any  time  in  the  his- 
tory of  America  I  would  rather  take  my  chances  a.i  a 
white  woman  among  savages,  than  as  an  Indian 
woman  among  white  peo])le. 

Brethren  by  procreation,  but  by  destiny  foes, 
as  we  behold  them  there  the  so-called  New  and 
Old  thus  so  strangely  brought  together,  naturally 
eni)Ugh  we  ask  ourselves.  Whence  came  the  one,  and 
whither  tends  the  other  ?  Whence  came  these  dusky 
tleni;^ens  of  the  forest,  and  for  how  many  thousands 
of  ages  has  the  feeble  light  of  their  intelligence  strug- 
glod  with  the  darkness,  dimly  llickering,  no\v  gather- 
ing strength,  now  falling  back  into  dense  obscurity; 
how  long  and  in  what  manner  lias  the  divine  spark  thus 
wrestled  Avith  its  environment  ?  x\.nd  whither  tends 
this  tierce  fltLmo  of  human  advancement  which  just 
now  bursts  its  ancient  boundaries,  sweeps  across  tho 
Sea  of  Darkness,  absorbs  all  lesser  lights,  and  dazzles 
and  consumes  a  hemisphere  of  souls  ?  !More  espe- 
cially, when  wc  look  back  toward  what  we  are  accus- 
tomed to  call  the  beginning,  and  mark  the  steady 
advance  of  knowledge,  the  ever-increasing  power  of 

UiBi.  Cl.nt.  Am.,  Vol.  1,    6 


CO 


INTRODUCTION. 


mind;  when  wc  consldor  tlio  progress  of  even  iho  last 
liall' contury,  and  listen  to  the  present  din  and  clatter 
of  improvement,  do  we  raise  our  eyes  to  the  f'uluri! 
and  ask,  Whitlier  tends  all  tills?  Whither  tends  witli 
so  ra])idly  aeeeleratin<j;  swil'tness  this  sell'-betn'ttin'' 
of  eidiu'litenment,  this  massing  of  Imniau  acqnire- 
nients;  whither  tends  this  perpetually  incivasing'  dom- 
ination of  the  intelleetual  over  the  niateriaW  \V'ithin 
the  past  few  thousand  years  wo  have  seen  our  I'ace 
emer''-e  I'rom  barbarism,  and  notwithstandiuLi:  the  in- 
lierent  tendeney  to  evil  ever  present  in  our  natures, 
Avo  have  seen  mankind  put  on  civilization  and  accept 
for  tht'ir  faith  Christianity, the  })urest  and  highest  type 
of  relig-ion.  We  have  seen  nations  cease  somewhat 
their  hereditary  i>rowlinixs,  and  brutal  blood-shed- 
dings, and  mingle  as  brethren ;  we  have  seen  wavy  grain 
SHjiplant  the  tangled  wildwood,  gardens  materialize! 
from  the  mirage,  and  magnificent  cities  rise  out  of 
the  roclcy  ground.  Thus  we  have  seen  the  whole 
earth  placed  under  tribute,  an:!  this  mysterious  rea- 
soninuf  intelllufcnce  of  ours  elevating  itself  yet  more 
and  more  above  the  instincts  of  the  brute,  and  assert- 
ing its  (U)niinlon  over  nature:  belting  the  earth  with 
an  nnpatlent  energy,  vrhich  now  presses  outward 
from  every  meridian,  widening  its  domain  as  b(>st  it 
may  toward  the  north  and  toward  the  south,  build- 
ing C(piatorial  fu'cs  under  polar  Icebergs.  All  this 
and  more  from  the  records  of  our  race  we  have  seen 
accomplished,  and  yet  do  see  it;  civilizalion  working 
itself  out  in  accordance  with  tlie  eternal  purposes  ct' 
Onmipotenee,  unfolding  under  man's  agency,  yet  in- 
dependent of  man's  will;  a  subtile,  extraneous,  uniiy- 
ing  energy,  sthnulated  by  agencies  good  not  moi'o 
than  by  agencies  evil,  yet  always  tending  in  its  re- 
sults to  good  rather  than  to  evil;  an  influence  beyond 
the  reach  or  cognizance  of  man,  working  in  and  round 
persons  and  societies,  turning  and  overturning,  now 
clouding  the  sky  with  blackness  and  dropping  dis- 
order on  lloundering  humanity,  but  only  to  \>o 
followed  by  a  yet  more  fertilizing  sunshine;  laying 


■Hf 


>  m 


GEOGRAnilCAL  SUMMArY. 


C7 


w.'i  'fo  and  Iniildlnj^  up,  l)uil(rin<]c  np  l)y  laving  waste, 
( iviiizlii;;  as  well  by  war  and  avarice  as  by  good-will 
iind  sweet  elianty,  oivilir.in;^  as  surely,  if  not  as  rap- 
i(ilv,  v>itli  the  world  of  hmnanity  struji-gling  against 
it,  a;  with  the  same  human  world  laboi'ing  for  it. 

Slowly  rattles  along  the  dim  present,  well-nigh 
]>urieil  in  its  own  dust;  it  is  only  the  past  that  is  well- 
(K'liiied  and  clear  to  history. 


SlMMAUV     OK     GliOClUAPIIICAL     KnOWLKDOE     AND     DISCOVERY      FUOM      Till 

Eauliest  Recouds  to  the  Year  1.340. 


IVfoio  entering  upon  the  narration  of  events  composing  this  liiatory,  it 
si'ciiis  to  nic  important,  in  order  as  well  properly  to  appreciate  the  foregoing 
liitruihiotion  .is  to  gain  from  succeeding  eliapters  ponictliing  more  tli.m 
giatillcd  curiosity,  tiiut  .an  exposition  of  J''arly  Voyjigca  sliou'.d  be  given,— 
iifiiiig  powerfully  as  they  did  on  evolving  thouglit  and  materiiil  duvelop- 
uunt,  L'iving  lircadlh  and  vigor  to  intellect,  enthnsi.asm  to  entei-priac,  and  in 
i':iv:i;ing  and  stimulating  that  eonnncrcial  spirit  which  was  eventually  to 
depose  kings,  exalt  the  people,  strip  from  science  its  superstitions,  from  re- 
r jiou  iUs  cahalicilic  forms,  and  liy  its  associations,  its  negotiations,  its  adven- 
tuior.s  during,  its  wars,  its  alliances,  and  its  humanizing  polities,  to  break 
the  lurriei's  of  ancient  enmity  and  bring  together  in  common  brotherhood 
all  the  nations  of  the  eartlu 

Tliertfore,  I  now  propose  to  give  a  chronological  statement  of  every  an- 
tJH'iilic  voyage  of  discovery  mado  beyond  the  Jlediterranean  prior  to  I.")  JO, 
while  doubtful  and  disputed  voj-ages  will  be  discussed  according  to  their 
relative  importance.  I  shall  notice,  moreover,  such  books  and  charts  re- 
lating to  America  as  were  produced  during  this  period,  with  fac-similes  of  the 
lui  irc  iniiiortaut  maps,  to  illustrate,  at  dillbrent  dates,  the  progress  uf  discovery. 
It  is  my  [lurposo,  so  far  as  possible,  in  the  very  limited  space  allowed,  to  state 
fail  ly  the  ixmclusions  of  the  best  writers  on  every  important  point. 

One  word  as  to  the  authoi-ities  consulted  in  the  preparation  of  this  Sum- 
mary. Of  books  relating  to  America,  published  prior  to  l.j-lO,  there  aro 
in  all  about  sixty-five;  only  twentj'-(ivc,  liowever,  contain  original  informa- 
tion; twcuiy-threo  arc  general  cosmogi'aphical  Morks  wiih  brief  sections  on 
Aiuciii-a  compiled  from  the  original  twenty-live;  while  seventeen  merely 
iiuntion  the  Xew  World  or  its  discoveries,  and  are  therefore  of  no  value  in 
t'liis  connection.  Of  the  forty-eight  containing  matter  more  or  less  iiiipor- 
t'lit,  tliire  are  over  two  hundred  I'ditions,  the  earliest  of  which  only,  in  most 
iusiaiu'cs,  will  bo  mentioned,  and  that  without  extensive  bibliographical 
iiiit;\-;.  'I'hese  books  and  charts  I  notice  in  chronological  order  under  dales 
ef  their  suceessive  appearance, 

Tiie  subject  of  luirly  Voyages  has  been  so  frequently  and  so  thoroughly 
dijcu.sdcd   by  able  modern  writers  that  it  is  unneccssaiy,  and  indeed   im- 


fli  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

practicable  in  so  condensod  an  essay,  to  refer  to  nncicnt  authorities  alonp, 
and  provfi  cvoiythiiig  from  the  liOLrinning.  I  shall  therefore,  liosides  tlio 
Spanish  historians  I'oter  Martyr,  Oviedo,  I^s  Casas,  Goniara,  Ucrrera,  and 
tlio  sUmdard  collections  of  llanuisio,  Grynx'us,  Pnrclias,  and  Ilalihiyt,  freely 
use  tlic  Morks  of  later  writers  acconling  to  their  relative  worth.  And  (if 
these  last  mentioned  I  epitomize  the  following,  llistoihi  tlci  yiicro-MiiKtlo, 
e.-<crlhiala  D.  Juan  Bniit.  Mniim,  torn.  i. — all  ever  published — Eit  Mtulrid, 
'll9'^,  contains  a  clear  well-written  iwolmjo,  or  essay,  on  the  first  three  voynics 
i/f  Columbus  with  minor  mention  of  contemporary  discoveries.  An  nceo'uit 
b  also  given  of  the  author's  labors  in  beginning  the  large  and  invaluable 
collection  of  documents  completed  and  piiblished  by  Martin  Fernandez  do 
Nuvarreto,  Colrccion  de  los  I'hujeit  1/  De/icuhriinieiito^  <iiir.  hiriiran  /nr  innr  /  s 
Enpaiiolea  ili'nile  Jtnes  del  nhjJo  AT.,  5  vols.  4to,  Ma<hid,  IS'J.V.IT.  This 
collection  of  Navarrete's  is  without  doubt  the  most  valuable  v,\iAi.  on 
the  subject  of  early  American  voj'agos,  ami  the  fv^undation  of  all  that 
followed;  containing  as  it  does  the  original  Spanish,  Latin,  and  Portugncse 
texts  of  the  more  important  Spanish  and  T'ortugucso  expeditions  fidin 
L'W.T  to  lo^O — the  Latin  and  Portuguese  done  into  Spanish — together  ^\ith 
over  five  hundred  original  documents  from  the  Spanish  archives,  with  ex- 
tensive and  generally  impartial  notes  by  the  editor.  For  a  biographical 
sketch  of  this  author  bco  chapter  iii.  of  this  vohnno.  Washington  Irving's 
Life,  and  Voi/cnc^  of  CJo-in/ojiher  Cohimhiis  and  /its  Compauioiis,  published  in 
London,  1S2S-31  (cdivion  used,  that  of  Xew  York,  ISGO,  3  vols.),  is  an  able 
and  elegant  abridged  translation  of  Xavarrete,  ami  of  f.a  lliK'orla  di'  il 
Almirante  D.  Christoval  Colon,  by  his  son  Fernando  Colon,  in  Bavc'iu,  IlUlori- 
adores  Primittvo'^,  tom.  i.,  Madrid,  1749.  Alexander  von  Humboldt's  Ex- 
omen  critique  de.  Vhlttoin'.  de  hi  C!eo(jraphie  da  nouirdii.  rnnfiiioif,  it  de-i  jiroijri'i 
di'  Vustronomie  iiuiifiijue  avr.  I'nmc  ct  ICi'nie  Siccle>^,  T)  vols.  Svo,  Paris,  IS.'jO-O, 
is  a  most  exhaustive  digest  of  materials  furnished  by  Xavarrctcaiul  tho  older 
historians,  illustrated  with  the  results  of  the  author's  personal  investigations. 
Tlie  work  embraces  two  treatises;  first,  the  causes  which  led  to  the  discov- 
ery of  America;  second,  facts  relating  to  Columbus  and  Vespucci,  with  tlio 
dates  of  geographic  discoveries.  Humboldt's  Ali.'iiuidhiii;/  iilur  die  alle-i'm 
Kartm,  printed  as  an  introduction  to  O/iillitni/,  Ge-fvhh'hh'  dei  Sc-fa/ii'i-rs  lUl''  r 
Marti)i  JJeh'tiiii,  Nuremberg,  18.")3,  of  which  I  have  only  a  manuscript  Fnglish 
translation,  is  an  essay  as  well  on  the  naming  of  America  as  on  early  majis. 
Ajiothcr  important  treatise  is  that  of  J.  G.  Kohl,  Die  luideii  dlirstvn  Cnicrtil- 
Karlen  von  Autcrieii,  Vv''ciraar,  IStiO,  of  nearly  two  hundred  large  folio  pr.^os 
on  the  earliest  manuscript  and  printed  maps,  two  of  the  fomier,  dated  1.V_'7 
and  lo'29,  accompanying  the  work,  reproduced  1:1  chromo-lithographic  fac- 
simile. The  same  author  has  produced  oLher  works  on  the  subject,  the  most 
important  being  A  Ifintori/  of  the  Discover;!  of  the  East  Coast  of  North  Amer- 
ica, published  in  Collections  of  the  Maine  IHstorical  Socirtij,  2d  series,  vol.  i., 
Portland,  1SG9.  This  contains  reduced  copies  of  twenty-three  early  maps, 
and  is  perhaps  the  most  complete  work  existing,  so  far  as  the  northern  coasts 
are  concenied,  giving  comparatively  little  attention  to  more  southern  voy- 
ages. Kunstmann,  Die  Entdeckimij  Avierika.%  Munich,  ISoO,  is  a  careful 
compilation  of  uiuety-six  imperial  quarto  pages,  with  copious  notes  and  refer- 


iD^'ENTURES  OF  THE  ANCIEXTS.  # 

rncps.  written  to  nccompany  a  collection  of  thirteen  largo  chromo-lithographio 
re  nnHliK'tioiis  (if  manuscript  maps  preserved  in  the  Academy  of  f^eiencos  at 
Miuiich,  and  generally  known  as  the  iltinlch  AtUi^.  llerr  Kun^tniann  treats 
cliicily  of  the  Atlantic  i.-ilands,  with  special  reference  to  the  connection  be- 
tween tlie  discoveries  of  Spaniards  and  Northmen.  J/. yo )•'.•(  Li/r  of  Priiire 
llniyj  lit' Pi.rlifjcl,  London,  iStiS,  is  the  best  anthority  for  rortu;^uesc  voy- 
ac;es  .as  well  as  for  the  revival  of  niaritimo  enterpriw  in  the  fifteenth  centur}-. 
Sti-v<ni<  Ili'-t  irifid  mid  Ocoijrapliicnl  Xot'S  on  tin'  Earlh .d  DUcoi'frkit  in  Aim  /•- 
ic(i,  I.'/'J-IJ.IO,  New  Haven,  1S(>0,  was  written  originally  as  an  introduction 
ti)  a  book  by  the  author's  brother  on  his  jirnposed  inleroceanic  conmuuiicatioa 
rill  Tchuantepcc.  It  is  a  conciao  statement  of  the  whole  matter,  prutsentiiig 
Boinc  of  its  phases  in  a  practically  new  light.  Vitnihtiijfii,  ].c  Prem.'er 
\'vijii,i<-  de  Aiiieviijo  Vcfpurri,  N'icnna,  18(j!>,  must  not  be  omittctl  as  the  c'.iief 
support  of  a  theoi-y  on  Vespucci's  voyages  Mhich  nearly  concerns  the  fnst 
discovery  of  our  Pacific  States  territory  proper.  Itafn,  AnUiiHitdtcaAiiun- 
cii^iir,  llafnia',  ISHT,  is  the  source  of  nearly  all  our  knowledge  of  the  discov- 
eries (if  the  Northmen  in  America  in  the  tenth  and  following  centuries ;  anil 
DrCd.if,  The  Prf-Coliimhian  Discovenj  of  America,  Albany.  ISUS,  presents 
an  I'higlish  translation  of  the  same  Icelandic  enijas  in  which  the  cnterprisi-a 
(jf  till)  Northmen  are  recorded.  The  '  'artojrnj'ia  Mcxicaiui  of  Orozco  y  Jjcrra, 
pulilished  by  the  Mexican  Geographical  Society,  contjiins,  as  its  title  indi- 
eati  s,  a  nientio'  "  early  maps  in  chronologic  order;  and  the  }[<i]io(t'cn  Co'iun- 
hhiiiii  of  Urr'  a,   London,    ISOO,   is  another  important  eontributioa  of 

s.iiiil.ir  natur  .re  shoidd  be  mentioned  the  excellent  review  given  in 

tl.e  lirst  volume  of  I!ri/(iiil\i  Ilixtoii/  of  (lie  Culled  Stitli/i,  which  has  appeared 
s-iiice  this  Sununary  was  written;  and  I  might  present  (luile  a  list  of  papers 
nail  before  the  various  learned  societies  of  Europe  and  -tVincrica  on  ditlerent 
ti'i'ies  connected  with  tiiis  subject  in  late  years,  none  of  them  I  belie\o 
lUiUerialiy  airecting  my  couclusiims. 

The  above  form  but  a  small  portion  of  the  works  devoted  Mholly  or  in  pj'rt 
to  the  subject,  but  they  are  believed  to  contain  all  the  material  necessary  for 
even  a  more  detailed  statement  than  my  purpose  demands. 


Of  the  voyages  of  the  ancients,  properly  so  called,  that  is,  of  such  as  pre- 
ciiled  the  fall  of  the  lloman  Empire  at  the  end  of  the  fourth  eentuiy,  I  shall 
laie  say  little.  These  niaritimo  expeditions,  eoniined  for  the  most  part  to 
the  iledit-'rranean,  though  extending  for  some  distance  along  the  coasts  of  t!io 
luiliiin  and  Atlantic  oceans,  with  occasional  voyages  designedly  or  accident- 
ally prolonged  to  more  distant  islands,  and  it  may  be  continents,  come  ddViU 
t(i  r.s  through  antiipic  histories,  cosniogi'aphies,  and  poems,  so  mixed  with 
Vague  hypollietieal  and  mythological  coiicei)tio!is,  that  the  most  scar(,hiiig  in- 
visiigauon  is  often  unable  to  sejiarate  fact  from  fable.  Tlitro  are  multitr.des 
of  cl:ia.-!,ic  and  me(li;eval  legends  adopted  by  Tasso,  I'ulci,  and  other  Italian 
liicts,  such,  for  example,  as  that  which  makes  the  Clrcck  wanderer  Ulys.  es 
the  pmneer  of  western  adventure,  which  in  a  sober  treatise  are  scarn'y 
vnilliy  of  mention.  Turning  to  the  dawn  his  vessel's  poop,  this  son  of 
Liortes,  it  is  said,  passed  Gibraltar,  the  bound  ordained  by  Hercules  not  to 
bo  overstepped  by  man,  and,  as  Dante  tiAl^  us,  sailed  for  the  Happy  Isles  of 


EARLi-  Voyages. 


the  unknown  Atl;intic,  unrestrained  by  son.  or  father,  or  even  Penelope's 
ever-weaving  wch  of  love. 

A  little  jourucy  was  a  wonderful  exploit  before  the  time  of  Christ — in- 
stance  the  immortal  fame  achieved  by  Ilanno,  the  Carthaginian,  in  visiting 
t!io  west  coast  of  Africa,  n.  c.  .570;  by  Herodotus,  in  making  tlio  oxcursiim 
of  Egypt  and  India,  b.  c.  404— b'jO;  by  I'ytheas,  in  his  voyage  \.o  tlic  15iiti-li 
Isles,  n.  C.  340;  by  Xcarchus,  in  descending  the  Indus,  b.  c.  o2(i;  by  l^udoxiis, 
in  his  attempt  to  sail  round  Africa,  n.  c.  KIO;  by  Ciesar,  in  undertaking  t!ie 
conijucst  of  Oaul,  n.  c.  oS;  by  Strabo,  in  penetrating  Asia  some  thirty  or  forly 
years  later.  After  the  Christian  era  Pausanias,  A  Iloman,  in  173  wrote  a 
guided)0()k  of  Creccc;  Fa  Ilian,  a  Chinese  monk,  went  westward  into  India 
in  the  j'car  400  or  tliereabout;  Cosnias  Indiconleustes  travelled  in  India  a 
century  and  a  half  later  and  wrote  a.  book  to  prove  the  world  .sciuare,  and 
the  universe  an  oblong  eoU'er;  Arculphe  wrote  of  the  Holy  Land  about  G."iO; 
an  Eaglishnian,  Williliald,  made  the  tour 'if  southern  l^urope  and  I'alcsliuc, 
setting  out  from  iSouthampton  in  7-1;  in  S^d  went  Soliman  from  Persia  U> 
the  Cldna  sea.     So  it  has  been  said. 

Indeed,  the  writings  of  Herodotus  indicate  tlm',  over  two  thousand  yeai^i 
before  Diaa  and  Vasco  da  Gama,  Africa  «.is  circumnavigated  ])y  a  lieet  of 
Phu'nician  siiips  sent  by  Pharaoh  Xecho  down  the  lied  Sea  willi  orders  to 
retta-n  to  I'gvpt  by  way  of  the  Pillars  of  Hercules.  A  Persian,  Sataspes, 
endeavored  to  accomplish  the  voyage  from  tlie  other  direction,  but  failcil. 
Plato's  island  of  Atlantis,  foundeil  li;,  tlie  god  Neptune,  was  of  great  sizo, 
"larger  than  Asia  and  Libya  together,  ami  was  situated  over  a'ainst  tlio 
straits  now  called  the  Pillars  of  Hercules."  Tlie  climate  and  !;oil  were  .'o 
good  that  fruits  ripened  twice  every  year.  There  were  metals,  ^^'itIl  elephanu 
and  other  animals  in  abundance.  Upon  a  mountain  was  a  beautiful  ei;y 
Miih  gold  and  ivory  palaces,  h.aving  g;  rdens  and  statues.  Unfortunately  iu 
time  the  sea  swallowed  up  this  island,  so  that  it  could  scarcely  have  bccu 
Aujcrica. 

So  far  as  tliesc  voyages  and  strange  tales  concern  the  possible  knowledge  of 
America  by  tiie  ancients,  1  liave  already  iliseus--,;d  them  in  my  Xi:l'rc  J.'i!"< 
oj'  !li('  J'dc'jic  ,'<luli s.  Theri'ia  is  nicntioiied  ••'  theory  wliieli  lias  found  m.;ny 
juhocates,  and  to  which  1  Mill  again  briilly  allude  in  thi.i  Jilacj.  It  is  tli.,t 
at  the  l)egimiin;,'  of  t!ie  Christian  e'a  Ameiiea  was  visited  by  tlie  Ap(jstli) 
St  Thomas.  He  Mas  aecompanii-d  by  a  number  of  felloM'daboi'ers  in  I'lo 
ministry,  mIio  priachcd  the  gospel  and  planted  the  Christian  reli  ;ii>ii  :ii 
America.  The  theory  is  alily  advocated  in  the  excelU'iit  worlv  of  l.''.\'.  \'\'. 
Gleesim,  T/iti  llintunj  of  tlie  VulhoUc  Chiirrh  hi  ('aiij'oriiia.  The  iMi;ui;'..l 
nrgirm(;uts  advane(>d  maybe  briefly  stated  as  fviiiows:  Pint,  that  t'aM\Iii!u 
tenor  of  Serii>tnre  (eaeiiing  is  in  fa\'or  of  the  wup[iosition  that  the  gospel  w.is 
pleached  to  all  the  Morld  from  the  beginning,  rather  than  after  tlio  lap:e  ef 
several  centuries.  Sciimd,  that  at  a  date  lixed  by  Mexican  iiiero  dyi'h'' '^ 
as  a  little  l-  jie  the  iiiiddlo  of  tlio  first  century  after  Christ,  ii  eelebnilid 
jiersonage,  certainly  the  most  reniaricable  in  Mexican  raytliology,  came  fi.  iii 
tlie  north.  He  is  represented  as  a  wliite  man,  M'ith  lloMing  beard,  clad  wi  a 
long  M'hito  robe,  adorned  witii  red  crosses,  head  uncovered,  and  a  utall"  in  his 


THE  niOPIIECY  OF  QUET2ALC0ATL. 


:i 


m 


haiiil.  This  was  tlM>  Onetzaleoatl,  whom  thi;  Mexicans  aftenvanl  worHhippcd, 
aiiil  whoso  return  was  so  aiiNiously  loolcoil  for  hy  tiu'iii.  Sco  Tunjin  iinuhi, 
Moiinri/.  liid.  Tliinl,  that  to  lum  popular  tri;ditiou  ascrilics  the  worship  paid 
to  tho  cross,  tho  ja'acticc  of  couiossiou,  and  in  ;i  word  all  t!io  cu.stoins  fi)unil 
on  the  arrival  of  tho  .Spaniards  to  bo  nearly  idcntiial  with  those  of  the  Chi'is- 
tiaa  religion.  Vcylia,  lilsl.  Aiil.  tie  J/^,-'.//co.  l^'ourtli,  that  the  name  Qact/al- 
coatl  is  synonymous  with  that  of  St  Thomas.  See  Xii'^rr  /iV((v,<,  v.  'J(».  I'ittli, 
that  Quetzalooatl  promised  on  his  dep:irture  to  retuiji  at  some  future  d ::y 
■\\itli  Iiis  posterity  and  resume  .he  possession  of  the  empire,  and  that  day  was 
kiukcd  forward  to  with  general  coniidence,  Princu/r-'^  Coiiq.  Mc.c,  and  that  .-i 
general  feelin^;  prevailed  at  the  time  of  Montezuma  that  tho  period  of  Lis 
ritiu'u  hud  i'rrivcd.   ]'c;j/kt,  I/idt.  Aiil.  Jfr.r.     Sixth,  th:!t  tliero  were  ct  t!:o 


iinveiit  of  Xijapa,  in  the  province  of  Oa 


liiero'-'iViilis  eoutainiu''  all  tin 


[irii, Clival  doctrines  of  tho  Christian  religion,  and  the  eoniiuj'  of  th'j  Apostlo 
to  the  country.  Id. 


v,ho  wrote  at  the  time  of  the  enniiuest,  Piic: 


'f  tl 


10  ;''cne 


il 


bilii  f  in  this  prophecy,  and  assnies  iia  that 


on  tue  ar 


rival  cf  tile  Sj^uiiai'da 


tluv  reiicatciUy  olFcred  them  divine  li 


;s,  Ijolieviu;'  that  their ''od  Ouetad- 


coatl  had  reiiirned.    Ci^H'i.  Jh'.v.,  i.  cluip.  iii. 


'It  is  tlica  undeniably  true,"  says  (ilccson,  CaflinUr  Cliiir'-h  hi  f'ul.,  isr>, 


•i: 


a  po|iuli!r  tradiiioa  existed  i:i  the  country  i-esjn 


liv  (i'.u't.;alc.iliua'J,  in  whii'h  was  foretold  the  fut 


nro  ;irri 


a  iM'oiiheey  made 
V.'.l  of  ^^  hites  on  tlio 


cuist ; 


d  this,  \\hile  it  proves  the  reality  <  f  the  n 


d  I 


lis  ciiaracter  as 


a  tcaclier  of  reli^^ion,  also  proves  the  Liti'l  more  important  mid  'nipreciaMo 
fact  of  his  bcinj  ji  Ciirintiaii,  and  of  western  ()r'^;iii;  for,  ib  was  clearly  ^.et 
forth  in  the  prophecy,  that  the  persona  who  should  c. me  would  be  while:. 


id  of  t 


lie  same  reIi''iou 


h 


The  time  also  seems  U 


U 


rp. 


iticd 


\i\  the  Ajiostle,  if  we  arc  to  jud;;o  by  the  expression  that  tliey  v.ero  expeetin  ; 
lain  everyday.    And,  indeed,  lioturini  assures  us  that  the  time  incitione  1  in 


til. 


M 


exican  iiicro' 


;lyphica 


that 


wliicli  tho  Chiistiaua  t>rrived.     'J"li 


year  rr  noitl  was  that  foretold  by  Quetzalcohuati,  j.i.d  in  that  jcar  the  Span- 
iaiil.i  h.nded  in  the  Country."     On  ancii'iit  v;iy;!^'es  and  cosmo-rapliy  .see  also 
Ihuiiboldt,  L'.Miih  Crlt.,  torn.  i.  pp.  b.'.V'JOO. 
It  is  tlic  results  of  nncient  voya'jea,  the  point  of  {»co^rra[i!iical  l.iiowli'djo 


at  taint 


d  1 


y 


:ib  civilization  in   its  Jiiost  udviUieed  r4a 


aid  bv  it  b 


d  to  tho  Dark  A;;e,  and  not  the  voyai;es  t!ieniselve:i,  witli  which  wo 
have  It  do  at  present.  This  knowleiljje  is  found  for  the  most  part  emliodied 
ill  the  system  of  I'tolemy,  the  Alexandrian  geo;.;raplier  of  the  Kecoad  ceiitiuy, 
\  hose  v.-orks  became  the  btandard  text  liooks,  and  hohliie;  their  protiiiiieneo 
lor  fourteen  hundred  ycara  wore  not  superseded  as  late  as  thi;  ssixteinth 
ceiiliiiy,  but  were  republisheil  from  lime  to  time,  with  additions,  Aetli'ig  forth 
tlie  resultsof  new  discoveries.     In  this  manniT  tutiity-oiie  editions  app"ari'd 


the  lirst  half  of  that  ci'iilurv.     >i"or  wa^  even 


I'tc 


oiemv  the  oii;,iii;ilor 


il'.inil; 
of   till 

toeci;  j;(ographer  Stnibo,  who  gave  descriptions  of  countries  and  peoides, 
lixiiiL;  his  localities  usually  by  itinerary  distances;  and  to  tliis  work  of 
t>tialio"s,  rtolemy  udded  u  cuatui'y  and  a  half  of  progress,  and  dctermiucd 


I  prokintrc^d  system.     One  hundrtd  and  I'.l'ly  years  belore  him  was  tiio 
j;cogr 


72 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


his  localities  bj'  astronomical  obscn'ation.  TIio  work  of  Pomponius  ^Tola, 
the  lloman  geographer  who  wrote  probably  somcwliat  later  than  Strabo,  ia 
regarded  aa  no  improvement  on  that  of  his  predeco-jsor. 

Ptolemy's  World  was  nearly  all  in  the  north  temperate  zoiiO,  embracing 
about  Jifty  degrees  of  latitude  and  one  hundred  and  twenty  of  longitude. 
The  Fortunate  I  iles,  now  ealled  the  Canari<'s,  were  known  to  rtoleniy,  and 
by  hiin  used  as  a  M'estern  limit  or  first  meridian.  Thi  i,  and  as  a  nucleus  of 
poetic  myths,  seem  to  have  been  their  only  use;  as  Muno/.  Kays,  ///.■>•'.  di-l 
A'«(iv>  Miuulo,  p.  30:  "  Fuera  do  csto  iiso  apenas  aproveeharou  sino  para 
iutreteuir  ociosas  imaginacionos  eon  fai)ulas  tie  poetars."  Tho  eastirn  limit 
was  vaguely  located  in  the  region  beyoml  tho  (ianges;  actually  in  about  lOU^ 
east  longitude.  On  tho  south  were  included  the  African  coasts  of  the  Jledi- 
terranean  and  lied  Sea,  with  tho  soutliern  coasts  of  vVraiiia  auil  Imlia 
proper — the  term  Indi.i  being  rlien  applied  indelinitcly  to  all  eastern  lands, 
incluiling  even  parts  of  ^Vfrica  — thus  li.\ing  tho  southern  bound  at  about  wy 
north  latitude  in  tin;  west,  ami  10'  in  the  cast.  Kortliward  the  limit  may  I'c 
placed  a  little  above  tjj',  wi'Jiin  wliich  falls  the  southern  part  of  the  iSeamli- 
liavian  peninsula,  then  supposed  to  lie  an  island,  ami  also  the  island  of  1'hulo, 
the  loeati  )u  of  which  is  disputed,  some  elaiming  it  to  liavu  been  Iceiarl, 
others  the  Faroe  lilauds,  and  others  the  Slictland  Islands,  liut  I'tolemys 
latitudes  were  ad  some  ten  degrees  too  far  north,  wliile  in  hi  i  longitudes  lie 
went  sti'il  further  a-itray;  .^iuce,  reckoning  from  the  Canaries  as  his  i'lX.ii 
meridian,  he  nunle  ids  last  meridian  ISt)',  when  it  sliou'.d  have  been  Ii^'.r,  jmd 
tiius  liy  naiTowiug  half  the  eircumferenee  of  tiie  globe  some  A\{\'  degrees  l;o 
made  llie  worltl  nearly  one  tliird  less  than  it  really  is.  AuLlmrities  inker, 
IiDwever,  as  to  what  were  I'teilemy's  ideas.  Hut  more  of  this  liereafter.  On 
ilio  opposite  page  is  a  map  in  which  tho  world  as  known  in  the:  e  times  is  left 
wliite,  tiio  shaded  portions  lieing  tho  result  of  subsequent  discoveriis  duwn 
to  <lie  last  half  of  the  liftecnth  century.  A  map  of  rt(.!emy'a  \Vorld,  re- 
duced to  its  true  i)roportions,  may  be  seen  in  Onwlin,  Jicr/ii-rc/ivs  nur  ii 
yro'/riiji/ue  Ki/.ttt'indliijiie  (t  jxhsi/U'd  ilrd  mirkii'i,  torn,  iv.,  I'm'is,  1S13. 

Witluu  these  limits,  tlion,  geograpliical  knowledge  was  conlincd  at  the 
end  of  the  fourth  century;  limits  not  sharply  delined,  but  iudclinitt;  and 
wavering  neeording  to  ages,  to  tlu;  direetiuns  of  conquest,  and  to  distances 
from  Mediterranean  centres,  lieyond  tlu'so  limits  was  u  reahn  of  darkne-iS 
peopled  l)y  strange  bein;rs,  creatures  of  poetic  fancy  or  crude  coujeetui  e.  .1  ust 
as  the  wonder-land  of  Homer  to  contemporaneous  eastern  Creeks,  was  Italy, 
witli  its  strange  waters  iidialiited  by  very  strange  beasts,  and  Sicily,  and 
neighboring  i  des,  wliero  were  tho  Satyrs,  and  tho  gigantic  one-eyed  Cyclop.i 
eating  milk  and  mutton  and  men,  so  to  later  teaciiers  were  the  strange  i^eas 
beyond.  On  tlio  north  w  a  i  an  impenetrable  region  of  eternal  ice;  on  tho 
soutli,  an  eipialorial  ;:one  uf  burning  heat;  a  liarrier  of  fi-ost  on  tlu!  una  inilo 
and  of  lire  on  the  other,  both  equally  niiinhaliitable  to  the  11  iropean  man, 
and  cutting  olT  all  conninmiialion  with  possible  habitable  lands  elhowherp. 
'I'iio  bu'iiiug  zone,  however,  seems  to  have  been  a  pi'pular  idea,  r;ithei'  tlian  n, 
pnr'oof  tho  system  taught  Iiy  I'loli'my,  who,  indeed,  lield  that  Africa  ex- 
ti'uded  south-east  and  north-east  toward  the  eastern  parts  of  Asia,  nudiing  of 
thu  Indian  Occau  un  inuucuso  gulf  not  connecied  Mith  the  Atlantic  on  tho 


Hi 


iiy, 


'ly. 


.1 


• ;  (111  till) 
:  lilK'  1  ill'i 

i-.iii  iiuiu, 

Uian  IV 
a'liiii  ix- 
|a;iUiiig  <if 


on 


llio 


P^     F 


11 


111 


l.li 


i:  t, 


m  k 


74 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


west.  Strabo  and  other  guogi-aphcrs  wlio  preccilcd  Ptolcmj'  gave  Africa 
aiiproxiiiiately  its  correct  shape ;  traditions  of  ltd  circunmavig:ition  even  were 
kept  alive,  in  spite  of  Ptolemy's  theory,  infliicucing  geograpliio  thought  not 
a  little  diirinLj  the  fifteenth  century.  Irving  h  of  opinion,  Culamhutt,  vol. 
iii.  p.  4-10,  tliat  modern  authors  consider  the  knowledge  of  the  aneients  con- 
cerning Africa  much  less  extensive  than  has  been  generally  supposed;  but 
Major,  Priiire  Iloiri/,  p.  S'Jetscq.,  acecjits  a  circumnavigation  of  Africa  in 
the  seventh  century  b.  c,  and  also  llunno's  voyage  far  down  the  ^\irican 
coast,  placing  the  date  of  the  latter  570  v.  c.  Among  the  philosophers  of 
western  luirope  no  defjuitc  liypothcses  appear  to  have  been  advanced  as  to 
the  ex*-ent  of  land  beyond  the  known  n^gion ;  as  to  the  ideas  <'f  the  Arabs 
and  Br.  Idhist  priests  concerning  the  matter  it  is  dillicult  to  determine.  Sio 
KolipK  Uist.  Discijv.,  p.  1}'.);  Jiniixr'n  Iidil/crtiial  Dd'cloj,,  niit,  p.  4ol,  Xew 
York,  1S7-.  Beyond  the  Fortunate  Isles  to  tlie  west  btrctehcd  a  Jhnc 
Tcnehrosii III y  or  Sea  of  Darkness,  as  early  writers  express  it,  .separating  tlie 
known  wcsUin  ecast  from  tlio  far  unknown  east.  In  this  daik  sea  tradition 
planted  islands  at  various  points,  reiterating  the  fact  of  their  existence  ;  o 
often  that  names  and  locations  wcro  fmally  given  them  on  maps,  though  the 
islands  themselves  have  never  yet  Ijeen  found.  Kxcept  thcjo  fabulous 
islands,  tlicro  was  little  thought  of  lanil  between  the  coasts  of  luiropc  and 
Asia.  Compare  maps  in  this  volume;  also  Gcoriji'  liniirro/t'n  Hinlorij  <>/  lltn 
Unili'il  (S''((/m,  vol.  i.  p.  (5,  r.oston,  1S70;  D'Arcr.sac,  in  Xoitvclks  Annahn  di.i 
V<i!/(('J(S,  1S4."),  torn.  cv.  p.  '2'X);  torn.  cvi.  p.  47. 

To  sum  up  the  geographical  know  xdgo  of  the  ancients,  avo  have  first,  the 
Bphericity  of  t!ic  earth  surmised,  although  its  fji;:c  was  vaguely  conceived  and 
Jiudcrvated;  .secon<lly,  the  positive  kno\\  ledge  of  Luropeans  limited  to  he 
unshaded  portion  of  the  map  on  pago  73;  thirdly,  divers  theories  respecting 
tlie  conformation  of  southern  Africa;  fourthly,  a  iivirc  ocruiinii  stretching 
westv.ard  to  the  unknown  Asiatic  shore,  with  hypothetical  islands  interven- 
ing, and  expressed  opinions  that  tliis  sea  was  navigable,  and  that  possibly 
India  nnght  bo  reached  by  sailing  Avestward,  These  ideas,  vague  as  they 
Bcem,  were  held  only  Ijy  the  learned  few;  the  world  of  the  ignorant  reaclail 
Bcarcely  beyond  the  horixon  of  their  actual  experience.  Xot  until  long  after 
its  actual  eireunmavigation,  in  the  sixteenth  century,  was  the  popular  miad 
able  to  grasp  the  idea  of  tlie  earth's  sphericity. 

We  come  now  to  mcdi;eval  time,  mIicu  from  the  fifth  to  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury the  cosmographieal  as  m  ell  us  all  other  knowledge  of  the  ancients  lay 
well-nigh  dormant;  to  the  people  a  land  of  darkness  as  well  as  a  sea,  thoug'.i 
in  some  few  colleges  and  convents  these  things  were  thought  of.  "  Ces  ti'ne- 
brcs,"  says  Humboldt,  Exam.  Crit.,  torn.  i.  p.  ."d),  "  s'etendaieut  sans  doufo 
BU''  les  masses;  mais,  dans  les  couvens  et  les  colleges  (|Ue!i(ues  iudividus  c m- 
Bcrvai'sit  les  traditions  de  rantiin'.ite."  Upon  this  woi'ld  of  darkness  light 
first  broke  from  the  far  nortli,  the  voyages  of  the  Scandinavians  frora  the 
niuth  to  tho  twelfth  centuries  being  i\\{i  uHntviihotrnH'i  of  maritime  discov- 
ery. These  Northmen,  as  in  their  expeditions  Dane  i,  Norwegians,  ami 
Swedes  were  indiscriminately  called,  l)y  their  warlike  propensities  m.uV- 
thcuiaclves  kitowu  and  feared  uloiiy  the  shores  of  Europe  at  an  early  date; 


III 


THE  NORTHMEN  A^^)  THEIR  SAGAS. 


78 


)  fii'st,  the 
cived  ami 
cil  to  iio 
re  ;pc'cti:ij 
yti'ctc'.iinj 
i  iiiturvtu- 
t  pu.-isilily 
lis  thty 
rcaclail 
uii;,'  after 
ular  iiiiuil 


:iith  cell- 
ii'iilH  hiy 
1,  llioii-h 

Cl.'3  tl'lU'- 
11:5  douto 

illlKi  C  III- 
IK'S.)   li^jllt 

fnini  t!ie 
10  (liji-'iiv- 
aii^,  aiul 
tli-J  iiiii'li' 
irly  dale ; 


but  their  \\-cstern  discoveries  were  known  only  to  tliemselves;  at  all  events,  no 
trace  of  di:jtant  voyages  to  the-  west  arc  found  in  tlio  records  of  their  nc'^h- 
liui-.s.  It  ii  only  quite  recently  that  the  sagas  of  the  Xorthinen  were  broughii 
to  the  att-jntiou  of  European  scholars;  and  -when  the  Danish  bishop, 
Midler,  published  his  bibliography  of  the  sagas,  3  vols.,  Copcnliagen,  1S17- 
ISJO,  these  narratives  were  held  to  be  more  ficuon  than  fact.  Even  so  late  a 
writer  as  (Itorgo  Bancroft,  Ili-ilorij  of  /lic  Unite  I  Slule-s,  vol.  i.  pp.  .">,  0,  says 
that  the  story  of  colonization  by  the  Xorthinen  "rests  on  narratives,  inytho- 
lo"ical  in  form,  and  obscure  in  meaning;  ancient,  yet  not  conteiuporary,"  and 
that  "no  clear  historic  evidence  establishes  the  natural  probability  that  they 
accomplished  the  passage."  Irving,  Coliimbiis,  vol.  iii.  pp.  ■l?>2~'),  considers 
the  matter  "still  to  be  wrapped  in  much  doubtand  obscurity."  ]>oth  of  these 
liutlior.^,  however,  seem  to  have  considered  only  the  evidence  presented  by 
MaUe-lJrun  and  Forster.  Since  their  time  proof.-3  beyond  question  liavo 
established  the  authenticity  of  these  voyages  of  the  Xortlinieii.  T!ie  sagas 
on  American  discoveries  are  preserved  in  the  archives  at  Copenhagen,  with  a 
colieetion  of  otiier  historical  data,  reaching  down  to  the  fourteenth  century, 
the  (late  of  their  completion.  It  is  true  tliat  they  deal  .'^omewliat  in  tho 
iiiarvellous — they  would  not  be  authentic  else,  written  at  that  tiiue — but 
they  contain  talcs  no  more  wonilerful  or  monstrous  than  the  writings  of  more 
Buutheni  nations.  Sec  an  account  of  the  Copenhagen  documents  and  tho 
examiuation  of  their  authenticity  in /)e  CWa'.i  Pn'-Colinnhh'.n  IH^'Xir.  Am., 
pp.  i-lx,  Two  nearly  contemporary  ecclesiastical  Iiisto.ies — tlia^  of  .\dam  of 
llreinen,  l(!7;>,  and  Ordcricua  Vitalis,  about  1 100 — describe  brielly  the  western 
lands  of  tho  Northmen.  Further  reference,  Kumlmann,  L'tililfcLuicj  Am.,  p. 
[)2;  L'l'/ii,  AiU'iquUatts  Am.,  p.  S.'iT;  Kuhi's  Jlist.  JJlucov.,  p.  70. 

Va jiic  notions  were  not  wanting  of  communication  v.ith  Aincri;:i  befoi'O 
the  time  of  tho  Noi'tli'^ien,  but  these,  whatever  they  were,  ;',re  now  to  us  pui'o 
fpeeulation  and  may  be  omitted  liere.  Passing  over  a  general  movement  by 
which  ])eforo  tho  middle  of  t!io  ninth  century  the  Northmen  appear  to  have 
broken  through  their  former  bounds,  and  to  have  extended  their  plundering 
rai'lj  in  all  directions,  taking  possession  of  the  Shetland  ami  Faroe  islands 
a;;d  even  of  the  north  of  Britain,  wo  come  to  tho  first  deiinito  advcuturq 
westward. 

[a.  I).  iStJO— 1.]  Two  bold  men,  Nadd'  d  and  Oardar,  in  one  of  tlieir  coast- 
i.slaiid  cruises,  were  driven  from  their  course  to  the  north-west  and  iliscovcred 
Iceland,  called  by  one  SnowLind,  and  ))y  tho  other  Clardar  Island,  Kohl, 
//'('.</.  l>i-<r(ii<.,  p.  01,  dates  both  voyages  SOO;  Forster  gives  8(il  to  Naddod's; 
other  author.!  place  the  former  in  the  year  800,  and  tho  latter  in  t-iti  I. 

fiTl.]  Ingolf  made  a  settlement  in  Iceland  at  a  point  still  called  ))y  bis 
n  ime,  Other  immigrants  followed,  and  a  ilouiishing  colony  was  founded. 
The  Northmen  found  on  the  island  Irish  priests,  who  had  como  tliero  at  a 
time  not  delinitciy  known,  bat  wlio  immediately  abandoned  tho  country  t(i 
the  new  settlers.  Within  twenty  years  thereafter  Iceland  was  fairly  well 
inhabited.  Do  Costa,  Pre'Volumbiun  Dkcuv.  Am.,  pp.  xxii-iv.,  makes  tho 
dale  A.  n.  875. 

Ly'o.]    Ono  Guunbjorn,  an  Icelandic  colonist,  ia  reported  to  have  bocq  ao« 


76 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


|i  i 


S-l  : 


il- 


cidcntally,  from  a  distance,  the  coast  of  Grccnlaml.  Kohl  dates  this  voyage 
877. 

[9S2-0.]  ]']rio  the  Red,  banislicd  from  Iceland  for  murder  in  982,  sailed 
West,  found  luntl,  remauied  there  tlirco  years,  and  returned,  naming  tlio 
country  (iroenland  to  attract  settlors.  In  085,  or  l)S(i,  he  sailed  again  with  a 
hirger  force,  this  time  founding  a  Fcttlemeut  to  wliich  otiier  adventurers  re- 
sorted.    Of  the  first  voyage  Kohl  makes  no  mention. 

[98;?.]  One  of  the  aagaj  contains  a  report  by  an  Irisli  merchant  that  ono 
Are  ^larson  was  carried  iu  a  !st(jrm  to  ^Vhiteman's  Laud  "  in  the  AVcstcin 
Ocean,  opposite  Vinland,  six  days'  sail  west  of  Ireland."  Rafu  thinks  this 
may  have  been  that  part  of  Am-nica  in  the  vicinity  of  Florida;  others  make 
it  t!ic  ..Vzorcs.  There  a-  o  also  vague  reports  of  later  voyages  to  the  Fame 
land  by  Bjiirn  Asbrandson  in  99',l,  and  by  Gudleif  in  1027.  In  the  present 
Btiige  of  investigation  the  proof  is  insullicient  to  establish  an  Irish  pre- 
Scandinavian  diixovei-y  of  America. 

[9'JO.]  In  this  year,  or,  as  Do  ("osta  makes  it,  in  VSCi,  Liame,  sail  in  jf  from 
Iceland  in  search  of  his  father,  who  had  previously  gone  to  Greenland,  was 
carried  far  to  t!ic  south-west,  to  within  siglit  of  land,  undoubtedly  America, 
which  he  coasted  north-east  for  several  d;;y3  and  returned  to  Grccniaii.l. 
Three  points  particularly  noticed  on  the  new  coast  are  conjectured  by  Kuhl 
to  have  been  Cape  Cod,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Newfoundland. 

[1000. 1  Lcif,  son  of  I'hic  the  Red,  sailed  from  Greenland  south-west  in 
search  of  the  lands  seen  by  ])iarne,  reached  the  same  in  reverse  onlcr,  land- 
ing probably  ut  Newfoundland,  which  lie  named  Ilelluland  (Stony  Land); 
Kova  Scotia,  he  called  Markland  (Woodland);  and  passing  round  Cape  Cod, 
made  a  settlement,  named  after  himself,  Leifsbudir,  at  some  point  on  Narra- 
pansctt  Ray.  He  called  this  country  Vuiland  from  the  fact  that  vinos  m  i ;  o 
found  there,  and  the  name  was  aitcrMards  applied  to  the  wliole  )egi(jn  ex- 
tending northward  to  ^Mavkland.  In  the  spring  of  lOOl  Leif  returned  to 
Greenland  with  a  cargo  of  grapes  and  wood. 

[lOO'J-.'i.]  Thorwald,  another  of  ihic's  so!i<i,  f;ai1ed  with  one  vessel  toA'in- 
land,  where  Leif  had  landed,  and  lived  there  Lhrough  the  ■winter  by  ilshing. 
Early  in  1003  ho  explored  tho  country  westward  in  boats,  and  in  the  sp' ing 
of  loot  doubled  Capo  Cod,  namin;,'  it  Kia'arno)  (Sl'.ip's  Nose),  and  peri.>!nd 
in  ft  batile  with  the  Sicrael!in;;s,  or  Indians,  iit  sumo  point  on  tlio  rliore  if 
Massachusetts  Ray.  Ilis  companions  spent  the  winter  at  Leifsbudir  and  re- 
turned to  rjicenland  in  1005. 

[lOdS.]  lu  the  spring  of  1008  Tliorfinn  Karlsefnc  sailed  from  Grcenh'iid 
with  three  V(?sels  to  llrllul.-'ud — w!:icli  name  w;'.n  applied  not  on'y  to  Ni'w- 
foundlaml  but  to  the  region  north  of  tl'.at  point— and  thence  alon;,'  the  coa.-t 
to  No^a  Scotia,  and  to  Capo  Cod.  Here  the  party  divided,  Thorhall,  tlic 
hunter,  in  attempting  to  explore  northward,  biing  driven  by  a  storm  tt) 
Ireland,  while  Tlioi-Jlnn  spent  the  winter  farther  south  near  Leif  budir,  wlu'ie 
a  son  was  born  to  him.  After  an  uusuccesi^fid  search  for  Thorhall  by  (  no 
vessel,  a  third  winter  Mas  spent  in  ^'inlan<l,  niid  in  1011  Thorfinu  nlurnrd 
ti)  Cireenland,  leaving  perhaps  a  small  colony.  Do  Costa,  Pri-Coluinhi  ik 
lymciiv.  Am.,  pp.  •tS-7(i,  makes  t!ie  (hite  of  this  voyage  1007-10. 

[1012.]     Ilelge,   Finboge,  and  Fries  daughter  Fr^ydisa,  who  had  before 


DECLINE  OF  SCANDINAVIAN  DISCOVERY. 


77 


visitetl  iVmciica  with  her  husband,  sailed  to  Vinland,  and  such  as  were  not 
killcil  ill  the  internal  dissensions  of  tlic  party  returacd  to  Greenland  in  1013. 
Tlio  records  of  tliis  e.\pedition  are  very  slight.     Do  Costa's  date  is  1011-12. 

[!;/,■>.>.]  Adam  cf  lironicn  speaks  of  Frisian  or  (lernian  navigators  who 
aliur.t  tlic  year  JOoJ  lauded  ou  an  island  beyond  Iceland,  where  the  iuhab- 
iluuts  ■were  of  great  size,  and  were  accompanied  by  lierco  doga — perhaps  the 
K>kim<>3. 

[li'Jl.]  After  the  expeditions  that  have  been  mentioned,  concerning  each 
of  wliieli  the  sagas  contain  one  or  more  accounts,  no  farther  regular  reports 
have  lieeii  preserved;  but  various  viivages  aro  briefly  alluded  to  in  dillereufc 
reeonls,  as  tauu^^h  trips  to  the  new  regions  of  Vinland  were  no  longer  uf 
Biitlieieiit  larity  to  be  .specially  noticed.  Such  allusions  refer  to  voyages 
ni:ule  in  li'Jl,  ]-JS'),  IJSS,  l'2St),  1-'!10,  and  Kl".  After  l.V(7  no  moro  is  heard 
of  the  wcitern  lar.ds.  The  settlements  wei'o  gradually  a'oandoned  both  iu 
Viulaiid  and  (Ireenland,  as  the  power  of  the  Northmen  declined,  and  so  far 
as  can  be  l:>io\vn,  even  lluir  memory  was  buried  in  tho  unread  records  of 
fiivuier  giiatuess.  On  Seaiidinaviau  discoverie;^,  Ijcsides  Ifufu  and  L>e  Costa, 
Bie  Ki!:i-<fiitinni,  Knldvfh-iiii'j  Am.,  p.  32;  Koli/'-f  //(V.  DUcov.,  pp.  (51-85  and 
47S;  //>ii:iliij!Jf,  L'.c(i!ii.  Cr!/.,  torn.  ii.  pp.  SS-l'JS;  Ahslmct  of  Ilij'n,\.\JoitriHd 
Lni:if.  Gco'j.  ."joe,  ISoS,  vol.  viii.  pp.  11  1-2'.). 

Thu.i  after  this  play  of  northern  lights  upon  the  wcstera  horizon  for  four  or 
five  eeuturie.i,  cntcrprijo  in  that  direction  languished,  and  liually  tho  Sea 
of  1  'arkuess  lapsed  into  its  primeval  obscuiitj'.  Neverlhelesa  tho  deeils  of  tho 
Si  an  liieivians  must  have  beconu;  moro  or  less  known  to  other  parts  of  Europe, 
fur  tlie  .spirit  of  unoa.^ineas  which  sent  these  Northmen  across  their  western 
waters  sent  them  also —  particularly  tho  Danes  —  eastward  iu  the  Holy 
CrutiiuIoH.  It  would  be  well  for  the  student  to  examine  the  works  of  Adam 
of  Bremen,  and  Oderieus  Vitalia,  who  beside  these  pre-Columbian  voya  .;C3 
desevibe  also  the  Crusades.  Moreover,  Ice!anil  had  Catholic  bishops  and  was 
therefore  in  coiiimunieation  with  l\omc,  where  the  discoveries  of  the  North- 
men must  have  beeji  known.  l\uh\,  Aiili<iiiiliiti'S  Am.,  pp.  'J83,  'JD'J,  and 
lie  ('".ta,  P  re-Col  itmhian  Dlncoi:  vh;(.,  pp.  lOG-lOI),  give  translations  from 
t-aui.Iinavian  archives  of  contemporaneous  descriptions  of  the  earth  iu 
wliiih  tlicoO  New  World  discoveries  of  the  Northmen  are  included.  Sailing 
cliart  1  and  maps  of  the  new  discoveries  must  have  been  drawn  by  the  North- 
liii'ii,  for  although  none  of  them  were  preserved,  yet  in  Tor/iviiri,  drodiliimVici 
(7/.''7;,((,'IIauiii;c,  1700,  made  by  Icelandic  draughtsmen  iu  the  sixteenth  and 
ecvenieenth  ceuturie.'",  and  in  Ptolemy's  (Jeography,  edition  of  MSJ,  is  infor- 
mation of  ceriain  things  contained  in  no  otlier  charts  of  tho  period  extant, 
which  imist  thevcforo  have  been  partially  compiled  from  Scandinavian  sources. 

It  i;  not  to  bo  supposed  that  tlie  Northmen  imagined  that  they  had  found 
II  iiev,- eontinent;  very  naturally  to  tiiem  (Ireenland,  llelJuland,  .Markland, 
aiul  ^'inIand  were  but  the  western  continuation  of  Europe.  It  is  to  tliis 
liilief,  as  well  as  to  the  pi'evailing  apathy  and  skepticism  of  the  age  coueeru- 
iiii^  matters  beyond  tho  reach  of  positive  knowledge,  that  the  strange  fact  of 
the  lo.-s  of  all  trace  of  tliese  discoveries  is  duo. 

'i'la  exact  results  of  these  ancient  expeditions,  and  their  influence  on  tho 
Bubsiniicut  revival  of  niaritiiiio  euterprisc,  /orni  a  dillicult  auJ  aa  yet  uudo» 


78 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


ciilcil  point  in  the  discussion  of  this  subject.  Kunstmann  gives  particular 
attention  to  this  matter,  ami  attaches  more  importance  to  northern  voyages 
and  their  connection  with  later  expeditions  than  moat  other  authors;  still  it 
has  nut  yut  bcua  proved  that  Prince  Henry,  Toscanclli,  or  Columbus  in  tlie 
fifteenth  century  had  any  knowledge  of  north-western  discoveries. 


i'  I, 


[lODO-1271.]  The  Cnisades — as  expeditions,  but  chiefly  for  their  results- 
deserve  a  brief  mention  in  this  connection.  When  in  the  seventh  century 
ralestiuo  passed  from  Christian  to  Mahometan  hands,  in  which  possession  it 
has  rcniaiucd  with  but  temporary  interruptions  to  the  present  time,  Christian 
pilgrimages  to  the  Holy  City  for  a  few  centuries  were  allowed,  and  to  souio 
extent  protected.  By  successive  changes  of  dynasty,  however,  power  was 
trauofcrrcd  from  the  Arab  to  the  Turkish  branch  of  the  ^lahometans,  so 
that  in  the  eleventh  century  Christian  pilgrims  were  cruelly  oppresseil, 
and  iiiudercd  from  their  pious  visits  to  the  tomb  of  Christ.  Roused  at  first 
by  the  exhortations  of  Peter  the  Hermit,  Italy,  Franco,  England,  and 
Germany  sent  armies  of  tlie  undisciplined  and  fanatical  rabble  to  avciigo 
the  insults  to  their  faith,  and  wrest  the  Holy  City  from  the  power  of  barlia- 
rian  heretics.  From  the  eleventh  to  the  thirteenth  century  nine  exptili- 
tions  were  undertaken  eastward  in  the  prosecution  of  this  work.  Jerusakiu 
was  several  times  taken  and  retaken,  but  finally  the  Crescent  was  succes.sfal 
in  resisting  the  encroachments  of  the  Cross,  and  the  Crusades  failed  in  their 
visionary  purpose.  Still  the  continued  migration  of  vast  multitudes,  fiuiu 
dillerent  nations  through  strange  and  distant  lands,  contributed  much  to  ia- 
crease  popular  knowledge  of  the  world,  to  arouse  fresh  interest  in  regiiiiis 
liithcrto  little  known,  and  to  excite  curiosity  respecting  the  countries  htlll 
further  to  the  cast.  Jleanwhile,  commerce  received  an  impetus  from  tlio 
work  of  furnishing  supplies  to  the  crusaders ;  so  that  these  expeditions  are 
included  by  modern  writers  as  prominent  among  the  causes  which  led  io 
the  coming  revival  of  civilization. 

[1147.]  During  the  twelfth  century  few  maritime  expeditions  are  reported 
deserving  of  notice.  At  some  not  very  clearly  defined  date  before  1 147,  ei  ,'ht 
Arabs,  the  Almagrurins,  are  said  to  have  sailed  thirty-five  daj's  soutli-\M^t 
from  Lisbon  with  the  intention  of  exploring  the  Sea  of  Darkness.  .i\t  the 
end  of  the  thirty-five  days  they  found  and  named  an  Isle  of  Sheep,  ;!Uil 
twelve  days  farther  south  reached  another  island  peopled  l)y  red  men.  Thiy 
are  said  to  have  found  there  a  man  who  spoke  Arabic.  Upon  the  ■\\luik'  llio 
claim  to  a  ■.liscovcry  of  any  part  of  America  in  this  voyage  .should  be  s!i;_;'.it. 
If  the  voyage  bo  authentic,  the  land  reached  was  perhaps  the  Canary  Islaiuls; 
some  say  those  of  Capo  Verde. 

[ll(iO-7.").]  Ronjamin  de  Tudela,  a  Spanish  Jew,  travelled  for  tliirtooii 
years  iu  India,  biinging  l)ack  consiilcrablo  information  resiMcting  Cliiii'>o 
Tartary  and  the  islands  of  the  Indian  Ocean.  J).  Bciijamtiii  7'iideleiisi.s,  Ilm- 
criirhnn  <\c.  vernioiic  Moutani,  Antwerp,  l."7'>;  Itincraiiiim  D.  I]('»jiUiiiii!<, 
Leydcn,  Klo.'];   Trarrlx  of  Bciijiimiii,  Son  n/Jnnas,  London,  17S.'>. 

LI  170.]  In  this  year  is  placed  the  reported  voyage  of  Madoc,  a  'Wtlfh 
prince,  who,  sailing  to  the  M-est  and  north  from  Ireland,  landed  on  an  lui- 
known  shore.     Uo  afterward  returned  to  this  new  country  with  ten  .sliii'H 


VENETIAN  AND  GENOESE  EXrEDITIONS. 


79 


particular 
a  voyiigos 
rs;  still  it 
bus  in  the 


r  results— 
tU  century 

:)SSC3siou  it 

I,  Chrioliiin 

ml  to  suuio 
power  w;i3 

)mct;in3,  so 
oppvcsseil, 

iisctl  at  liist 

i^laiul,  ami 

c  to  avcn_'0 

•ur  of  Ijailia- 

luuc  expi'U- 
Jerusa'.iin 

•as  suecc^.■^fal 

aileil  ill  Huif 

Litmles,  l"n"n 

I  much  to  la- 
st in  rcgiiiiis 
ountries  f-ti'.l 
tu3  fiom  tliO 
pcilitions  are 
rt-hich  led  t<J 

,  arc  reported 
•o  1147,ei:;Ut 
l's  south-wist 
jiess.  At  tlie 
|t  Sheep,  i.ail 
men.  V.n)' 
llie  whole  I'lio 
lid  be  s!i-'.>t. 
Inary  Islands; 

for  thirtooii 
Iting  Chuu'so 

Denjitiiiiiil^, 

.oc,  a  AV.'.di 
kl  on  an  uu- 
Ith  ten  bhil''' 


with  the  intention  of  colonizing,  liut  was  never  ac;ain  heard  of.  This  voyage 
rests  on  very  .slight  authority,  but  lias  claimed  importance  liy  reason  of  re- 
ports, lon^  believed,  of  tho  existence  in  various  jiarts  of  America  of  WcLsIi- 
s-ieakiii"  Indian  tribes.  These  reports,  like  scores  of  others  referring  tho 
Americans  to  European  relationships,  proved  groundless.  To  say  the  least, 
the  voyage  of  Madoc  must  be  considered  doubtful.  T/ie  mo.nt  nucicnt  Dini'oufrij 
of  Ihf  tVrxt  Iii'lif.i  I)'/  Mwliic  the  Sonne  of  Oiccii  llu<iiielh.  Prince  of  Nurfh- 
i/w't'v,  In  the  ijicrc  1110;  taktii  out  of  the  history  of  Wales,  in  llaklttyt,  vol. 

iii.  p.  1. 

\Vlt.'>  ct  seq.]  In  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century  the  desire  to  extend 
Clni<tiauity  was  encouraged  by  rumoreil  conversions  already  made  in  the  do- 
minions of  tho  ilogul,  and  especially  by  the  report  of  a  powerful  Christian 
iniiiiarch,  I'rcster  John,  who  had  reigned  somewlierc  in  the  interior  of  Asia. 
This  report  led  to  the  sending  of  several  priests  as  missionaries  to  the  far  East. 
Carpiui  in  1J4G,  and  Ascelino  in  \'17t\,  Italian  Franciscans,  penetrated  to 
the  region  now  known  as  Cliincso  Turkestan.  About  tho  same  time,  1'J,'3 
accoidiug  to  Ilakluyt,  liubiuquis,  also  a  Franciscan,  from  Brabant,  traversed 
tho  central  Asiatic  deserts.  Ho  was  tho  first  to  present  a  dednito  ide-i,  of  tho 
position  of  Tartary  and  Cathay.  A  notice  of  his  travels  was  given  in  tho 
writings  of  Eoger  15acon  in  VH'tl.  Toward  the  end  of  this  century  Odorico, 
of  tlio  same  order,  visited  Persia,  India,  and  finally  China,  remaining  three 
years  in  Peking.  Vhtijijio  del  liedi-^  Fni/e  Odorieo  di  Porto  Miiiiijiore  del 
Fnr'i  f'llto  nrll'  Aii))o  MCCCXVfl f  (half  a  century  later  than  above),  in 
Iluiui-fio,  torn,  ii.,  fol.  '2o4.  Seo  also  Jlaklii;/t's  To//.,  vol.  i.  pp.  21-117;  vol. 
ii.  pp.  oJ,  5.3;  Xavirrcte,  Col.  ]":aijex,  tom.  i.  pp.  ix.  x. 

[i'J.'O-n.").]  Nicolo  and  ^laffio  Polo,  Venetian  brothers,  left  Venice  in  12.")0 
on  a  trading  trip  north-eastward.  Passing  north  of  the  Caspian  ;-ea,  tluy 
Fjient  three  years  at  Bokhara,  and  afterwartl  in  l"_'Go,  proecetled  to  tlie  coiut 
of  Kublai  Khan  at  Kenienfu  in  Chinese  Tartary,  wlienco  they  returned  in 
I'Jiil),  intrusted  with  a  mission  to  the  Pope.  In  I'JTl  they  again  set  out, 
taking  with  them  JIarco,  sou  of  Nicolo.  They  revisited  tho  Tartar  court, 
w  lierc  they  spent  seventeen  years,  and  returned  l)y  sea  down  the  Chinese  and 
Indian  eoasts  to  Ormuz  in  Persia  and  tlienco  overland  to  Constantinople, 
reiK.liing  Venice  in  I'Jl).').  JIarco  seems  to  have  been  a  great  favorite  at  tho 
eastern  court,  where  ho  was  intrusted  with  missions  in  all  directions.  I5y 
moans  of  his  own  travels  and  by  reports  of  tho  natives  from  all  .^cetions 
whom  ho  met,  he  gained  an  extensive  knowledge  of  China  and  adjoining 
countries,  including  tho  numerous  islands  of  tho  coast,  chief  among  which 
Was  Zipangu,  or  Japan.  From  his  niemoran<l;t,  lie  afterMards  -wrote  in 
prison,  a  full  account  of  his  eastern  travels,  wliieii  was  copioil  ami  widely 
circulated  in  manuscript.  Seo  l/dkliii/t  Sncitl'/,  J)ivi'rf>  I'lii/m/c'i,  Introd.,  p. 
Hi.,  liOiidon,  18')0,  for  an  account  of  printed  editions  of  Polo's  work.  Its  au- 
thenticity and  general  reliability  are  now  admitted,  tliough  doulitlcss  errors 
have  been  multiplied  by  copyists.  This  journey  of  JIarco  Polo  was  by  far 
tiic  most  important,  for  revising  geography,  of  any  undertaken  during  tlio 
middle  ages.  From  this  time  tho  eoasts  of  Asia  were  laii'  -lov-.i  on  nia^is 
and  described  with  tolerable  accuracy  by  eosniogroDlicrs.  JJe  i  V'ni'jiji  di 
Mimiiir  Marco  Polo,  (.lentil  'hoonio  Venetiaiio,  in  /.'aw.  .v/o,  tom.  ii   fol.  2-00; 


80 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


Mnrrn  Poh  <h:  Vcnkxia  ilc  Ic  mcravcjllo-c  rose  del  mond'i,  Venice,  1-lOG;  Mnrn 
Paiili  rcncti  ilr  r<"jhntl>iis  oriental ibitt  lihri  Ircit,  Cologne,  1(!71. 

Tlic  Venetians  were  the  most  enterprising  navigators  of  the  thirteenth  anil 
fourteenth  eenturies.  They  reached  England  at  an  early  date,—/  ,.  nwc'iii, 
lliflificla'f,  i)p.  Ill-IG,  I'aric,  18;!2  — iind  not  iniproliably extended  their  euia- 
niereial  operations  still  farther  north,  Iceland  being  at  the  time  ii  ilourishiiig 
repuMiu  with  Catholic  bishops.  Kohl's  llUt.  DIkvoi:,  i>p.  92-4.  Xo  details 
however  are  preserved  of  aiiy  particular  one  of  the^-e  voyages,  nor  of  such  as 
may  have  been  directed  toward  Cajjc  Xon,  the  southern  limit  of  oceanic  nav- 
igation. Some  time  during  this  century  a  Moor,  Ibii  Fatiniah,  was  <lriveii  ly 
storms  from  Cape  Xon  down  past  Cajie  lilanco,  ami  his  adventure  was  re- 
corded in  an  Arabian  geography. 

[1"_",)1.]  Doria  and  Vivaldi,  (ienoesc,  undertook  a  voyage  down  tlic  Afiiii.n 
coast  v.ith  a  view  of  reaching  In<lia,  and  were  la.-,t  heard  of  at  a  place  calliil 
liozora.  On  this  voyage,  which  rests  on  several  autli  )rities,  has  been  ftiundrd 
a  claim  that  the  Italians  preceded  the  rortugueso  in  passing  Cape  liojachr, 
Major,  I'ri/ice  llfiirij,  pp.  U'J-UO,  concludes  frcm  an  examination  of  all  tlio 
documents  that  there  are  no  grounds  for  this  claim,  although  admitting  the 
voyage  and  its  purpose,  in  fact  everything  Init  its  t^uccess.  Clozora  was 
probably  Capo  Xon.  Jvohl  regards  this  expedition  as  uncertain.  One  of  the 
documents  gives  the  date  as  12S1;  from  which  eircumst-iince  Kohl  and  Hum- 
boldt errcmeously  make  of  it  two  voyages.  D'Avesac,  in  Xouvelli'n  Aiiiki!"! 
ilei  V";iii[ii'S,  1S4."),  toni.  cviii.  p.  4.'),  has  the  date  I'JS.").  Mufioz,  IlUt,  Niaro 
Muuilit,  pp.  ;>0-l,  speaks  of  (ienoese  expeditions  and  the  rediscovery  of  tlio 
Canavies  during  thij  century. 

[Ildil  ]  On  a  map  made  by  the  Venetian  Sanuto  in  130G,  Africa  is  reprc- 
enntcd  as  surrounded  by  the  sea,  but  tlu'i'c  is  no  evidence  that  the  geogra[il!y 
of  that  legion  is  dtaived  from  any  actual  observations.  The  map  .sini;  ly 
shows  one  of  the  two  theories  then  held  respecting  the  shape  of  boutlurn 
Africa. 

[i;):!'2  it  se(|.]  Sir  John  Mandeville,  an  English  iihysician,  between  \'XV2 
and  l.'jlili,  travelled  in  eastern  parts,  incli'.ding  the  Holy  Liind,  India,  aid 
China.  On  his  return  ho  wrote  in  three  languages  an  account  of  his  .'ulvi  n- 
turcs,  wiih  dcscripiions  of  the  countries  vijitud.  Sec  llnLiiii/t  .Voc,  Dinr.^ 
Vo;/.,  Intnid.  p.  xliii.  His  work  coiToboratcs  that  of  Marco  Polo,  and 
although  full  of  exaggerations,  and  probably  tampere<l  with  by  copyists  in 
respect  to  adventures  and  anecdotes,  "yet,'' says  Irving,  "his  acccjuuls  uf 
the  countries  which  he  visited  have  been  found  far  moro  veracious  than  IkuI 
been  imagined."  Ptur/iii-i,  l/iii  PUjrinus,  vol.  iii.  pp.  128-CS;  TnirvU  <</  Sir 
Jvhii  Mdmlcrii'li-,  London,  17'-*">. 

[i;)41  et  secj.]  As  v,-e  have  seen,  the  Canaries  were  known  to  the  ancients, 
ciul  made  by  Ptolemy  the  western  Umit  of  the  world;  but  subsecjuently  lluy 
were  nearly  forgottin  until  r>.diseovered  and  visited,  perhaps  several  timrs, 
toward  tho  middle  of  tho  fourteenth  century,  by  tho  Portuguese.  Tin  ro 
is  a  delinitc  account  of  one  of  these  v jyages.  Two  vessels  were  sent  tlure 
by  the  Iving  of  Portugal  ia  l.'Ml,  and  nearly  all  the  islands  of  tho  gi'niip 
visited,  but  no  settlement  was  made.  Before  this,  Luis  de  la  Cerda  reiivc- 
Bcuted  to  tho  Pope  the  existence  of  such  islands,  and  rccci\cd  by  a  bull  of 


THE  ZEXI. 


81 


0;  Marci 

•cnth  anil 
j.ince'iii, 
iicir  coiii- 

[ouvkliii'-g 
Co  ck'ta'.W 
Lif  siifh  as 
liinio  uav- 
(lriv(.'!i  I'y 
re  was  re- 
lic Afru':i'l 
ilace  caili'l 
en  fouuiUil 
[)0  liojail'.'. 
I  of  nil  t'.io 
mitling  t'" 
Go/oia  N\as 
One  of  till! 
il  anil  lluui- 

JIUt.  Xii'  fo 
uvory  of  I'ao 

•ica  13  vcpi  e- 

le  gcogrnpliy 

uKip  sim;  ly 

of  boiillKin 

Ictwei'n  i:^V2 
Iniliu,  aiul 
his  ndvtn- 

Tolo,   inii^l 

copyists  in 

J  accounts  I'f 

Ins  than  hail 

\urU  </  ^■■'• 

llie  nncicnts, 

luontly  tluy 

k-cval  tiuu  s 

Ljac.     'I'Ih  ' « 

sent  t!u  re 

the  gi-oi'.p 

herda  np-.o- 

Iliy  a  bull  ol 


1D44  tlie  lonlsliip  nf  thein,  with  tlic  title  of  Prince  of  Fortune.  Tlic  king  of 
I'.irtu'al  tlaimud  in  lo4r>  to  have  sent  out  previous  expeditions  to  the  iilands. 
'ilu'  project  of  Ccida  proveil  a  failure  and  no  colony  was  founded.  Voyajjea 
to  till!  <"anaries  hecanie  (^uite  fre(]nent  before  the  end  of  the  century,  tiui- 
i-'iii'i,  y>i'.MV'iv)*(i.-f,  Loudon.  ISG'J;  and  mi'olUrlion  of  Vuriois  Vvjaji.i,  London, 
\s\l,  p.  10;  Miiilir.,  Ili.ll  Xucvo  Mitiido,  pp.  30-1;  Kidialmiuin,  EnUleckuinj 
,!/;!.,  pp.  1-t.     MaJ   ,,  i\lin-e  IJcnri/,  pp.  KW— tj,  dates  the  bull  lli.'M. 

[KU'i.J  In  August,  lotti,  Jaime  Ferrer,  a  Catalan  navigator,  sailed  from 
Majorca  in  tlic  Jlcditerranean  to  search  down  the  African  coast  for  the  liu- 
jaura,  or  Itivtr  of  tiold,  and  never  was  heard  from.  This  is  proved  by  a  doc- 
riiiint  in  the  (icnocse  archives,  and  by  an  inscrii)tion  on  a  Catalan  map 
tf  i;>7r>.  Major  shows  this  to  have  been  an  expedition  in  search  of  an  nn- 
kiiiiwu  or  inia!,nnary  river  of  gold,  whose  supposed  existence  rested  on  ancient 
tiiulitious  that  a  branch  of  the  Nile  llowcd  into  the  Atlantic,  and  which 
luiicf  was  strengthened  by  the  gold  brought  from  Guinea  by  the  Arabs. 
llimiboldt  undcri^^^taiuls  this  Ivujanra  to  have  been  the  liio  d'Ouro  below  Capo 
Bojador,  an  inlet  named  later  by  the  rortuguesc;  and  he  also  states  that 
Fci  icr  actually  reached  that  point;  but  of  this  there  seems  to  be  no  evidence. 

[l.'Jolit  seij.]  The  Azores  appear  to  have  been  discovered  by  the  Portu- 
guese early  in  this  haif  century,  appealing  on  a  map  of  13.")!.  There  is 
however  no  account  of  the  voyage  by  which  this  discovery  was  made,  al- 
tliough  there  is  a  tradition  of  a  Creek  who  was  there  cast  away  in  1370.  On 
a  (lonoose  map  of  the  same  date  the  Madeira  group  is  shown,  ha\ing  probably 
been  discovered  by  Portuguese  ships  under  Genoese  captains  early  in  the 
fourteenth  century. 

[Kjiib]  Py  \'illaultdo  Bellefond,  Relation  <li''<  fostes  d'A/riqiii',  Paris,  IfiliO, 
it  is  stated  that  the  Diej-ipese  in  13ti4  made  a  voyage  lound  Capo  Verde,  and 
far  boyniid,  establishing  trading-post."!,  which  were  rcpcateilly  visited  in  the 

fdl^jwiug  years.     On  this  account,   repeated  by  many  writers Eslaiircliii, 

J!irl rn-lif.-i,  p.  T-;  llumhohlt,  Ennii.  CriL,  toni.  i.  i>.  "JSo — i.s  founded  the 
rieiich  claim  of  having  preceded  the  Portuguese  in  passing  Cape  llojador  and 
occupying  the  gold  coast.  ^lajor,  I'rinci'  IJruri/,  pp.  I17-.'!;i,  maintains  by 
stioiii,' proofs  that  this  voyage  rests  on  no  good  authority,  and  that  the  French 
occupation  of  that  coast  is  of  nnich  later  date. 

[1380.]  Xieolo  Zeuo,  a  Venetian,  sailing  northward  for  i'ngland.  was 
ilriveu  in  a  storm  still  farther  north,  anil  landed  on  .some  islands  in  possession 
of  the  Xiirtlmien,  which  ho  named  Frieshind,  but  which  are  suiiposeil  to  havo 
lii'i'ii  the  I'aroe  group.  Kindly  received  by  the  people,  he  sent  to  Venice  fur 
his  hrothev,  and  both  sjieiit  there  the  rest  of  their  lives,  making  freipti^at  ex- 
ciirsious  to  neighboring  islands,  and  gaining  a  knowledge  ()f  other  more 
tli^tam,  lands  known  to  the  Northmen,  including  two  countries  called  Drogeo 
ami  I'^stotilaml,  lying  to  the  southward  of  Greenland,  wliieh  countries  tlie 
Fricslauders  claimed  once  to  have  visited.  Nicolo  died  in  131l."i,  and  Antonio 
iu  1 104,  after  writing  an  account  of  their  adventures,  which,  with  a  eliai't,  ho 
Siiit  to  a  third  brotlier,  CaHo.  The  manuscript  was  preserved  by  the  family 
anil  lirst  published  under  the  titio  ])i  i  '  'ommriitityii  del  r'nujijio  in  }'<  r.siii,  c'c, 
Vi  iie/.ia,  IjoS.     After  passing  the  ordeal  of  criticism  the  work  is  generally 

ucccptcd  as  a  faithful  report  of  actual  occurrences,  though  embellished,  like 
llisr.  Ckm.  A.m.,  Vol.  I,     0 


fi'i 


!»''i 


IH 


m 


82 


E.VRLY  VOYAGES. 


all  writings  of  the  time,  with  falile.  Pello  Sroprhiicnto  iJil"  fiofa  FrUltvli 
Eshindit,  III  Ci'roL'ildiiild,  ct  Icarhi,  in  lUimusio,  toin.  ii.  fol.  '230-1;  Iliikluyt't 
Voij.,  vol.  iii.  pp.  121-8;  lios,  Li'heu  iler  i^ce-IIeUU'ti,  pp.  4VJ.1-7;  CanCfUitri, 
Kol'r.iediColoiitho,  pp.  4S-0:  Lcli'ircl,('i'fo'j.  'Iiivwi.cii  lijc,  toin.  iii.  pp.  74c't  s"i[. 
Irving,  liowevcr,  Coluniliii.i.  vol.  iii.  pp.  435-40,  sees  in  tliis  voyage  only  jm- 
other  of  "the  fables  circnlatcd  shortly  after  the  discavcry  of  Ci)luinl>iis,  to 
nrroLjate  to  other  nations  and  individuals  the  credit  of  the  achievenirnt." 
while  Zahrtmann,  /'ciiuirLi  on  thi'  I'o'/.  to  the.  yuil/ivru  Jl-iiii^iiln rr,  aArr'ihul 
tn  the  Zeni  uf  Venice,  in  Journal  of  the  Geo'j.  So;:.,  vol.  v.  pp.  102-2S,  Loudon, 
1.S3.'),  claims  that  the  whole  account  is  a  fable. 

The  chart  !iy  the  brothers  Zcni,  published  with  the  nianuscript,  is  uf 
great  importance  as  the  first  known  ma])  which  shows  any  part  of  Anierioa. 
It  contains  internal  evidences  of  its  own  authenticity,  one  of  which  i-i  that 
Greenland  is  much  better  <lrawu  thiin  could  liavc  been  done  from  other  or  ex- 
traneous sources  even  in  lo.lS.  I  give  from  Kohl'a  fac-simile  a  copy  of  tiio 
map,  omitting  a  few  of  the  names. 


SX2V^->^ 


c  -M^'' 


JS-^^^  . 


°^'C.., 


0'<QG£0  V 


^' 


hod-\li6a 


_<a.Y,:QO^ 


Zeno'.s  Chart,  Drawn  adoct  1390. 

'ihei'c  can  bo  little  doubt  that  the  countries  marked  Estotiland,  Drogco, 
niul  Icaria — possibly  Nova  Scotia,  New  Ihigland,  and  Xewfouudland— "wo 
their  position  on  this  chart  to  the  actual  knowledge  of  America,  obtaiiitil 
either  by  a  fishing-vessel  wrecked  thci-c,  as  stated  by  the  Zeni,  or  from  a 
tradition  preserved  since  the  time  of  the  Northmen.  Tlic  lines  of  latitmlo 
and  lonr;itude  were  not  on  the  original  manuscript  eliai't,  but  wore  added  liy 
the_  editors  in  1338.  Lcleivcl,  dioij.  <hi  ntoi/in  iiije,  torn.  iii.  pp.  7'J-lOl, 
JJruxellcs,  1832;  Kohl'n  Hist.  Dkcov.,  pp.  97-100. 


PRINCE  IIEXIlY  OF  rOHTUGAL. 


83 


m 


At  nn  unknown  date,  prnbably  nrar  the  cnil  of  tlui  thirtocntb  century, 
r,olH.'i-t  Macliin,  an  Kiiglisliinaii,  I'loiieil  with  a  lady  in  hi3  own  vessel  from 
I'.iiitol.  IIu  stcercil  fur  Franee,  bat  was  driven  by  ;i  tempest  to  the  island  of 
Mailtira,  where  buth  died.  Some  of  the  crew  escaped  to  the  African  coast, 
wlicre  they  were  taken  priaonei-s,  but  afterward  were  redeemed  by  the  Span- 
iards, to  whom  one  of  them  related  tho  discovery  of  Madeira,  hia  account 
leaditi"  to  its  rediscovery.  Major  concludes,  "that  henceforth  the  story  of 
this  accidental  discovery  of  Madeira  by  Machin  nuist  bo  accepted  aa  a  real- 
ity," but  the  date  cannot  bo  fixed.  That  of  1344  often  assigned  to  tho  \oy. 
it'c  results  from  a  misreading  of  Galvano.  Keaido  Ca'niiio,  Disoiv.,  pp.  .'iS- 
•J,  SCO  I'lnrhas,  His  Piiiji-imit,  vol.  ii.  p.  1G7-;  Thf  Vui/diji'.  of  Murlotm,  un 
Eiiijli'<ft  mini,  vhe>xiu  he  Jlfit  of  iui>/  viim  discovered  (he  Ilnnd  of  Madera,  in 
IliUinjt,  vol.  ii.  pt.  ii.  p.  1;  '^'urlaU'i  and  Eiit.  Voi/.,  p.  13;  JAr/or'j*  Prince 
Jlenri/,  p.  07;  Kiiiistniaiin,  Kiildcrkiiwi  Am.,  p.  4. 

[1402.J  At  the  bcgiiniing  of  the  fifteenth  century,  Jean  do  Betancourt 
with  a  company  of  Nornuin  adventurers  conquered  Lanzarote,  one  of  tho 
Canary  Islands,  llo  afterward  became  tributary  to  tiie  crown  of  Castile, 
and  by  tho  aid  of  the  Spanish  govennnent  obtained  possession  of  other  islan<l3 
of  tlio  group,  establishing  there  a  permanent  colony.  Muiioz,  Jli.st.  del 
ytiii-iy  Miiiido,  pp.  30-o3;  Petir  Martijr,  <lcc.  i.  cap.  i.,  gives  the  date 
110.");  GaJeano,  /^Ascoc.,  p.  (JO;  Kunstmann,  Katdcckumj  Am.,  \).  ij;  Pinhcr- 
lon'-':  Col.  Voj.,  vol.  xvi.  pp.  SOS-  I J, 

We  cntcrnow  a  new  epocli  ii'  ...aritimc  discovery.  Hitherto,  if  wo  cx- 
chule  the  voyages  of  the  Northmen,  there  had  been  no  attempt  worthy  the  name 
of  svstcmatic  ocean  exploration.  In  tho  words  of  Major,  "the  pathways  of  the 
luiniau  rate  had  been  tho  mountain,  tho  river,  and  tiio  plain,  tho  strait,  tho 
kke,  tho  inland  sea,"  but  now  a  road  is  open  through  the  trackless  ocean,  "a 
road  replete  with  danger,  but  almndant  in  promise."  Portugal,  guided  by  tho 
^vul.  i  of  Princo  Henry  tho  Navigator,  was  tho  lirst  to  shako  olFtho  lethargy 
wliicli  had  so  long  rested  on  ICurope.  For  .some  time  past  tho  Portuguese 
had  liccn  gradually  eclipsing  the  Italians  in  maritime  enterprise;  but  not 
until  a  prince  leaves  tho  pleasures  of  youth  for  iio  perils  of  tho  sea,  throwing 
!ii3  life  into  the  cause  witii  all  the  ardor  ri  a  devotee,  docs  ocean  navigation 
bcLOUie  anything  more  than  private  commercial  speculation,  with  now  and  then 
sunic  slight  aid  from  governments.  True,  others  had  undertjiken  the  voyage 
round  Africa,  but  I'oi  '  '^  was  perhaps  tho  first  to  make  it.  As  I)'.\vesac 
remarks.  Vo«r<  -^  Aiiiiulm  ilea  I'o;/.,  lS4(i,  torn.  ex.  p.  1(11:  "  Les  Portugais 
no  s'y  1  ■  '  :,  point  les  jiremicra;  niais  souls  ils  y  persevererent,  et  les 
pre"  iiiignirent  1.        it."     liorn  in  tho  year  13!)4,  at  a  time  when 

unci'  I  her,  J.hn,  Portugal  was  already  easting  wistful  glances  over  tho 

Siao  iiess,  !    inco  Henry  devoted  Ilia  early  bio  to  geograi)hicnl  studies 

auil  hi<  laii  I  life  >  discovery.  Leaving  tho  pomp  and  luxury  of  his  father's 
court,  he  lemoveil  to  tho  coast  of  Algarve  ud  from  tho  dreary  licadlaml  of 
S;i<;res  lt;t  lly  his  imagination  along  tlie  un.vnown  shores  of  Africa.  Drawing 
to  liini  such  young  noblemen  as  were  willing  to  share  his  labors,  he  estab- 
li- lied  a  School  of  navigation,  giving  special  care  to  tho  study  of  cartography 
aiul  niiitlicmatics.     Tho  geographical  position  of  hia  native  land  was  to  tho 


EARLY  VOYAGE?. 


Portuguese,  in  regard  to  oceanic  adventure,  not  unlike  that  of  the  Italians  in 
regard  to  Mediterranean  navigation.  Several  causes  united  to  inspire  tliis 
prince  with  so  noble  an  ambition.  He  desired  to  promote  geographical 
science ;  to  test  the  theories  and  traditions  of  the  day ;  to  know  tlio  truth 
concerning  the  disputed  question  of  tlie  fonn  and  extent  of  so  .Lhern  Africa; 
to  tuni  tlie  flow  of  riches,  the  gold  and  spices  and  :,lave3  of  India,  from  Italy 
into  his  own  country.  Nor  was  this  last  stimulant  lessened  by  the  fact  that 
of  liite,  by  reason  of  Mahometan  encroachments  on  Christian  dominions,  the 
cj'id  avenues  of  eastern  traffic  vid  the  Caspian  Sea  and  Persian  Gulf,  or  by  th.e 
Red  Sea  and  caravans  a''"0S3  the  deserts,  were  yearly  becoming  more  insecure, 
and  tliis  too  at  a  time  when  the  taste  for  eastern  luxuries  was  constantly  in- 
creasing. Yet  other  incentives  were  Christian  rivalry  and  Christian  zeal, 
Spain  had  carried  the  cross  to  the  Canaries;  rumors  kept  coming  in  of  Prcstcr 
John  and  his  Christian  kingdom,  now  supposed  to  be  in  Africa  instead  of  in 
Asia.  Prince  Henry  moreover  was  grand  master  of  the  Order  of  Clirist,  and 
it  behooved  him  to  be  stirring.  Nnvnrrcte,  Col.  de  Vkv/es,  torn.  i.  p.  xxvi. ; 
2{iiHn~,  Hint.  Nucm  Miiiido,  pp.  3.3-4. 

[14]").]  Prmce  Henry  began  his  voyages  along  the  coast  of  Africa  about  the 
year  1415,  at  which  timo  Joao  do  Trasto  was  sent  Avith  vessels  to  the  Can- 
aries, It  was  I  [enry's  custom  to  dcspatcli  an  expedition  ahnost  every  year, 
endeavoring  each  time  to  advance  upo'i  the  last,  and  so  finally  attaui  the  end 
of  the  mystery — whereat  tlic  nobles  grumbled  not  a  little  about  useless 
expense.  01)viously  progress  southward  at  this  rate  was  very  slow,  and 
nuiry  years  elapsed  before  Cape  Bojador  was  passed  and  unknown  seas  were 
entered      Major';;  Prince  I/eivi/,  pp.  G4-G5. 

[1410-28.]  Mcanwliilo  Pedro,  Henry's  brother,  travelled  extensively,  jour- 
neying through  the  Holy  Land,  visiting  Ilonie,  Babylon,  and  even  England. 
Fortunately  ho  found  at  Venice  a  copy  of  Marco  Polo's  work,  and  brouglit 
it  homo  to  Prince  Henry.  Galcano's  Discov.,  i}]}.  [i(j-7 ;  Kundmanu,  Eiit- 
dcckiDi'j  Am.,  pp.  11,  \'l. 

[1418.]  Gonzalez  and  Vaz,  who  were  sent  this  year  by  Prince  Henry  on 
the  rcjguhir  annual  expedition,  were  driven  from  their  course  and  rediscovered 
Porto  Santo.  Galvano,  Dincoi'.,  pp.  G'2-4;  Kunntmanii,  EnldecLuiuj  Am., 
pp.  U,  12j  Curious  ami  Ent.  Voy.,  pp.  14,  15. 

[1419.]  Xicolo  di  Conti,  Venetian,  spent  twenty-five  years  in  India, 
Slungi,  and  Java,  returning  in  1444,  and  confinning  many  of  Polos  state- 
ments. Dinromo  sojirn  il  Viwjijio  di  Kicolo  di  Conti  Vcnctiano,  in  llamiisio, 
torn.  i.  fol.  373.  Twice  in  1419,  if  we  ma-  credit  Xavari'cte,  Col.  de  Vi(V/i'.i, 
torn.  i.  p.  xxvi.,  did  Prince  Henry's  ships  pass  seventy  leagues  beyond  Capo 
IS'in. 

[  !4'J0.]  Gonzalez  agaui  cmliarks  from  Portugal  intending  to  plant  a  colony, 
and  guided  by  one  Morales,  a  survivor  of  Machins  voyage,  rediscovered 
Madeira.  Xdrarrctc,  Col.  de  Vnt(j(.i,  torn.  i.  pp.  xxvi-vii. ;  jMaJor's  Prince 
1I<  nrij,  pp.  73-7;  Kunnfmnnn,  EiilJ<  ckuioj  Am.,  p.  13;  (>'iilntiii>'.'<Di.iroi\,  pp.  03- 
4;  An,  Knuuh'iiriije  I'cr.inmeliiiii,  tom.  i.  jit.  ii.  p.  10.  (hi  a  certain  map  dated 
1459  is  a  capo  supposed  to  be  (food  Hope,  witli  th"  statement  that  in  14'J0  an 
Indian  junk  had  passed  that  point  from  the  east;  but  for  this  no  authority  iiJ 
given. 


THE  SLAVE-TILVDE. 


85 


1431.]  The  Fomiigas  and  Santa  Maria  islands  of  the  Azorc  group  were 
tnis  year  <li3covcrcJ  hy  Cabral.  Kunstinann,  Enlihclnixi  Am.,  p.  15,  niakos 
the  date  August  15,  1432.  For  details  of  the  discovery  and  settlement  of  all 
the  eastern  Atlantic  islands,  .see  idem,  pp.  1-25. 

[M34-0.]  Gil  Eannes,  after  an  unsuccessful  attempt  in  the  preceding 
year,  succeeded  in  1434  in  doublin^/  Cape  Bojador  for  the  first  time.  Muuoz, 
Jlis/.  Xiicvo  Muinlo,  p.  34,  makes  +he  date  1433,  and  Navarrete,  Col.  (k 
Vidijis,  torn.  i.  p.  xxvii.,  1423.  In  \A:?-~>  Eaunes  with  Baldaya  passed  fifty 
leagues  beyond  the  cape,  and  ia  IJ.tS  Baldaya  advanced  to  a  point  fifty 
leagues  beyond  the  iidet  since  known  as  Ilio  d'Oiiro. 

[1441-S.]  For  sev.-ral  years  after  the  successful  doubling  of  Cape  Bojador, 
no  new  attempt  oi  imp./.-tanco  is  recorded,  but  in  1441  the  voyages  were 
renewed,  and  in  the  next  eight  years  the  exploration  was  pushed  one  luindred 
leagues  below  Cape  Verde.  Prior  to  144(5  fifty-one  vessels  had  ti'adcd  on  tho 
Afiioan  coast,  nearly  one  tliousand  slaves  had  been  tiiken  to  I'ortugal,  ami 
tho  discoveries  in  the  Azores  had  been  greatly  c;xtended.  Y>y  these  oxphjra- 
tions  Prince  Henry  had  exploded  tho  theory  of  a  burning  zone  impassable  to 
ni;in,  and  of  stormy  seas  impeding  all  navigation;  his  belief  that  jVfrica 
might  bo  circumnavigated.  Avas  confirmed;  and  ho  had  obtained  from  tho 
pope  a  grant  to  tlie  crown  of  Portugal  of  lands  ho  might  discover  beyond 
Cape  Bojador  to  the  Indies  inclusive. 

[14J.")-(j.]  According  to  Ranmaio,  Via'jiji,  torn,  i,  p.  105,  Alvisc  Cada- 
niosto,  a  Venetian,  tho  first  of  his  co-jntrymcn  as  ho  claims  to  sail  down 
tho  new  coast,  made  a  voyage  for  Prince  Henry  to  the  Gaml)ia  IJiver  below 
Capo  Verde.  This  expedition  derives  its  importance  not  from  the  limit  reached, 
where  others  had  preceded  him,  but  from  his  numerous  landing  points,  eai-eful 
observations,  and  the  detailed  account  publislied  by  tlie  voyager  himself  in 
Ln  l'n,.-<  Ndvhjazionc,  tic,  Vicen;a,,  1507;  also  in  l!innii4o,  Vhi'j'ji,  tom.  i. 
pp.  104-15.  iuL  cnp^orer  touched  at  Porto  Santo,  Madeira,  tho  Canaries, 
Capo  r>laneo,  Senegal,  liudomel.  Cape  Verdo,  and  the  Oandiia  River. 

[14,';7.]  Cadamosto  claims,  Ld  ni'coiida  x'trhjadoiifi,  m  JinntiMn,  Vidij'ji, 
toin.  i.  pp.  110-20,  to  have  made  a  second  voyage,  during  which  ho  discov- 
ered tlio  Capo  Verdo  Islands;  but  Major,  Priiici:  llcuvij,  pp.  27S-SS,  shows 
that  inieh  a  voyage  was  not  made  in  tliab  year,  if  at  all. 

[MOO.]  Diogo  Gomez  discovered  tho  Capo  Verde  Islands,  and  their  colo- 
iiizalion  was  elFccted  during  tho  following  years.  Major,  /'riiire  llcnri/,  pp. 
■JS.S-il.J,  publishes  the  original  account  fur  the  first  time  in  Englisli.  Priiieo 
Henry  di&l  in  Nov.mber  of  this  year.  Miij^r's  Pr/no'  Ileiirij,  p.  303;  Kmisl.- 
iii'itiii,  I'litdcrhinij  Am.,  p.  10.  Irviag,  Cnhiinhn-i,  vol.  i.  p.  3'j,  lixos  thii 
dati^  li7;<;  and  Galv.uio,  Di-<c(tv.,  p.  14,  .says  1403. 

|l  til.]  The  spirit  of  discovery  and  tho  thirst  for  African  gold  an<l  slavest 
had  become  too  strong  to  receive  more  than  a  temporary  cheek  in  tho  deut'ii 
of  it:i  chief  promoter.  In  tho  year  following  I'riuco  Henry's  death  a  fia't  wai 
built  on  th  !  African  coast  to  protect  the  already  extensive  trade,  and  in  14i'l 
1)1  14!!2  Pei.'ro  de  Cintra  reaelud  a  point  in  nearly  5"  north,  being  over  >'\< 
l..r.idred  miies  below  the  limit  of  ddamosto's  voyage.  L<i  Niinr/iilicii  d  I 
I  '■<;•:/  III  Ploint  di  Siiitra  Poiti'jhesc,  nrrilta  icr  Miucr  Aliiinc  da  ca  da  Mv.slo, 
in  Iouiiui.io,  tom.  i.  fol.  Hi), 


8Q 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


[1460-80.]  In  1400  Fcmam  Gomez  rented  the  African  trade  from  the  king 
of  Portugal  for  a  term  of  five  years,  and  during  that  time  pushed  his  ex- 
plorations under  Santarem  and  Escobar  to  Cape  St  Catherine  in  2'  south, 
first  crossing  the  equator  in  1471.  Under  Joito  II.,  who  s-acceeded  Alfonso  V, 
in  1481,  the  trafBc  continued,  and  in  14S9  Diogo  Cam  reached  a  point  in  22', 
over  two  i-undred  leagues  helow  the  Congo  River,  planting  there  a  cross 
wliich  is  said  to  bo  yet  standing.  Martin  Bchaim,  the  mathematician  and 
cosmographei-,  accompanied  Cam  on  this  voyage,  and  an  error  or  interpola- 
tion in  Sihnlel,  Heffidrxni,  etc.,  Nuremberg,  1403,  gave  rise  to  the  unfounded 
report  that  they  sailed  west  and  discovered  America.  Humboldt,  Exam.  C'ril., 
tom.  i.  pp.  257,  283,  202,  300;  JIajor's  Princa  Ilenry,  pp.  32.V33;  Kavarre.le, 
Col.  dc  Viwjea,i.om.  i.  p.  xl.;  IlarrUse,  BibUothc.ca  Americana  Vetus'insima, 
p.  40;  (7(ilvaiio\i  JJi-icov.,  pp.  74-G;  Otto,  in  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  vol.  ii.,  17SG. 

Wc  enter  now  the  Columbian  epoch  proper,  to  which,  as  we  have  seen,  tlie 
enterprises  of  Prince  Henry  and  the  I'ortuguesc  were  precursory.  About 
1484,  Christopher  Columbus  having  proposed  a  new  scheme  of  reaching  India 
by  sailing  west,  the  king  of  Portugal  surreptitiously  sent  a  vessel  to  teat  his 
theory,  which,  after  searching  unsucci.'ssfully  for  land  westward,  returuetl  to 
the  Capo  Verde  Islands.  J'Uiwz,  Hist.  Kiievo  Mundo,  pp.  .53-4  etal.  Co- 
lumbus had  resided  in  Portugal  since  1470,  and  had  made  several  trips  in 
Portuguese  ships  down  the  African  coast,  in  the  course  of  which  ho  is  sup- 
posed to  have  first  conceived  his  new  project.  Indignant  at  the  conduct  of 
the  Portuguese  king,  Columbus  left  for  Spain.  Colon,  Hist,  del  Almiraulc,  ia 
Darcia,  Hist.  /';•(')(/.,  tom.  i.  pp.  9-10;  translation  in  Pi/i/.cr^oM'.s  Co^.  To//.,  vol. 
xii.  pp.  1-10;  and  iu  Kerr\t  (,'ol.  Voij.,  vol.  iii.  pp.  1-242. 

lu  1480  IJartoIoineu  Dias  sailed  round  Capo  Good  Hope  and  continued  his 
voyage  to  Great  Fish  River  on  the  south-cast  coast,  from  which  point  ho  wr.s 
eoHipclled  to  return  on  account  of  the  murmurs  of  Ins  men.  The  cape,  now 
fur  the  iiist  time  doubled  by  Europeans,  was  seen  and  named  by  him  on  \\U 
return.  In  1487  King  Joao  sent  two  pricsJia,  Covilham  and  Payva,  to  travel 
in  the  East,  in  the  hopo  of  gatheruig  more  <lciuuto  information  respecting 
Prestcr  John  and  his  famous  Cluistian  kingdom.  Prcstcr  .Tolm  tliey  did  not 
find,  but  Covilham  in  his  wanderings  reached  Sofala  on  the  east  coast  of 
Africa  in  about  20'  south  latitude,  being  the  first  of  his  countrymen  to  sai'  <iii 
the  liulinn  Ocean.  At  Sofala  ho  learned  tlio  practicability  of  the  voyiigo 
v.hicli  Dias  had  actually  accomplished  a  little  before,  and  a  message  to  that 
clTcct  \\ as  innuediately  sent  to  (lie  king,  il/iyoc's  Jh-inci:  /loir;/,  pp.  330-tJ; 
iVdivnv'fVc,  Ciil.  dc  Vicij'it,  tom.  i,  p.  xl-i;  Humboldt.  K>:aui.  Cril,,  torn.  i. 
pp.  230etBeii.;  <><dniii<i'n  Dixntr.,  pp.  77-8. 

From  this  tinio  to  tho  great  discovery  of  1402,  few  CApeditions  remain 
to  be  mentioned.  It  must  not  be  inrgotten,  however,  that  by  thi.J  liuiu 
trading  \oyages  were  of  ordinary  occurrence  all  along  tho  eastern  Atlantiu 
coast  and  its  adjoining  i^slands  from  Sv'iuidinnvia  to  Guinea.  A  lively  cniu- 
merco  was  oarriid  on  throughout  tliis  eenhiry  b('tweeu  Bristol  and  K.>- 
l.uid,  and  in  tho  words  of  liunntmann,  substantiated  by  older  authorities, 
"a  br.ll  (if  NicohiM  IV.  to  the  bishops  of  Iceland,  jinivcs  liiat  the  pope  iii 
1448  was  intimately  acquainted  witi;  n.\atlers  in  Greenland."    It  seems  iii- 


THE  COLUMBI.^  EPOCH. 


87 


(.TcdiMc  tliat  (luring  all  this  intercourse  with  northern  lands,  no  knowledge 
of  Anierita  was  gained  by  southern  maritime  nations,  yet  so  far  as  we  know 
there  exist »  no  proof  of  such  knowledge. 

[1470.]  Johu  of  Koino,  or  Szkolny,  id  reported  to  liave  made  a  voyage  in 
the  service  ui  the  king  of  Denmark  iu  1470,  and  to  have  touched  on  the  coast 
cf  Labrador.  The  report  rests  on  the  authority  of  Wytflict,  Descriiitioiiis 
Plo'diinifaniKjmentum,  Lavauii,  .1598,  fol.  188,  supported  by  a  .single  sen- 
tence, "Tanibicu  han  ydo  alia  hombres  do  Noruoga  con  el  I'iloto  luan 
Scoluo,"  in  Goiiuira,  Hint.  Gen.  de  las  Indias,  Anvers,  1054,  cap.  .xxxvii.  fol. 
31;  by  a  similar  i  irjuco  iu  Ilerrera,  Hi-it.  Gin.,  Madrid,  1001,  dec.  i. 
lib.  vi.  cap.  xvi.,  in  which  the  name  is  changed  to  Juan  Sediico;  aud  by  tho 
inscription,  Jac  Sculciii  (Irucllaiid,  on  a  country  west  of  Grcculaud  on  a  map 
nuulo  by  Michael  Lok  in  loS2,  fac-similo  iu  llalduijt  Soc,  Dictr.^  Voij.,  ji.  Tm. 
According  to  Kohl,  11 'wt.  Discor.,  pp.  114-15,  this  voyage  is  considered  apoc- 
ry[)lial  l^y  Danish  and  Xorwegian  writers.  Lelewel,  Gcoj.  da  ino/jen  wje,  p, 
103,  regards  liic  voyage  as  authentic,  aud  Kunstmann,  L'liUlecliiiii'j  Aw.,  pp. 
4j-;>,  attaches  to  it  great  importance  as  tho  source  of  all  the  \oyage3  to  tho 
north  v.hich  followed.  Humboldt,  Kxam,  C'l-if-.,  torn.  ii.  jip.  152-4,  gives 
but  iittlc  attention  to  tho  voyage,  and  confesses  his  inability  to  decide  ou 
iij  merits:  "Jo  no  puis  hasardcr  aucun  jugemeut  sur  cctto  assertion  do 
V\'ytlliut." 

[1477.]  In  this  year  Columbus,  whom  wo  first  find  with  tho  Portuguese 
tinders  ou  the  African  coast,  sailed  northward,  probably  with  an  English 
lucrchi'ntuiiui  from  Eiistol,  to  a  point  ono  hundred  leagues  beyond  Thulo,  iu 
7;r  north.  Coloii,  IILif.  del  Aliiiiraiite  iu  Batria,  tom.  i.  p.  4;  Miiiioz,  Jl'td, 
Kuevo  Mumlo,  pp.  4.T-7;  Ilumholdt,  Exam.  C'r'd.,  imn.  i.  p.  272.  He  probably 
visited  Iceland,  although  ho  gives  the  latitude  incorrectly,  takuig  it  very  likely 
from  iiucicnt  guograpliy  rather  than  his  own  observations. 

[14SJ.]  According  to  Kunstmann,  tho  edition  of  Ptolemy  this  year,  /Vo. 
loiiial  Cii.iiiwi/rdjJiiii,  Ulm.j,  1482,  lib.  viii.,  contains  a  map  that  includes 
Greenland,  and  nuwt  have  been  compiled  from  northern  sources. 

[14o3.]  Dcsmanpicts,  Jrcmoirca  Cliroiwhujojiicn,  etc.,  Dieppe,  1785,  tom.  i. 
pp.  OJ-S,  states  tliat  ono  Cousin  sailed  from  Dieppe  early  in  14oS,  stood  olT 
further  f.'oiii  laud  tliuu  other  voyagers  had  done,  and  after  two  mouths 
reached  un  unkuown  land  ami  a  great  liver,  which  ho  named  tho  Maragnon. 
Twu  tliij  tho  Maraaon  iu  South  America?  lie  then  nailed  t;outh-er..jtward 
and  discovered  tlio  ijoutliern  point  of  Africa,  returning  to  Dieppe  in  14S0. 
Tho  discovery  v/as  kept  eecret,  but  Cousin  made  a  second  voyage  round  tho 
eapo  cud  Gucceeded  in  reaching  India.  Major,  benidcs  pointing  (;ut  Konio  in- 
conui.  tencics  iu  this  account,  wliows  that  M.  l)i'.>nian]Uels  "  could  commit 
liiniiiclf  to  assertions  of  great  moment  which  are  demonstrably  false.''  lie  id 
nut  good  autliority  for  uo  renuirkable  a  discovery  not  elsewhere  recorded. 


Jk'foro  sti'iking  out  with  Cohuubus  in  hi.i  bold  vent".>-c  to  the  went,  let  us 
fi\ini  np  what  wo  have  learned  thus  far  and  see  where  wo  stand.  PirHt,  tho 
geographical  knowledge  of  tho  ancients  was  restricted  to  a  paralhdogram  ex- 
tending north-we.'it  and  south-east  from  tho  Atlantic  to  the  Indian  ocean, 
conipri.jing  one  hundred  and  t\\  enty  degrees  cast  and  west  by  (llty  degrees 


83 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


north  and  south;  circumscriho  thi.s  knowledge  with  legendary  stories  and 
hypothetical  and  traditional  beliefs  concerning  the  regions  l)eyon<l;  tlicn  add 
a  true  tlieory  of  the  »■  a'tli's  splicricity,  though  mistaken  aa  to  its  size.     This 
is  all  they  knew,  nud  this  knowledge  tliey  connnittcd  to  the  Daik  Ago,  dur- 
ing wliich  time  it  was  presen-ed,  and,  indeed,  little  hy  little  enlarged,  aa  we 
have  seen.     During  the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  century,  particularly,  n 
powerful  impulse  had  been  given  to  discovery,  especially  toward  the  south ; 
so  that  now  tho  limits  of  the  ancients  wcro  moved  eastward  at  least  forty 
degrees,  to  tho  eastern  coasts  and  islands  of  Asia,  clnelly  by  tlieti-avelsof  Marco 
Polo  and  Sir  John  Mandeville.     Toward  the  south,  tho  true  form  of  Africa 
had  boon  ascertained,  and  its  coasts  had  been  explored  by  tlio  rortuguese, 
except  a  space  of  o.bout  fifteen  degrec-,i  on  tho  soutii-west.     Northward  the  old 
limit  had  been  advanced  but  slightly,  but  witliin  this  limit  mucli  information 
had  been  gained  by  actual  navigation  about  regions  only  vaguely  described 
by  I'tolcniy.     Westward,  in  what  was  still  a  Sea  of  Darkness,  gicat  discov- 
eries had  been  made  by  tho  Northmen,  l)ut  tlicir  results  were  now  practically 
lost;   while  toward  tho  south,  several  important  groups  of  i  dunds  had  been 
added  to  tho  known  world.     Seo  map  on  pago  7.3,  whcro  tho  regions  added 
duiing  this  period  are  lightly  shaded.     And  now,  within  tlic  old  bound  tho 
world  is  mneh  better  known  than  at  tho  beginning  of  tlic  period,  and  many 
minor  geographical  errors  of  tho  ancients  h.ive  been  corrected  by  the  Crusatl- 
crs,  and  others  who  attempted  on  a  smaller  scale  to  extend  tlio  Catholic  faith, 
as  well  as  by  commercial  travellers  in  dista^.o  lands.     Again,  by  tho  in- 
flux of  Mahometans  into  Europe  during  five  or  six  centuries,  eastern  luxuries 
had  been  introduced  to  an  extent  hitherto  miknown,  ami  had  in  fact  become 
necessities  in  Christian  courts,  thus  making  tho  India  trade  the  great  field  of 
commercial  cnterpri.«o   oven  by  the  tedious  and  nneertaiu  overland  routes 
v.  here  middlc-incn  absorbed  tlio  profits,  and  rendering  the  opening  of  other 
and  easier  routes  an  object  of  ju-iniary  importance.     Tho  idmost  exclusive 
possession  of  trade  via  the  old  routes  by  tho  Italians,  furnished  an  additionid 
motive  to  other  European  nations  for  explorations  by  sea.     The  art  of  print- 
ing, recently  invented,  facilitated  the  difTusion  of  learning,  so  tliat  it  wixa  im- 
possible for  tho  world  over  again  to  lapse  into  tho  old  inlellcctual  d.n'kness. 
riio  astrolabe,  tho  fonn<lation  of  tho  modern  quadrant,  iuid  been  adapted  by 
a  meeting  of  eosmographers  in  Portugid  to  the  observation  of  latitudes  liy 
the  sun's  altitude,  and  thus  tho  chief  obstacle  to  lon^  I'ca-voyagcs  wan  re- 
nioveil.     Tho  polarity  of  tho  magnet  had  long  been  knovvn,  but  tho  jiniclioal 
adaptation  of  the  magnetic  needlo  to  pui'popos  of  navig:'ii('.\  ocenned  idiout 
the  begiming  of  tho  fourteenth  century.     Tho  mariner'n  cimpass,  however, 
only  attained  its  highest  purpose  toward  tho  close  of  (lio  llflccnith  century, 
\vhen  tho  Sea  of  Darkness  wat  traversed.     Ihit  boforo  this,  tlu5  greatest  im- 
pediments to  ocean  navigation  had  been  ovcreomo  by  vo5'ago3  actually  niado 
thriHi'di  tho  aid  oi  tho  new  inventioii;<.     IVsido  tho  eoa^'ls  brouL'ht  to  H'Oit 
by  tlieso  voyages,  they  had  dono  much  to  dispel  the  old  rupi.'nititioii.)  of  i)urii- 
ing  zones,  impassablo  capes,  and  nnnavigablo  seas. 

Vk'ii  iiavo  seen  that,  as  a  result  either  of  the  poetic  fiiney  or  of  tho  r/ctual 
discovery  of  tho  ancients,  varions  i.^lands  were  t'-adiiinnally  located  in  tlio 
Atlautio.     Most  of  them  undoubtedly  owed  their  existence  to  tho  naluiul 


EEAL  AND  IMAGIXARY  ISLAXD8. 


tendency  of  mnn  to  people  unknown  seas  with  fuLulous  lands  find  lioings. 
"  II  est  si  luituicl  ii  riioininc  do  ix'ver  (piohpiC  chose  au-dcL'i  do  I'lioi-izDii  \  isi- 
Llc,"  observes  Huniljoldt.  For  a  full  account  of  the  history  and  lociition  of 
these  islands,  "  doat  la  position  est  encore  plus  variable  que  lo  non>,"  and  tlio 
important  jiart  played  by  tliem  in  ancient  and  middle-ago  geography,  sco 
lluinholdt,  E.nnii.  Crit.,  toui.  ii.  pp.  l.j(i-'2i"),  and  Kuintiiuiiiii,  Enl  lerkawj 
Am.,  pp.  <i  et  seq.,  and  3,j-o7.  In  the  fifteenth  century,  with  the  revival  of 
maritime  entei'jirise,  came  a  renewal  and  nuilti plication  of  the  oM  fables. 
Monastic  .scholars,  by  their  continued  study  of  tho  old  writers,  by  their  at- 
tempts to  reeoneilo  ancient  geography  with  fabulous  events  in  the  lives  of  tho 
saints,  and  by  their  inevitable  tcmleney  to  exaggeration,  had  eoutribrted 
largely  to  their  preservation.  Still,  throughout  tho  preceding  period,  the  1)C- 
lii^f  in  the  existence  of  such  islands  hail  been  vague  and  hypo'Jieiieal :  but 
when  tho  actual  existence  of  nunicrous  islands  in  tiie  western  ocean  was  proved, 
and  the  Cauar}-,  ^Madeira,  A/ore,  and  Capo  Verde  groups  v.erc  discovered 
and  explored,  the  old  ideas  were  naturally  icvived  and  confnmed,  and  with 
them  ro.so  a  desire  to  rediscover  all  (hat  had  been  known  to  tho  ancient  voj-- 
agcrs.  The  reported  wonders  of  tho  fabulous  isles,  having  on  them  great  anil 
rich  cities,  w  ere  eonlidently  sought  in  each  newly  found  land,  and  not  ap- 
pearirig  in  any  of  them,  the  islands  themselves  were  sueccsaively  located  far- 
ther and  farther  to  the  west,  out  in  the  mysterious  sea,  to  be  surely  brought 
to  light  liy  future  explorations. 

And  of  a  truth,  this  wondrous  western  empire  was  subsequently  brought  to 
liglit;  peo]ileti  and  cities  were  found,  but  beyond  the  limit:!  within  v.hi^h  tho 
wihlest  tbeanis  of  their  discoverers  had  ever  placed  them.  On  thio  I'muula- 
tion  not  a  few  speculators  build  a  theory  that  America  was  known  to  t'  • 
nncienls.  Tho  chief  of  tho  hypothetical  isles  were  Ran  I'.raudan,  Autilia, 
and  ilio  Islanilof  the  Seven  Cities;  their  existence  wan  firmly  believed  in,  and 
tliey  were  dehnitely  located  on  maps  of  tho  period.  San  Frandan  is  ■  ;iid  to 
have  l)eeu  visiti'd  by  tho  saint  Viho^'o  name  it  bears  in  tlio  ti:.ih  eenUiry. 
U  was  at  lirst  located  far  north  and  west  of  Inland,  but  gradually  moved 
southward  until  at  tho  tuno  of  Columbus'  first  voyage  it  is  found  nearly  iu 
tlie  latitude  of  Capo  Vcnlc.  To  tho  inllameil  imagination  mirago  is  solid 
earth,  or  sea,  or  a  luiautiful  city;  an  ishiinl  which  was  long  sMpimsed  to 
be  visible  from  Madeira  and  tho  Canaries  had  something  to  do  with  the  loe;i- 
tiou  of  tliis  island  of  tho  saint,  and  of  tho  others. 

Antilia,  and  tho  l.ilaiid  of  Seven  Cities,  aieordiiig  to  liehaim'a  m.ip,  aro 
identical.  Sco  page  !);(  this  volume;  alsoareputeil  letter  of  'i'o;eanclli,  about 
t!io  c.\istenco  of  which  Humboldt  tliinks  there  may  bo  some  doubt.  Tho 
only  taiigililo  point  iu  tho  traditionary  iiistory  is  the  migration  of  sevea 
bi.sliops,  driven  from  tlio  Peninsula,  by  tho  Moorish  invasion  in  the  eiglith 
eentiiry,  who  took  refiigo  there  and  built  the  Seven  Cities.  The  history  and 
location  of  this  Island  of  tho  St'vea  Cities  in  the  f  Itecnth  century  are  .similat 
to  those  of  San  lirandan  Island,  (lalvauo  says  a  Portuguese  ship  was  thero 
ill  M17.  Ih'a/il,  liraeie,  or  llerzil,  was  another  of  these  waiui'  ing  i  les, 
w  hose  name  has  been  preservetl  ainl  ajiplied  to  a  rock  west  of  Ireland,  to  oiio 
of  tho  A;'.oro  islands,  and  to  a  eoiinliy  in  South  Anii'rica.  Tliis  uaaie  haa 
been  the  theme  of  much  disv;usKioii,  whieii,  so  far  as  1  know,  leads  to  no 


90 


EiVRLY  VOYAGES. 


result  beyond  the  fact  that  the  name  of  a  valuable  dye-wood  known  to 
the  ancients  was  afterward  applied  to  lands  known  or  conjectured  to  pro- 
duce such  woods.  Hnmholdt,  Exam.  Cr'U.,  iom.  ii.  pp.  '214-1,">;  Kuimtmaiin, 
Enldvckuiiii  Am.,  pp.  7-10,  and  35  ct  seq.  Kunstniann  attaches  greater  geo- 
graphical importance  to  tlic  fabulous  islca  than  Iliiniboldt,  connecting  them 
in  a  manner  apparently  not  quite  clear  to  himaelf  with  the  previous  discov- 
eries of  the  Northmen.  Thus  stood  facts  and  fancies  concerning  the  geog- 
raphy of  the  world,  when  the  greatest  of  discoverers  arose  and  achieved  the 
greatest  of  discoveries. 

Although  in  tlie  chapters  following  I  speak  more  at  lengtli  of  the  deeds 
of  the  (jfenocso  and  his  compauious,  yet  in  order  to  complete  this  Summary 
it  is  necessary  to  mention  them  hero.  I  shall  attempt  no  discussion  eonccni- 
ing  the  country,  family,  date  of  birth,  or  early  life  of  Christo;)hcr  Columbus. 
For  t!ic  dillercncca  of  opinion  on  these  points,  witli  numerous  references,  see 
Jlarrisse,  lUbliolhccd  Avuiriaina  VetuslLsmmt,  New  York,  18015,  p.  2  et  seq. 
Born  somewhere  in  Italy,  probably  Genoa,  about  1 1.^^),  he  received  sometliing 
more  than  a  rudimentary  education,  went  to  sea  at  the  early  age  of  fourteen, 
and  in  1470,  wliich  is  about  the  date  of  his  eouiing  to  i'ortugal,  had  already 
an  extensive  experience  in  the  navigation  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  was 
skilled  in  the  theory  as  well  as  tlie  practice  of  his  profession.  Wo  have  al- 
ready seen  liiui  with  tlio  Portuguese  on  tlie  African  coast,  and  with  tlie  Eng- 
lish in  Icelan<l.  In  f.iet,  before  liis  first  voyage  westward  in  \V.)1,  ho  was 
practically  acquainted  with  all  watei's  then  navigated  by  Luropeana. 

Tiie  prompting!  which  urged  forward  this  navigator  to  the  execution  of  his 
great  entcrpiijo  may  lie  stated  as  follows:  The  success  of  t!ie  I'ortugueso  in 
long  voyages  down  t!ie  African  coast  suggested  to  his  mind,  soon  after  1-170, 
that  if  tliey  could  Kail  so  far  south,  auotlier  might  s;iil  west  with  tiic  saiiio 
facility  and  perhapi  profiL.  Says  his  son:  "Estando  en  Portugal,  e:i;^)C(,'()  h 
congeturar,  (pie  del  niismo  modo  <pio  los  Portugueses  navegaron  tan  Icjos  al 
Jlediodia,  poilria  iiavegar.io  la  buelta  do  Occidente,  i  liallar  iierra  en  aiiuel 
viage."  Colon,  Hut.  del  Alinimulc,  in  Harckt,  tom.  i.  p.  4;  edition  of  Vei'ecia, 
170L),  pp.  2J-.T;  lltimlnldt,  Exam.  Crit.,  tom.  i.  p.  IJ;  Xdv.irretc,  CJ.  <la 
Viai/r-',  tom.  i.  p.  Ixxix;  llirtcra,  1114.  Gi'ii.,  dec.  1.  lib.  i.  cap.  1-7.  His 
ardent  imagination  once  seized  with  tliis  idea,  every  nook  ami  corner  of 
geograp'.iieal  knowleilgo  was  searched  for  evidence  to  support  his  theory. 
By  iiUercour.se  with  other  navigators  lie  Icjirned  that  at  di!roi'e:it  timcj  and 
places  along  the  western  coasts  of  Europe  and  Africa,  objects  appar- 
ently from  unknown  western  lands  had  been  washed  a;;horc,  supposi- 
tionally  liy  tlio  wind,  really  by  tlie  Gulf  Stream  or  other  oceanic  currents. 
llniiihiilill,  I^xnii.  t'vit.,  torn.  ii.  p.  '.UO.  Though  well  aware  of  existing 
rumors  of  islands  seen  at  dillcirnt  times  in  the  western  ocean,  it  w.is 
not  upon  these,  if  any  such  there  were,  that  ho  built  his  greatest 
niiiicipatious  of  success.  In  the  writings  of  the  ancients  he  fouiul 
another  stimulant.  Filled  witli  fervent  piety  and  superstitious  credulity, 
he  pored  over  every  eosmographieal  work  upon  which  he  could  lay 
lii.'  hands,  as  well  the  eoiupilatioiis  ul  anUiii...ti"'  notions,  sueli  as  the  /,iiii[i<> 
21uiidi  of  Pierre  D'Ailly,   or  tlie  more  modern  travels  of  Marco  Polo  and 


EVOLUTION  OF  THE  ORAXD  CONCEPTION. 


01 


Sir  John  Mandcvillo.  Colon,  Hist.  ihlAJmiranlr,  in  D'trcia,  torn.  i.  p.  4  ct  scq.; 
Ml)  ir'-i  Prince  Jfciiri/,  pp.  St'J,  352;  llumhMt,  Exam.  Crit.,  torn.  i.  pp.  40, 
CO;  Kuiinfni'inn,  Eiitdcckuivj  Am.,  pp.  74-0. 

Thu  reault  of  thcso  stuJici  was  a  coinpleto  acqnaintancd  with  tho  gco- 
grapliical  l;nowlc^l^;o  of  tho  day,  with  tho  greater  part  of  what  I  liave  thus 
fur  cpitomiiied,  tho  doings  of  tho  Northmen  excepted.  From  all  thij  ho 
knew  of  tho  earth's  sphericity;  ho  bQlievcd  that  t!io  larger  part  of  tho  world  a 
Burfaoo  waj  dry  laud;  t'.at  tho  land  known  to  Ftolemy  extended  over  at  least 
ISO  deijrees,  or  half  the  cireumfereneo  of  tho  globe,  that  is,  from  the  Cunariea 
totlio  Ciangcs;  ho  knew  that  by  later  travels  tho  eastern  limit  of  geograpliical 
knowledj'o  had  been  moved  much  farther  cast,  oven  to  Cathay;  ho  believed 
that  far  out  in  tho  ocean  lay  tho  island  of  Zipangu;  he  knew  that  Home  eight 
or  ten  ilegrecs  had  been  added  on  tho  west  by  tho  discovery  of  tho  A;.ores; 
lie  believed  that  at  moat  only  ouo  third  of  tlio  cireumfereneo  remained  to  bo 
navigateil;  tliat  this  space  miglit  naturally  contain  sonio  islantl.j  available 
as  way  stationu  in  tho  voyage;  that  tlio  explorations  in  tho  East  were  very 
iudefuiite,  and  conseipiently  .Vsia  might,  and  probably  did,  extend  farther  cast 
tlian  was  supposed;  that  Ptolemy's  figures  wcro  not  undisputed— Mariuo 
iiiiiking  tho  distance  from  tho  Canaries  to  tho  Ganges  '2J5  degiees  instead  of 
180,  while  another  geographer,  Alfragano,  by  actual  measurement,  made  each 
degree  about  ono  si.xth  smaller  than  Ptolcniy,  thus  reducing  tlio  size  of  tho 
earth,  and  with  it  tlie  remaining  distance  to  India;  that  several  ancient 
VTitcrs— sec  (piotations  from  Aristotle,  Strabo,  Seneca,  et  al.,  in  /Inmlrili/t, 
Eiiim.  Crit.,  tom.  i,  pp.  3S,  01,  98  ct  seq. — had  pronounced  the  distance  to 
India  very  short,  and  had  aflinned  that  it  might  bo  navigated  in  a  few  days; 
and  llnally  that  other  scholars,  as  ToacancUi,  had  arrived  at  tho  same  con- 
elusions  as  himself,  possibly  before  liunself.  CartivnU:  Pablo  ToxcaitcUi,  Fiiico 
Floroitiii,  (i  Cristobal  Colon  y  ul  Caiitiiiijo  Porlii;/iics  I'l'niainlo  Marlincz,  snbrd 
el  th'icnhrimieuto  (hi  las  futliux,  in  A'uvarrr/c,  loin.  ii.  pp.  1-4;  Manoz,  /li.tf, 
Kncv)  Muiulo,  pp.  4S-0.  Seo  also,  on  Columbus'  motives,  Irciinys  Cohini' 
hits,  vol.  i.  pp.  42-51,  and  vol.  ii.  p.  148;  Mumz,  Hint.  Xtiivo  Jliindo,  pp.  4.V7; 
Hiimliolilt.,  Exam.  Crit.,  tom.  ii.  pp.  324-0;  SCcvi'iis'  Xutis,  p.  23;  Mnjura 
Prince  Ili'iinj,  pp.  347-o2;  Knuxtmaini,  En'ilfchini'j  Am.,  p.  74.  Many  of 
llieso  conclusions  were  erroneous,  being  founded  on  an  incorrect  idea  cf  lungi- 
tudo;  but  tlii.t  reduction  of  the  earth's  size  was  an  error  inoot  fortunate  fur 
discoveiy,  inasmuch  as  with  ;i,  correct  idea  of  tho  distance  to  1)0  Iravensetl, 
and  with  no  suspicion  of  an  intervening  continent,  such  un  expedition  as  that 
of  the  Genoese  would  not  have  been  undertaken  at  tho  time. 

Such  were  tho  ideas  and  aspiration:!  of  Columbus  beforu  his  uiidcrtii'.dugs; 
later  in  life  a  thcologic  mysticism  took  possession  of  bis  mind,  and  bis  luic- 
cess  was  simply  a  fuUillmcnt  of  divino  propiiecy  in  which  eo.fm.igrapliical 
nvilities  went  for  uothing,  Seo  Cartas  dr  Don  Cristobal  Colon,  in  Xararrclc, 
torn.  i.  p.  330. 

All  attempts  to  diminish  tlio  glory  of  Columbus'  aehiovcmeut  by  pioxin  ;  a 
previous  discovery  \vhoso  I'csults  were  kiiov.n  to  him  liiive  signiiiiy  lailrd. 
'J'lio  re[)orts  of  mysterious  maps  which  have  been  ilaiined  to  have  immpud 
liis  enterprise  evidently  amount  to  nothing  in  view  of  tlio  fact  that  Coluiriius 
iic\er  suspected  tho  c.xistcnco  of  any  new  countries,  yet  that  he  saw  n'..ips 


92 


EAKLY  VOYAGES. 


of  the  worM,  including  the  Asiatic  coasts,  can  not  be  doulitctl.  The  case  of 
tlic  pilot  Sanc!ie:5,  said  to  have  died  in  the  house  of  Cohimbus,  and  to  have 
told  him  of  lands  he  had  seen  toward  the  west,  if  true,  is  likewise  of  little 
moment  as  touching  the  honor  duo  to  Columbus,  for  many  men  were  confi- 
dent of  liaving  seen  such  lands  from  the  Canaries  and  other  islands,  and  sev- 
eral voyiiges  had  Lecu  made  in  search  of  them,  all  of  which  was  certainly 
known  to  Columhus.  The  story  of  Sanchez  was  started  by  Oviedo,  who 
givca  no  authority  or  date  for  the  event;  it  was  repeated  generally  with  dis- 
iipproval  liy  other  liistorians,  until  revived  by  Garcillasso  de  la  Vega,  with  date 
and  details;  but  his  date,  14S-1,  is  ten  years  after  Columbus  is  known  to  have 
proposed  his  scheme  to  the  Portuguese  government.  Columbus  originated 
no  new  theory  respecting  tlie  earth's  form  or  size,  though  a  popr.lar  idea  has 
always  prevailed,  notwithstanding  the  statements  of  the  best  writers  to  the 
contrai-y,  that  he  is  entitled  to  the  glory  of  the  theory  as  well  as  to  that  of 
the  execution  of  the  project.  He  was  not  in  advance  of  his  age,  entertained 
no  new  theories,  believed  no  more  than  did  Prince  Ilcury,  his  prcdeccsaor,  or 
Toscanclli,  his  coutemporavv;  nor  was  he  the  first  to  conceive  tlie  possi- 
bility of  reaching  the  cast  by  sailing  west.  He  was  however  the  first  to  act 
in  accordance  with  existing  beliefs.  The  Northmen  in  their  voyages  had  en- 
tertained no  ideas  of  a  Nev/  World,  or  of  an  Asia  to  the  west.  To  knowledge 
of  theoretical  geography,  Columbus  added  the  skill  cf  a  practical  navigator, 
and  the  iron  will  to  overcome  obstacles.  Ho  sailed  \ ..  ;3t,  reached  Asia  aa 
he  Ijelievcd,  and  proved  old  theories  correct. 

There  seem  to  be  two  undecided  points  in  that  matter,  neither  of  wliich 
can  ever  be  settled.  First,  did  his  experience  in  the  Portuguese  voyages,  the 
perusal  of  some  old  author,  or  a  hint  from  one  of  the  few  men  ac(xi!ainted 
with  old  traditions,  first  suggest  to  Columbus  his  project  ?  In  the  absence 
of  sustaining  proof,  the  statement  of  the  son  Fernando  that  the  father  should 
be  credited  with  the  rcconccption  of  the  great  idea,  goes  for  little.  Second, 
to  what  extent  did  his  voyage  to  tlie  uortii  influence  his  plan  ?  There  is  no 
evidence,  but  a  strong  probability,  that  ho  heard  in  that  voyage  of  the 
existence  of  land  in  the  west.  It  is  hardly  possilSe  that  no  tradition  of 
Jlaikland  and  Vinland  remained  in  Iceland,  when  but  little  more  thm  a 
Iiundrcd  years  liad   passed   since  the  last  ship   had  returned  from   those 

luntrios,  and  when  many  persons  must  have  been  living  who  had  been  in 
Crecnland.  If  such  traditions  did  exist,  Columbus  certainly  must  have 
made  hiin:ielf  acquainted  witli  them.  Still  liis  visit  to  the  north  was  in  1477, 
several  ycar.i  iifter  the  first  formation  of  his  plan,  and  any  information  gained 
at  the  time  could  only  have  been  confirmatorj'  rather  than  suggestive,  liotli 
IIuml)oldt  and  Kunstmann  think  tliat  even  if  he  ever  heard  of  the  discoveries 
of  the  Northmen — which  is  thought  probable  by  the  latter — this  knowl- 
edge would  not  have  agreed  Avith,  nor  encouraged,  his  plans.  Kold,  1114. 
Di^cor.,  pp.  llTt-'JO,  believes  that  such  a  knowledge  would  have  been  the 
Btn)iige.-,t  possible  confirmation  of  his  idea  of  tlio  nearness  of  Asia  and  Iviropc, 
in  which  opinion  I  concur.  The  idea  of  Draper,  Hist.  Inf.  Dtwloji.,  p.  .14(), 
tli.it  had  Cohimbu:i  known  of  the  northern  discoveries  lie  would  have  steered 
farther  to  the  north,  seems  of  no  weight,  since  ho  sought  not  the  northern  but 
the  southern  parts  of  India. 


FIRST  VOYAGE  OF  COLUMBUS.  88 

What  Columl^us  liad  to  contend  with  at  this  juncture  was  not,  as  I  havo 
said,  old  doctrines  oppugnant  to  any  new  conception,  lint  the  itjnoranco 
of  the  masses,  wlio  hehl  no  doctrine  beyond  that  of  proximate  sense,  which 
spread  out  the  earth's  surface,  so  far  as  their  dull  conceptions  conhl  rcacli, 
in  one  tiniversal  flatness;  and  the  knowledge  of  courts,  wlicncc  alone  tho 
gr-cat  discoverer  could  hope  for  support,  was  but  little  in  advance  of  that 
of  the  people.  Then  the  Church,  with  its  usual  firmness  and  conserv- 
atism, was  against  him.  The  monks,  who  were  then  the  guardians  of 
learning,  knew,  or  migiit  havo  known,  all  that  Prince  Henry,  CohnnVnis, 
and  other  earnest  searchers  had  ascertained  regarding  tlic  gcograpliy  of 
the  earth;  but  what  were  science  and  facts  to  them  if  they  in  any  wise  con- 
flicted with  the  preconceived  notions  of  the  Fathers,  or  with  Church  dogmas? 
"II  est  \Tai,"  says  Humboldt,  "que  les  scrupulcs  thcologiques  de  Lactancc, 
dc  St.  ChrysostOmc  et  de  quclqucs  autrcs  P6rc3  de  I'l^giise,  contribuerent  ;i 


^'^?        c^^'°k^^.y 


iL. 


Marti.v  Beiiaim's  Globe,  1492. 

pousscr  I'csprit  humain  dans  un  mouvemcnt  retrograde."  And  again,  tho 
African  expeditions  of  the  Portuguese  had  not  on  tlic  whole  been  profitable 
or  encouraging  to  otiier  similar  undcrtalcings,  and  the  financial  conditivin  of 
most  European  courts  was  not  sucli  as  to  warrant  new  expenses.  lViituj;al, 
more  advanced  and  in  better  condition  to  embark  in  new  enterprise*  tlian 
any  other  nation,  now  regarded  the  opening  of  her  route  to  India  vhi  tho  Capo 
of  Uo(xl  Hope  an  accomplished  fact,  and  thcrefoic  luokcd  coldly  on  any  new 
venture.  Xor  were  tho  extravagant  demands  of  Columbus  with  respect  to 
titles  and  authority  over  the  new  regions  of  Asia  which  ho  hoped  to  llnd, 
lik':ly  to  inspire  mouarchs,  jealous  of  their  dignities,  with  favor  towaula 
penniless,  untitled  adventurer.  Passing  as  well  tho  successive  disappoint- 
ments of  Columbus  in  his  weary  efl'orts  to  obtain  the  assistance  necessary  to 
the  accomplishment  of  his  project,  as  his  final  success  witli  Quccu  Isabella  of 
Castile,  let  us  resume  our  chronological  summary. 


94 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


[1402.1  S'.iortly  before  the  sailing  of  Columbus,  the  learned  astronomer 
Miirtin  IJcliaim,  of  Xurcmbcrg,  constructed  a  globe  showing  the  whole  surface 
of  the  earth  as  understood  by  the  best  geographers  of  the  time.  This  globo 
has  been  preserved,  and  I  present  a  fac-similc  of  the  American  hemisphcro 
Ijublished  in  Oh'dhinj,  O&schirh'e  dcs  Si^efahrers  Hitter  Martin  Dihaim,  Nlirn- 
bcrg,  1833.  The  entire  globe  may  bo  seen  in  Jomard,  Leu  Monuments  <le  la 
Giiiijmphie,  no.  xv.,  Paris,  1854.  A  section  of  the  globo  is  given  by  Irving, 
ColuinbuK,  vol.  i.  p.  53  (see  also  IL,  p.  13.")),  by  Lonlon  Geoij.  Soc.  Jnuniul, 
184S,  vol.  xviii.  p.  70;  and  a  copy  from  Ghillany,  with  some  of  tlic  uamca 
omitted,  may  be  found  in  KohVs  Hist.  Diicov.,  p.  147,  map  no.  iv. 

1"he  chart  ))y  which  the  voyage  of  Columbus  was  made  is  supposed  to  have 
been  a  copy  of  Lehaim's  Globe,  which  indeed  may  be  regarded  s  the  ex- 
ponent of  geographical  conceptions,  those  of  Columbus  as  well  as  those  of  the 
learned  men  and  practical  navigators  of  the  day.  By  an  inscription  on  tho 
original,  the  Asiatic  coast  is  knowii  to  have  been  laid  ilown  from  Marco  Polo, 
anil  to  the  islands  of  Antilia  and  San  IJrandan  arc  joined  other  inscriptions 
giving  their  liistory  as  I  have  before  indicated.  Sailing  from  Palos  on  tho 
3d  of  August,  141)2,  witli  one  hundred  and  twenty  men  in  tlireo  vessels 
commanded  by  himself  and  tho  two  brothers  Pinzon,  Columbus  was  at  last 
fairly  launclied  on  the  Sea  of  Darkness.  After  a  detention  of  three  wecl;3  at 
the  Canaries,  he  sailed  thence  tho  Gth  of  September;  marked,  not  without 
alarm,  the  variation  of  the  needle  on  the  30th  of  September;  and  on  the  12th 
of  October  discovered  San  Salvador,  or  Cat  Island. 

So  far  all  Avaa  well;  all  was  as  tho  bold  navigator  had  anticipated ;  all  ac- 
corded with  current  opinions,  his  own  among  the  number;  ho  had  sailed  cer- 
tain <!ays,  had  accomplished  a  certain  distance,  and  had  reached  triumphantly 
one  of  tlie  numerous  islands  mentioned  by  Marco  Polo,  and,  God  willing, 
woidd  soon  find  the  larger  island  of  Zipangu.  Alas  for  mathematical  cal- 
culations, for  that  other  third  of  the  eartli's  circumference ;  alas  for  tlie  inter- 
vening continent  and  broad  Pacific  sea,  which  baifled  tho  great  discoverer  to 
the  day  of  his  death  ! 

Passing  over  the  cniisc  through  tlic  Bahamas,  or  Marco  Polo's  archipelago 
of  seven  thousand  islands,  in  which  the  discoverers  touched  successively  at 
Concepcioii,  JvKuma  (Fcrnandina),  and  Isla  Lirga  (Isabela),  wo  find  Columbus 
sailing  from  tho  last-mentioned  island  on  tlie  24th  of  October  for  Zipangu, 
with  the  intention  of  proceeding  thence  to  tho  main-land,  and  prcseutiug  his 
credentials  to  the  great  Khan. 

Touchiu';  at  t'lc  Mucaras  group,  Columbus  arrived  at  Zipangu,  which 
was  none  other  than  the  island  of  Cuba,  on  the  2Sth  of  October,  and  gavo 
to  the  island,  in  place  of  its  barbai-ous  appellation,  the  more  Christian 
name  of  Juana.  Cruising  along  tho  northern  shore  of  Cuba,  in  frequent 
converse  with  the  natives,  ho  soon  learned  that  this  was  not  Zipangu,  was 
not  even  an  island,  but  was  the  veritable  Asiatic  continent  itself,  for  so 
his  rvid  mind  interpreted  tho  strange  language  of  this  people.  tJnfor- 
tunately  he  could  not  find  the  Khan;  after  diligent  search  he  could  find 
no  great  city,  nor  any  imperial  court,  nor  other  display  of  oriental  opulence 
Buch  a.s  \\-erc  described  by  Marco  Polo  and  Sir  John  Mandcvillo  — ^ouly  naked 
barbarians  and  thatched  huts;    so  after  advancing  west  beyond  Savaua  la 


PAPAL  BULL  OF  PARTITION. 


05 


Mar,  i'>c  iliscovcrcrg  returned  to  the  eastern  cn<lof  Cuba,  visiting  on  the  way 
the  gi  )upKlJariliu  del  Itey.  I'ostponing  the  exploration  of  the  coast  toward 
tliu  so  ith-west,  Columbus  returned  eastward  antl  followed  the  northern  eoast 
of  Ksjianola,  turning  ofTon  his  way  to  discover  tUo  Tortugas,  and  arriving  at 
La  Xavidad,  where  he  built  a  fort  and  left  a  colony  of  thirty-n'ne  men.  Now, 
Kspaflola,  and  not  Cuba  as  he  had  at  first  supposed,  was  the  true  Zipangu ; 
for  tlic  main-land  of  China  could  not  by  any  possibility  be  the  island  of 
Japan;  and  in  this  belief  Columbus  sailed  for  Spain  on  the  lOth  of  Jan- 
uary, reaching  the  Azores  on  the  18th  of  Februarj',  and  arriving  at  I'lilo.s  tlio 
],")th  of  March,  1493.  Priimr  viage  de  Colon,  in  Xavariric,  toni.  i.  pp.  1-107; 
Purchn.^,  His  Plhjrimei:,  vol.  i,  bookc  ii.  pp.  10-1.*];  Sammliimj  allcr  Pd-^ibr- 
schriibiiti'jen,  torn.  xiii.  p.  10;  Xapmie  and  De.  Conti,  IVwgraJkt  C'olomho,  pp. 
SO.V.SO;  Peter  ^[(irfi/i;  dec.  i.  cap.  i.;  Oviedo,  Hist.  Gen.,  toni.  i.  ]ip.  21-"I, 
4(J-od;  Colon,  111.4.  del  Almininte,  in  Bure'ia,  toin.  i.  pp.  llJ-IiS;  Irnnij'n  Co- 
hnnhux,  vol.  i.  pp.  l"J4-'289;  vol.  iii.  pp.  447-G8;  Major's  Prince  Henry,  pp. 
3.30-7;  We't-Indisch''S/)!eijhil,  p.  10;  Cancellieri,  Xotizic  di  Colondto,  pp.  CiCi-'Ci. 

[1493.]  Just  before  reaching  the  Azores,  Columbus  wrote  on  shipboard 
two  letters  describing  his  voyage,  one  under  date  of  the  l.">th  of  Febru- 
ary, and  tho  other  of  the  14tli  of  March.  The  manuscript  of  one,  witli 
copies  printed  in  .*^pain  probably  during  this  same  year,  are  yet  preserved. 
Of  the  other,  both  tlio  original  manuscript  and  Spanish  copies,  if  any 
were  printed,  arc  lo.st;  but  of  a  Latin  translation,  six  editions  arc  extant, 
supposed  to  have  been  printed  in  1493,  in  France  and  in  Italy,  umler  tho 
title  Epistola  Chrinto/ori  Colom,  or  De  fnsnlis  Inventl'^,  etc.  A  poetical  para- 
phrase of  tlie  same  letter  appeared  the  same  year  asDidiQueMncla  Ilyxtori't, 
etc.,  Florence,  1493,  and  four  other  worksof  this  year  contain  slight  allusions 
to  C(jlumbn3.  Seven  or  eight  editions  of  Columbus'  letters  appeared  in  dif- 
ferent forms  during  tlic  next  forty  years.  Both  letters  may  bo  found  with 
Spanish  translations  in  tho  first  volume  of  Xavarrete's  collection.  For  tlio 
bibliographical  notices  of  this  sketch  I  have  depended  cliiefly  on  llarrisse, 
B'lh.  Am.  Vet.,  as  tho  latest  and  most  complete  essay  on  early  Anioiican 
books,  notwithstanding  the  few  blunders  that  have  subjected  it  to  so  much 
ridicule.  I  shall  not  consider  it  necessary  to  repeat  the  reference  with  each 
notice,  as  Harrisse's  work  is  arranged  chronologicall}'. 

As  soon  as  Columbus  had  explained  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  the  nature 
of  his  important  discovery,  the  Spanish  sovereigns  applied  to  the  Pope  for 
tlie  same  grants  and  privileges  respecting  lands  discovered,  and  to  be  discov- 
ered, in  tlie  west,  that  had  before  been  granted  tho  Portuguese  in  the  south 
and  east.  Ilis  Holiness,  accepting  the  Spanish  statements  that  the  conces- 
sions demanded  did  not  in  any  way  conflict  with  previous  grants  to  the  l\)r- 
tuguese,  by  bull  of  May  2,  1493,  ccdvd  to  Spain  all  lands  which  might  bo 
discovered  by  her  west  of  a  Hue  drawn  from  pole  to  pole,  one  hundred  leagues 
west  of  the  Azores;  the  Portuguese  to  have  all  new  lands  cast  of  the  samo 
line.  It  is  obvious  that  liis  Holiness  fixed  this  line  arbitrarily,  without  a 
thought  of  the  position  or  importance  of  the  corresponding  meridian  at  tho 
antipodes.  This  opposite  meridian,  according  to  the  idea  of  longitude  enter- 
tained at  the  time,  wouhl  fall  in  the  vicinity  of  India  proper;  and  the  Portu- 
guese, besides  their  natural  jealousy  of  this  new  success  of  Spain,  feared  that 


1 


9i 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


the  western  hcmi^;plicrc  thus  given  to  lier  rival  ini^lit  iiichidc  portions  of 
their  Indian  grants,  llcncc  jiroac'mucli  trouljlc  in  tlic  few  following  years 
between  the  two  eourts.     See  in/ra. 

Amidst  tlio  enthusiasm  following  liis  success  Columbus  hud  no  didiculty 
in  fitting  out  another  expedition.  Embarking  from  C'uIva  Septemljer  12J, 
1193,  with  seventeen  vessels  and  over  1,209  men,  among  whom  were  Alouso 
do  Ojeda  and  Juan  do  la  Cosa,  cl  abnirante,  or  the  admiral,  as  Columbus  was 
now  called,  touched  at  the  Canaries,  discovered  Dominica  the  3d  of  Xovcm- 
IxT,  and  Guadalupe  a  few  days  later;  thence  sailiiig  north-weat  through  the 
Caribbean  Archipelago,  he  occasionally  landed  and  gave  names  to  islands. 
Pieating  two  days  at  l'\ierto  Rico,  he  reached  the  coast  of  Espafiola  on  the  "J^d 
of  November,  and  on  the  27th  anchored  off  the  port  of  Navidad.  The  set- 
tlement established  at  this  place  in  the  previous  voyage  had  totally  disap- 
peared; tlie  colonists  as  is  supposed  falling  victims  to  internal  dissensions 
and  general  excesses.  A  new  city  called  Isabebi  was  then  founded  at  an- 
other port  of  this  island,  an<l  Ojeda  was  sent  inland  to  explore  the  country. 
After  a  short  absence  ho  returned,  reporting  th>.  country  ricli  in  gold.  On 
the  second  of  February,  141)4,  twelve  vessels,  with  specimens  of  the  people 
and  products  of  the  country,  were  despatched  for  8puin  under  Antonio  ile 
T(jrres.  ]5y  tliis  departure  was  also  sent  a  recjuest  for  immediate  supplies. 
iJeeovering  from  a  Heri:)Us  illness,  Columbus  checked  a  revolt  among  his  peo- 
ple on  the  24th  of  April,  built  a  fort  in  the  interior,  and  ih-'u  sailed  to  explore 
the  main  coast  of  Asia — as  he  supposed,  but  in  truth  Cuba — .scmth-westward 
from  the  point  where  ho  left  it  on  his  lirst  voyage.  Foihjwin/  the  south 
coast  of  Cuba  the  admiral  at  length  reached  the  vici.iity  of  I'hilipina,  or 
Cortes  ]5ay,  where  the  shore  bends  to  the  southward.  This  to  liini  seemed 
conclusive  proof  tliat  it  was  indeed  the  main-land  of  Asia  which  he  was 
coasting.  Tlic  statements  of  the  natives  who  said  that  Cuba  was  in  fact  an 
island,  but  that  it  was  so  large  that  no  one  had  ever  reached  its  western  ex- 
tremity, conlirmed  him  in  his  belief — since  one  might  question  tlie  knowl- 
edge of  a  boundary  which  no  one  had  ever  reached  and  from  which  no  one 
had  ever  come.  The  theory  of  the  ago  was  thus  made  gootl,  and  that 
was  sulficicnt;  so  Columbus  ))rought  all  his  crew,  olficers  and  men,  liefore  the 
notary,  and  nuide  them  swear  that  the  island  of  Cuba  was  the  continent  of 
Asia — -an  act  siguillcant  of  methods  of  conversion  in  those  <lay3.  lie  even 
proposed  to  continue  the  voyage  along  the  coast  to  the  Ked  Sea,  and  thence 
liome  by  way  of  the  Mediterranean,  or,  bettor  still,  round  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  to  meet  and  surprise  the  Portuguese;  but  liis  companions  thought  the 
supplies  insufficient  for  so  long  a  voyage,  and  the  admiral  was  persuaded 
to  postpone  the  attempt. 

Returning  therefore  to  Espanola,  on  the  way  back  Columbus  discovered 
and  iiartially  explored  .Jamaica,  Isla  dc  Pinos,  and  the  small  islands  scattered 
to  the  southward  of  Culia,  ai-riving  at  Isabela  on  the  4th  of  September. 
Tliere  he  found  matter  in  a  bad  way.  The  colony,  comprising  a  motley  crew 
of  lawless  adventurers,  ever  ready  to  attribute  success  to  themselves  and  ill- 
fortune  to  their  governor,  trumped  up  numerous  complaints  wliich  caused  tlie 
admiral  no  little  trouble.  Margarite,  to  whom  had  been  given  .a  command 
for  an  expedition  inland,  had  revolted  and  sailed  with  several  ships  for  Spain. 


KEPARTITIOX  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Opon  var  ha.I  J.cen  .Icclare.l  with  tl,n       .•  ^ 

*-  ruitohiil  (Jolon   li.  A'  ^" '*'' ^•iuiz  J  line  1 1    ijop     t.         o  "" -uari- 


3,  i*.ji,  It  ever  printed,  are  Ir »f    i    i.  •  "*  ^P'^'n  l>y  Torrc>i 


08 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


i 


u 


this  lino  cf  demarcation,  and  it?  cffcrt  on  Bi-azil,  ami  the  !M(jlncca?i,  much 
lias  been  written,  though  littlo  l'a;5  l)(cn  said  as  to  the  motive  that  prompted 
Portugal  in  Leaking  tliis  chcnjC.  The  fact  is,  tliat  at  a  time  wlien  the  Spice 
Islands  were  hut  vaguely  known,  and  the  existence  of  Lra:;!!  not  even  sua- 
IK'ctcd,  it  i^.  impossible  to  conceive  why  Portugal  desired  to  change  tlio  par- 
titifju  line  from  100  leagues  to  370  leagues  v.cst  of  the  A;:ores;  for  the  chango 
could  only  diminish  the  possessions  of  Portugal  in  India  by  270  leagues,  as 
in  truth  it  did,  including  tiie  Moluccas  in  the  loss,  and  paining  in  return  "270 
leagues  of  open  Atlantic  sea!  True,  tlicre  proved  to  be  an  accidental  gain  of 
a  part  of  Braidl,  but  there  could  have  been  no  idea  at  the  time  that  this  par- 
tition line  cut  through  any  eastern  portion  of  lands  discovered  by  Cohiml)US 
to  the  west.  In  wliatcver  light  we  imagine  them  to  have  regarded  it,  there  is 
still  an  unexplained  mystery.  The  Pacific  ocean  was  unknown;  between  the 
discoveries  of  Spain  anil  Portugal,  bo  far  as  known,  all  was  land — India.  V>y 
carrying  the  partition  line  westward,  Portugal  may  have  tlioiight  to  ihid  some 
ivestern  land;  at  all  events,  it  is  generally  believed  th;it  tlic  cirect  of  tlic  par- 
tition in  the  antipodes  was  not  well  considered;  that  the  only  point  in  question 
wn:i  the  right  of  making  discoveries  in  the  western  oe(>an,  and  that  the  trraly 
of  Tordesillas  was  decided  in  favor  of  Spain — Portugal  being  forced  to  yield 
the  main  point,  but  insisting  on  the  change  of  partition  in  order  to  gi\e  lier 
more  .';ea-room.  On  the  otlier  hand  it  may  be  claimed  that  the  antipodes,  -if 
whicli  tliey  knew  so  little,  were  tlie  avowed  object  of  all  tlie  erpi'ditioiis  sent 
out  by  both  parties.  Sec  the  original  bull  and  treaty  in  Xiirnrri-fr,  Col.  de 
Viaiii-s,  torn.  ii.  pp.  28,  1,10;  also  Prcicolt't!  FeviViiiniid  mul  l.stiJiclla,  vol.  ii.  pp. 
]7.1-S;'>;  Citho,  Hccucil  Compict  (h.^  Tnillc.-^,  IVtris,  1F.02,  torn.  i.  pp.  I-ImJ; 
Piirf/rm,  lli-i  Pihjrimci,  vol.  i.  booko  ii.  pp.  lll-bj;  t'ur'iuiis  and  Hnt.  \'o>/.,  p. 
2!);  V-iiurl/'erl,  iVotizic  illCiif  iridio,  yt.  IS.'J. 

It'dy,  and  especially  Venice,  as  we  liave  seen,  was  the  first  of  tl-.e  European 
sttttffs  to  display  in  any  marked  degree  in  medi;eval  times  tliat  commercial 
spirit  I  o  cai'lj' and  so  well  devclojied  in  tlic  PlKcnicians.  I'ortugal  caiiglit 
the  (lame  under  John  the  Great,  li;;-,,")- bl.*);),  and  led  the  van  of  a  nifne  daring 
discovery  and  exploration  by  conijuests  on  tlie  north-'  ,st  coast  of  Africa. 
Siniultaneously  Pi'inee  Henry  was  sending  expeditious  farther  down  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Africa,  and  among  llie  i  ;!ands  of  the  Atlantic.  His  eijunlry 
rei'.jicil  the  reward  in  )  lS(i,  wlien  the  discovery  cf  the  Capo  of  (iooil  Ib>iic 
upcneil  lier  a  \\ 'ly  by  sea  to  Ilindostan,  and  ta  the  commerce  of  the  Orient 
and  ga'  0  at  the  same  time  the  death-lilow  to  Venetian  ascendancy  in  that 
market. 

Put  Spain,  as  chance  would  have  it,  did  not  lag  far  behind  her  sister  lung 
doni.  'J"hc  fact  vf  tlio  great  navigators,  Columbus  and  Vespucci,  liciii: 
Italians,  and  yet  having  to  seek  assistance  of  Spain,  sulliciently  indicates  i' 
what  direction  the  swing  of  maritime  power  was  tending.  The  astrcinomici; 
schools  of  Cordova,  Seville,  and  (iranada  had  well  prepared  Spain  for  tlio 
npplication  of  astronomy  to  navigation,  and  the  long  internal  wars  had  bv(  il 
those  bohl  and  enduring  spirits  wiio  alone  are  fitted  to  conduct  with  succes,^ 
^rcat  enterprises  of  certain  danger  ami  uncertain  result. 


It  i.j  claimed  by  some  that  Jolin  and  Sebai:,tian  Cabot  made  their  first  voy- 


AiiEraco  vEsrucci. 


99 


a^o  anil  discovcrcil  Xcwfoundlaiul  in  lt9-l.  The  claim  I'csts  on  a  statement 
of  the  Spaiiicih  ambassador  to  England  in  a  letter  dated  July  '2'i,  1  tOS,  to 
the  cflcct  that  dining  the  past  seven  years  several  vessels  had  heen  sent  each 
year  from  Bristol  in  search  of  Lrasil  and  the  Islands  of  the  Seven  Cities, 
and  on  an  inscription  on  Sebastian  Cabot's  map  of  ir)44,  which  states  that 
land  was  first  discovered  by  the  Cabots  on  June  21,  1494.  7>M(v.«(r,  J.(/t<r 
on  (he  I'oijd'ji's  of  John  oml  Sdnstian  Cnhnt,  in  Kohl,  pp.  i'iOO-T.  But  other 
authors  consider  the  map — even  if  made  1  y  Cabot,  which  is  extremely 
doubtful — insutlicient  authority  to  prove  sucli  a  voyage. 

[1495.]  At  the  solicitation  of  the  brothers  Pinzon  and  other  navigat  r.:,  !i 
license  was  granted  April  10,  1495,  permitting  anj' native-born  f'pania.a  lo 
make  private  voyages  for  tra<lo  and  discovery  from  C;idiz  to  the  ^Vestl'rn 
India;  such  expeditious  to  be  under  the  inspection  of  government,  one  of  whoso 
oiricials  was  to  accompany  each  vessel  to  ensure  the  payment  to  the  crown  of 
cue  tenth  of  the  profit  of  tlie  voyage.  For  this  document  in  full,  s  co  Xiivir- 
rite,  Vol.  dc  Viiiijis,  tom.  ii.  p.  Ido.  See  also  J[itmli>:bit,  L'xitiii.  Cr'd.,  torn, 
i.  ])p.  o.jtJ  et  seep  Wlictlier  any  one  actually  took  advantr.ge  of  tliis  license 
l«'f(jrc  its  repeal — which  was  on  June  'J,  1  1!)7,  at  the  instigauon  of  Cohim- 
bus— is  a  disputed  point  of  some  importance  in  connection  wi  h  certain  doubt- 
ful expeditions  to  be  considered  hereafter. 

[149(3.]  I'edro  Alonso  Xiao  sailed  from  Cadiz  June  IT,  140G,  just  after  tho 
return  of  Colund)US,  iu  command  of  three  vessels  IuJ'ju  witli  supplies  for  tl.d 
colony  at  Kspanola. 


kini^' 
lliciu; 

Ites  i' 

|)Uiie;iI 
tlio 
bred 
liccess 


voy- 


[1197.]  Amerigo  Vespucci,  a  Florentine  navigator,  claims  to  have  set  sail 
from  C;i(llz  with  four  vessels  in  the  service  of  the  king  of  Spain  "w  the  tenth, 
or  twentieth,  of  May,  1497.  In  what  capacity  ho  accon)i)auied  the  expcdi- 
ti'iu,  or  who  was  its  commander,  ho  docs  not  state,  but  tuiys  that  ho  waa 
choiicn  by  the  king  to  go  ■with  the  expedition.  "Mo  ad  taliii  investigau<'.» 
in  ipsam  societateai  elegit."  Sailing  south-south-west  to  the  Canaries, 
280  leagues  from  Lisbon,  he  remained  there  ••!,  'it  daj's,  and  then  sailed 
west-one-ijuarter-south-west  1,000  leagues  in  tweuLy-sevcn,  or  thirty  seven, 
days,  to  a  point  oQ  the  main-laud  iu  lij''  north  and  T.'j"  west,  of  the  Ca- 
naiies — that  is  to  say,  on  the  coast  ot  <  'eutr;:l  America  near  Cape  (iraeiaa 
il  Dios.  This  nmst  have  been  about  tho  Jst  of  July,  some  ilays  jx^rlinps 
aftei-  Cabot's  landing  farther  north,  whicli  was  tho  24th  of  June.  Tho 
Spaniards  went  asluue  in  boats,  ')Ut  the  natives  were  too  timid  lo  trade; 
so  that  continuing  their  voyage  ior  two  days  ncrth-wcst  in  sight  of  the  Hat 
coa.st,  they  reached  a  more  secure  anchorage,  established  friendly  relations 
with  the  peopli>,  and  found  some  traces  of  gold.  The  ships  then  followed  the 
cnast  for  several  days,  to  a  port  whei'e  was  found  a  village  built  over  tho 
water  like  ^'enice,  and  there  fought  with  tlie  natives  (of  Tabasco?);  sailed 
ci;;Iity  leagues  along  the  coast  to  a  re;;ioii  of  many  rixers  (IMuitco?),  wbero 
they  were  kindly  received  by  people  of  a  dill'erent  language,  and  mailc  a  jour- 
ney of  eighteen  leagues  inland,  vi.-.itiiig  .iiai.y  towns,  Tliia  province  waa 
e.illed  by  the  inhabitants  Lai'iab,  and  i.s  .situatrd  in  the  torrid  zone,  near  tho 
trnjiio  of  (.'aneer,  in  2.'J'  tiorth.  Again  they  started,  pursued  a  north-west 
course  and  frcipieiitly  anchored,  sailing  thus  bTO  leagues,  until  after  thirteen 


l5 


'l;;l 


li:        il 


Bl 


:«i 


i 


100 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


months,  tlmt  is  to  sny  in  .Time,  l-tOS,  tliov  rraeliod  "tlio  Lost  linrhor  in  tlio 
V'orld"  (port  of  Cape  Ciifiavcral?),  in  'JS"  .W,  where  tlipy  resolved  to  repiiir 
thrir  sliips  f(ir  the  return  voyage.  Tliere  Ihey  i-emniiied  tliirty-scvcndays,  and 
V  Inn  aliout  to  (k'^iart,  the  nativ(>s  coniiilaincd  of  certain  eannilials  who  eaiiiu 
eaeli  year  fnmi  an  ishind  100  leagues  distant  to  .attack  them.  The  Spaniards, 
in  return  for  their  kindness,  promised  to  avenge  their  wrongs.  Accordingly 
tliey  sailed  north-east  and  east  to  a  group  of  islands,  sf>nie  oi  which  were 
inhaliited  (Hcnnudas?);  landing  at  one  <if  them  i-alled  Ity,  they  defeated  tho 
cannihals,  and  made  2M  pi'isoners,  witli  a  los.s  of  one  man  killed  antl  twenty- 
tuo  Wounded.  Keturning,  they  arrived  at  C;idiz  October  l.'i,  I400,  with 
'22'2  ])risoners,  who  were  sold  as  slaves.  'I'lic  ahovc  is  the  account  given 
liy  ^'espueci  in  a  letter  written  iii  ir»()4,  according  to  the  edition  adopted 
as  autlientic  and  original  l>j'  Vurnliagea,  Le  premirr  Voi/in/f  dc.  Aiiu'viiin 
Vispurci,  who  believes  tliat  Vicente  Yafiez  Pinzon  and  Juan  Diaz  do 
Solis  were  the  coninian<ler.s.  This  voyage  \s  not  generally  regarded  as  au- 
tlientic; and  a  long  and  complicated  di.seii»si<m  has  ari.sen  on  the  (juestion 
wlu^tlier  the  account  given  is  to  be  regarded  as  true,  as  w  holly  a  fabritation, 
or  as  belonging  to  a  subse(juent  voyage  and  accidentally  or  intentionally 
<hited  back  two  years.  As  this  voyage,  if  actually  wmAv  as  claimed  by  M. 
\'arnliagen,  wo\dd  be  tlie  lirst  to  touch  the  tt  rritory  \\  hich  f  denominate  tlio 
I'acilic  iSlates,  I  lind  it  necessary  to  give  in  this  place  t lie  liuding  jioints  in 
tlu;  discussion.  In  wliat  may  be  called  the  standaiil  authorities  on  .Anit-rican 
di.-covery,  sucli  as  Xavarrele,  Ilundioldt,  and  olhciN,  is  found  fully  presented 
the  (juestion  of  thi"  autlienticity  of  \'espucci"s  voyage,  al\\a\s,  ]ioMi\  ii',  under 
the  supposition  that  tiie  hind  elaiineil  to  Iiave  been  vi.siied  was  tlie  coast  of 
I'aria.  1'he  theory  of  ^I.  N'anihagen,  that  tliat  reL;iou  must  be  sought  in 
Korth  America,  reopens  the  (juestion  and  introduces  some  new  f(ature3  whirh 
cannot  be  passed  by  unnoticeil  in  this  connection.  \\'ith(iufc  entering  upon 
tli(^  soiuewliat  complicated  bibbograpliy  of  A'espucci's  narrations,  or  taking 
u[>  tlie  ([uestion  of  Ids  claims  in  tlie  matter  of  naming  America,  I  sliall  at- 
tempt to  state  briefly,  and  as  clearly  as  I  am  able,  the  arguments  for  and 
against  tl:e  authenticity  of  a  voy.ige,  in  mIuc  li  perhaps  is  involved  tho 
(juestion  uf  th(5  lirst  post-Scandinavian  discovery  of  tlie  North  American 
continent. 

]?e.--des  A'espueei's  own  statement,  in  a  letter  A\rittrn  in  1.10-1,  no  oonteiu- 
y.orary  doeunient  has  been  found  m  hieli  mentions  siuli  an  expedition,  tliou;:ii 
most  diligent  seareli  for  such  documents  has  been  made  in  tho  Spanish  ar- 
eliives  by  partisans  and  opponents  (jf  the  Florentine's  claim.  This  absene(^  of 
eoullrinatory  documeuts  is  the  more  iiotieealile  as  the  ex|peditiou  \\a«  made 
under  royal  patronage.  In  anotlier  and  jireviously  written  letter  <lescril>- 
ing  Ilia  second  voyage  in  14110,  \'espucei  not  only  maki's  no  mention  of  tliia 
voyage,  but  even  exi^usc^s  his  longsik'nce  by  saying  tliat  nothing  had  occurred 
worth  I'elatiiig.  'J'riie,  a  short  letter  of  one  Vianello,  dated  l.VMi,  publislicd 
by  Humboldt,  mentions  a  voyage  to  which  no  date  is  given,  made  by  Ves- 
pucci in  company  with  .liian  de  la  Cosa.  M.  ^'arnhagen  su]iposes  this  to  have 
been  tlic  voyage  in  ((uestion.  and  a  large  river  discovered  at  the  time  to  Iia' n 
been  the  Mississippi;  but,  lieside  tlie  fact  that  (here  is  no  reason  for  iittrilmt- 
ing  tlic  date  of  1107  ratiier  than  any  other  to  this  voyage,  'Niauello's  letter, 


If 


THE  DISPUTED  VOYAGE  OF  VESrUCCI. 


101 


U'MIl 


I'lll- 


witli  two  others,  publislicd  liy  Ilan-issc,  indicates  a  iMuch  lattr  date  for  llio 
expcditiuu  with  Juan  do  hi  Cosa. 

Moix'ovcr,  not  only  ia  tliere  a  want  of  original  records,  but  contcniixniiry 
historians  arc  silent  respecting  this  expedition ;  the  11.  st  mention  liy  laler 
writera  liein^'  a  denial  of  its  authenticity  when  it  uaa  thought  toconllict  with 
the  aduiiral's  claims  aa  disc».  vcrer  of  the  continent.  Yet,  on  the  siippoi^itina 
of  a  voyage  to  the  Korth  American  coast,  theie  arc  some  passages  in  tlu'  his- 
torian!) I'etcr  Martyr,  Oviedo,  (lomara,  and  llcrrera,  which  point  more  or  hss 
dL'iinit<ly  to  an  exploration  of  the  gulf  of  llonduiaa  before  \~>(y2.  IVler 
Martyr,  dec.  i.  cap.  vi.,  writing  before  loOS,  says  that  many  elaim  to  hii\o 
sailed  round  (Juba;  and  later,  dec.  i.  cap.  x.,  he  mentions  a,  repoit  th:it 
I'ui^on  and  ISolis  had  exploi'~d  the  coat^t  of  Honduras,  giving,',  Jiowi^ver,  no 
dates.  Oviedo,  //!.■</.  (Icii.,  toni.  ii.  \\.  140,  say  .  positively  that  the  gulf  "f 
][u.iduras  was  discovered  not  by  (Jolundms,  liut  by  I'lnzon  and  Soli  .  ,iud 
that  before  the  fornu  i'  discovered  the  Amaxon,  or  ilie  latter  the  Kodclii 
Plata,  that  is  to  say  before  1491).  Goniura,  ll'mt.  tic  lux  iirJi(t.->,  fol.  i',',\,  slates 
that  Pin/on  and  Soils  aie  .'^aid  by  some  to  have  i  xplored  the  loast  of  lloiidu- 
rat  llu'ec  years  before  Cohnnbiis,  which  would  mahc  it  in  ll'.l!).  lliin  ra, 
Jli.-f.  (I'eii.,  di' •  iv.  lib.  viii.  cap.  ill.,  says  that  the  gulf  of  Honduras  miis 
naKicd  liibii  i:  •,  .  i)m  the  gourds  found  lloatiug  in  its  waters  by  the  lir.st 
Sjiiiniards  wh  od  along  the  coast.     I'o  M.^'arnhagen,  this  it  may  be  ran- 

dom remaik  of  llcrrera  is  proof  positive  that  as  Colunilius  did  not  enter  or 
name  the  gulf,  lie  wa..  not  the  lii-.st  Spahlurd  who  sailed  along  the  coast. 
AVliatever  weight  nuiy  be  attached  to  these  jiassagcs  from  the  hi.dorians,  in 
proving  a  vojagc  to  North  Anierieii  previous  to  that  of  the  ndndral,  such  evi- 
dence is  manifestly  increascil  by  the  fact  that  the  date  of  the  voyage  attrib- 
nUtl  to  Pin/.on  and  Soils  .seems  to  rest  entirely  on  the  statenunt  of  Ibrrera, 
JJi^t.  (I'cii.,  die.  i.  lib.  vi.  cap.  xvi.,  wjio  describes  the  expedition  with  other 
events  under  the  date  of  ITtOO.  "i'et  in  the  testimony  in  the  lawsuit  henin- 
nfti'r  to  bo  mentioned,  it  is  imii!.' d,  though  not  exiiies.sly  stated,  that  tiio 
voyage  was  after  that  of  Colunlbu.^,  sinco  special  pains  was  taken  by  the  kin;^ 
to  prove  the  coast  explored  )jy  Pin/on  to  lie  distinct  from  that  discovered  by 
the  adniii-al.  Another  point  is  that  in  this  h.imc  testimony  the  name  '(.'aria' 
is  given  to  a  place  visited  during  Piuzon's  voyage,  anil  for  this  name  \  es- 
pucci's  'Lariab'  may  possibly  be  a  misprint. 

Ihnnboldl,  h'jaiii.  i'rlf.,  toni.  iv.  jip.  ,V.),  'JdT,  -7--4,  repeatedly  states  it 
as  an  undeniable  fact  that  Vespucci  was  employed  in  Sjiain  in  lifting  out  tho 
vessels  for  the  third  voyage  of  Columbus,  up  to  the  date  of  tho  nailing  of  tiio 
•  Apedition,  May  .10,  141*.'^,  and  consei|uently  eould  not  himself  have  .-mailed  in 
May  or  any  otlwr  month  of  141*7.  He  makes  this  stntcinrnt  on  tho  authority 
of  documents  collected  liy  Muno/.  llarrisse,  Jtilt.  Am.  I'if.,  p.  !'u,  states, 
idso  on  the  authority  of  Mufio/,  that  from  April,  14!l7,  to  May  'M\  141KS,  Ves- 
pucci was  "constantly  traveliing  from  Seville  to  San  J,u<ar.  "  \\spuii  i  i,^ 
known  to  liave  sueceedcd  iluanoto  Piernrdi,  who  died  in  December,  ll'.'.'i.  in  ii 
loulract  to  lit  out  vessels  lor  the  Spanish  government,  and  to  have  icei  Im  d 
irioiicy  on  ueeount  of  that  conlraet  on  the  PJtli  of  January,  141Ki.  Irving, 
villi  access  to  the  documents  of  Munoz,  .iiys  that  four  earavfls  (ilU'l  out  by 
Vespucci  bailed  Pebruury  y,  14tM),  but  were  driven  liack;   and  ho  nj^'tHca  of 


^''Sl 


lilt' 


102 


EAKLY  VOYAGES. 


no  evidence  of  liis  pvcscncc  in  Spain  in  1-107  or  llOS.  X;ivniTctc,  rclj'ing  on 
the  same  ^lufioz  docmncnts  — wliicli  consist  of  extracts  from  the  hooka  of  ex- 
ponfica  of  Indian  armadas  in  the  Casa  do  Contratacion  in  Sovillo  — gives  no 
date  to  llic  Baihng  and  wreck  of  the  four  vessels  mentioned  hy  Irving,  hut 
implies  that  the  event  took  place  heforc  Bcrardi's  death.  After  Bpcaking  of 
tlm  receipt  of  money  on  the  l"2th  of  January,  1100,  he  states  t'lat  Ves- 
pucci "went  on  attending  to  everything  until  the  armada  was  despatched 
from  San  Liicar."  Co!,  dc  r/a/yM,  torn.  iii.  p.  317.  Ho  does  not  state  that 
the  (!eet  tlius  llttcd  out  was  that  in  whivli  Colundius  f.ailcd  in  14t)S.  ^Mufioz 
in  the  printed  portion  of  his  work  is  .silent  on  the  suliject.  Varnhagcn,  IV.f- 
^.',(iT  ct  noil  Premier  Vo^.,  p.  IS,  argues  tliat  Humholdt  had  no  ar.thority 
wl'.atever  for  applying  Xavarrcte'a  statement  respecting  the  armada  do- 
Fpatehed  from  San  l.i'icar  to  the  admiral'd  fleet,  that  statement  having  proha- 
l)ly  licen  his  authority,  and  not  the  original  documents  of  Mufio;;;  and  that, 
the  four  vessels  whose  fitting-out  Vesiiucci  personally  superintended  were 
much  more  prohahly  those  in  wliich  he  himself  sailed  an<l  m;ide  the  voy.ago 
in  (ptcstion.  Varnhagcn  furthermore  thinks  that  the  death  of  Bcrardi  fur- 
nished a  rcasonahle  motive  for  the  resolution  '  rmcd  liy  Vespucci  to  vi.-ft  the 
ladies,  and  a  favorahlo  opportunity  for  carrying  out  his  resolution.  If  it  can 
bo  proveil  that  Vespucci  was  in  Spain  in  14!/7  and  MOS,  of  course  the  ques- 
tion of  hi;j  claimed  voyage  admits  of  no  farther  discussion;  hut  if  Ilumholdt's 
only  authority  he  his  interpretation  of  Xavarrete's  statenunt,  even  if  the  in- 
terpretation he  not  unnatural  or  improhablc,  the  matter  must  si  ill  he  consid- 
ered doubtful  until  the  original  Mufioz  documents  iiro  produced. 

The  silence  of  contemporary  documents  respecting  Vespucci's  voyage  car- 
ries the  greater  Mcight  from  the  fact  that  there  arc  .'special  reasons  for  the 
existence  of  GUch  doci'incnts,  if  the  voyage  had  been  acturdly  made.  In  l."08 
a  iuiit  was  begun  by  Diego  Colon  against  the  Spanish  crown  for  the  govern- 
ment of  certain  territory  claimed  by  virtue  of  the  discovery  of  Paria  by  his 
father,  the  admiral.  The  suit  continued  to  l^)l,^,  and  evci-y  ctTort  was  made 
by  the  crowu  to  prove  a  previous  discovery  of  the  coast  in  rpiestion;  hun- 
dreds of  V.  itnesses  were  examined,  and  their  testimony  has  been  preserved 
and  publislicd  in  Xavarrete's  collection.  In  this  suit  Vespucci  v/as  not  cuni- 
r.ioned  as  a  ■\\  i'.aes.n,  although  much  of  the  time  hi  royal  employ,  having  held 
the  olliee  of  jw'/o.'o  vmi/or  from  loOS  to  his  death  in  ]'>12.  No  claim  ^\•a.^  ad- 
vanced for  hi.i  discovery,  although  the  voyage  is  sti-.ted  to  have  been  i;i;idc 
midcr  royal  patronage,  and  by  proving  its  nuthcnticity  the  crown  Avould 
have  g.'iined  it.ioljeet.  Indeed,  Vespucci's  name  is  only  mentiontd  onee  in 
cU  the  testimony,  and  that  as  having  aeeonipanied  Alon^o  de  Ojeda  i:i  his 
Voyage  of  1400.  That  no  one  of  the  many  witnesses  examined  knew  of  Ves- 
pucci's voyage  in  1107,  if  it  Vi-e;  a.  fact,  is  hardly  possible.  Kot  only  were 
liie  \vitnCo:;es  silent  on  the  Florentine's  expedition,  but  many  of  tlu  ni,  in- 
cludiiig  Ojeda,  allh'med  tliat  I'aria.  was  first  diseo\-ered  by  Columbus,  and 
next  afterv.ard  by  Ojeda  himself.  Now  as  ^'e;■puc(■i  aecomp,",nied  Oji'da,  the 
latter  would  surely  Junn  ];nown  of  any  ]ire\  ions  discovery  by  \'espucei,  and 
III  Ojeda  was  iinl.  iVii'udly  to  (N.liunlius  he  i(  riainly  mhuM  have  made  tlii! 
fact  known.  Moreo\er,  the  admiral's  charts  and  sailiir^-directions  were  ful- 
lo wed  by  Ojeda  ia  his  voyage,  v,  hich  would  luadly  have  been  done  wiUi  u 


'i 


lii.. 


VESPUCCI'S  VOYAGE  FURTHER  CONSIDERED. 


103 


skilful  pilot  liko  Vespucci  on  boanl,  and  one  wlio  liad  visited  the  coast 
licfarc.  TiMc,  tluH  l:i;t  point  would  Ii:ivc  Utile  weii^Iit  if  tlie  coast  uf  I'iiiia 
vii.j  not  ilic  fogion  vi.,itcd  I;y  Vcoyucci,  wliilo  the  otlici'  points  woidd  bo  littlo 
if  !it  all  airectcd  by  tlio  theory  that  North  America  was  the  coast  cxjilorcd. 
No  other  Sp.anifh  voyage  to  the  new  region  was  neglected;  indeed,  to  have 
so  eunipletcly  di^i'tgarjed  Vcspucci'a  expedition,  it  must  be  supposed  that 
tlie  king  not  only  knew  exactly  ^vhat  region  he  explored,  but  had  a  positive 
conviction  that  said  region  v.as  entii'cly  distinct  from  I'uria;  and  we  lunc 
been  that  no  saeh  definite  opinion  was  held  at  the  time,  Itut  on  the  couiiary, 
Bjiecial  pains  was  tal;en  to  prove  tliat  the  new  regions  were  "all  one  coast." 
When  it  is  considered  that  Vespucci's  voyage,  that  is  the  voyage  of  i'inzuu  and 
.Soli;;,  was  mentioned  in  llie  tcstimonj',  the  failure  to  sunanon  the  piloto  mayor 
ii;-pe.as  all  the  more  reriiailiaLle.  What  more  ellicitnt  witness  could  havo 
lieen  brought  forv.ard?  Thus  the  silence  of  the  testimony  in  this  suit  on  tlio 
(pieilion  under  discussion,  must  be  deemed  something  more  than  mere  nega- 
tive [iroof,  as  it  is  termeil  by  M.  Varnhagen.  This  gentleman  also  notes  that 
onl,,  one  \\  itntss  mentions  that  \'espucci  accompanied  Ojeda  in  14Dt);  but  ho 
doi ,:  not  note  that  the  presence  of  Vespucci  ou  Ojcda's  ships  was  of  no  im- 
piiitanco  to  either  party  in  the  suit,  while  a  previous  discovery  by  l/im  was 
of  tlic  very  greatest  imporiaucc  to  the  crown. 

'J'iie  date  of  .sailing  from  Cadiz  is  given  by  dilTcrcnt  editions  of  Ve.ipueei's 
letter  as  May  10,  and  May  '20,  l-it)7;  and  eif  his  return  as  October  1,  1.'), 
and  IS,  M',)!).  From  the.o  dates  two  dillieulties  ari.ic;  first,  the  duration 
of  the  viiy;',go  is  stated  in  the  letter  to  have  been  eighteen  mouths,  while  the 
peiixl  between  the  <lates  <jf  sailing  and  return  i.s  twenty-nine  months;  and 
.n;;aiii,  Vespucci  is  known  to  havo  sailed  v.ith  Ojeila  in  2uay,  l-ll>i),  that  is, 
live  montI:s  before  he  returned  from  the  voyage  in  question.  tJne  way  of 
iveor.eiliiig  the  lirst  dilllculty  is  to  suppo:;c  that  the  author  reckoned  time  l)y 
the  I'lorcntine  niethod,  then  common  in  familiar  correspondenee,  according 
to  :vliich  the  year  l;egan  the  'J.'Hh  of  JIareh.  Then  iii  case  of  a  very  natural 
nu, ;  ;iat  iu  tlio  original  of  May  for  Jtlarch,  the  voyage  really  begim  in  l-illS, 
iU  ii.;iatiou  being  thus  reduced  to  nineteen  months.  A  more  simple  meihixl 
of  leu'.oving  both  dilliculties  is  to  suppose  a  mijprint  of  ItD'J  for  14'Jii  us  tlio 
date  of  the)  return;  tins  vrould  reduce  the  time  to  seventeen  months.  Several 
later  cdi  Jons  have  made  this  change.  The  euiiion  elainied  as  original  by  M. 
Van;hage:i  ha.i  Uio  dale  hi'J'J  according  to  hi.i  translation,  ami  strangely 
cnor.gli  the  editor  m;;I;e:.i  i;o  allusion  to  it  in  his  notes,  alJiough  iu  u  foimer 
pajiipldet  ho  rpeaks  of  MLo  us  the  dale  of  the  reluai.  I  attach  viry  littlo 
Weight  to  discrepancies  in  dates  in  this  ivlalion  except  jw  evideneo 
ngahiut  any  inlcntioaal  deception  on  the  part  of  \"espueci.  Confusion  iu 
datij  is  euriimuu  iu  all  relations  of  the  peiiod;  and  W-pucci's  letters  weio 
written  hastily,  not  for  publication,  and  uarely  to  interest  his  correspondents 
l)y  a  de.'ciiplion  of  the  marvels  he  Ivad  Ken  ia  liis  New  Vorld  udvintures. 
It  may  hero  be  stated  that  the  longitid  bitterly  arguetl  (pieKtiou  of  tlie  rival 
e!,ii:.,s  (,f  Vef.pucci  and  Columbus  itu  the  mattir  of  nanung  America  h.is  no 
liiai  iiig  on  the  present  <li3eu.ssiou.  Thci*  is  «k>  evideneo  that  the  vo>,a;;e  in 
•  luesliou  bad  any  iniluenee  in  lixing  tiv  um»e  America;  and  to  iironminee 
this  e:.^ edition  not  .tutheniie  'n«  uo  tc<idcih.v  to  wcuken  ^'espucci"a  rcputa- 


n 


I 


m'» 


IM 


E.\J!.LY  VOYAGES. 


tion  for  honesty,  wliicli  may  now  lie  consiilcred  fully  cstaMishcd;  nor  rlo  the 
nrgurr;cnts  against  intentional  falsification  on  Vespucci's  part  tend  to  prove 
tiiC  voyage  authentic. 

Several  coincidences  between  the  narratives  of  this  voyage  and  that  of 
Ojeda  l>avc  led  )r.any  writers  to  conclude  that  holli  descrihc  the  same  expedi- 
tion, the  daces  having  been  accidentally  or  intentionally  changed.  -Iluni- 
boldt,  after  a  careful  examination,  was  convinced  that  the  two  voyages  were 
idcntierl.  lint  wlien  wc  consider  that  Ilumhoklt,  Xavarretc,  and  Irving 
forn.cd  their  conclui'ons  without  a  suspicicu  of  a  voyage  to  North  America, 
and  before  that  question  had  ever  once  arisen;  that  Navarretc  eeverely  crit- 
icises Vespucci's  na/iativc  as  applied  to  Ojcda's  voyage;  that  two  of  the 
strongest  coincidences — the  mention  of  Paria  as  the  coast  visited,  and  the 
discovery  of  a  town  built  over  the  water  like  Venice — have  no  weight  in 
view  of  the  new  theory,  since  the  province  is  called  Lariab  in  the  original 
edition,  and  tha'^  method  of  building  was  not  uncommon  in  all  the  tropical 
regions  of  America,  it  must  be  admitted  that  this  argument  has  by  ityelf  little 
force  against  the  authenticity  of  Vespucci's  voyago. 

The  right  grunted  to  private  individuals  by  tho  Spanish  go\crnriient  in 
April,  lA'Jo,  to  make  voyages  of  discovery  at  their  Otvn  cxpcuwe,  subject  to 
certain  regulations,  wun  partially  revoked  in  June,  14D7,  after  ^"cipucci"s 
clahned  departure.  All  authorities  agree  '.hat  during  tliis  time  suc'a  private 
voyages,  or  even  clandestine  expeditiouH,  niay  have  been  and  probab'.y  v.'cro 
made,  of  which  no  records  have  been  proper  ^-cd.  It  ia  argued  that  Vc:-.pucci'3 
voyage  may  have  been  of  this  number,  although  claimed  to  have  been  nuido 
imder  royal  patronage,  and  by  no  means  dandcstine.  It  is  even  suggested 
that  the  rcvocntioii  of  the  right  of  privuti;  navigation,  brought  about  by  tho 
influence  of  Columbus,  was  purposely  delayed  until  after  Vespucci's  de- 
parture — all  of  which  pro-cs,  if  it  proves  ai'.ything,  simply  that  there  was 
nothing  to  prevent  Vespucci  fi'om  making  the  voyng  >. 

Wo  have  seen  how  certain  statements  of  the  ohl  chroniclers  may  be  taken 
as  indicative  of  a  voyage  along  the  Central  Anurican  coast  previous  to  that 
of  Columbus.  There  are  also  similar  indications  in  some  of  the  early  m;ips. 
Thus  Juan  de  la  Cosa's  map  representing  Cuba  as  an  island  in  loOO  (nee  pnga 
115  this  volume)  might  be  accounted  for  by  such  a  \oyage  as  Vespucci  cliiiiii!* 
to  liavc  nuide.  It  will  be  seen  hereafter  that  early  map.i  show  some  slight 
tJ-aces  of  a  knowledge  of  Florida  before  its  discovery  in  l.'ipj  (pp.  l'2S-0  this 
vol.)  In  the  Ruysch  miip  of  MOS  (p.  l'2(i  this  vol.)  the  eastern  coaiit  of  what 
seems  to  bo  Cuba  is  ideutilied  by  M.  Varnhagen  with  the  main-land;  in  his 
opinion  the  insci'iption  at  tho  nort''  point  of  that  coast  refers  directly  to  Vcs- 
puoci's  expedition,  ami  Tape  S.  ^>Iarci'  at  the  southei'n  point  may  indicate 
Vespucci's  arrival  on  Saint  Mark's  day,  especially  as  his  undo  v.as  a  prii  ,;tof 
the  order  of  St  Mark.  If  this  appear  somewhat  far-fetched,  perhaps  more 
weight  should  bo  attached  to  the  name  'CapeDollin  de  .\bril'  on  the  ;!out!u'rij 
point  of  what  nuiy  be  Florida  on  the  I'tuhiny  map  of  l.">i;}  (p.  1,'J!)  this  vol.), 
fur  lit  tho  end  of  April  Vespucci  may,  according  to  his  narrative,  jiavo  been 
ut  that  point.  On  this  m.ittir  of  an  early  voyage  it  may  lie  noted  that  Colum* 
bus,  stiiking  the  coast  at  (iuan.'ija  J>ilnnd  in  lli(ll  in  search  of  a  pn-ssiigo  west- 
^\ard,  iuitcad  of  following  westward,  as  lie  iiatiirully  voidd  ha-.i    done,  i.t 


COXCLUSIOXS  COXCERXIXO  THE  VOYAGE  OF  VESPUCCI.   103 


least  to  the  head  of  the  gulf  of  Honduras,  turned  directly  cast.  A  knoM'l- 
cdu'c  on  Ids  part  that  Vespucci  liad  alrca<ly  explored  ■westward  and  uortliwanl 
without  finding  a  passage,  would  account  for  liia  actions.  But  they  have  al- 
ready licen  satisfactorily  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  he  simply  proposed 
to  sail  along  the  sinuosities  of  the  supposed  soutliern  coasts  of  Asia  to  India, 
rather  than  to  penetrate  any  intervening  continent,  Avhose  existence  he  did 
not  suspect. 

In  ad<lition  to  tlie  leading  arguments  for  and  against  the  voyage  in  ques- 
tion, the  following  minor  points  arc  urged: 

It  is  claimed  that  the  command  of  sucli  an  expedition  would  not  have  heen 
given  to  a  foreigner,  and  Vcppucei  did  not  become  a  naturalized  cii.i;:ca  of 
Spain  until  l.")Ori.  ]5ut  on  the  other  han<l,  if  Vespucci  had  rendered  no  otiier 
service  to  Spain  than  to  liavc  accompanied  Ojeda,  he  woidd  I'.ardly  have  re- 
ceived so  many  favors  from  the  government,  especially  after  liaving  served 
four  years  under  tlic  king  of  Portugal. 

Sefior  Xiivarreto  finds  a  difTicultj'  in  Vespucci's  claim  to  liavc  brought  back 
to  Spain  '222  slaves  in  the  few  small  vessels  under  liis  command.  Vespucci 
also  npeaks  of  Ferdinand  as  king  of  Castile,  whieli  it  was  not  customary  to 
do  until  after  Isabella's  deatli. 

The  high  opinion  held  of  Ve.'ipucei  during  his  life  by  Columbus  and  lu3 
zealous  friends  is  of  little  weight,  because  the  admiral's  ehdm  to  have  dis- 
ecivered  tlic  supposed  Asiatic  continent  or  islands  adjacent  thereto  was  un- 
doul)tod;  but  tlic  favorable  opinions  expressed  b}'  later  Miiters,  especially  by 
Fernando  Colon,  writing  after  America  was  known  to  be  distinet  from  Asia, 
tend  to  prove  tliat  the  Florentine  made  in  his  lifetime  no  claim  to  a  voyage 
ill  1407.  Yet  the  publication  and  circulation  of  his  letter  in  Ecveral  lan- 
guages, uncontradicted  for  years,  woicld  indicate  its  authenticity,  unless  it  bo 
taken  as  a  sign  of  carelessness  for  dates  and  details  so  long  as  they  were  iidt 
supposed  to  conflict  witii  the  ailmiral's  claims.  It  must  also  be  renu  lubeiid 
that  the  same  voya^Tvr'a  Bccond,  third,  and  fourth  expeditions  have  uU  been 
disputed  and  haw  at  last  proved  authentic, 

M.  Varnlingi  u  applii  s  to  Vespucci  auil  his  men  the  welbknown  tradition 
related  by  Sahagun  aiul  others  of  white  men  who  appeared  at  Piinuco  from 
the  cast  Kforc  the  ,vming  of  the  Spaniards.  He  nl-o  suppoycs  Cluerrcro,  tlin 
ti'ildier  foi'ud  by  Cort-'s  at  Coi^umel,  and  believed  l)y  otiier  authoru  to  hava 
been  A  .survivor  with  Aguilar  of  Valdivia's  shipwitck  in  l~tl'2,  to  liav(!  been 
I' ft  in  Yucntnn  byVe;!puccij  but  ho  gives  no  reason  for  this  l.eliif,  except 
that  <!ticrrcro  luid  married  among  the  natives,  and  had  adopted  uuuiy  of  their 
vmUmn.  T>y  tiic  .'-nmo  writ»  r  it  is  thought  much  more  likely  that  Capo 
'Jrsci.is  A  Ihi/i  v.'ii'4  iinmcd  by  N'espucci  after  a  long  voyage  in  feiiich  of  land, 
than  by  Coliiml'i  -•  ^ftcr  f<dlowiii,.,'  the  coast  a  few  days  and  taking  posse <- 
i!i'in;  e.'-peeiuUy  (|!i  (UiUunhaa  in  Jiin  own  letter  simply  mentions  hi.)  arrival 
«'  (he  eojie,  t.lio  f/i<  t  lit  tii^  hnvlng  '^ivfft  the  name  coming  from  otlier  souree*. 

The  cvt»*«//f  til'  voyage,  luA  the  dfc4xH]ition  of  the  eoa.<t  visited  ly  Ves- 
puccf  U3  given  fit  hli«  letter,  furni'l)  no  evidence  whatever  for  or  against  tho 
aiitheiiti'ffy  of  the  expedition;  but  if  it  be  ailmittcd  from  out.-ido  cvidc  iieo 
that  the  voyttua  wai  ucttmlly  made,  and  yi-«KdisMii't  f'-nmthat  of  i)y  la,  v.hilo 
the  imrrullvt'  Uaa  IK/IIiIh^  <;x<.'ipt  the  occurieioe  yf  the  name  Paiui  in  l.ivor 


Ji   . :  t  i 


1.:^ B 


!   It 


■  1  tm 

.  2  t^M 


■m 


in 


li 


100 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


of  a  fontli  American  destination,  from  it  may  1)C  gatlicrcd  the  following 
points  in  support  of  the  theory  that  a,  more  northern  coast  was  the  one  ex- 
plored. The  course  sailed  from  the  Canaries,  W.  ^  SW.;  the  time  thirty- 
seven  il.iys;  the  distance  1,C00  leagues,  taking  the  distance  from  Lishon  to 
the  Canaries,  230  leagues,  as  a  scale  of  measurement;  the  latitude  of  the 
landing  10°,  and  longitude  T-")"  west  of  the  Canaries;  and  the  arrival  by  tailing 
up  t'iie  coast  at  a  province  situated  in  about  '2;>',  and  near  tlie  tropic  of  Cancer, 
arc  worthy  of  consideration,  since  a  scries  of  blunders  such  as  these  is  hardly 
provable.  The  natives  of  Lafiab  were  of  difTcrent  language  from  and  hostile 
to  the  nations  pa.'iacd  furtlier  south,  as  the  llua.'itecu  of  the  IVmuco  region 
are  laiown  to  Iiavc  been  Avith  1-espcct  to  the  Mexicans.  Moreover,  Lariab 
lias  a  slight  claim  to  being  a  Iluastcc  M'ord,  since  Oro;:co  y  Ijcrra  gives  three 
names  of  places  in  tliat  language  containing  an  /  and  ending  in  ab;  but  of 
course  this  would  interfere  sadly  •with  the  theory  that  Lariab  is  a  misprint 
of  Caria.  Vcspuccia  description  of  the  natives,  criticised  by  Xavarretc  as 
incorrect  when  applied  to  the  people  of  I'aria,  agrees  better,  as  JI.  \'arn- 
hagen  tliinks,  with  the  aborigines  of  Honduras.  Other  iiarta  of  Vespucci's 
vague  and  rambling  descriptions  apply  well  enough  to  the  North  American 
coast?,  or  in  fact  to  any  part  of  tropical  America,  north  or  soutii. 

The  application  of  the  narrative  to  North  America  is  not,  however,  without 
its  diincultics.  Vespucci  makes  no  mention  of  the  Asitilles,  through  wliich  liis 
course  mutt  ha'"e  led  him;  perhaps  not  seeing  them  by  reason  of  fog;  or  he  hud 
instructions  not  to  concern  himself  with  what  the  admiral  had  already  discov- 
ered, lie  also  refers  to  a  larger  work,  never  publijlied,  in  which  details  were 
to  be  given.  Xeither  does  he  mention  the  prominent  peninsulas  of  Yucatan 
and  I'loriil:.',  r.ortho  lofty  mountain  peaks  which  lie  woukl  aiaturally  have  seen 
in  f'll'owliig  the  Merdcau  coast.  lie  claims  to  have  tailed  norJi-v.x-st  from 
I'linuco  S70  leagues  (over  dry  land')  to  the  best  liarbor  in  the  world.  ^I. 
Varnhagcn's  e\p!ai:ation  of  this  diilicul'.y  is  that  Vespucci  Kiiiij  ly  states  in- 
cidentally that  he  left  ]\inuco  "tuttavia  verso  il  ilacstrale"  stiil  toward  the 
nortli-wcst,  not  intending  to  include  in  this  course  the  whole  voyage  of  870 
leagues.  All  the  v.'indiiigs  of  the  coast  and  the  entering  and  ka.ing  of  many 
ports  or  rivers  must  be  taken  into  account  to  make  up  a  iliotauco  of  870 
league:!  betvi-een  I'l'iuuco  and  Cape  Cafiavera!;  and  the  lalter  port  would 
hardly  l;c  considered  the  'best  harbor  in  the  world'  except  by  a  great  stretch 
of  tlie  iiniigir.ation,  or  by  a  navigator  lillle  acquainted  wiUi  good  harbors. 
The  arc!;ipcIago  of  Ity  has  generally  been  suppoocd  to  be  11.'.^  li,  Init  thei :;  is 
probably  no  reason  for  tlu;  ideiitily  beyond  the  rctcniblaiiee  of  names.  Tie 
l!ermud:;.5  v.'hen  discovered  in  l~.'22  were  uniuhabiteil,  but  this  does  not  provL 
that  they  Vvcre  always  so;  the  Spaniards  may  have  relurned  and  eapi.i'rid 
the  people  for  .slaves.  Ir.dced  the  Ijcumidas  may  have  been  the  archipela;;() 
of  San  lleriiiirdo,  famous  for  its  f  erce  Carib  population,  but  generaily  located 
off  the  gulf  of  Uraba.  It  may  even  have  been  named  1  y  \'espucci,  for  on 
San  llerrardo's  day,  tlio  20th  of  August,  he  was  in'obaMy  there. 

Tluis  iiave  I  given,  and  let  me  iiopc  without  prejudice,  the  argumtnts  for 
ami  ngain>t  this  disputed  voyage;  and  from  the  evidence  the  render  may 
draw  his  own  conclusions.     'I'o  me  the  proofs  seem  conclusive  that  N'espuori 


inuue  uo  voyage  to   Soutli  Americ 


rior   to    14'JJ,  whcu  he  uc 


com^; 


uliicd 


CABOT  AND  VASCO  DA  GAM  A, 


107 


Alonpo  lie  Ojcda.  Against  a  Xortli  Amorican  expedition  the  evidence,  if  less 
conclusive,  la  still  very  atrong;  since  the  most  tliat  can  be  claimed  in  ita 
favor  i.i  a  probability  that  the  Central  American  coast  ^va3  visitotl  by  some 
luivi^ator  before  lo02,  and  a  possibility,  though  certainly  a  very  slim  one, 
tliat  Ve.'.pucci  accompanied  such  navigation. 

On  thio  voyage  sec  Xavhjationuia  A/ocrici  VcipulU  Lpilomc,  in  Orynaus, 
Xoi'iiisOrbiH,  ])it.  rJ2, 1.").";  Variihajen,  Lf  Premier  Vojajedc  Vcdpucci;  Id.,rtvj- 
pitce  et  son  Prem.  Vo'j. ;  also  in  Socicie  Geo,/.,  Lulktiii,  Jan.  and  Feb.,  looS; 
J /arrive,  Dlh.  Am. Vet.,  pp.  i"S-CS,  and  Additions,  pp.  x.wii-viii. ;  Le.4er  (i<id 
Foi!<r\i  Life  of  Vcfpueinn,  pp.  O.T-l.')!!;  Lehea  der  Hee-llcldcn,  p.  "Jl;  Xavdrrele, 
Co!,  dr.  Vixjett,  torn.  iii.  pp.  1S3-241,  201-3,  300-34;  Irvlnfs  fohunhu.f,  vol. 
iii.  I'p.  30.j-*il8;  llumholelt,  Exam,  t'rlt.,  torn.  iv.  v.;  ^fujor'n  Prlnec  Jleurij, 
pp.  ."70-.');  Kerr'.i  Col.  I'o//.,  vol.  iii.  p.  3l_';  En'Me  Zec-Tojt  i\in  Alo.mo  D'Ujeda, 
cii  .  1  ;;;t /•.'/.•(«  Vcsputiiig,  in  Gottfried,  llcyscH,  torn.  iii.  p.  38;  CuunUicri,  tailzie 
di  Co'o.nho,  pp.  41-7,  '2o7, 

[1407.]  To  continue  our  chronological  summary.  Following  the  brilliant 
Buccess  of  Spain,  ]]ngland  was  the  linst  nation  to  attempt  discovery  to  tho 
we-jtward.  Fully  acquainted  with  the  achievements  and  hypollicacs  of  Co- 
lumbus, having  been  indeed  almost  persimdcd  by  him  to  embrace  hij  beliefs, 
King  Henry  VII.  on  the  oth  of  March,  149G,  granted  a  license  to  John  Cabot, 
a  Venetian  cit;  zcn  and  trader  of  Bristol,  to  attempt  discovcric;j  iu  that 
direction. 

l^iihcr  from  respect  for  Portuguese  and  Spanish  rights  in  tho  south,  or 
from  some  vague  hints  received  from  tho  Northmen  during  their  ti'adiug 
voyages  to  Iceland,  or  possibly  from  a  dim  idea  of  the  advantages  of  grcut- 
circlc  mailing,  the  English  determined  to  attempt  reaching  India  byanortlicrn 
route.  This  expedition  of  Cabot's,  witli  perhaps  several  vessels,  sailed  from 
Bristol  probably  in  ^lay,  1407;  discovered  land  the  '2ith  of  June  on  the  coast 
of  Labrador  between  iJO'  and  58";  sailed  some  300  leagues  in  a  direction  not 
Icnown,  but  probably  northward;  and  one  vessel,  tho  Matthew,  returned  to 
li'.'ir'.tol  in  August  of  the  same  year.  No  furtlicr  details  of  the  voy.^ge  aro 
l;;Mwn,  a;id  those  given,  which  are  the  conclu:;ion3  of  lIumboMt,  Kolil,  and 
S','ve:i:;,  have  all  been  disputed  in  rerpect  to  date,  commander,  and  pi-iat  of 
landing.  D'Avcsae,  na  wo  have  seen  (pp.  9S-0),  imdsta  on  a  previous  voyago 
iu  I  I',M.  laddie,  J^Ienio'roj'Schci.'itian  Cahot,  London,  bS31,  p.  4:2  ct  i;crp,  claims 
t':;it  .'■■I'bmtian  Cabot  Vv'as  the  commander,  llobinson,  Account  of  Li.i^oj.  In 
tl:c  \\'c4,  r.icbmond,  1848,  pp.  81-03,  e:;plain3  that  by  achange  in  the  melhod 
of  reckoning  time  after  17"'-,  tho  date  should  properly  icad  1403.  Mti.y 
r.'illiovi  moreover  confound  this  voyage  with  a  later  one.  Ihd^fnjt'.i  IV/.,  vol. 
iii.  i  p.  4-1 1 ;  G(dmno\i  Di.tcot'.,  pp.  87-0;  ]litjrs  J/c/orc,-!,  in  Xiiuirrc'c,  torn, 
iii.  ]ip.  40-1.  Irving,  Cn'mnhii.t,  vol.  ii.  p.  31(!,  names  but  one  voyage  and 
ng  ;•■!  1  the  accounts  as  "vagucand  scanty."  Sec  also  Humboldt.  L'.;-ani.  Crl'., 
tora.  i.  pp.  '270,  313;  Halhajt  So,-.,  Dii-cr:<  Voij.,  pp.  Ixviii.,  10-2u;  KoJd's  L'i.st, 
l>l.<-ni'.,  pp.  121-3.J;  Kiin.ftmnnn,  L'ntderkiin;/  Am.,  pp.  4S-."3;  Slcirnx'  A'o'c.'*, 
Pi'.  17-10;  PinLcrton'ii  Col.  Voj.,  vol.  xii.  p.  l.'iS;  BaucrofCs  Jii4.  L'.  S., 
vol,  i.  p.  i:i. 

Tjio  Portuguoao,  to  complete  their  discovery  of  the  route  to  India  by  way 


]  i; 


'  % 


108 


EAKLY  VOYAGES. 


of  the  Cape  of  Ciooil  Hope,  sent  out  Vasco  daGama  with  foni-  sliiiw.  Railing 
from  Lisliou  July  8,  14!)7,  he  doubled  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  the  ■22d  of  Xovcm- 
her,  passed  the  limit  leaehed  l>y  Dias on  the  17th  of  December,  received  iutclli- 
geneo  of  I'rester  John  at  several  points  on  the  eastern  <oast,  and  anchored  at 
Calicut  May  20,  14!)3.  Trading  somewhat,  jealous  of  everybody,  after  quar- 
relling wicli  Arabian  merchants  and  failing  to  make  good  his  arbitrary  measures, 
he  thought  best  to  return.  Accordingly  he  set  sail  the  2'Mi  of  August,  passcMl 
the  cape  ^larch  '20,  14;)!),  and  reached  Lisbon  about  the  end  of  August.  I'hus 
Gama  was  the  iirst  to  accomplish  the  grand  oljjcct  of  .so  many  cITorts,  and  to 
reach  India  by  water.  His  achievement  would  doubtless  have  been  regarded 
as  the  most  glorious  on  record,  both  to  himself  and  to  Portugal,  had  not  Co- 
lumbus for  Spain  reached  the  same  continent,  as  he  supposed,  farther  cast  sev- 
eral yciira  before.  Nav'iijallonc  di  Vanco  di  Gama,  in  Jlainugio,  torn.  i.  fol.  loO; 
Galcdiio'ii  DUcov. ,])]}.  03-4;  Xavarrctc,  Col.  de  V'uvjcs,  torn.  i.  pp.  xli.-ii. ;  2Iiijor',i 
Prince  llcnri/,  pp.  301-400;  Voi/ajes,  Curious  and  Entcrtainimj,  p.  103;  Lcl/cn  (kr 
See-HcJdcn,  p.  40;  Kotiziedi  Viwiuczdi  Gama,  in  Cancellicri,  Xotizic,  p.  IGo. 

[1498.]  After  the  return  of  the  Cabots  in  August,  1407,  with  the  news  ()f 
liaving  discovered  the  northern  regions  of  Cathay,  King  Henry  issuctl  a  new 
patent  dated  February  3,  1498,  and,  probably  in  May  of  the  same  year,  two 
vessels  with  300  men  sailed  from  Dristol  under  command  of  Sebastian 
Cabot.  Little  is  known  of  the  voyage,  save  that  he  reached  the  coast  of 
Labrador,  which  he  followed  northward  until  at  a  ccrtaiii  point  where  tlie 
coast  trends  eastward  he  found  much  ice  even  in  July.  This  northern  limit 
is  p 
self 

follow.)  Humboldt  in  the  opinion  that  it  was  07"  30',  which  would  place  it  on 
the  Cumberland  peninsula.  Cabot  then  tui'ncd  southward  and  sailed  aa  near 
shore  as  possible.  The  southern  limit  of  this  voyage  is  more  indeflnitc  t;i;:u 
the  northern.  In  a  conversation  with  Peter  Martyr,  prior  to  lolo,  Cal)ot 
stated  that  he  reached  the  latitude  of  Gibraltar,  and  the  chronicler  adds  tlu'.t 
he  sailed  so  far  west  that  he  had  Cuba  on  his  left.  Cabot's  remark  woul  I 
place  him  in  latitude  30',  near  Cape  Ilatteras,  while  Martyr's  addition  nu^lit 
apply  to  any  locality  on  the  cast  coast.  Martyr's  statement  is  the  only  au- 
■  thority  for  the  supposition  by  Humboldt  and  others — see  E.vam.  Crit.,  to;n.  i. 
p.  313,  and  Preface  to  Ghillany — that  Cabot  reached  Florida.  Stevens,  Xoli.-:, 
pp.  17-19  and  3j,  considers  Peter  Martyr's  remark  as  absurd,  since  it  would 
place  Cabot  near  Cincinnati.  He  is  satisfied  that  the  southern  limit  was  the 
gulf  of  St  Lawrence,  founding  tliia  belief  on  maps  of  loOO  (sec  p.  115  tliis 
vol.)  ;;nd  lo03  (p.  120  this  vol.),  1514,  and  1544,  the  latter  said  to  have  bteii 
made  l)y  Cabot  himself.  That  Cabot  diil  not  reach  the  southern  coast  of  the 
L^nitcd  States  seems  proved  by  the  fact  tl'.at  ho  was  in  Spain  from  1513  to 
1521,  holding  high  positions,  including  that  of  piloto  mayor,  while  that  coiiot 
wa.j  actually  being  explored,  and  he  making  no  claim  to  a  previous  discovery. 
The  point  reached,  therefore,  nnist  ninain  undetermined  between  Capo  Hal- 
t 'ras,  where  Kohl  fixes  it,  ami  the  gidf  of  St  Lawrence,  with  a  strong  prolia- 
bility,  as  I  think,  in  favor  of  the  latter.  Xothing  whatever  is  known  of  the 
route  or  date  of  Cabot's  return.  And  it  is  to  be  rememl)ered  that  conceniiiiL; 
this  voyage  we  have  only  one  contemporary  document,  which  is  a  letter  dated 


accd  by  llamusio  at  latitude  50" ;  by  G-omara,  who  states  that  Cabot  liiiii- 
gives  a  much  higher  latitude,  at  58";  by  Galvano,  at  above  GO'.     Koid 


THIRD  VOYAGE  OF  COLUMBUS. 


109 


in  linS,  stating  simply  that  the  oxpcilition  vas  still  absent.  All  mlditional 
(Ktiiils  are  from  accounts  \nitteu  after  the  geograpliy  of  the  Xcw  AVorll  was 
better  known  in  conserinenee  of  the  diicovery  of  the  South  Sea.  Nothing.', 
tlien,  can  be  proved  by  Cabot'.s  voyages  beyond  the  discovery  of  the  continent 
in  .Jane,  1107,  and  the  exploration  of  the  coast  from  the  gulf  of  St  Lawrence 
to  above  GO"  in  1498.  The  statement  of  Ashcr,  Life,  of  JIvio-ij  IhuUon,  Lon- 
don, ISCO,  that  Cabot  "was  the  first  to  recognize  that  a  new  and  unknown 
continent  was  lying  as  one  vast  barrier  between  western  Europe  and  eastern 
Asia,"  accepted  also  by  Kohl,  lliit.  DIhcov.,  ]}.  14j,  appears  to  mc  utterly 
without  foundation.  Cabot's  complaint  that  a  new-found  land — that  is  a 
land  further  north  and  cast  than  any  part  of  Asia  described  by  I'olo — was  a 
banier  to  his  reaching  India,  and  the  fact  that  on  a  map  maiU;  as  late  as 
1.144,  and  doubtfully  attributed  to  him,  a  separate  continent  is  shown,  seem 
Weak  authority  for  according  him  so  important  a  discovery,  ospcciully  when 
other  voyagers  and  geographers,  intimate  witli  him  and  fully  acquainted 
wiih  his  discoveries,  continued  for  many  years  to  join  those  discoveries  to  tho 
Asiatic  continent.  Sec,  bcsi<le  references  on  page  107,  Peter  Martjr,  dec.  iii. 
cap.  vi.;  Clomara,  Hist.  JiuL,  fol.  .'>!,  llo;  Ito'jcrlsonH  Hint.  Aiiicr.,  book  ix. ; 
American  Antiq.  Sor.,  Transact.,  ISC'),  p.  25  ct  scq.;  Kohl'/i  Hid.  Jjiseov.,  pp. 
1I!j-4{3,  481;  Staveim'  Xoles,  pp.  35,  5"2;  KunMinaiui,  Eiitdcclaimj  Am.,  pp.  5I)-4. 

Returned  from  his  second  voyage,  Columbus  found  his  popularity  Avaning, 
and  with  it  the  enthusiasm  for  new  discoveries.  Tho  voyage  had  not  been 
prcjfitable,  had  not  been  fruitful  enough  in  gold  to  satisfy  the  ailvcnturera 
who  accompanied  lum,  and  tiie  ghastly  faces  of  the  mariners  more  than  coun- 
teracted tho  effect  of  the  specimens  of  native  products  exhibited.  It  was 
diilicult,  therefore,  to  obtain  men  for  a  new  enterprise.  Still,  notwithstan<l- 
ing  the  reports  of  his  numerous  enemies,  tho  admiral  was  considerately 
treated  at  court,  and  finally,  by  the  efforts  of  the  queen,  six  vessels  were 
made  ready,  and  Columbus  embarked  from  San  Liicar  on  a  third  voj-age  !May 
.'iO,  1408.  This  time  he  determined  to  steer  farther  to  the  south  than  before, 
in  order  to  reach,  as  he  supposed,  the  richer  jiarts  of  Asia.  After  touching 
at  Madeira,  Porto  Santo,  and  tho  Canaries,  he  divided  his  fleet,  sent  three 
vessels  direct  to  Espanola,  and  with  the  other  three  reached  the  Capo 
^'erdc  Islands  the  27th  of  June.  Thence  he  sailed  fust  south-west  and 
west  through  tho  region  of  tropical  »■  alms,  and  then  northward  to  Trinidad 
Island,  where  he  arrived  the  .Slst  of  July.  Coasting  the  island  on  the 
.«i)uth,  in  sight  of  the  main-land,  ho  entered  the  gulf  of  I'aria,  landed,  and 
found  much  gold  of  an  inferior  quality,  and  an  abundance  of  peai'ls;  from 
which  circumstance,  that  land,  which  was  the  northern  end  of  South  Amer- 
ica, was  lor  some  time  thereafter  known  as  the  I'earl  Coast.  Passing  out  by  tlie 
Boca  del  Drago  on  the  14th  of  August,  ho  followed  the  northern  coast  of  Paria 
to  the  island  of  Cubagua,  beginning  tosuspect  meanwhile  that  the  land  on  his 
h  f  t  v,as  the  main-land  of  Asia.  Ill  health  and  the  state  of  his  supplies  did  not 
liermit  him  to  satisfy  himself  on  that  point  at  tho  time,  and  consequently 
lie  turned  his  course  north-west  for  Espanola.  On  tlie  30th  of  August  ho 
ai  1  i\  ed  at  the  mouth  of  tho  river  Ozema,  where  ho  met  his  brother  Bartolome, 
M  ho  informed  him  of  the  internal  discords  and  external  wars  of  the  colonists. 


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110 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


Francisco  T!oMan  hail  refused  to  submit  to  the  ndmirara  authority,  and  on 
t!»o  ISili  of  OctolKjr  five  ships  were  despatched  for  Spain  with  iiewn  of  tho 
rebellion.  15y  this  departure  Cohimbus  sent  letters  and  charts  describing 
thiTi  I'carl  Coast,  as  his  prcKcnt  South  i\incrican  discoveriea  which  yielded  so 
many  jjenis  were  called.  During  tho  whole  year  following,  peace  was  main- 
tained among  tho  colonists  only  by  tho  most  humiliating  concessions  of  Co- 
liiinbiis  to  Koldau  and  his  crew.  On  tho  5th  of  September,  1499,  Alonso  de 
Ojeda  arrived  at  Kspafiob.  from  tho  Pearl  Coast,  whither  ho  had  been  to  tako 
udvantago  (jf  tho  discoveries  and  inisfortuncs  of  the  admiral. 

Vessels  laden  with  complaints  by  and  against  Columbus  were  despatched 
for  .Spain  in  October;  needy,  ambitious  courtiers  held  King  FeriUnand's 
willing  ear  njaiast  him;  from  his  persistent  advocacy  of  Indian  Blave-tiaffic 
tho  friendship  of  his  patron.  Queen  Isabella,  grew  cold;  and  in  .July,  I.'jCO, 
Francisco  do  Bobadilla  was  sent  to  Kspanola  with  powers  to  investigate. 
Arrived  at  Sa:ito  Domingo  August  23,  tho  commissioner  assumed  at  ouco 
authority,  which  at  most  was  his  right '  nly  after  careful  and  conscieiilious 
incjuiry,  sei::c<l  Columbus  and  his  brothir,  and  in  October  sent  them  in  irons 
to  Spain.  Co'on,  Hint,  del  Alminvile,  in  Uarcia,  tom.  i.  pp.  71-99;  Pvkr  2Iar- 
tjr,  deo.  i.  cap.  vi.-vii.;  Terccr  ViiKje  de  Criilohal  Colon,  in  Xanirrctc,  loin.  i. 
pp.  -  lJ-7<>;  Xiipione ixnd  De  C'oiiti,  JJiojroJia  dl  Co'omho,  pp.  3o0-75;  CaiicvlUerl, 
Xol'izie  di  Co'onJjo,  pp.  99-lOS,  where  is  given  Columbus'  letter  received  ia 
Spain  in  Decendicr,  1498,  but  apparently  not  printed  at  tho  time. 

During  this  third  voyage,  while  aljout  tho  gulf  of  Paria,  new  visions  of  tho 
earth's  fonn  fdled  the  mind  of  the  great  navigator,  inHamcd  as  it  was  by  ill- 
nts:)  and  anxiety.  Tho  world  wa.s  indeed  for  tho  most  part  spherical,  as  hud 
Lceii  Biippoiied,  but  in  this  great  central  region  on  the  equator  he  believed 
tho  surfaco  to  rise  gradually  to  a  great  height,  making  tho  earth  pear-bhapo 
willi  the  terrestrial  paradise,  or  birth-place  of  man,  on  its  apex,  the  waters  and 
i.sliuul.i  visited  by  hini  being  on  the  borders  of  this  elevated  portion.  It  is 
not  necessary  to  enumerate  tho  natural  phenomena,  scientific  writings,  and 
ecripture  texts  with  which  ho  confirmed  his  theory.  In  his  distracted  entlm- 
iiiasin  ho  leaves  us  somewhat  uncertain  as  to  his  idea  of  the  situation  of  this 
new  region  with  respect  to  India  proper  and  tlioso  parts  of  Asia  found  by  him 
in  .a  former  voyage  farther  north.  If  ho  had  supposed  it  to  be  simply  a, 
southern  extension  of  Marco  Polo's  Asia,  ho  would  not  subsecjuently  havo 
Bought  for  .1  strait  or  passiigo  to  India  to  the  north  rather  than  to  tho  south 
of  thi;t  point,  (jiuna's  successful  circunmavigation  of  ^Vfrica  forbade  a  revival 
ill  the  mind  of  Cohnnbus  of  the  old  theory  of  Ptolemy,  that  Africa  extended 
cast  and  north  so  as  to  enclose  tho  Indian  Ocean  like  an  inunense  gulf,  'i'lio 
ndmiral'ti  idea,  so  far  as  he  formed  a  definite  one  on  tho  subject,  must  havo 
been  that  of  a  large  island,  or  detached  portion  of  the  Asiatic  continent,  occu- 
pying very  nearly  tho  actual  relalivo  position  of  tho  Australi.in  archipcla;,'o, 
and  only  vaguely  included,  if  at  all,  in  ancient  or  mediiuval  knowledge  of  tlio 
far  Kast.  !No  other  conelusiou  could  rationally  bo  drawn  from  his  lettei's  and 
fiuliseiji'ient  actions;  antl  wo  shall  find  such  an  idea  of  tho  geography  of  Ihe.so 
parts  often  repeated  in  following  years.  Wo  shal;  also  seo  liow  unfortunato 
it  was  for  tho  posthumous  glory  of  the  great  discoverer  in  tho  matter  of  nam- 
ing the  western  world,  that  ho  did  not  moro  clearly  specify  his  idea  of  thia 


^nXOR  EXrEDITIOXS. 


Ill 


new  land— for  I  litlicvc  this)  was  the  first  suspicion  that  now  limla  of  any 
ci)ii:iiilcral)lc  oxtcnt  c;;i.-jte(l — and  tlir;  his  account  of  this  and  liis  fourtli  voy- 
a^'c  were  not  more  widely  circulated  in  print. 

[14!)0.]  The  discovery  of  tlic  Pearl  Coast,  made  knov.-n  in  Spain  in  Do- 
ccnihcr,  1498,  caused  several  expeditions  to  be  sent  out  in  the  following  year. 
These  were  trading  and  not  exploring  voyages,  and  their  conunrindcra  had  no 
thought  of  cofsmo^'raphy,  caring  little  whether  I'aria  were  the  terrestrial  jiar- 
udisc  or  the  infernal  regioiiH,  so  that  pearls,  and  gold,  and  ijhiVe.i  were  alum- 
dant.  No  connected  journals  of  these  voyages  havo  been  pi'eiierved,  our 
knowledge  of  them  being  derived  from  statements  of  tiic  early  historians  and 
from  testimony  in  the  famous  lawsuit  with  the  heirs  of  Cohunbus,  printed 
in  Xavarrete'a  collection. 

The  first  was  tliat  of  Alonso  do  Ojeda,  who,  by  the  influence  of  Dishop 
Foiisi'ca,  tlic  udmiral's  most  bitter  enemy,  obtained  a  conunission  to  visit  iho 
I'earl  Coa.st,  avoi<ling,  however,  lands  dijcovered  by  the  Tortngucsc  and  by 
Columbus  prior  to  MD.').  In  company  with  Juan  do  la  Cosa  and  Amerigo 
Vespucci,  Ojeda  embarked  witli  four  vessels  from  Santa  Miaia,  neai'  C.'nliz, 
on  the  '20lh  of  May,  14'J!).  Sailing  by  the  admiral's  charts.  In;  touched  at 
the  Canaries,  an<l  after  twenty-four  days  reached  the  maindand  of  South 
America  Ijctwcen  .T  and  G"  north  latitude— that  is  acconling  lo  Ojcda's  testi- 
mony; but  Vespucci's  account  of  what  was  probably  tlic  Eanie  V(jyage  bvings 
tlicm  first  upon  the  continent  further  south.  This  is  claimed  by  Varidiagen, 
L'.ranicii  <lc  ijiic!(jii(:i  po/iili  de  ih'iHlo're  i/('oi/rapIt!'jiie  dii  Jlr'zil,  Paris,  iS.'.S,  as 
the  (irst  discovery  of  Uracil.  Following  the  coast  north-west  for  'JOO  liuigiics 
witliout  landing,  but  discovering  the  two  great  rivers  Lsseijuelsoaiid  Orinoco, 
tlioy  landed  on  Triiiiikid  lidand,  tlie  lln;t  inhabited  coa;;t  whii;h  tiicy  touched, 
wliero  tliey  traded  for  pearls  and  found  traces  of  the  iid;iiival  wlio  had  pre- 
cedoil  them.  Out  t'irou;;!i  the  Pioca  del  Dr^^ro,  following  the  coast  of  Paria 
totlicgulf  of  Pearls,  or  Cr.riana,  landing  on  Margarita  Lland,  anchoring  in 
the  bay  of  Corsarios,  tliey  continued  from  port  to  p(Jit  to  C'aii.liiri\  iclii,  ulirro 
tlicy  had  a  light  with  thi;  natives,  and  f;pcnt  twenty  days  in  a  jwrt  near  iiy. 
Ojed'i  then  visited  Cui'a;:a<)  and  tlio  gulf  of  Venezuela,  where  was  found  a 
town  built  over  tho  water  like  Venice.  On  the  'J  1th  of  August  he  discovered 
Lidie  Manieaibo,  and  afterward  f(jIlowed  the  coast  westward  to  Capo  de  la 
V(.'!a,  v.dienco  he  directed  his  course,  on  tho  IJ'Jth  of  Aug.  st,  to  JJspafiola, 
arriving,  as  we  have  ueen,  Septendicr  ."),  l-i'X).  Jle  riually  retiu'Ued  to  Spain 
ill  t!io  middle  of  June,  ITjCO,  the  voyage  having  yielded  but  a  f'Uiall  prollt. 
Xnvanrtc,  Col.  de  VhviM,  torn.  iii.  pp.  4-11  and  'A\\-'i;  Majorx  I'nnrc  J'tiiri/, 
pp.  .1;)7-0;  Uiimtiohll,  L'.cam.  Crit.,  Unn.  iv.  jtp.  1!)."),  '220;  OfvWo,  Jli.')t.  (leu,, 
torn.  i.  p.  7li. 

Tlio  second  minor  expedition  to  South  America  was  that  of  P('(lro  Aloii -.o 
Nifio  and  Cristobal  Ouerra,  similar  in  its  object  to  that  of  Ojeda.  A  U'vr 
d:iys  after  Ojcda's  departure  they  sailed  from  Palos  in  one  ve>'sii  with  tliii'.y- 
tliree  men,  reiicliing  tho  main-land  fartlicr  north,  and  sonio  liftcen  days  later 
tlian  Ojeda.  Thoy  traded  on  tiio  coast  of  Cumanil  for  three  moiitiis,  thi  ir 
Western  limit  being  the  region  of  Chic!iiri\  iilii,  started  for  liniiie  l''ibruary  l:>, 
l."i(K),  and  arrived  in  Spain  about  the  micldle  of  April  with  u  large  i|Uiiiitity  'if 
pearls.    I'ekr  Martyr,  dec.  i.  cap.  viii.;  ii'omwa.  Hint,  i/c  (an  InUiut,  fol.  US; 


m 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


Xavarrctf,  Co'.  <le  Viiv/rn,  torn.  ii.  p.  147;  torn.  iii.  pp.  11 -IS,  .'ti;  Irvinrf» 
I'oiumhm,  vol.  iii.  p.  37-4'J;   Ilumhofdl,  Exam.  C'rlf.,  torn.  iv.  p.  2.10. 

The  third  expedition  of  tliis  year  was  that  of  Vicente  Yauez  Tinzon,  wlio 
had  commanded  a  vessel  imder  Columbus  in  1402.  Sailing  cuily  in  Pc- 
ccmlx;r,  1490,  from  Palos  with  a  fleet  of  four  vessels  lie  erosscd  the  eipiator, 
and  on  the  20th  of  January — Peter  Martyr  says  the  2Gth,  and  Irving  tiic  28th 
of  January — discovered  land  in  latitude  8°  south,  at  Capo  St  Augustine,  which 
lu!  named  Sant-v  Maria  do  la  Consolacion.  Varnhagcn,  Z,V«Hif/i,  pp.  10-24, 
ciitertaina  doubts  regarding  the  spot  where  Pinzon  first  landcil,  and  thinks  it 
<]uito  as  likely  to  liavo  been  some  capo  further  north.  From  this  i)oint, 
vhercver  it  may  have  l>ccn,  Piiizon  followed  the  coast  to  the  north,  touched 
at  various  places,  discovered  the  jVinazon,  and  in  duo  time  reached  the  gulf  of 
I'aria  Thenco  ho  sailed  through  the  Doca  del  Drago,  arrived  iit  Espafiola  on 
the  23d  of  June,  and  returned  to  Spain  in  September,  I.jOO.  This  voyage  was  aa 
disastrous  aa  the  preceding  one  had  been  iirofitablc.  Peter  Martyr  titatcs, 
dec.  i.  cap.  i.\. ,  that  Paria  was  thought  to  be  a  part  of  Asia  Ijeyoud  llie  Ganges. 
See  also  l)e  Kaviijatlonc  Pinzoni  fiocii  Adinirantis,  el  dc  rcbun  jwr  cum  rtjiertiK, 
in  Orymnis,  Xovim  Orbii,  p.  119;  2\avarrcte,  Col.  de  Viaijoi,  torn.  iii.  pp.  18-23; 
Mtijor'x  Prince  Jlenri/,  \}.  309;  JJumboldt,  Exam,  Crit.,  torn.  i.  pp.  313-14; 
tom.  iii.  p.  221. 

Hero  Iwlongs  Amerigo  Vespucci's  account  of  a  Eecond  voyage  made  in  con- 
junction with  otlicrs  in  the  service  of  the  king  of  Spain.  Departing  in  May, 
1499 — some  editions  of  his  letters  have  it  1480 — from  Cadiz  and  toncliing  at 
tlio  Canaries  he  steered  south-west  for  nineteen  days,  sailing  in  that  time 
GOO  leagues  to  a  point  on  the  maindand  in  latitude  5''  soulli,  —  from 
incorrect  readings  of  the  originals  some  editors  make  him  suy  800  leagues 
and  latitude  8° — where  the  days  and  nights  are  equal  on  tlic  27th  of  June,  at 
which  time  the  sun  enters  Cancer.  Thenco  coasting  eastward  forty  leagues; 
then  north-west  to  a  beautiful  island  and  convenient  harbor;  and  yet  eighty 
other  leagues  to  a  secure  harbor  where  ho  remained  ecventecn  tlay.s  and  gath- 
ered many  pearls;  thenco  to  another  port;  then  to  an  island  fifteen  leagues 
from  the  main-land;  and  again  to  another  i.sland,  which  was  called  CJigantes, 
where  cnplives  were  taken;  then  to  a  fine  bay  where  the  sliips  were  relittcd; 
and  finally,  after  forty-seven  days  at  this  last  place  they  sail  for  Antilla,  that 
is  I'Ispafiola.  Two  months  and  two  days  are  spent  at  Antilla,  wlienco  on  tho 
22d  of  July  they  cndxirk  for  Spain,  and  reach  Cadiz  September  8,  l.'iOO. 
J)e  Sccuiidiiritr  Navhjatinls  Cunu,  Latin  text  and  Spanish  translation  of  Vcs- 
pufci's  letter  in  Navnrrctc,  Col.  dc  Viwjc.t,  tom.  iii.  pp.  242-02. 

It  has  never  been  claimed  th.at  Vespucci  attempted  di.scoveries  in  1490  as 
chief  in  eonnnand.  Tiie  voyage  described  by  him  is  without  tloubt  that  of 
Pinzon  or  Ojoda,  although  D'Avesae,  in  Bulletin  da  la  Sor.  (•'('on.,  makes  it 
identical  with  thatof  Lope.  Humboldt,  Exam.  Crit.,  tom.  iv,  pp.  200et8e(i., 
by  comparing  the  details  decides  that  it  was  that  of  Pinzon,  and  l)y  tho  samo 
method  he  concludes  that  Ve.ipucci's  first  voyage  was  that  umler  Ojcda.  As 
the  points  of  resemblance  arc  slight  in  cither  case;  as  VcHpucci  is  known  to 
have  accomiMinied  Ojoda;  as  ho  would  have  been  obliged  to  return  to  Spain 
before  Ojeda  in  June,  l.'iOO,  in  order  to  sail  with  Pinzon  in  December,  1499; 
itnJ  OS  Vespucci  describes  an  astronomical  phenomenon  which,  us  Humboldt 


LFTE,  OUERllA,  AND  CABRAL. 


Wt 


fttlir.it.s,  eou'.il  not  posdilily  liavc  tiiken  iilacc  tluring  IMiizonV  voyngo,  I  ant 
iiiilimtl  to  accept  the  generally  received  opinion  tluit  Ojeila'a  is  the  voyago 
ilcjc:iljcil.  "  'riicie  can  now  be  no  iloulit  that  Vespucci's  voyage  in  14'J'.)  vaa 
iiU'.-ilical  with  that  of  Ojeila."  MnjorH  Prince  Jliiiri/,  p.  ."TO;  Vanihwjen, 
Ki-<in.,  pp.  1-19.  NavaiTcto  and  Irving  imply  that  tiiis  vva.i  the  only  voyage 
mailc  liy  Vcvpucci  for  the  crown  of  Spain.  However  it  may  \n-,  for  the 
juirpfvjcs  of  thi.i  Summary  the  (juestion  is  of  little  iinporUince;  for  there  are 
no  uioputed  p>;int3  of  geographical  import  depemling  on  the  two  trading 
voyages,  one  of  which  W'Spucji  attempts  to  dcacrihe;  and  if  there  were,  liid 
account  in  the  dill'crent  forms  in  which  it  exists  is  so  full  of  blunders  tliat  it 
cou'.d  tlirow  but  little  light  upon  tho  subject. 

The  fourth  minor  expudilion  of  thi.s  year  was  that  of  Diego  de  Lcpo,  wiio 
Biii'.ed  in  Icsj  tlian  a  month  a.tei'  I'in.;on  — that  is  near  the  end  of  iJcccmber, 
1  i;;;)  — wiih  two  vessels.  Touching  main-land  below  Capo  St  Aug!u;tmc,  i»e 
ob:ie;'ved  tile  !;oulh-wc;;;tern  trend  of  the  coast  below  that  point;  liut  of  his 
Voyage  along  the  ..liore  nothhig  u  known  save  that  he  reached  the  J 'carl  (Joast. 
IV'foru  the  ,"th  of  June  ho  had  returned  to  S|Kiiu.  \aiiirirtc.  Col.  <lc  Viwjvs, 
torn.  iii.  pp.  12;]— 1,  ."ijo-.");  Iltmiholdt,  Lxani.  Crit.,  torn.  i.  pp.  ol  l-l,");  toui.  iv. 
pp.  l-l -2.  ^ 

There  arc  some  scattered  hints  collected  in  llkldk\-i  ^fciiioir  of  Sdiiuitiitn 
Ca'of,  pp.  fil  t  (C!].,  of  a  Uevv'  e.Kpedition  in  llJiO  by  the  C.ibols,  directed 
this  liiiio  to  tvoi)ical  regions.  They  are  not  sullicient  to  render  it  proluiblo 
that  :  uih  a  voyage  was  made,  although  (Jjeda  reported  that  he  found  .sevenil 
Kngli  liinin  erui.;ing  on  the  Pearl  ('oiist.  Vlaijij  Mciioi'c.'i,  in  yuntn-ttc,  torn, 
iii.  p.  11;  /■.'«/,/'.■<  J,'i-4.  J)is<or.,  p.  11."). 

[loOO.]  In  lliis  yi':ir  Cristol)al  (JueiTa  made  a  second  voyage  to  the  Pearl 
Cor.it  with  .some  ^. access,  and  relumed  to  .Spaiu  before  November  I,  bjOl. 
yur.rrnlc,  ('of.  ('c  I'/'ir/r.'.',  ton;  iii.  ]>[>.  '2i-'>,  Spain  also  made  iire|)ar;:tions 
to  e  .ploK!  the  iiorthi  rn  lands  discovered  by  the  Cabots,  but  wiuliout  any 
known  re  ults.  AfcAc/,  (i'..<(7(/(7(/c  (/iv /w/<(/.,  Stuttgart,  1o.k->,  p.  oil);  Xat'itr- 
fv.'.',  CoK  (A;  ]'li';i'.t,  toni.  iii.  pp.  'Il-Ki;  lyidJic'n  Mem.  CuUif,  p.  StKi;  KuWs 
H'c!.  I ><■•<>:•.,  pp.  lOJ  n.  In  Dirriomtrio  Unieeraul,  Aj'tiul.,  article  'N'iagcs,' 
p. ;  ;)■',  i.j  iii'-.iiioneil  a  voyage  to  the  I'earl  Coast  by  Alon.so  N'elcz  de  ^lendoza 
ia  tv.o  ve...  cl.i.     Xo  auihoritics  are  given. 

'i'l.u  year  following  the  return  of  Gama  from  his  successful  voyage  to  India, 
IViI.o  Alvarez  Cabral  was  tnlruated  with  the  eonnnaud  of  thirteen  well- 
nriaed  vc'-.'rI.i,  and  Kent  to  estaliliih  conimen  ial  relations  with  the  new 
emui'.riiM  now  mado  accessible  to  Portugiu'tic  enterprise.  C.diral  embukej 
fri.iii  Li.lH)n  on  the  tHli  of  March,  1.",IK);  thirteen  days  later  ho  hii  behind 
liii.i  tlio  Capo  Verde  I.,lands,  pursuing  a  soiitli-we.-terly  course.  Whether  )io 
was  ilriveu  by  storms  in  tliis  direction,  or  wished  to  avoid  the  calms  of  tho 
(luinea  loavl,  or  v.helher  he  entertaini'd  a  hope  of  re.iehing  some  part  of  tho 
iv^ions  recently  di 'eovered  by  the  Spaniards  is  not  known.  Ceitain  it  is, 
Jiowevcr,  tli.'>t  notwithstanding  his  liaxiug  sailed  for  India,  vn  the  'JJd  of 
April  -llumboldt  Nays  in  I'el)i'uary  — he  foun<l  himself  on  the  coast  of  Pirii/il 
in  about  latitude  10' south,  leaving  a  gaji  probably  cif  .some  170  league  h  Ite- 
tweea  this  point  ainl  the  southern  limit  of  I.epe  and  I'inr.on.  'I'Ikiiic  liu 
coasted  sonlhw.ird,  took  formal  posso.ssion  of  the  land  on  ihe  \A  oi  M,iy  at 
UlHT.  CK.N.  Am.,  Vol..  I.     8 


'*: 


,    i 

;  ! 


114 


EARLY  VOYACES. 


Porto  Secniro,  nn<l  iininod  iho  cowntry  Vcnv  Cnn,  which  name  soon  hoc.imo 
Santa  Cm/.  (  abral  iniiiK'tliatcly  Rent  Oaspar  <U'  Ixnios  in  onr  of  the  sliijis 
liaolv  to  Tortugal  with  an  aocotint  and  map  of  tlie  ni'w  «1i:U'ovt!'it!;.  Leaving 
two  convii'ts  M'itli  tht-  natives  df  that  l•<la^■t,  Taliral  oimtinued  his  jounicy  for 
India  on  the  2'2d  of  May.  Off  the  Capo  of  Cood  Hope  ho  lost  four  vi'ssfls, 
in  ono  of  whic'Ii  was  llartolomcu  IMas,  tlie  discoviTcrof  the  eapc,  and  rcaclicd 
Calient  on  the  Hth  of  SeptemluT.  I'etuniin;^  he  met  at  Cape  Yenle  a  (leet, 
on  hoard  of  wliith  is  .supposed  to  have  heen  Ameii^'o  V(  :piieei,  and  anived 
nt  Lishon  July  2n,  loOl.  Kurijathn  dfl  Ciijiitmio  )\ilro  Alrnrci,  in  Hitiniiih, 
toni.  i.  fill.  i;i'J-0;  Ptirrhns,  llli  Pihjr'mirx,  vol.  i.  h'xike  ii.  pp.  HO-l ;  CminUJi  ri, 
Knthie  ill  Colomho,  pp.  IS-Jl;  Xiu-iirrrtc,  Col.  tie  Vidi/ci,  torn.  iii.  pp.  -(."i-d, 
J)-1-I0I;  lluniMtlf,  Exixm.  Crit.,  torn.  i.  p.  .ll.");  torn.  iv.  p.  'll'.V,  tuni.  v.  p;>. 
f)3,  (!1. 

Tho  Portujotosc  did  not  fiverlook  the  north  while  mahin;;  their  important 
discoveries  to  the  sonth.  Two  vessels,  proli;ilily  in  the  .-^prin^'  of  l.'iOO,  were 
sent  out  uniler<!asparCortorcal.  No  journal  or  ehartof  thevoyaj;c  i.s  now  in 
cxisteneo,  henee  little  is  known  of  its  ohjeet  or  result.s.  Still  more  dim  is  a 
previous  voja^caserilied  hy  Cordiiro  to.IoAo  Yaz  ("ortercal,  fatiierof  (l.i^par, 
about  tile  time  «)f  Kolno,  which,  as  Ktinstmann  viewH  it,  "requires  further 
proof."  Tonehin;j;at  tlie  A;:ores,  (laspar  CorLereal,  possihly  follow  in^;  Cahot's 
charts,  stnick  the  coast  <ff  Newfoundland  north  of  Capo  llace,  and  railiu;^ 
north  discovered  a  laud  which  he  called  TeiTa  Verde,  perhaps  llrecnland,  hut 
was  .stopped  liy  ice  at  a  river  which  he  named  Kio  Xt-vado,  v  hoso  location 
is  utd;nown.  Cortcreal  returned  to  LisUin  hefore  the  end  of  !.")(K1.  Viinrvl' 
liiri,  Xolhic  di  ('olomlio,  pp.  48-!);  Kiuinlinanii,  EiiUhd'iiivj  Ant.,  p.  ,"7:  '■'''/- 
»vn(()'.>;  .'-'■•.■ -oc,  jip. !).'-(!;  Mifjur's  Pr'iicc  /•'luri/,  p.  ;'.7-l;  ICo/il'.i  I.'i-'l.  /-.'■■vo/-.,  pji. 
1G()-S,  17-1-7.  IJiddle,  Mem.  Ciihot,  pp.  i:57  ^dl,  tliinks  that  Cortcreal  landed 
south  of  Cape  Rnec;  lIumlK)ldt,  L'xniii.  t'ril.,  torn.  iv.  p.  '2'22,  is  of  tho  opin- 
ion that  Terra  Verde  Mas  not  (Ircenland. 

In  Octoher  of  this  same  year  llodri^'o  do  lliistidas  sjiiled  from  C'ldi/ v.  itii 
two  vc;!.-,cl.s.  Toueliiug  the  slioro  of  South  America  near  Isla  Venlc,  which  lies 
hetwei'u  (Juadalupe  and  the  maiu-laiul,  he  fnlloweil  the  coast  we.it. uaril  to  ]'A 
Itetrete,  or  pcihaps  Nonihte  de  Ilio.;,  on  the  i.ilhiuu.sof  Daricn,  in  aliout  !)';i(l' 
north  latitutlc.  lloturning,  ho  was  wrccl.cd  on  Espafiola  towanl  the  eml  of 
l,"i01,  and  reached  Cidiz  in  Sipleudier,  \'>02.  This  hcin^'  tlic  llr.st  autiic  utio 
voya;jc  hy  European.s  to  tin;  tiMritoi'y  herein  dethieil  aj  tlio  I'aci.ic  Spates, 
such  incidents  as  arc  known  will  he  ).;i\cn  licrcaftir.  For  references  to  this 
voya;^;e,  see  (trinlit,  Hist,  (.'in.,  toni.  i.  \\  7ll;  tom.  ii  p.  ^!,^■|,  where  tlic  dalo 
given  i;  l.Ml^;  Ooiinini,  //.V.  //((/.,  fol.  (17,  date  of  voyage  al.io  l.'iOJ;  Viii'ir.i 
Mfiioir^,  in  Xiiritm/r,  torn.  iii.  pp.  \1'>-S,  r)4r>-(i;  lUrnra,  Itll.  d'tii.,  dec.  i. 
Hh.  iv.  cap.  xi.;  (.'(tlrmio'.i  />i.-<ioi:,  pp.  f)!)-10(\  elate  of  voya;^e  i.iu.'t;  I  lit, Jm!, It, 
L'.rmii.  ('rit.,  tom.  i.  p[).  .'iOD-l;  tom.  iv.  pp.  "J'JI;  I'oi/nji'i,  Curioii.^  ami  L'uf., 
p.  -I.")'!;  ('hiirfliin'K  Col.  1 '".y.,  vol.  viii.  p.  ;i7"i;  /liirflu'  Col.  I'o//.,  vol.  i.  p.  -'0; 

^^<ljnl■'•<  I'rill''!'  Iltiil'il,  pp.  ;>.''!)- 70;   .\sii  nlo  ifHC  /i!zo  I'oii  slis  J/(f/(  </il(/(.s  ( 'illii'ir.i.i 

li'oiliijf  ill'  lliiMfiiltn,  in  I'll' hi  CO  and  CiinliiMn,  Col.  /)o<\  l^ml.,  torn.  ii.  pp. 
3('rJ-4./7;    llo^nrU'on'x  lllit.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  l.V,);   (Jiiiufami,  I'/iAm  ik  Eijyiuoli.i 
Cilrloi M,  'llilhoa,'  p.  1. 
Of  the  many  manuscript  map.4  and  cluu'ta  nia<.lu  by  navi^ator.s  prior  to  this 


EARLIKST  EXISTINT,   MAPS. 


113 


(.'(IllCfl- 

<;„l- 

.  VV- 
luU'il 
opiii- 

V.  iiK 

t,.  i:i 

lirntio 

III  this 
iluto 

iliv.  i. 

„'">,'. /^ 
ft..  •::»; 

If/.i'/'.'.M 
ii.   I'l'. 

IxlHl).'".'* 


time  none  ll,^vo  Ik-cii  preserved.  In  the  ye:ir  l.lfiO,  however,  a  map  of  the 
MurM  ua.s  nuiile  liy  tlio  veteran  p:!ot  .Iiian  <lt:  l;i  Co^si,  wlio  h.ul  saili'tl  with 
(^)hiinl)us  on  lii.s  secimtl  voyage,  ami  liad  acoonipanied  .Monso  <U'  Ojedii  to  the 
Piarl  Coast.  It  i^  preserved  in  tlie  IJoyal  Library  of  Madrid,  and  xhows  in 
a  ri'inarkahly  clear  manner  all  di  K'overie.i  up  to  that  ilate.  Drawn  in  colors 
and  gold  on  oxdiidc,  on  a  ^cale  of  lifteen  hague.s  to  tlie  degree,  it  lay.s  down 
tile  parallels  of  fJihraltar  ami  I'ari.s,  In'side  the  e(inator  and  tropic  of  Cancer, 
anil  give:(  a  .'•cale  at  the  top  and  hottoni.  Sti  rrns'  ynfct,  p.  1(1.  lliiniholdc 
first  pnMishcd  a  copy  of  the  American  portion,  and  the  whole,  or  parts 
thereof,  have  l)cen  since  published  or  describe il  in  LrlemI,  f!<'o-j.  dii  imv/rii 
(iijc,  toni.  ii.  pp.  100  et.'u'ip,  atla^i,  no.  -tl;  S'i;/rit,  IlUf.  ]if:i/n!ij>'f  tt  jmUl'^jir. 
lU'  /"/'(•  '/<■  C'Jxx,  Pari-i,  1S,".S,  and  atlas;  (HiiUitiii/,  (li'itrh'nhtc,  etc.,  pref.  by 
IlmnboMt;  Jomnnl,  Miviiiniciiti  <!<■  ijioi/.,  atha.i  no.  xvi.,  which  gives  a  fii!l- 
si.'dl  fac-siniih';  Kolil's  Il'..<t.  /ii.icur.,  pp.  l,"d  .">,  "J."/),  plate  v.,  being  a  copy  'f 
the  northern  iiart  frciii  Humboldt  wilh  adilitions  from  .lonianl.  Steveiis  in 
his  -Vo^'-',  see  pp.  ll-I(i,  HH,  'il,  and  plate  i.,  produces  a  photodithograpliio 
cojiy  of  the  western  hemisphere  from  .Toinard.  I  give  a  copy  of  tli,  itral 
poitioMsof  the  western  hemisphere  from  ]Iund><ildt,  Stevens,  and  Kohl. 


(  iti  I'll*  ititii-tu 


^  "Oo^ 


\ 


JlA.N  UK  I. A  Cdsas  A[ai'.  15(H). 

The  upper  portion  is  \orth  America,  an<l  the  lower  South  America,  be- 
tween which  a  continuous  cooat  line  rcnmiiia  a.i  yet  undiscovered. 


m 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


All  the  nculy  found  regions  arc  represented  ns  parts  of  Asia,  and  conse- 
quently nanirn  are  aiiplicd  only  to  islaniU  and  particular  localities.  I'p  to 
this  time  three  portions  of  the  supposed  Asiatic  ticalwanl  liavo  liwu  explmed. 
First,  there  are  the  diseoveriea  of  the  Ciiliots  in  the  north,  represented  as  ex- 
tending from  'Cal)o  de  Yngletcrra' westward  to  tlio  Hag  which  hound. i  tlio 
'Sea  discovered  by  the  Knglish.'  This  direct  western  tren<l  of  the  toast, 
.ijost  likely  laid  down  from  Calx>t's  eharts,  is  one  of  the  strongest  evidences 
that  the  coast  explored  hy  CalM)t  was  the  northern  shore  of  the  gu!f  of  St 
Lawrence.  Another  reason  for  entertaining  such  belief  ii  the  use  of  the 
words  Mar  ihxcnhkrta imr  Yntjkuca  instead  of  Marc  Oimnus,  thus  indicating 
that  it  was  a  sea  or  gulf  and  not  the  open  ocean.  Cosa  could  not  at  the  tiint! 
have  known  the  results  of  Cortereal's  voyage.  On  f'abot's  eo;ist  various 
points  are  named,  but  farther  to  the  north-east  and  to  the  south-west  t'.ie  line 
i<  laid  down  iiidelinitely  and  Avithout  names,  probably  from  Jlaro  I'ulo. 
Kohl  puts  the  inscription  J/tir  t/Mc-H?*(tr/a,  etc.,  fartlier  south  and  we;;t  tliaii 
on  the  original,  and  thinks  the  curve  in  the  coast  west  of  the  last  flag  t »  be 
Cape  Cod.  Tiien  we  have  in  the  south  the  northern  coast  of  Routli  Ai:u  ii,a 
<piito  accurately  laid  down  from  Capo  ile  la  Vela  south-eastward  to  the  limit 
of  Pinzon's  voj-ago  in  1499;  with  a  nameless  eoast-Ilno  south-east  to  tho  local- 
ity of  Cape  Rt  Augustine.  From  Cape  do  hi  Vela  we  have  the  :aiiio  iina;^;!ii:n'y 
const-line  witliout  names  extending  westward,  as  if  to  meet  the  line  fioia  i!ie 
north-east;  but  just  at  the  point  where  the  lines  nnist  meet,  or  bo  Bepar;ilrd 
by  a  strait  leading  to  India  proper,  tlie  non-eommii;tal  map-maki'r  inser'ail  a 
pictiu'e  — indicated  by  tho  double  dotted  line.? — thus  avoiding  (he  expres.  inn 
of  his  opinion  as  to  whether  tho  Peiirl  Coast  was  joined  to  A. ;ia,  or  w.is 
<lctached  from  the  continent.  On  the  original  map  no  attempt  is  i;r.iclo 
to  kIiow  inland  topography,  although  tho  copies  of  Humboldt  anil  Kold  have 
eomo  lakes  and  rivers.  I  have  taken  tho  liberty  to  indicate  tho  inde'.hiite, 
iiiimclcss  coasts  by  a  <lotted  line  for  greater  clearness.  Tho  last  of  the  t!irce 
Fiveral  exploretl  regions  shown  by  this  map  are  the  eeuti'al  island:;,  Cr.ba, 
Lspafiola,  and  others  discovered  by  Colinnbus,  who  was  accompanied  iu  at 
lca:;t  one  of  his  voyages  by  tho  author  himself.  In  this  part  of  the  map  :;.iir.c 
dinicully  Inisariren  fi'om  the  fact  that  Cuba  is  represented  as  an  inland,  v.  Iiilo 
Columbus  is  known  to  have  held  the  opinion  that  it  was  a  part  of  tho  m;;in- 
land;  an  opinion,  as  before  st'ited,  which  was  subscribed  to  umlcr  oath  by  nil 
bis  men,  including  .Tuiin  de  la  Cosa.  On  the  original,  the  western  part  ijf 
Cuba  is  cut  oir  by  gri-en  paint,  the  conventional  fiign  of  (rrra  liirii<j,i'/:t, 
which  leails  Stevens  to  infer  that  the  pilot  "did  not  intend  to  represent  C;:b;v 
to  bo  an  island,"  but  that  he  only  .supposed  it  to  be  such.  Tlii  i,  however,  by 
11)  means  impUi's  that  the  drauglitsniau  intended  to  say  that  Cubawair.nt 
iin  island,  but  rather  that  he  was  not  certain  that  it  was  an  "sland,  but  mily 
fiupposed  it  to  be.  It  v  ill  lie  reniendicred  (hat  the  natives  allirmed  fror.i  the 
livst  that  it  was  an  ida.td,  altlumgh  so  large  that  no  one  had  ever  I'cai  luil 
its  western  extremity.  TI.is  statenunt,  together  with  his  own  ob".erva(ious 
iluring  the  voyage,  probably  caused  Juan  de  la  Cosa  to  afterward  change  (lie 
opinion  to  which  lie  had  perhapi  hastily  .siibscribeil  at  tli<'  re(piest  of  Crluiu- 
bus.  There  cai.  be  but  little  doubt  of  the  authenticity  of  this  map,  although 
Stevens  considers  it  has  been  distorted  in  the  various  copies  and  dcscripuons. 


JUAN  DE  NOVA  AND  "^IIE  CORTKREALS. 


117 


,;)inc 


v.luio 

lii./m- 

l,v  nil 

;irt  ,.i( 

.,,■>;, 

A'r.Ux 

r.-,i.y 

;ri  I'.at 

t'luly 

)ia  t!u> 

■:u'.K>l 

a'aouM 

^l!  Uio 

:c.l;iin- 

l>..',V4h 

i.ious. 

Tliat  tlicautiionlitl  not  himself  make  any  later  additions  to  it  ia  evident  from 
the  fact  that  his  own  siibsecjuent  diseoverie.s  urc  not  siiown. 

(ir)01.]  Again  King  Henry  of  Knglind  isauea  commissiona  pennittiiig 
private  persona  to  i>'ul:o  discovery  at  tlicir  own  cx[H;n.se.  So  "ar  as  kiarn  n, 
liuwever,  uo  voyayc  was  effected  under  this  royal  encouragement,  althougii  it 
ia  not  improlKiblc  that  intercourse  with  Newfoundland  was  continued  after 
Calx)t's  discovery.  Kuiutiiiaiiii,  L'liUli'ckuii'j  Am.,  p.  Tm;  Kohl'ii  Hint.  Ditfor., 
pp.  l>'>,>-7;  Uiddle's  Mem.  Caliot,  p.  'I'lS  et  seq.;  Pt/ulul,  (Ivtu-liichtc  tier  Lntd., 
p.  ',\',\\  et  8cq. 

T!io  rortugucse,  more  practical  in  their  attempts,  push  discovery  in  all 
directions.  Juan  do  Nova  with  four  vessels  sails  from  Lislxm  March  .">,  l.")!*l, 
douUles  the  CaiH)  of  (Jood  Hope,  and  returning  reaches  Lisbon  September  1 1, 
l.yjj,  having  discovered  Ascension  Island  on  the  voyage  out,  and  St  llcieiia 
on  t/ic  return.  GuIvwiok  DUcoi^,  pp.  \)~-S;  Mojor'n  Prince.  I Icnrn,  p.  4i;i;  lliiui- 
bo'ill,  IJ.niiii.  Crll.,  tom.  iv.  p.  •J'J.'i;  tom.  v.  p.  107.  The  Cajie  of  (lood  IIojio 
route  to  India  may  now  l»o  declared  open;  voyages  thither  from  tiiia  time  can- 
not properly  ho  called  voyages  of  discovery;  henco  of  tho  fre(pient  suhsc- 
(jiiciit  voyages  of  tho  Portuguese  to  In<lia  I  Khali  make  no  mcntiou  exci'ipt 
of  such  us  ia  Bomo  way  relate  to  America.  For  a  sumnuuy  of  tiicsc  later 
voyages  sec  Major's  Prince  Ilcnrij,  pp.  41. 'I- IS. 

(I.ispar  Cortercal  this  yeaf  makes  a  second  voyage  to  tho  regicmsof  tho  north, 
sailiag  from  lielem,  near  Lisbon,  M;iy  l."i,  l.")!)l,  witli  two  or  three  vessels 
toucliing  prolubly  at  some  point  in  Newfoundland,  and  cixisting  northward 
soiuo  six  or  seven  hundred  miles.  He  does  not,  iiowever,  reach  tho  Terra  Verdo 
of  the  fomier  voyago  on  account  of  ice.  Ono  of  tlio  vessels — Kunstmauii  says 
two— returned,  arriving  at  Lisbon  Octolx;r  8,  loOI;  tho  other  with  tlio  com- 
niuuilcr  was  never  aftenvard  heard  fron>.  Ono  of  the  ciiief  objects  of  tlii-j 
e\;)i'tlition  seems  to  have  been  Mio  Cnipture  of  slaves.  Tho  name  Ijabradur 
is  !ip[)Ucd  by  Cortercal  to  thia  discovery,  "and  is  perhaps  the  only  perma- 
nent trace  of  Portuguese  adventure  witliin  tho  limits  of  North  America." 
U'UKrojVs  Hist.  U.  S.,  vol.  i.  p.  lii;  Xitrarn'/r,  Co',  dc  VUvjch,  torn.  iii.  p.  11; 
.}f'ior'i  Prince  llcnrij,  p.  r.7l;  Jlitmlioldt,  IJ.rain.('rit.,  tom.  iv.  p.  '2J1;  Ko,'i!'s 
Il'd.  Diiroi'.,  pp.  l(j;)-71;  Pisi-Iid,  Gc.M-hichle  dcr  L'ntd.,  iH).  oIJl  etBe(i. ;  Hid- 
(i.'.  "v  .Van.  L'idiot,  pp.  2117  et  Beij. 

T'lo  Portuguese  also  send  an  exjiedition  to  prosecute  the  discoveries  iK'g.m 
by  Cabral,  who  has  not  yet  returniul  from  India,  but  whose  discovery  of 
Dra.'.il  has  been  reported  by  Lemos.  Strangely  enough  no  doctnueuts  exi^t 
In  llio  Portuguese  archives  totuhing  tliis  voyage,  nor  is  tlu'  namt-  of  its  coin- 
iii.iUili'P  kuo\vn,  although  Varnhagen  thinks  it  may  have  been  Manuel.  II  ii 
kii)'.Mi  as  Vespucci's  thinl  voyage,  and  its  incidents  are  found  only  in  liis 
letters.  Tlie  authenticity  of  this  as  of  his  oilier  voyages  has  been  often 
douljted  and  denied,  and  as  it  is  the  vnyagi^  that  resulted  in  the  naming  of 
Aiueiiea,  it  has  given  rise  to  much  discussion,  into  whicli  however  I  sliall  nut 
enter.  Tlie  discussion  does  not  alVect  the  V()ya;,'i^  itself,  nor  tlie  leading  faits 
cnniiecleil  with  it,  tho  (piestions  being  wliether  Vespucci  wius  in  command, 
which  indeed  he  does  not  claim  to  have  lieen;  and  alnjve  all,  whellier 
till'  r<'suUsof  t!ie  voyage  entitled  him  to  thi'  iionorof  naming  .Vmerica,  whirii 
tluy  certainly  did  not,  even  had  ho  connnanded,  from  the  fact  that  other 


Hi 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


navigators  liail  (liacovcrcil  Ijotli  of  tlio  AincricaH  l)tforc  Iiiin.  XnvaiTcto,  one 
of  \'(.':-i);icii'.i  most  jualoua  ciu'iuics,  adiiiiti  that  licvisiti'il  tlit;  I'ojist  of  I>ra/.il 
ill  a  sulxjnlinatu  capacity  in  Hoinc  I'ortugucsp  c:>;peilitiuii;  aii<l  Iluinboltlt,  in 
an  essay  of  ll.>  payt-a,  effoctually  <kfca(l3  the  veracity  of  Vespucci  in  his 
accounts  of  liis  voyages,  wliicli  the  (listinguishtil  commentator  quotes  witli 
iiotis  on  tiie  variations  of  different  editions. 

Vespucci  was  induced  to  leave  Scvillo  in  order  to  accompany  tlio  fleet, 
wiiicli  consisted  of  tiireo  vessels — some  editions  say  ten,  some  fourteen — and 
V  liich  sailed  from  Lisbon  on  the  13th  of  May.  I'ussing  the  Canaries  without 
landing,  to  tlio  African  coast  and  liasilica  in  14",  prolxibly  Cape  Verde,  tliero 
be  ri.'maincd  eleven  days.  At  this  place  ho  met  Cabral's  fleet  returning  from 
India  unil  learned  tlio  particulars  of  tho  voyage,  including  the  iViuerican  dis- 
coverics,  of  which  he  gives  a  full  account  in  a  letter  written  at  the  time  under 
date  of  June -1,  IJOI,  which  is  a  strong  proof  of  the  veracity  of  his  other 
accounts.  See  extracts  in  llumhoklt,  Kxam.  Crit.,  torn.  v.  pp.  31-41.  It  is 
extraordinary  that  in  the  Kcveral  accounts  <jf  this  meeting  the  name  of  Vivs- 
pucci's  commander  is  not  mentioned.  From  Cape  Verde  tho  fleet  sailed 
south-west  sixty-seven  days  and  touched  the  main-land  the  ITtli  of  August,  at 
a  point  in  o' south  latitude,  taking  possession  for  the  king  of  Portugal.  Thenco 
It  followed  the  coast  south-east,  doubled  Cape  St  Augustine,  and  went  on  in 
si;^ht  of  land  for  tiOO  leagues  to  a  point  in  3J' south— according  to  (iomara, 
4j";  Navarrete  thinks  ii,  could  not  have  been  over  20".  Having  found  no 
precious  metals  during  a  voyage  of  ten  months,  the  Portuguese  abandoned 
this  coa»t  on  tlio  13tli  (or  loth)  of  February,  loOJ,  and  after  having  been 
di'iven  by  storms  far  to  the  south-east,  and  discovering  some  land  whoso 
identity  is  uncertain — Humboldt  thinks  it  was  an  accumulation  cf  ice,  or 
t!io  coast  of  I'atagonia — they  reached  the  coast  of  Kthiopia  on  tho  lOtli  of 
May,  tho  Azores  toward  the  end  of  July,  and  Lisbon  September  7,  l")0i2. 
Vespucci  gives  full  descriptions  of  the  natives  of  Brazil,  but  these  descrip- 
tions, together  with  tho  mimerous  eonllictiiig  statements,  or  blunders  of  tho 
various  texts  relating  to  details  of  the  voyage,  I  pass  over  as  unimportiint  to 
my  purpose.  That  Vespucci  was  with  a  Portuguese  fleet  which  in  loOl-'J 
explored  a  largo  but  ill-defined  portion  of  tho  Brazilian  coast,  there  can  bo 
111)  tlonbt.  (trijiUVHs,  Xovu-i  Orhis,  pp.  l'22-30;  Hiunus/o,  Vhvjiji,  tom.  i.  pp. 
l;)l)-44;  Vkvjin  Maiores,  in  Navartrle,  torn.  iii.  pp.  40,  '2G2-S0;  llumbo'dt, 
Exam.  Crit.,  tom.  v.  pp.  l-Uo;  2IiiJor'ti  Prince  llcnry,  pp.  375-7;  Galmiio'^ 
L1.1I0V.,  pp.  9S-f). 

[l.")02.]  Miguel  Cortci'cal  sailed  from  Lisbon  May  10,  l.")0'2,  in  search  of 
\i\a  brotl'.er  Gaspar,  only  to  sharo  his  brother's  fate.  Neither  of  his  two 
Vessels  appears  to  have  returned.  Viajci  Mciiorc.'i,  in  X^dvarrelc,  tom.  iii.  p. 
41;  J/uiuho'dt,  Ej-ani.  Crit.,  tom.  iv.  p.  '220;  Major's  Priiite  llairy,  p.  374; 
KoIiPk  Hist,  Discov.,  pp.  171-2. 

It  is  probable  that  Portuguese  fishermen  continued  their  trips  more  or  loss 
t  >  i^'ilirador  and  Newfoundland,  but  if  so,  no  accounts  have  been  preserved. 
IloIiI'h  Hist.  JJiscov.,  pp.  187-92;  Kitiislmann,  Ent<leckun<j  Am,,  pp.  G9,  Oo; 
Jlirrcya,  Hint.  Gen.,  dec.  ii.  lib.  v.  cap.  iii. 

In  . January,  li")02,  Alonso  d<!  Ojeda  with  four  vessels  departed  from  Cildii 
on  a  second  voyage  to  tho  I'earl  Coast,  w  itli  the  inteutiou  of  there  establish- 


FOURTH  VOYAfJE  OF  COLUMHrS. 


110 


ing  .1  colony.  Accompanied  by  flarcia  <lc  Otainpo,  Juaii  <lc  Voi-gara,  Ilcr- 
iiaiiilo  lie  ( Juovara,  and  liia  nephew  Vedro  do  Ojeda,  he  touched  at  the  Canaries 
and  Cajic  Verde  iHlaniU,  and  readied  tiio  gulf  of  I'aria.  Itelittin;,'  his  vcs- 
Hi'I.s,  on  the  1 1th  of  March  he  «ct  sail  antl  coiusted  north-westward,  touching 
at  various  points  until  he  came  to  a  port  which  he  called  SantiCniz,  prolmlily 
]3.diia  Honda,  ahout  twenty-five  miles  east  of  ('ape  de  la  Vela.  Durin;^  tho 
vf)yai;(!  along  tho  coaut  tho  vessels  were  much  of  the  time  sepiirated,  follow- 
ing <liiTcreut  courses.  At  Santa  Cruz  Ojeda  found  a  man  who  had  1h;cu  left 
l>y  ]j;i.sli<;a3,  and  there  ho  determined  to  estahlish  his  colony.  A  fort  was 
nuilt,  and  a  vessel  sent  to  Jamaica  for  supplies;  hut  v  lie  colony  did  not  prosper. 
To  other  troubles  were  added  dissensions  among  th'-  (icry  leaders,  and  alxjut 
the  cml  of  May  Ojeda  was  imprisoned  hy  his  companions;  tho  colony  was 
finally  abandoned,  and  its  governor  brought  as  a  prisoner  to  Kspaiiola  in  .Sep- 
temlier.  The  few  disputed  points  of  this  voyage  concern  only  tho  personal 
(juarrels  of  Ojeda  and  his  fellow-captiins.  Xamrrcte,  Col.  de  I'iwj^/i,  torn.  iii. 
pp.  '2S-;)f),  lGS-70,  591  et  seij.;  Ilumlioldt,  Exam.  Vrit.,  tom.  i.  p.  '.I'M;  torn, 
iv.  p.  '220. 

On  the  eleventh  of  May,  loOi,  Cohnnbus  embarked  from  Ciidiz  on  his 
fourth  and  last  voyage,  llefitting  at  Ivspafiola,  he  ilireclcd  his  cour.se  west- 
wai'd,  discovered  tfrra  jinna  at  tho  Guanaja  I.-^lands,  oil'  the  north  coast  of 
liouduras,  and  sailing  southward,  followed  the  shores  of  the  suppuseil  Asia 
to  lU  lletrctc  on  the  isthnuis  of  Daricn,  where  terminated  the  discovery  of 
IJa-stidas  from  tho  opposite  direction,  whose  chart  may  have  been  in  the  ad- 
miral's possession.  Particulars  of  this  voyage  are  gi-  un  hereafter.  Sc(!C'«(/;Yo 
y  I'Ulmo  Vitiijede  CrlMohal  Colon,  in  yavarrcU',  tom.  i.  ^jp.  "277-313;  Colo.i,  Ilial. 
dtl  Almiraiile,  in  Dairiit,  tom.  1.  pp.  101-lS;  (loiiinni,  J/int.  d<:  Iti--!  Iiiduui,  U>\. 
31;  PtUr  Maiii/r,  dec.  iii.  cap.  iv. ;  Ihrrcra,  Hist,  (uu.,  dec.  i.  lib.  \-.-vi.; 
Battoni,  Illstoriadcl  Mondo  Nmvo,  Vcnctia,  1572,  fol.  2S;  Oalvniio'n  Ditcov., 
pp.  100-1;  UolierUon's  llUt.  Am.,  vol.  i.  pp.  lGi-7-l;  Burlv^it  L'urojx'an  S<Ule- 
mciit-i  ill  Am.,  vol.  i.  pp.  37-4o;  Xapioiic  and  Dc  ('ouli,  Biojnijla  (/olomlio,  pp. 
379-400;  Lalmrpe,  Alrc'yd,  tom.  is.,  p.  122;  Aro-iln,  Comp.  llitlOrUo  dc  la 
Xiiciu  flrawula,  cap.  i.;  Navhjat'to  C lirldopliori  Colrmhl,  in  Cri/iui ii.i,  Soi'iis 
Orhiif,  p.  90,  and  elsewhere. 

Since  the  admiral's  discovery,  in  1408,  of  the  Pearl  Coast,  that  is,  the  ex- 
treme northern  shore  of  South  Ameiica,  nothing  had  occurred  to  modify  his 
views  formed  at  that  time  concerning  the  new  regions,  except  to  show  that 
tliis  southern  adilition  of  the  Asiatic  continent  was  nnich  larger  than  had  at 
first  been  supposed.  His  sp(!cial  aim  in  this  fourth  v'.)3-age  was  to  do  what 
\arious  circumstances  had  prevented  him  from  doing  iiefore,  namely,  to  sail 
along  tho  eastern  and  southern  coasts  of  Asia  to  Imlia,  passing,  of  course, 
tlnouvjh  the  supposed  strait  between  tho  niain-l.md  and  the  land  of  I'aria. 
It  is  certainly  extraordhiary  that  this  idea  entertained  by  Columbus  eorrc 
.spnuded  so  closely  with  the  actual  conformation  of  the  eastern  Asiatic  coast, 
and  its  southern  addition  of  tho  Australian  archipelago;  that  this  conforma- 
tion is  so  closely  duplicated  in  tho  ^Vmerican  coasts;  and  that  the  position  of 
tlic  admirnl's  hypothetical  strait  was  almost  identical  with  the  actual  nar- 
rowest part  of  the  American  continent.  Columbus  followed  the  coast  to  tho 
N\'estvru  limit  of  Bustidu<i'  voyage  uud  could  llud  no  opening  in  thu  shore, 


\'20 


F.ART.Y  VOYAfJES. 


I'itln  r  l)cr;iiisi'  Ihc  nnciont  (•hrfuiioIiTs  wcro  faulty  in  mnkiii^'  no  niciitinii  of 
tU'v.i  I'l'c.il  (tippoinl  .siiutlicni  cxtciiMiiin  of  Asi.i,  or  1k'c;uisc  tin-  Ktiiiit  li.ul 
ill  Koiiic  w.'iy  <'sc;iiii'(l  Ills  Hcnitiny.  Ho  tliiTt'for«!  jiIkiikIohciI  tln'  sfiiiili,  ihhI 
gavi-  liiiiiM  If  ui>  tiM»tlu'r  hcIiciiich,  Imt  ho  never  n^limiuiMlicil  lii.s  (irigiuul  iilca, 
ami  ilicil,  l.'iOii,  ill  tli<!  Ix'Iicf  that  hv.  had  rt'ai'hcil  thoMKist  of  Asia,  ami  wiih- 
out  thi(  siis[)i(i(iii  of  a  new  contiiii'lit.  Mort-Kvcr,  his  hdirf  was  ^lla!•^•ll  hy 
ull  (•iismir.'i"il>licrH  iind  Hcholurs  of  tho  ti.n<\  /V/cr  Mitrt>/r,  <lt'c.  i.  cai).  viii.; 
/liiiiJnIi/l,  L'.niiil.  Crtt.,  tolll.  i.  1>.  '2(>;  toni.  iv.  p.  ISS;  riifaci!  ti)  Uli'iUiint; 
MhJiii'h  I'riihf  llcnrij,  \>.  4'_'l);  KoIiI'h  Hist.  JUmor.,  pp.  NO,  'JIJS-K;  Jintj'  iit 
/ill.  /'•7v.'i)j».,  p.  -i-i't;  iSlfirim'  yiitrn,  p.  HT. 

1 1.";!".  I  AiiotliiT  cxiH'ilitioii  was  scut  1>y  I'ortuu'al  in  Hcan-h  of  thi' roitc- 
reals,  Imt  rctiiriicil  unsiioci'ssfiil.  Kuns(in<tiiii,  t^iitiUcLiuiij  Am.,  p.  r»S;  J't.'r/i< /, 
HvM-liWIilr  (((■!•  I'lild.,  p.  JJ.'ll. 

Afconliii'^  ti)  llarrissi',  /lili.  .tm.  Vcf.,  jip.  IT.'J— I,  m»  Iiavc  "ainhi'iitic  <]('^1l^ 
and  ih  positions  proving  lnyoml  doul)t  a  I''r('ni'h  iNpi'ilitirii  to  r.ra/il  as  <'.-.!ly 
Jis  ir:()I!;"  ill  siipl>ort  of  whicli  he  refers  to  />c  fioiineri'lc,  Mviuo'ir*,  Taris,  llil"!; 
Ih-  Uraixrn,  Hist,  itc.i  yiirhjdlioiiK,  I'aris,  l7-")(!,  toin.  i.  pp.  Ktl!  I;  LWinti  Tri- 
vieimil,  i;io  de  .laneiro,  toni.  vi.  p.  -II'J-II;  D'Air.tur,  in  l!ii/'rtlii  ilr  In  So\ 
{»<•«;/.,  loin.  xiv.  J).  I7-. 

In  l.")0;J  thu  I'oi'tu^'iic'sc  sent  ii  third  fleet  of  nix  vessels  under  (ion/alo 
C()ellio  to  nialiO  farthcn-  f'xplorations  on  the  roast  <if  nra;.il,  then  eaMeu  S.uila 
Cm/,  and  to  sail,  if  pos.silile,  aroiiml  its  southern  extiemity  to  India,  an  itha 
that  seems  to  have  heea  eonciived  during  the  preeediii^'  voya;>-,  Imt  whith 
eoulil  not  tiien  he  carried  into  cHuct  for  want  of  supplies.  \  cspucei  eom- 
nianded  one  of  t lie  vessels,  and  setoutwitli  Iiij;li  hopes  of  aeeoni[)li>iiiii',' {_;ie.it 
thin;,'s  for  his  countiy,  his  (.iod,  and  himself.  This  is  known  as  \'u.  pueei'si 
fourth  voyayo.  lleyond  the  account  which  lie  ^ivcs  in  his  letters,  little  is 
Uiiowii  of  it  except  tlie  fact  that  Coellio  made  smh  a  voya;:e  at  the  time. 
The  identity  of  the  two  exped  ions  has  not  l)eea  undisputed,  i>ut  lhiml).>!dt 
oud  Major  l>otli  siiow  that  thi  o  can  ho  little  douht  in  the  matter.  Tin-  lleet 
Kiiled  from  [..ishonon  tlie  10th  of  .lune — X'espuccisays  May — niiiaiiii'd  tw(  I^^! 
orthirleenday;^at  the  Cape  Verde  Ishinds,aud  thence  sailed  south-ca^.L  tow  illiiii 
sight  of  Sierra  Leone.  The  navigators  were  prevented  hy  a  .'torni  from  an- 
choring', and  so  directed  their  course  .'touth-wcst  for  .">;)0  lea;'ues  to  a  desei  t 
island  in  aliout  lat.  \l'  south,  supposed  to  he  Fernando  ile  N'oronlia,  wlieio 
Coclho  lost  his  ship  on  tho  10th  of  August,  ^■^.'spucl■i's  vessel  was  separated 
from  the  rest  for  <iglit  days,  Imt  afterward  joined  one  tjf  them,  and  tlie  two 
sailed  soutliwi'sL  for  seventeen  days,  making  .'iOO  leagues,  and  arri\  iiig  at  the 
I'ahia  ilo  Todos  os  Santos,  lieniaining  there  two  months  and  four  days,  (hey 
followed  the  coast  for  "JdO  leagues  to  the  port  now  called  Capo  I'rio,  where 
they  huilt  a  fort  and  left  twenty-four  menwlio  had  lieloii;;ed  to  tlie  vr  -el 
vhieh  had  lieen  wrecked.  In  this  port,  which  hy  Vcspiieci's  oliscrva'.ioiis 
Avas  in  lat.  IS"  south  and  3.")"  (or  a")  west  of  I.ishon,  they  lemaincil  li\e 
months,  e\ploiing  the  interior  for  forty  leagues;  they  then  loaded  \\  itii  llra.:il- 
wood,  and  after  a  return  voyage  of  seventy-seven  days  arrived  in  Lisln)U 
June  'JS  (or  \i>),  ITitM.  \'espucci  helieved  the  other  ships  of  the  lleet  to  have 
lieen  lost,  hut  after  his  account  was  written,  Coclho  returned  with  two  ^;llips; 
nothing,  however,  is  now  known  of  his  movements  after  the  separation.   J>i 


DIVERS   F.XrRDITIONS. 


121 


Ainrri'jo   i'e^'purri  Finrriithin,   ill    UtinniHin,   toni.   i.,   J.rllrra  /ilini,    fol.    1,10, 
l.r/lrrit  Hfniidii,    fol.   Ill,    Sniiiiiiiirio,    fol.   Ill;    I'lmjin  ili'  I'l.ijiiirio,    ill  A«/vir- 

rr^',  tinii.  iii.  jip.  "JHl-DO;  ,Siiii(/ir>/'/i  Hilt.  Ilnizil,  vol.  i,  i>.  'JO. 

All'iiii.-inlc  A'l.iii'iiiuiiniu  tMiiliril  from  Lislxm  April  (!,  I.'id.'l,  with  four  vrs.mla 
fur  iiiilia;  Im*  •-'  ''iii.i;  liis  courMt;  far  to  tlic  Koiitli-wcst,  aftrr  twenty-four  (or 
twtiity-ci','lit)  <l;iys  In  ,  «,'lii'(l  an  i:slaiiil  previously  ills('ovrr<'i|  liy  \'<  spuiTJ; 
tlicnci!  he  tou<;hi''l  tin;  tii.iin-land  of  I'lra/il,  aftiT  whif^h  hr  proci-i'iird  aroumt 
tho  CajH!  of  tiodil  Hope  ,*o  ludin,  anil  ri'tunu'd  toLi.sl)on  Si'ptcnilx'r  1(1,  l.">(U. 
I'ht'/'iii)  jitf/n  III  ir /inH'i  ]x'r  tiioiiiiiiii  til  h'iii]x>/i,  ill /'nninMin,  toni.  i.  fol.  I."i  ■; 
/'iiniKi.i,  11  in  I'iljriiii'.i,  vol.  i.  j)p.  ItJ  .'I.  lli'r'jniiiiin,  Xoiiijixiine  hi.^lDrhirii 
oiiiiiii'i,  cti'.,  Vcnctii.-i,  l.-iO.'l,  ji  hook  of  <;hroniclcM  pulili.shcd  with  frn(|iu'nt  addi- 
tions to  ilatc,  contain:!,  for  tin;  tirst  tini.-,  in  tl.is  "d'tion,  il  ciiai>tii-  on  the 
newly  f.iund  is'.an  If  of  CnhinihuM.  In  my  copy,  wl  ,•  ',  is  dated  ttn  ye.ira 
l.itd-,  tliis  chapter  i  i  on  folio  .T28.  At  Icii-st  uino  editions  of  the  wc^rk 
appeared  liefon!  l.'iHt. 


[I."i()(.|     Soon  al'ler  (ho  return   from  his  th 


i-oya 


Ven 


■npi 


.  1  wrote  A 


letter  to  I'iero  i1e'  .Me  'iri.  Hutting  fortii  it.s  incidents.  I"!  i  letter,  whieli 
lieiMs  no  ilate,  was  prolialily  writteil  incorrupt  Itali;ui,  luid  after  circulating 
1  ,oMii!  exti'it  in  ni:;ni!iieript,  .-IS  wu.s  the  (niKtoni!.'  tin  time,  it  may  h.ivo 
hecn  }>rinted,  liat  no  copies  arc  kiiowu  to  cxi.it,  and  the  original  is  lust. 
'1  ran:.Ia;ion.i  w<.to  i:j:i''e,  iiov.>;ver,  int(»  Latin  and  (!erma;i,  «lii'Ii  appeared  in 
Hinall  p.iniplilet  form  in  at  lea.st  seventeen  diU'erent  lulitions  hefoie  \'t'~.  under 
the  title  of  Miiiiilim  A'r^vM,  or  ita  c(piivalcnt.  The  carlieut  edition  whicU 
lieai's  a  ilate  is  t!iat  of  1004,  liut  of  the  nine  issues  witiiout  dale,  soiui^  \in- 
(loidiledly  appeared  Ik  fore  that  year.  It  i.s  prolxdile  that  other  edition.;  In  \o 
disai>pcarcd  on  account  of  tln;ir  iinduralilu  fonn.  None  of  N'espueci'a  ollur 
uiiounl.j  are  known  to  ha\e  hcen  printed  before  I."i07. 

'I'lii.i  same  year  the  Lihriito  ili;  liilta  le  Niiriijnziuiic  ihl  I'l'  til  Sjufjim  i.s  saiil 
to  have  hecn  priiiti'd  at  \'eniue,  being  the  tint  collection  of  voyages,  and  con- 
taiiiiu .',  according  (o  llie  few  Italian  nuthora  who  claim  ti;  have  seen  it,  the 
first  tliree  voyagc.i  of  Columbus  and  those  of  Nino  and  I'in/on.  If  authentic, 
it  Wius  the  first  account  of  the  voyage  of  Columbus  to  the  Pearl  Coast;  but  no 
cojiy  i:)  known  at  [ircsent  to  (?xist,  and  its  circulation  must  have  been  small 
conip:ni'd  with  \  i:i^iucci".s  relations.  JIuiiiholilt,  Lu,iiiii,  I'ril.,  tom.  iv.  pp.  07-77; 
Jl-irrUit;  Ulh.  A„i.  Vtt.,  noa.  -J^-tl. 

-V  chart  made  about  l.")()t  has  been  prcscrveil  which  shows  I'ortuguese  ilis- 
coveric.-j  only.  In  the  north  are  laitl  down  Newfonndiaml  ami  Labrador 
luidcr  the  name  of  'Terra  de  Cortte  Keall,'  and  (Jreenland  w  ith  no  name,  but 
>;•)  correctly  represented  as  to  fonn  a  strong  evic'ence  that  it  was  reached  )>y 
Cortereal.  On  the  south  we  have  the  coast  of  I>ra/ii,  to  which  no  narue  in 
given;  between  tiio  two  is  open  sea,  with  no  iudii'ationof  Spani.sh  di.scoveric.<. 
Kiiiik/iihuiii,  Lulitfrkiiiij  .Iw.,  pp.  l'27-!Si  und  Jliiiiii/i  Altim,  no.  iii.;  KoU'ii 
liUl.  tiinioi).,  pp.  171-7,  plate  viii. 

With  (!ie  year  l.'itH  the  lishing  voj -.ges  of  the  Rrctoni  and  Xormans  to 
Newfoundland  are  said  to  have  begun,  but  there  arc  no  accounts  of  any  par- 
ticular \oyagc.  So'irr  liii  inirejuiuoiicx  tls  lt)n  riwonijtiaoit  a  tai  marcn  ilf  J'l  rri- 
luH'ti,  in  Xiininrlc,  tom.  iii.  p.  17(!;  ]'ia<jeM  Mciiorfs,  IiL,  p.  -1(1.  Kunslmauu, 
L'lildo.kiiiiij  Am.,  p.  U'J  et  sei^.,  makes  these  trips  begin  with  Denys'  iu  lo03. 


122 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


Juan  do  la  Ccis.a  cqni;ipo;l  ami  armed  four  vessels,  riiiil  was  dcHpatclicd  ia 
tlie  Hcrvitc  of  Queen  Isaliella  of  Spain,  to  explore  ar.d  tralo  in  tlic  vicinity 
of  the  gulf  of  Urabii,  and  also  to  check  rumored  enci'oachments  of  the  I'ortu- 
gncso  in  that  direction.  All  that  is  recorded  of  the  expedition  is  that  in 
1,")0(J  the  crown  rccei-  cd  4fll,70S  niaravedis  as  the  roj'al  share  of  the  profits. 
Carta  dc  C'ridohal  (juerra,  in  Xavanrtc,  torn.  ii.  p.  'J'J3;  CarUi  ilc  la  Hcina, 
in  Id.,  torn.  iii.  p.  109;  liealCcdula,  adiclon.  Id.,  p.  101.  Stevens,  in  his  Nolcii, 
p. .".'],  gives  the  date  as  1.305. 

[l.'iO.").]  Alonso  dc  Ojeda,  with  three  vessels,  made  a  third  voyage  to  Co- 
quibacoaand  the  gulf  of  Urab:'i.  Notklas  bioijrujkasdcl  ca^ilan  Alonao  llojeda, 
in  Nai'unrle,  torn.  iii.  p.  109. 

The  letter  written  by  Columbus  from  Jamaica  July  7.  1503,  describing  tho 
events  of  his  fourth  voyage,  ia  preserved  in  the  Spanish  archives.  If  printed, 
no  copies  are  known  to  exist,  but  an  Italian  translation  appeared  as  Voy'ia  dc 
Ui  LiUcni,  Venetia,  loOo. 

A  Portuguese  map  made  about  1505  by  Pedro  Rcincl  shapes  Xowfound- 
land  more  accurately  than  the  map  of  1504,  being  the  first  to  give  the  name 
'C.  Kuso'  to  the  south-east  point;  but  Greenland  is  drawn  much  less  correctly. 
Kundiimnn ,  Eiitderkuinj  .liii.,  pp.  125-7;  Munich  Alias,  no.  i.  I'late  ix.  in 
Koli!\t  1114.  DiiicoiJ.,  pp.  177-9,  dillors  materially  from  the  fac-siiuilc  in  the 
Muiihli  Al'iu,  See  also  Pcschcl,  d'cuchichle  dcr  Laid.,  p.  332;  Schmdkr,  Uchcr 
eiiii'jcn  (Av  hnnd-irhrij'tlklu'n  Seckarlen,  in  Akademie  der  WmciidchuJ'kn,  Ab- 
hand!.,  torn.  iv.  pt.  i.  p.  '217  et  seq. 

[1500.]  The  Bretons  under  Jean  Dcnys  are  said  to  have  explored  the  gulf 
of  St  Lawrence,  and  to  have  made  a  map  whicli  has  not  been  found.  The 
reports  of  this  and  of  succeeding  voyages  northward  arc  exceedingly  vague. 
C/iar'civl.i;  Jll.tt.  dc  la  Xouirl'c  France,  Paris,  1714,  torn.  i.  p.  4;  VkiijCii  2lc- 
vorci,  in  Navarrele,  tom.  iii.  p.  41;  Kohl's  Hist.  Dkcov.,  pp.  201-5;  Kunstmann, 
L'litdcrkiinij  Am.,  p.  09;  JJaiicroJ't's  J/i.st.  U.  S.,  vol.  i.  p.  10. 

Vicente  Yarn;:  Pin;:on  made  a  second  voyage  with  Juan  Diaz  dc  Solis,  in 
which  ho  explored  the  gulf  of  Honduras,  from  the  Guanaja  Islands,  the 
western  limit  of  Columbus'  voyage,  to  the  islands  of  Caria  on  the  coast  of 
Yucatan,  in  search  of  the  passage  which  was  still  believed  to  exist  between 
tho  main  continent  of  Asia  and  the  land  known  as  the  Pearl  Coast,  Santa 
Cruz,  or,  in  the  Latin  translations  of  Vespucci,  as  tho  Jfuiidus  A'ovus,  or 
New  World,  llricf  mention  of  this  voyage  may  be  found  in  I'iajcs  J/o 
norcs,  in  Xararrclc,  tom.  iii.  p.  40,  repeated  in  Irvlnifs  Cohinihus,  vol.  iii. 
p.  52;  and  llmnholdt,  Lxam.  L'rit.,  torn.  iv.  p.  228.  See  also  Itclse  dcs  Di'iz 
dc  i)o!!s  ttiid  Yaiicz  I'iitzoii,  in  HaiiunluiKj  alkr  Iiciscbcschrcibuiiijcii,  tom.  xiii. 
p.  157. 

Tristan  da  Cunha  in  a  voyage  to  India,  sailing  from  Lisbon  March  (>, 
1500,  round  Cape  St  Augustine,  heard  of — cut  coiinaissance  dc — a  Itio  Sao 
Sebasti.io  in  the  province  of  Peniambuco,  and  discovered  the  i.'and  since 
called  by  his  name,  in  37^  5'  south  latitude,  on  his  passage  to  tho  Cape  of  Good 
llopu.     Galvauu  does  not  mention  that  Cuuhu  reached  America. 


On  the  20th  of  May,  1500,  nt  \'alladolic1,  died  tho  great  admiral  of  the 
Western  Oceun,  Christopher  Columbus;  wlioso  story,  notwithstanding  hi« 


THE  XAMIXO   OF  AMEPJCA. 


123 


.in 

tho 

ist  of 

iautii 
(ir 
J/.- 
in. 

xiii. 

;h  0, 

S,u) 

Good 


innumciablc  liistoriaiis,  is  nowhere  more  fully  comprchendetl  than  in  the 
Biliiiile  Hues  which  ini'.y  he  kcou  to-ilay  upon  liis  tnuib: 

"  Por  CnBtilln  y  por  Leon 
Kupvo  Muudu  hullo  Colon." 

MaTci  of  VoUerrn,  CommenUir'torum  urhannrum,  Rome,  lyOG,  a  kind  of  gco- 
{.'lapliical  cncyclopnedia,  contains  a  section  on  the  Icx'n  iiiipcr  rrpfrla.  Five 
cilitions  are  mentioned  as  having  been  issued  In  the  years  lolO,  ir)ll,and 
1530,  all  but  one  at  Paris. 

M.  Vamhagcn  claims  that  the  original  mixed  Italian  text  of  Vcspneei's 
first  voyage  was  printed  in  Florence  in  \'>0r>  or  1500,  and  that  several  copies 
have  been  preserved.  This  is  the  text  used  by  him  in  his  defense  of  \'es- 
pucci.  See  Premier  Vo;/.,  Vienna,  ISGO,  and  Vojnirr!,  non  ctiractirr,  etc., 
Lima,  ISO."),  in  which  the  letter  is  reproduced.  I  find  no  mention  by  any 
otlicr  autlior  of  such  an  edition. 

[l.'iOT.]  No  voyages  arc  mentioned  in  this  year;  but  the  bibliography  of 
the  year  is  remarkable.  Montalhwldo  (or  Zor/i),  Pwni  Xoitninnitc  rclroiKiti,  El 
Soiio  Mondo  dii  Alhcrico  W'-ipiitio,  Florcntino,  intiitdato,  Vinccntia,  l.'iOT,  ia 
the  second  collection  of  voyages  issued,  and  the  first  of  which  any  copies 
at  present  exist.  Tliis  work  is  divided  into  six  books,  of  whieli  the  fourth 
ami  lifth  relate  to  America,  the  fourth  being  a  i-cproduetion  of  the  Lihrdto  of 
l.")()4,  while  the  fifth  is  tlic  Nono  Movdo,  or  thinl  voy.-ige  of  Vespucci;  and 
its  mention  in  the  title  shows  how  important  a  feature  it  was  deemed  in  a 
wuik  of  this  character.  In  the  following  year,  besidcH  a  ntw  Italian  cilitinn, 
tlufo  appeared  a  German  translation  under  the  title  of  Hue  Ian  iter,  A'l  in: 
tiii'iihuitlic  Inndtt',  Nureml>crg,  blOS,  and  a  Latin  translation,  ItJiiirnr.u 
Piin'inllc.ii't,  Milan,  1."j08.  At  least  fourteen  editions  in  Italian,  Latin, 
(Kinian,  and  French  appeared  before  l.'iDO. 

J/i/htromyliis  (Wdfdncc-JI  idler),  Co.inwjrnpliiir  fiitrodrctio. . .  .fn.viper  fjun- 
tiior  Anii'rici  Vcfiinirij  Xniii'jationrA,  Dcodute  (.St  l)ii',  Lorraine),  1.507,  is  tho 
title  of  a  work  which  appeared  four  times  in  tho  same  place  and  year.  It  i.i 
the  first  collection  of  Vespucci's  four  voyages,  and  generally  regarded  as  tlio 
lirst  edition  of  the  first  and  fourth,  although  as  we  have  seen  JI.  Varnha;.'i  n 
claims  an  Italian  edition  of  the  first  in  1500.  This  account  of  tlio  third 
Voyage  is  dillercnt  from  that  so  widelj*  circulated  before  as  Mtiiid-is  A'o'v/.s. 
Tinee  other  editions  of  the  work,  or  of  the  part  relating  to  Vespucci,  ap- 
pealed in  1509  and  1510.  In  J/i/lamini/lui  tlie  folhnving  passage  occurs; 
"  Ijiit  DOW  that  those  parts  have  been  more  extensively  examined,  and  an- 
other fo'irth  part  has  been  discovered  by  Amorieus  (as  will  V)e  seen  in  tho 
Beijuel),  I  do  not  see  why  we  should  rightly  refuse  to  name  it  America, 
namely,  the  land  of  Amcricus  or  Amei'ica,  after  its  discoverer,  Aineiictis,  a 
man  of  sagacious  mind,  since  both  Kuropc  and  Asia  took  their  names  from 
Women."  Here  we  have  the  origin  of  the  name  'Amerie;i.'  To  the  northern 
diMoveriesof  Columbus,  Cabot,  and  Cortereal,  on  the  islands  and  coast  of  tiio 
supposed  Asia,  no  general  name  was  given  because  those  regions  were  alreaily 
named  India,  Cathay,  Mangi,  etc.,  while  names  were  applied  by  Kunipe.'ins 
oiily  to  particular  places  on  the  new  coasts.  When  (.'olumbus  in  bIDS  ex- 
plored the  uorthcrn  coast  of  South  America  he  had  no  doubt  it  was  iv  portion, 


124 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


*.i 


though  prohahly  a  detached  portion,  of  Asia,  and  the  terms  Pavia  and  tlie 
Pearl  Coast  sufTiceil  to  designate  tlic  region  during  the  succeeding  trading 
voyages.  Concerning  these  voyages,  only  a  letter  of  Columlms  and  a  slight 
account  of  Pinzon's  expedition  had  been  printed,  apparently  without  attract- 
ing niucli  attention.  The  voyages  of  Columbus,  Ikistidas,  and  Pinzon  along 
tlie  coast  of  Central  America  were  almost  unknown.  Meanwhile  the  fame  of 
tlio great  navigator  had  hccomemucliohscurcd.  His  enterpriseson  the  supposed 
Asiatic  coast  iiad  been  nnprofitiiblc  to  Sjiain.  The  eyes  of  the  world  were 
iii'W  directed  farther  soutli.  ])y  the  Portuguese  the  coasts  of  Ih'uzil  had  been 
t'NpIored  for  a  long  distance,  proving  the  great  extent  of  this  soutli-eas^tern 
portion  of  the  supposed  Asia,  whose  existence  Avaa  not  indicated  on  tlic  old 
charts,  and  which  certainly  required  a  name.  These  Portuguese  explorations 
and  their  results  were  known  to  the  world  almost  exclusively  by  the  letter  (jf 
Ver.puci.'i  so  often  printed.  To  the  Latin  translation  of  the  letter,  the  nauio 
Jfindim  Xoriix  had  been  applied,  meaning  not  necessarily  a  new  continent, 
but  simply  the  newly  found  regions.  The  name  'America'  suggested  itself 
naturally,  possibly  through  the  influence  of  some  friend  who  was  an  admirer 
of  A'cspncci,  to  the  Cennan  professor  of  a  university  in  Lorraine,  as  appi'o- 
priate  for  the  new  region,  and  he  accordingly  proposed  it.  Having  ])roposed 
it,  hisi  piido  and  that  of  his  friends — a  eli(pie  who  had  great  induencc  over  tlio 
producticms  of  the  German  press  at  that  period — was  involved  in  securing  its 
adiiptlon.  No  open  opposition  seems  to  liave  been  made,  even  by  the  Portu- 
guese wjio  had  applied  the  name  'Santa  Cruz'  to  the  same  region;  still  it  m^s 
long  before  tlie  new  name  replaced  the  old  ones.  In  later  years,  wIk  n 
America  was  found  to  be  joined  to  the  !iorthern  continent,  and  all  that  great 
land  (o  lie  entirely  distinct  from  Asia,  the  name  had  become  too  llnnly  fixed 
to  be  easily  changed,  and  no  cflbrt  that  we  know  of  was  made  to  change  it. 
Later  still  some  authors,  inadvertently  perhaps,  attributed  the  lirst  discovery 
to  Vespucci.  This  aroused  the  wrath  of  Las  Casas  and  others,  and  a  discus- 
sion ensued  which  has  lasted  to  the  present  time.  Sec  list  of  partisans  on 
both  sides  in  //(trriisc,  IJih.  Am.  Vet.,  pp.  0.1-7.  Muftoz  and  Xavarrete  insist 
that  Vespucci  was  an  impostor,  but  others,  headed  by  Humboldt,  have  proved 
conclusively  that  the  name  'America'  was  adopted  as  the  result  of  the  s'  uic- 
what  strange  combination  of  circumstances  described,  without  any  intenl.onal 
wrong  to  Colundjus.  This  conrlusion  is  founded  chiefly  on  the  following 
reasons,  namely:  The  honor  to  Vespucci  resulted  chiefly  from  his  third  voy- 
age in  l.lOl,  and  not  from  his  first  voyage  in  1407,  which  last  mentioned  is 
the  only  one  possible  to  have  claimed  precedence  over  Cohunbus  in  the  dis- 
covery of  the  continent.  Furthermore,  neither  Columbus  nor  Vespucci  t.'ver 
suspected  (hat  a  new  continent  had  been  found;  and  to  precede  Cabot  in 
reaching  Asia,  Vespucci,  even  if  relying  on  his  first  voyage,  nnisu  have  dated 
it  fiomewhat  earlier  in  1407  than  he  did;  while  to  precede  Columbus  he  nuiyt 
liavo' dated  it  before  M0'2,when,  as  tlicyboth  believed,  Cohunbus  had  touched 
Asia  at  Cuba.  Then,  again,  theio  is  no  evidence  whatever  that  Vespucci  ever 
claimed  the  honor  of  discovery.  He  Avas  on  intimate  terms  with  the  admiral 
and  his  friends,  an<l  is  highly  spoken  of  by  all,  especially  by  Fernando  Colon, 
vlio  was  extrenu'Iy  jealous  in  every  particular  which  might  alfcct  his  father's 
honor.     Moreover,  it  is  certain  that  Vespucci  did  not  himself  propose  tlio 


BOOKS  AND  MAPS  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


125 


name  'America;'  it  is  not  certain  that  ho  even  used  tlie  term  Muudiis  Xovus 
iir  its  eijuivalent  in  his  letters;  ami  it  ia  (juitc  possible  that  lie  never  oven 
knew  <if  I'.i.i  niiinc  beinj^  aiip'.ied  to  tlic  \e\v  World,  tiinec  the  nanie  did  not 
collie  into  general  ll^5e  until  many  yeanj  after  hid  deatii,  wliicli  oeeiiired  in 
l.'d'J.  The  most  serious  charge  whicli  iu  my  oi)inion  can  be  brought  against 
Ve  p'.u^ci  i.i  ne;;'.c'ct— perhaps  an  intentional  deciittion  for  the  pui'iiose  of  ^iv- 
ill"  hiiiv  elf  temporary  prominence  in  the  eyes  of  hi:;  correspondent—  iu  failing 
!■!  11.11110  the  eiiinmanders  under  wIkjui  ho  Bailed;  and  with  exaggeration  and 
cai lie  SUCKS  in  lii.i  details.  Hut  it  is  to  lie  rcincmbered  that  his \viilin:,'.iuero 
t-lni}  ly  letters  to  friends  deseril)iiig  in  familiar  terms  the  wonders  of  his  voy- 
n;-'<:",  Avith  little  care  for  dry  dates  and  names,  reserving  particulars  for  a  largo 
Viirl;  v.liieh  he  had  prepared,  but  which  lias  never  come  to  light.  "After 
all," -ays  Irving,  "this  is  a  (piestion  more  of  curiosity  than  (jf  real  moment 
. . .  .about  which  grave  men  will  continue  to  write  «  eary  volumes,  until  tho 
Kuliject  acquires  a  fictitious  importance  from  tho  mouulaiu  of  cuiitiovcrsy 
hr.iped  upon  it."  <\tnc(:'/!<  ri,  A'ol<'zic  <li  (Jaloinho,  pp.  11-8;  JliuiJi  .id/,  L'.mm. 
Cr'l.,  torn.  iv.  and  v.,  and  Preface  to  Oh'tlUniij;  Nnvarrctt,  Cul.  tie  Vhnji.^, 
toiii.  i.  p.  CNXvi.;  Majiira  Prime  J/ciiri/,  pp.  ."80-8;  Kuhr.t  Jlisl.  I)i.-<ci:r.,  p. 
4!!i!;  Ilin-ri'"'!',  llih.  Am.  I'c^.,  pp.  fi.VO;  l)\\cMtir,  .Martin  J/i/l(tcuiiiii!iM,  I'hi'm, 
l>Sw7;  ^fln'l(Z,  Hid,  Xiuco  Mnmlo,  p.  x.;  Slcmis'  Xnlci,  pp.  '21, ',)'),  ."/J  et  seip ; 
17 'j/rv  f/f  Visjiiiriii,  in  Xiirurnte,  tom.  iii.  p.  IS.'];  Carta  dil  Ljciwi.  Hr.  Va- 
coiiih'  de  S'liil'trrii,  in  Xnrnrrctc,  tom.  iii.  pp.  ."OO-."]-!.  Ludd,  Sj.cfiiH  Orlii.i, 
Strarlu'.rg,  l."07,  adopts  Waldsee-Miillcr'a  suggestion  8o  far  as  to  .Kpeak  of 
the  'American  race,'  or  people,  ij('ii(ii<  Aiiicrlri.  JIajor,  i'riim:  llniri/,  jip. 
3'")-S,  explains  the  comicctiou  between  this  and  other  works  ol  tlie  time  iu- 
llucuced  by  the  St  DiJ  cliipie.     See  also  Strci'ii.s'  Xola,  p.  ."J."). 

[ir,0!i.]  Pinznn  and  .Solis,  with  Pcilro  Ledcsma  as  pilot,  were  sent  by 
Spain  for  the  third  time  to  search  southward  for  the  strait  \\  hich  tlicy,  as 
Well  as  Columbus  and  llastidas,  hail  failed  to  iiml  farther  nortli  and  west. 
Sailing  from  San  Liicar  Juno  '2!),  l.'iOS,  they  toucheil  at  tlio  Capo  \'crdo 
Lslaii'^  i,  proceeded  to  Cape  St  Augustine,  and  followed  the  coast  south-west 
to  about  -lO"  south  latitude,  returning  to  Spain  in  October,  l.jOi).  I'iaji.s  J/u- 
itorr'<,  ill  Xnnirrclc,  tom.  iii.  p.  47.  Kohl,  JJic  liciilcii  idlatcn  Kartiii  ivn  .Im., 
p.  1 10,  joins  this  voyage  to  the  preceding  one  of  l.lOo. 

Am  ther  of  Ihu  uncertain  Fiench  voyages  to  Newfoundland  is  reported  to 
have  lalicn  place  iu  loOS,  under  tho  command  of  Thomas  Aubcrt,  from 
Iiii'plie.  Viivju  Jfeiiorci,  in  XuiitrrcCe,  tom.  iii.  p.  41;  KakCn  J,'i.it.  JJiscor., 
pp.  •JC;)-.'. 

In  l.'OS  the  governor  of  l^spafiola  sent  Sibastian  de  Ocanipo  to  e.'.ploro 
Cull,',.  He  was  the  fii-st  to  .sail  round  the  island,  thus  proving  it  such,  us 
Ji',;iii  de  la  Cosa  probaVily  imagined  it  to  be  eight  yeai's  earlier.  .Ik,  XiIiih- 
Ititr'ji'  Virsaiiic'iivj,  tom.  vi.  p.  1;  Jltrrcra,  Hist,  (,'ai.,  dec.  i.  lib.  \ii.  cap.  i.; 
ib'A'cc;*,-,''  X^.tct,  p.  .V). 

Ptii'tniij,  III  /luf  iijvrc  fiirr  rontiiiciitrr,  nio;irajilii(r  ('!.  /'/o'l  iiin i,]liinn\  l.'ifl.S, 
is  jail  to  be  tlie  first  edition  of  this  woriv  \\  liicii  contains  a!luoion,s  to  tlu  N\w 
^\■|ll•ld.  Other  editions  of  Ptolemy,  prepared  by  dillcrent  editcu's,  witii  a  I- 
diti  'ual  text  and  maps,  and  with  some  changes  in  oi'iginal  mattci',  appeared 
in  l-jll,  i:.l-J,  loi;],  IJI'J,  l./JO,  \o22,  i:>-2r),  lo3-',and  looo.     The  edition  lirst 


120 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


Hi 


mentioned  contains,  in  addition  to  tlic  preceding  one  of  1507,  fourteen  Itnves 
of  text  iiiid  an  eiigiavod  map  l)y  Juliunn  Iluy.sch  — tlio  first  over  jiuMi: lied 
wliicli  includes  tlio  New  World.  Copies  have  been  printed  liy  Lelewel  in  liia 
Ocoij.  dti  incyi'n,  inje,  atlas;  by  Santarem,  in  his  Rechen-hcs,  Paris,  1842,  atlas; 
and  by  Humboldt,  Kolil,  and  Stevens.  I  have  taken  the  annexed  ropy 
from  the  three  last  mentioned  authorities,  omitting  some  of  the  unimportant 
names. 


Map  by  Joh.vnn  lUvstii,  1508. 

This  map  follows  closely  that  of  Juan  de  la  Cosa  in  IHOO,  but  illustrates 
more  clearly  the  geographical  idea  of  the  time.  The  discoveries  of  Cabot, 
vliom  liuyKch  is  fiupiniscd  to  have  accompanied,  as  well  as  those  of  Cortereid 
in  the  iioi'th,of  Greenland,  Labiador,  and  N(^\vfoundland,  are  laid  down  v.i'.li 
tolerable  accuracy;  and  the  I'cst  of  the  supposed  Asiatic  coast  as  in  Ucliainrs 
globe  is  taken  from  Marco  I'olo.  In  the  centre  wo  have  the  lauds  di.icovcied 
by  (.'oliuubus,  and  ilie  old  fabulous  island  of  Antilia  restored.  To  '  Spa^^uola' 
(Espufiola)  is  joined  an  inscription  stating  the  compiler's  belief  that  it  Mas 
identical  with  Zipanj^'U,  or.la[)an.  AN'estern  Cuba  is  cut  oil"  by  ascroll,  in:;t(ad 
of  liy  green  paint  as  in  ilie  map  of  Juan  de  la  Cosa,  with  an  inscription  to  the 
effect  that  this  was  the  limit  of  Spanish  exploration,  liuysch,  having  as  yet 
no  knowledge  of  Ocampo's  \  iiyage  performed  during  this  fame  yeai',  e\ideut!y 
entertained  the  name  idea  respecting  Cuba  that  was  held  liy  Juan  dc  la  Co^a, 
but  (lid  not  venture  to  proclaim  it  an  island.  In  the  south,  the  New  AVorld 
isshown  uiuler  the  name  'Terra  Sanctie  Crucis  sive  MvndvsXovvs.'  An  open 
Bca  separates  the  Xow  World  from  Asia,  nhowing  tluit  liuyseh  did  not  know 
of  the  unsuccessful  search  for  this  passage  by  Columbus,  Ikistiihis,  and 
I'inzon.  It  is  worthy  of  remaili  that  the  name  America  is  not  used  by  this 
countrynum  of  llylacomylus.  Humboldt  thinks  that  he  had  not  seen  tlio 
CoHnwi/nqthio!  Iiitrodvctiu,  but  had  read  aonic  other  edition  of  Vespucci's  third 


OCCUT'ATIOX  OF  TIERRA  FIRME. 


12» 


voyage.  r.:-fim.  Cri'.,  toin.  ii.  pp.  Ti,  0;  toni.  iv.  p.  121,  and  rrcfaco  to  CJuUninj. 
8ro  alro  KifKfitii'um,  Ent'lckiiinj  .Iw..,  pp.  13i)-7;  llorrisse,  Bib.  Am.  ]'il.,  pp. 
107-S;  A'.///'V  l/iif.  /'rn'oc,  pp.  l.j(5-8;  Slnrii.i''  Xolr-i,  pp.  .Tl-2. 

[l.'CO.]  Stiimilatctl  by  the  ailniiral's  gold  iliscovciics  at  Vcragua,  which 
had  hcin  coiToboi-ntod  by  sub.serpu'nt  voyages,  King  Fcruinand  uf  Spain 
dittiiiiincd  to  cr;tablish  colonics  on  that  coast.  The  icL,ion  hnown  an  Ticna 
Firnie  was  to  that  end  divided  into  two  provim.es,  of  which  Alonso  du  Ojeda 
Wcas  appointed  governor  of  one,  and  Diego  do  Nicuesii  of  the  other.  'Jjcda. 
sailed  from  I'Ljiafiola  Xovenibcr  10,  1.100,  and  .Nicuca  .'^oon  followed.  Their 
adventures  form  an  important  part  (if  early  Cential  Ann  riean  hiit(;ry,  and 
arc  fully  related  in  the  following  chapters.  IHiring  the  .Mieecer.ing  yeara 
frequent  voya/jes  were  made  back  and  forth  between  the  new  coloiiie.i,  .l;;maica, 
Cub  I,  and  Kspanola,  which  arc  for  the  most  part  omitted  here  as  not  eon;;ti- 
tutuig  new  dii^eoveries.  Pihr  Mcrlijr,  dee.  ii.  cap.  i.;  GnnnD-'i,  liiM.  I  ml., 
fols.  (';7-0;  Oalrniu's  DUc(n\,  p.  100-10;  Oroi',  Hist.  Can.,  toni.  ii.  pp.  121-8; 
Jhrrint,  llht.  ('en.,  dec.  i.  cap.  vii.  lii).  vii.  et  set^. 

The  (Hihas  Miitidi,  Strasburg,  1.jOO,  an  anonymous  work,  \:{.s.  the  fust  to 
apply  the  name  America  to  the  southern  continent.  Ilitmholot,  Kxam.  (  rif., 
tum.  iv.  p.  M:';  M(tJor\i  Prince  I/ciiri/,  p.  ."ST. 

[l,M  I.]  .Tuan  do  Agranionte  received  a  commission  from  the  Spanish  gov- 
ernment, and  made  arrangements  to  sail  to  Newfoundland  and  the  hauls  of 


isht  'Ir  hrimiili   L^ 


I'KTEn  MAurvii's  .Mu',  1511. 

the  norlliwe.sterii  ocean,  but  nothing  furtlier  is  known  of  the  matter.  Vhvjea 
Min«ri.-<.  ill  A'<(«vrm<.',  torn.  iii.  p.  4'J;  .Si'linrnrt'i  tk  In  Pdiui  Ih  un  .hiann, 
in  .\,ti':in-<li;  torn.  iii.  p.  l'2-2.  /'.  JA'ctyr/.s  Aii:il!i>iei/inl,ii,eii.'<'s  i^n-'i,  So- 
viUe,  I.MI,  is  the  lirst  edition  of  I'eter  MartyrH  tirst  decjide;  containing  iu 
ten  letters,  or  books,  accouutaof  tho  lirut  three  voyages  of  Columbus,  certaia 


128 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


expeditions  to  llic  rcail  Coast,  and  closing  with  a  liricf  niciilion  of  the 
admirals  fotirlli  voyage.  Tlic  Itanitd  aullior  v.as  i  ci^ciuslly  sici^r.uiiilL'il  v.itli 
Ci.'liin;l)u,-,  anil  lii.s  iilationu  arc  tonittijucnily  cf  gitat  vaaiu.  lliis  v.oik  ton- 
tains  a  iii!;i',  cf  wliith  I  give  a  copy  from  Stcvtns,  the  tnly  fac-tiniilc  i  liavu 
Been. 

Tlic  map  sliowB  only  Spanish  discoveries,  but  it  is  ]>y  far  the  most  accurate 
yet  made.  Cuba,  now  proved  to  be  an  inland,  is  to  laid  dovn.  2so  name  is 
given  to  the  Miindua  ^'oviis,  which,  by  a  knowk'(''ge  of  the  '  pani!-.h  vcyagei>, 
i.i  mai'c  to  extend  mueh  farther  north  and  west  than  in  liiiy;^cir8  map;  but 
above  the  known  coasts  a-  place  is  left  open  where  the  p;;sta^o  to  India  it  was 
believed  nii^^'lil  y(  t  bo  found.  The  representation  of  a  lOiin'.ry,  cone;;ponding 
■wit'i  rioiida,  to  the  north  of  Cuba,  under  the  name  of  '  I.;la  de  Lciuiiiii,'may 
indicate  that  FIo!  ida  had  been  reached  either  by  Oc:inipo  in  luO'i,  by  sonic 
p;ival.e  adventuier,  as  Diego  Mimelo,  who  is  .said  to  have  preceded  I'ouce  dc 
Leon,  or,  as  is  claimed  by  some,  by  Vespucci  in  his  preLeuded  voyage  of  l-i'J7; 
but  more  probably  this  region  was  laid  down  from  the  older  maps — s^eo  lie- 
liaim's  map,  p.  '."o — and  the  name  was  applied  in  aeec;  da:;ce  with  the  n  ports 
among  the  natives  (:f  a  wonderful  country  or  ksh'ud,  whicli  they  culled  lluuu'i, 
tituated  in  that  ilircelion.  The  map  is  not  large  enou;.h  to  thow  e.'cacl'y  the 
relation  which  I'ctcr  Martyr  supposed  to  exist  between  tlie.e  regions  and  tlie 
rciit  cf  the  world,  but  the  text  of  the  first  decade  leaves  no  doubt  that  lie 
Btill  Ifclicvcd  them  to  be  parts  of  Asia. 

The  rinlc'ihii  of  K'll  has  a  map  v Inch  I  have  not  ccen,  but  v.hicli  fioin 
cert:iin  descriptions  resembles  thatof  LuyKcIi,  except  that  it  rcpreicnt.i  TcriU 
C'oiieualis  as  an  ishmd  hi'iarated  from  the  juipoted  Asiatic  coast;  the  liaiiie 
f^iiiic'a'  Crucis  for  South  America  being  still  ictaincd.  As  long  as  the  new 
lands  were  b(  licvi'd  to  be  a  part  of  A:  ia,  the  maps  bore  ticnie  rc:;cmLIai;ce  (o 
th(^  actual  countries  intended  to  be  represented,  but  frcm  the  fast  c'av.ning 
of  an  idea  <  f  tcparate  lands  \\e  sliall  tee  the  greatest  eonfu;  icn  in  the  i  li'uits 
cf  map-maker:i  to  ilepict  the  New  AYorld.  //(i/viW,  I'/Jj.  Aui.  It/.,  no.  (JS; 
Kii):x{m(i)in,  Liihlixliiiiij  All!.,  \?,o;  Ktli!,  JJic  Icidi ii  a'toiUii  Kai-kii  vun  Am., 
p.  ?>?>.     A  copy  (f  this  n:ap  was  publiLhed  in  Ldcinl'ti  Al'ux. 

[\rV2.]  T!ic  Wc.-t  India  Lland.s,  in  which  the  fi-'paniarda  are  at  length 
firmly  e:  tabliflicd,  IjecuUie  now  the  point  of  new  departures.  Con(;ucrors 
ami  di;(ovcrcrs  hencefortli  f(;r  the  mott  part  sail  froia  Il:;pariola  or  Cuba 
I'afhcr  tlian  f'.c  m  Spain.  .Juan  route  de  Leon,  a  wtaltliy  citi.xn  \\ho  had 
been  gov<'in<;r(f  I'utrto  lliLO,  fitted  out  three  vcLCeh;  at  hi.i  own  cxpintc, 
and  iidli'd  iu  icarcli  of  a  fountain,  wliieh  according  to  the  traditions  of  the 
natives  Iiad  the  j  roperty  of  restoring  youth,  and  v.  hicli  v,  as  jiaiated  in  tlio 
liind  eallid  Jliiuini  far  to  the  north.  Tins  infatuation  had  Ijccn  curicnt  iu 
the  I.  lands  bu'  :  evcral  years,  and,  as  we  liave  seen,  the  name  v.as  applied  to 
Buch  a  haul  cu  I'eter  JIartyr'a  map  of  b'dl.  Sailing  frcm  1  ucrlo  Kico 
Marrli  ;>,  It'd'J,  Ponce  d.e  Leon  followed  the  nortlurn  c(,a.'-t  <jf  ll;panola,  and 
tlicnce  nortli-wcst  through  the  IJaliamas,  i-eac.hing  San  Salvador  on  tiie  bltli 
(if  }\Iareh.  Thirteen  days  thereafter  he  k\\\  the  eoatt  of  Florida,  bo  named 
by  liim  frcm  the  day  of  discovery,  which  was  Pajicna  Florid.a,  or  llastcr-duy. 
The  native  name  of  the  land  was  Cautio.  On  the  'Jd  of  April  the  Spaniards 
landed  in  oO"  S',  and  took  possession  for  the  king  of  Spain;  theu  following  tlie 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  OCEAN. 


129 


ro.nst  .southvard  tlioy  dcjulilfd  Cape  Coniciitcs  (Canaveral)  May  S,  and  ail- 
vaiiccil  to  uii  iiiKktirniiueil  imiiit  on  tho  suutlioru  or  cafjUin  coast,  wliich 
Ivohl  tliiiikH  may  have  bcun  Charlotte  IJiiy.  All  this  w  hile  they  htlievuil  tho 
ci'iiiitry  to  be  an  island.  On  the  14tli  of  June  J'once  do  Leon  dcpartcil  from 
riuri.la,  and  on  hi:j  return  touched  at  the  Tortiiga;*,  at  the  Lueayos,  at  l!u- 
haiua,  i'.r.d  at  t-an  Salvador,  an  iving  at  J'uerto  llieo  the  "Jlst  of  .Seplendxr. 
lie  lift  hehind  one  ve.^sel  under  J  nan  Perez  de  Ortuhia,  vlio  arrived  a  few 
days  later  vith  the  news  of  having  found  Liiliini,  hut  no  fountain  of  youth. 
Hii^c  dn  I'oiicc  dii  Li  on,  itiid  EnUhi  Lun'j  von  Fb.rida,  in  Siuiuiilun;)  alli  r  Ji'vi-fC- 
biM-ii.,  tiiiii.  xiii.  p.  18S;  Viaijcn  Jhiiunti,  in  y<imri-dc,  toni.  iii.  pp.  oO-3: 
liiid  fiduln  duiido  j'acultdtt  d  Franciico  de  Oannj,  iu  Xuvarrclc,  toni.  iii.  p. 
14S;  U'Ucoi  r'^Li-  iSc/itij;-,ioijt  door  ilcn  J)ti]')x  n  iiJcaii  Poir.v  dc  Lcoii  i/id'nn/  iintir 
l''ond'i,  in  dollj'rkd,  tuni.  iii.;  (iuiiKira,  Hist.  Jiid.,  fols.  M-'2;  GaUti/iu'g 
Jji.<ri.i:,  p.  V2o.  Kohl  places  tho  voyage  in  I'Au,  relying  on  Peschel,  who,  ho 
say:j,  ha:i  pHAeil  the  year  l.'dj  to  he  an  impossible  date. 

Iu  l.'/l"J  the  llegiilor  Valdivia  was  sent  l>y  the  colonists  from  the  gulf  of 
Paricii.  then  called  Uraba,  to  Espanola  for  supplies.  Ecing  wrecked  in  a 
viulerit  teni[iest,  he  escaped  iu  boats  to  the  coast  of  Yucatan,  where  he  and 
lus  companion:)  were  made  captives  by  the  natives.  Some  were  uacriliced  to 
the  goda,  and  then  eaten;  only  two,  Gonzalo  Guerrero  and  Geronimo  de  Agui- 
lar,  survived  their  many  hardships,  the  latter  being  rescued  by  Cortes  in  l.JUt. 
'J\  rqiii ,itad(i,  2fuiair(j.  Jiid.,  tom.  i.  pp.  oGS-7-;  Goniara.  //fc^^  J/i-x.,  fol.  "Jl-'J; 
ll'i-rirn,  lli-it.  (kii.,  dec.  ii.  lib.  iv.  cap.  vii. ;  CojoUudo,  UUt.  Yucat/uut, 
pp.  'Ji-O. 

The  very  rare  map  in  StobniKZu'ii  Ptolemy,  Cracovia',  l.")12,  I  have  not  seer- 
It  is  said  to  show  the  Xew  ^Vorld  as  a  continuous  coast  from  oO''  north  lati- 
tude to  -JO'  t;outh.  Neither  iu  the  text  nor  in  the  map  is  found  the  name 
Aiaeriea. 

(1."j1.').]  In  September,  Ljlo,  Vasco  Xuncz  de  Balboa  .set  out  from  the  set- 
{]( iwcnt  of  Antigua  on  the  gidf  of  Urab.l,  and  crossing  the  narrow  isthmua 
V  liicli  joins  the  two  ^Vmerieas,  discovered  a  vast  ocean  to  the  southward  on 
tliu  other  side  of  the  supposed  Asia.  Tho  Isthnms  hero  v\ma  east  and  west, 
and  on  cither  side,  to  the  north  and  to  the  south  are  great  oceans,  which  for 
ii  Inng  time  were  called  the  -S'ortli  Sea  and  the  South  ,V!ea.  After  exi)loring 
the  neighboring  coasts  he  returned  to  Anti'.'ua  in  January,  1311,  after  an  ab- 
HUce  of  four  months.  Ci'alvano'n  Diacoi'.,  pp.  l'j;]-ri;  /V't/*  Martijr,  dec.  iii. 
cap.  i.;  Orkdo,  ]H<l.  d'ai.,  torn.  iii.  pp.  !)-17;  Aiulijoya-i  Xnrrafirc,  p.  7; 
i\[iia  del.  Adc'uiitado  Vasco  Nunez  dt  Balboit,  in  Pac/i' co  and  Curdciii.i.-t,  Col, 
Due.  InuL,  toni.  ii.  p.  ."iiiC. 

The  Ptdloitij  of  ird.'J  has  a  map  which  is  .saiil  to  have  been  made  by  Ilyla- 
cnniylus  as  early  as  loOS,  but  concerning  which  there  seems  to  be  much 
inuxrtainty.     I  give  a  copy  from  the  fac-simile  of  Sti'vens  and  Varnhagcn. 

Tlii!  name  Cuba  docs  not  appear,  and  in  its  place  is  Isaljcla.  Many  t  f  tho 
n;nii(\i  given  Ijy  other  maps  to  [loints  on  the  coast  of  Cuba  are  transferred  to 
tiio  main-land  opposite.  The  compiler  evidently  was  undecided  whether 
Cuba  was  a  part  of  tho  Asiatic  main  or  not,  and  therefore  represented  it  in 
lulh  ways.  The  coast  line  must  be  regarded  as  imaginary  or  taken  from  tho 
old  charts,  unless,  as  M.  ^'arnhagen  thinks,  Wspucci  actually  sailed  aloUi^ 
llisi.  Ce.n.  Am.,  Vol.  I.    9 


' 


I.: 


130 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


the  Florida  coast  in  1407.  This  map  if  made  in  l.")OS  ma)'  he  regarded  ns  tlio 
first  to  join  tlio  southern  continent,  or  Mundus  Novus,  to  tlie  i.Miiin-liind  of 
Asia.  Thi.^  southern  hind  is  tailed  'Terra  Incognita,"  with  an  iiiscMiption 
stating  expressly  that  it  was  discovered  by  Columlms,  notwithstanding  the 
fact  that  its  su;  posed  author  proposed  the  name  America  in  lu  nor  of  Vespucci 
only  the  year  before.  In  fact  the  map  is  in  many  lespccts  inc(jiicrtnt,  and  i.s 
mentioned  l)y  most  writers  but  vaj.ue]y.  Jlitrr!xi<<',  llih.  Am.  Vtt.,  no.  74; 
J/tii.-ihnldf,  L'jnin.  Cril.,  torn,  iv,  pp.  100  et  spij.,  and  Preface  to  dhiUnvy ; 
KitiiisliiiiDul,  Lnldvdaui'j  Aw.,  ]ip.  I.'IO-'J;  Kihl,  l-k  li'uhii  (lihu'cii  Juirlni  roii 
Am.,  p.  .",'5;  Varii/iO'jcii,  A'nuvcllci  Iiic/i(rc/iit<,  Vienna,  IfCt),  p.  f.O;  Sfcrnis' 
Xiiti's,  pi.  ii.  no.  i.  pp.  1.'^,  14,  51;  MiiJor\-<  Prince  llciirij,\i\\  385-0;  Santiron, 
in  Hull,  fill  de.  la  Soc.  O'ro'j.,  May,  1847,  pp.  318-23. 


^ilttnt'-i-Xl'  fli  li'-itrtis 


{lilscovered  by  Columlme) 


TERRA      INCOGNITA 


Troptviis  Cti/iWi'orii  l_ 


rrirlii  SfflKivi^ 


n..i..,i,i,.  -I 
j:'':'-'^ n 


Map  FnoM  Ttolemy,  1513. 

The  name  America  is  thought  by  Major  to  occur  first  on  a  manucciipt  map 
by  Leonardo  ila  Vinci,  in  the  queen's  collection  at  Windsor,  to  which  he 
ascribes  the  date  of  1513  or  1514. 

[1514.]  Pcdrarias  Diivila,  having  been  appointed  governor  of  Cnstilladi! 
Oro,  by  which  name  the  region  about  the  isthmus  of  T>ari(  n  was  now  called, 
Bailed  from  San  Liicar  with  an  armada  of  fifteen  vessels  and  <jver  'JOOO  men, 
April  V2,  1514.     Tho  special  object  of  this  expedition  was  to  discover  and 


GRADUAL  ENLARGEMENT  OF  THE  TWO  AMERICAS.       131 


»;rttle  tlic  shoros  of  the  South  Sea,  Mhosc  oxistonco  had  been  roportnl  in 
Sjiiiin,  l)Ut  w  hose  tli.si'ovcry  hy  Vasuo  Xuncz  do  lliillxKi  \v  .s  not  known  licforo 
the  diparturc  of  IV'ih-arias.  Jlcrrirn,  dec.  i.  lib.  x.  cap.  xiii.;  I'vfir  Mnrt>/r, 
due.  ii.  cap.  vii. ;  doc.  iii.  cap.  v.;  Ou'vuiin'i  Iliffov.,  p.  l2o;  Quiiituna,  Vidta 
lie  L'<}>iiiiol>;-i  C'clchns,  '  lialhoa,'  p.  28;  UohcvUoii'ti  1114.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  'JOT. 
Sec  chapter  x.  of  this  vohunc. 

[151.").]  Juan  Diaz  dc  Solis  sailed  from  Lepc  Octobers,  l.TlTi,  with  three 
vessels,  and  surveyed  the  eastern  coast  of  South  America  from  ("ape  San 
I.'iiipie  to  Rio  Janeiro,  where  he  was  killeil  Ijy  the  natives.  Navamli',  CdI.  iIa 
]"<iij'-i,  toni.  iii.  pp.  4S-J0.  Three  vessels;  were  litted  out  at  St'ville,  wAl 
iiianued  and  armed  for  a  cruise  again.st  the  Caribs,  under  command  of  Jiuui 
I'onic  de  Leon,  but  the  Spaniards  wi'rc  defeated  in  their  first  encounter  with 
tiie  .'■avagcs  at  (hiadalupe,  and  the  expedition  was  practically  :d;undoned. 

'I"hc  adventures  of  Ra<lajoz,  Jlereado,  Morales,  and  others  in  151.">-1(5  and 
the  liillowing  years,  by  wliich  the  geography  of  the  Isthmus  was  more  fully 
determined,  arc  given  elsewhere. 

S''lidner,  Lucuh-ntii-ninm  ijiiadd  terrw  iotbia  descrlplio,  Nuremberg,  l.")l.",  and 
nnotljcr  edition  of  the  .same  work  under  the  title  (Irh'ix  Tiijn-s,  .^anic  place  and 
date,  haveachapter  on  America  'discovered  by  Vespucci  in  14!)7.'  In  Hclih, 
Miti-jarilha  P/iilimojiliica,  Strasburg,  1515,  an  encyclopedia  frequently  repub- 
lished, is  .1  map  vhicli  is  almost  an  exact  copy  of  that  in  the  Plnlint'j  of  l.")l.^, 
e  cept  in  its  names.  Tlic  maiu-Lmd  to  tlic  north-west  of  Cuba  is  called 
Zoana  Mela,  but  the  names  of  certain  localities  ii'.ong  the  coast  are  omitted. 
Diitli  Cuba  and  Espafiola  are  called  Isabcla,  and  the  southern  continent  ia 
laid  down  as  '  i'aria  sen  Prisilia.'  llaril-i.si:,  Bib.  Am.  \'<l.,  nos.  SO-"J;  Kui..4- 
7IIIUIII,  LiildechiiKj  Am.,  pp.  130-1;  Kohl,  Die  lielden  iiltwU'H  Kurtm  von  Am., 
p.  ?)?>;  Stevens  Xof'H,  p.  52;  fac-simile,  pi.  iv.  no.  "2. 

[l.")l().]  After  Ponce  dc  Leon's  voyage  in  1512  or  1513,  and  probably  iwfore 
that  time,  trips  were  made  Ijy  pjivate  adventurers  uortliward  from  Espanola 
ami  Cuba  to  tlio  Islands  and  to  I'lorida.  Among  these  is  that  of  I)ic;;(>  do 
Mi'.'uilo  in  151(5,  who  probably  visited  the  western  or  gulf  coast  of  Florida, 
ami  brought  back  specimens  of  gold.  Xo  details  arc  known  of  the  expedi- 
tion, aareildsxo  de  la  Veijn,  La  Florida  del  Inen,  JIadrid,  17-3,  p.  5. 

Jje/lira  di  Amcri'jo  rexitteri,  I'lorence,  1510,  the  second  collection  of  tho 
fiiur  voyages;  I'etir  Martyr,  loannes  ruffus,  De  Orbe  Deraden,  Alcala,  151(i, 
tlic  ihst  edition  of  three  decades;  and  Oitidiniaui,  P.-a'ti  riiim,  Genoa,  1, ")!(), 
which  appends  a  life  of  Cohindms  to  the  nineteenth  IValm,  arc  among  tho 
mw  books  of  tho  year. 

[1517.]  Eden,  ia  his  dedication  of  an  English  translation  of  Miiiintir'f  C<w. 
vioiirojih/,  in  1.553,  rpeaks  of  certain  ^hips  "furnished  and  set  forth"  in  1517 
under  Sebastian  Cabot  and  Sir  Thomas  Pert;  but  so  faint  was  tho  heart  of 
the  baronet  that  the  voj'agc  "  toke  none  eHcet.''  On  this  authority  soiiio 
authors  liave  ascribed  a  voyage  to  Cabot  in  1517,  to  regions  concerning  which 
till  y  do  not  agi'ec.  An  expedition  whose  destination  and  resultsarc  unknown, 
can  have  had  little  efreet  on  geographical  knowledge;  and  Kohl,  after  a  full 
discu;sion  of  the  subject,  seems  to  have  proved  against  Diddle,  its  chief  sup- 
porter, that  there  is  not  suiUeient  evidence  of  such  a  voyage,  yariiiatioiie  di 
S'li(i.4inin)  t'abotu,  in  Hiiiituulo,  tom,  ii.  fol.  212;    Kuiintmaiiii,  Eittdickumj  Am., 


r.' 


EA?J.Y  VOYAOES. 


i 


;!i 


I   :' 


I 

1, 


[ii 


PI-.  r>1-r>;  ;?.i;m-  ./.■  /?.»•/,. //<-,  in  r„ill<t},i,  Snr.  Cion.,  Apr.  lSn2,  p.  200;  Tr/rr 
Mtirhir.  lice.  iii.  c/iji.  vi. 

Fr.-mcisco  llenuiinlcz  <U^  Conloli;!,  witli  time  vcki;('1;i  nn<l  110  iiu  ii, 
snilnl  frniM  La  lluliana  Fcbniarj'  S,  I.TIT,  sent  by  the  governor  of  Culia 
to  )ii:il;c  <\jiloiati<ms  lowanl  tlic  wciit.  Toilcliin;,'  at  Cape  Catoilic,  in  Yiiia- 
tail,  III'  coa.sti'il  till'  iKiiinsiiIa  in  llftccn  <lay:i  to  Cainiu'clio,  and  six  days  later 
ve.'iched  Potonchan,  or  Champoton,  when;  a  battle  was  fought  with  tin;  natives, 
and  the  Spaniai'dt  d(  feated.  Ai  ronnts  indicate  that  the  explorei-M  weri;  not 
lUKMiinious  in  snpposiiv^  Yucatan  Xi>  bean  i:land,  as  it  M-as  afterward  re  pre- 
sriitecl  on  some  maps.  Failing  to  procure  a  supply  of  water  in  the  .nlou^h  of 
l,a'.'artos,  Cordoba  Failed  across  tlic  f!ulf  to  Florida,  and  theme  returneil  to 
Cuba,  where  he  died  in  ten  days  from  his  wounds.  I  (hul  nothing  to  ;  Iiow 
what  part  of  Florid;  iie  t(juehed.  Tiinjiniiiwln,  Munaiy.  Iii'l.,  torn.  i.  pp.  lil'J- 
fjl;  A'Vr  Martyr,  dec.  iv.  cap.  i.;  Oddli,  lliit.  Oai.,  tom.  i.  pp.  407-8;  '''"'- 
vitiio'i  /)!'!ri,r.,  pp.  i;!0-l;  Coiiuira,  f'liinj.  Mix.,  fob  8-0;  llirnni,  lli^l.  Gat., 
dec.  ii.  lib.  ii.tai).  xvii. ;  Cogolltidn.  ///.<'.  )'(»Y(<//a»,  pp.  H-S;  /Vf.vco^/V  JAj;.,  vol. 
i.  ]  p.  222-'J4;  I'Iu'/im  JA<7i'j)'r.<f,  iu  Xdrnrnlc,  tom.  iii.  pp.  'yi-7i\  Wi^l-Iiidl^cltt: 
,V///>.7/,.7,  p.  18S;  /r,r.'»i'rrf,i,  Col.  Due,  tom.  i.  pp.  ."..".S-fl. 

|ir)b'\]  The  foltowiiig  year  Juan  de  Orijalva  waH  s-ent  from  Cuba  to  carry 
on  ihe  explorations  begtin  by  CV.rduba.  (irijalva .sailed  from  Santiago <le  Cuba 
Aii'.il  S,  1.")1S,  wilh  four  vessels,  reached  the  island  of  Santa  Cru;;  (Cozumel) 
on  the  I]d  of  Maj',  took  pos.ses.sion  on  the  (ilh  of  May,  and  shortly  after  ente;  cd 
Asi'cnsiou  VtA\.  From  this  point  he  coasted  Yucatan  270  leagues,  by  hi^j 
estimate,  to  I'uerto  Deseado,  entered  and  named  the  liio  de  tirijalva  (Taba.seo), 
and  took  posse^-ision  of  the  country  in  the  vicinity  of  \'era  Cruz  iibout  the 
lOih  of  June.  Advancing  up  the  coast  to  Cabo  llojo,  he  turned  about  and 
entcretl  Kio  Tonal.i,  engaged  iu  a  parting  light  at  Chainpotou,  followed  t!ie 
coast  for  several  M'eeks,  and  then  turned  for  Cuba,  arriving  at  Matauzas 
about  the  1st  of  Xoveuibcr.  During  his  alwenco,  Cristi'ibal  de  Olid  had 
coasted  a  large  part  of  Yucatan  in  Kcureli  of  Grijalva's  licet.  PcUr  Marl>/r, 
dec.  iv.  cap.  iii.-iv. ;  Tnn/iiniKvf.n,  Jfoiinrt/.  /ml.,  tom.  i.  pp.  ;5.")1-S,  Or'-ih), 
Ili.f.  Gen.,  torn.  i.  pp.  r»02  .'i7;  Gnmara,  Coik/.  J/c.i.-.,  fol.  S-11,  ,")(J-S;  Jlern ra, 
H'kI.  Gen.,  dee.  ii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  i.  ix.;  Itohn'/./<oii\i  ffls'.  Am.,  vol.  i.  pp.  210—1; 
J!r'in.vur  (If  lioiirhiiitnj,  /fi.4.  Xdf.  Civ.,  tom.  iv.  pp.  40-")0;  CtM/nninlo,  J/is/. 
yiiriifliiiii,  pp.  8-1!);  Di'iz,  III  III' ni.hr,  in  Tcninui'-Ctini/.dM,  ]'oi/.,  serie  i. 
torn.  X.  pp.  1-47;  I'idj'i  Mriiorcf,  m  Xanirntc,  tom.  iii.  pp.  .")3-G4;  Aluiniin, 
])!■■<'  liitrioni'.-i,  tom.  i.  i>p.  45-8;  Ticisc  ilcit  Johaini  Or'julrii,  iiiid  allervrxti:  Kiit- 
ilirlyi/iij  Xcimprniifii-',  iu  Siimnihiii;/,  tom.  xiii.  p.  2.")S;  Itiiirrario  ile  Jiiua  ili; 
Grijalvd,  iu  Ica-.halceta,  Col.  Dor.,  torn.  i.  p.  2S1. 

I  may  luiro  I'ciUJirk  that  such  nianusciipt  maps,  made  generally  by  pilots 
for  government  use,  as  have  been  preserved  are,  as  might  be  expected,  far 
sujiorior  to  those  published  iu  geographical  woi'ks  of  the  pei'iod.  I  give  a 
copy  of  a  Portuguese  chart  preserved  in  the  Royal  Aeadouiy  at  ^runich. 

IVom  the  fact  that  Yucata  i  is  represente<l  as  a  peninsula,  though  not 
named,  while  the  discoveries  of  Grijalva  and  Cortes  arc  not  shown,  the  date 
of  1.")1S  may  be  ascribed  to  the  map.  Stevens  believes  it  to  have  been  maile 
some  time  about  1514;  Kohl  about  1.520;  Kunstmaini  some  time  after  1511. 
Unexplored  eoiujta  arc  left  out  instead  of  beuig  laid  down  from  old  .iVsiatio 


CONQUEST  OF  MEXICO. 


13S 


iiinpf :  Jis  f'lr  o?:;imiil<'  t!ic  I'liilcil  States  coart  frnin  Xcu  foiiiidl.'inil  (Baiiiliiao-!) 
to  ri'i.'i  '.a  ('-iiniiii),  ami  tliu  <!i;If  cia.st  from  I'loi  ida  to  Yvaataii.  In  tlifctulral 
region  t!iL'  uaiiuvf  'Tciiaiii  AiitiiK)(lum'  ami  '  Antilha.s  (le  C'a.sti'lu'  art;  u.sc'il 
wi.'.iiiut  any  nifans  of  (kviiliiig  to  exactly  what  jiait.s  tliey  are  to  lie  aiH)lieil. 
Tli'j  South  Sea  (li.sei)veieil  liy  J'<;i!l)i)a  in  irill!  is  lieie  shown  for  the  llist  tiiiio 
witli  tiic  inseriplion  '  Mar  vi.slo  jiulo:!  Castelluiniis, '  'i'o  Soutli  Anitrici  tlio 
y.tiv.w  'llra.'iiir  ii  given.     The  i)re:;enee  tif  two  Mahometan  I'ags  in  l;ieati'.i;n 


and 

■il  the 

an/.a.s 

had 

artijr, 

Jo, 

•rri  I'll, 

!10-l; 

li:st. 

■rie  i. 

aillil:l, 

Kilt- 
iiiiii  ill'. 


jT 


r~r 


TERA  DIMINI 


n  r  ( •  I-:  v  \  o 


BRASILL 


"-\ 


If 


■■<S7A 


r 


-Ai  M'  IX  ^rfMClI  AtI.AS,  Sri'l'USKD  To  IIAVK  IJKl.N   Dli.WVN  AKdlT  1510. 

corre  i)oii<linn!  to  IToiidnraa  and  Venezuela,  show.i  tli;it,  the  compiler  still  had 
no  (louht  that  ho  was  niappin'^  partsof  A;<iii.  Kiiiistuiniin,  KuUlfikuiKj  Am.,  pp. 
12!)ctsci[. ;  Mittiirh  Aila.-t,  no.  iv.,  from  •whieli  I  t;ikc  my  eopy;  Knli!''^  Ili-<f. 
JUsrai'.,  pp.  I7!)-S'2,  pi.  X.;  Stcirii^'  Xofr.^,  pp.  17,  •">■■!,  pi.  v.  I'omponiiis 
Mela's  l.iliri  ilc  I'itu  nrlii.i,  Vienna,  l.'ilS,  eontainn  ii  connnentary  l>y  VadianuH, 
wriU(!n  however  in  '."il'J,  in  which  tlu;  name  Anw^rica  i.i  nf^eil  in  speakin;^  of 
the  New  \Vorld.     Other  editions  a]ipeared  in  1.VJ2  and  l.'DO. 

|l.d'.).  I  Stohiiiczas  I'liilciiiy  (.)i  lol!)  .•ilhides  to  the  New  W'oild  disco vi  red 
hy  \'espucei  and  named  after  him. 

L'fici^ij,  SiniKi  tic  <ic:iijr(\l'ui,  Seville,  l.")l!),  is  the  first  Spani-^h  work  known 
w!;ii!i  treat.s  of  the  new  regions.  The  author  was  a  companion  of  Ojec'ii  '  . 
his  unfortunate  attenspt  to  found  a  colony  fni  Ti''rrii  Firnie.  Anotlier  editi'  .. 
appeared  in  l.'iiiO. 

()\\  I'Vhruary   18,    1,">H),   Ilernan   Cortes  set  sail  from  Cuba  to  undertake 


184 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


the  oonquc.-it  cf  llip  rotii'. lics  (lifcovcrctl  l)y  Ci'tiIoIki  ami  (Iiijiilva.  After 
(lit'iidin^'  some  time  on  fhc  i..l;iii(l  (jf  CozutiK  1,  wlicri.'  he  nsciicd  (Icn.uiiiii)  ilu 
A;^uilar  fi-oiii  liis  Imij;  f!ii)tivity  (sec  p.  I'_".)),  he  foUowed  the  eoa.st  to  Jiio  do 
(Irijalvii,  where  he  defeated  the  natives  in  hattle,  and  tixAi  i)08acssion  of  the 
land  in  tlie  naiiii!  of  tlif  CatliuHe  .'()Verei;.;n>'.  rruni  thia  jphiee  he  eonliniu  d 
lii^i  voyage  sailing,'  near  th(!  xhore  to  ViraCriiz,  %vhere  he  hmJed  hi.s  forces  and 
began  the  contiuest  of  Montezuma's  enji)irc,  the  history  of  which  fonna  part 
of  a  8tdist'ij\ient  vohinie  of  thin  series. 

rrani'iseo  tie  (!aray,  governor  <if  Jamaica,  prompted  hy  the  reports  of  I'omc 
de  I.con,  C'ordolia,  and  (Jrijalva,  despatched  four  ve:;L-il.<  ia  l."il',l,  uniler 
Alonso  .Vlvarez  I'ineda,  wlio  !,aik'd  northward  to  a  point  on  the  r.iniieo  eoa.st 
(v.here,  accordin;^  to  (.Joniara,  an  cNpedition  had  been  .sent  diiriny  tlie  pre- 
ceding year,  under  Camargo).  Prevented  by  winda  and  ^hoala  from  I'oaHting 
Iioilhward  as  he  desired,  ho  .saiU-d  alon;j;  in  siglit  of  tlie  h)\v  gulf  .slioie.i  iiuiil 
111'  reached  Vera  {.'ru/,  where  ho  found  the  lleet  of  ('ortes.  Trouble.)  Intuit  a 
the  conmianders  arose  from  t!iis  meeting  which  will  be  narrated  lurc.itUr. 

riaray  continued  for  .some  time  lii.s  attempts  to  found  a  settlement  in  the 
region  of  IVmuco,  but  without  !;ucce:':i.  Pi  li  r  Mm/jr,  i\c.  \.  ctiji.  i.;  dniiiont, 
ll'ixl.  Iiid.,  fol.  ."m-(J;  Wf/it-Iiidisclte  Spli-ij/ii'f,  p.  '202;  Cidiniirn,  /li.it.  Coin/.,  fol. 
2-'2-7;  \'it('jt:.i  J/e//o;ts,  in  AiicninU',  Unix.  iii.  pp.  (Jt-7;  KuhsIiimiih,  LultUvk- 
viKj  Am.,  p.  7.'b 

Soon  uf  tcr  landing  at  Vera  Cruz  Cortes  despatched  for  Spain  a  vessel  under 
the  pilot  Antonio  do  Alamino.s,  with  me-sKengera  who  were  to  clear  up  before 
tlio  king  tertain  irregulariiiej  wliich  the  determined  eompieror  had  felt 
oliliged  to  eonanit,  and  furthciiuore  to  e.itablisli  his  authority  upon  ii.  more 
delined  basis.  Ahimino.i  sailed  .luly  1(>,  bill),  following  a  new  route  north 
of  Culia,  tlirough  the  Dahania  Cliannel,  and  down  the  <iulf  Stream,  of  wliic!i 
current  ho  was  probably  tho  first  to  take  advantage.  Touching  at  Cuba  and 
di.scovering  Tcrceira  he  reached  Si)ain  in  OctoWir.  Diaz  del  ('(/.•ifil'o,  Ill-it.  !'(/•- 
diidirii  t/ti  III  ( 'iiii(jri,-^lii,  ^Madrid,  Ki.'iJ,  fol.  I!"-'.);  Jferreni,  IJiiC.  Gen.,  dec.  ii. 
lib.  v.  cap.  xiv. ;  Ad/il's  J  J  in/.  JJi-cor.,  pp.  'J4.']-,"i. 

Tlio  history  of  tlie  Darien  colonics  is  elsewhere  recounted  in  this  volume, 
and  the  introduction  here  of  the  numerous  land  and  water  expeditions  oa 
und  along  lie  Isthmus  would  be  eontu.sing  and  umirofitable.  Sulliee  il  to  .say 
tliat  in  b"i  '  the  ciiy  of  l'auam;i  was  founded,  and  a  second  expedition  sent 
iind.er  (la-  \v  do  Ivspinosa  up  the  Sonili  Sea  coast.  Tho  northern  limit 
readied  w  llie  gulf  of  San  Liie.-ir  (Xicoya),  1  ititudc  10°  north,  in  Xieuragua, 
and  tlie  c.  idition  returned  to  I'anam.i  by  land  from  liurica.  Andaj  jiii 
SainUlve  <  lite,  /'rorctdiii'/s  of  Pi'diurun  DavHa,  London,  IGG.'),  pp.  'Jl>- 1; 
A' '/iV,  Die.  b  lea  ul/cnUii  KnrUii  von  Am.,  p.  lOJ;  Uvkdo,  1114.  (Icii.,  tom.  i:L 
p.  (il  et  sei) 

\Ve  havt  .;een  several  unsuccessful  attempts  by  botli  Spaniards  and  Portu- 
guese to  lind  a  pas.sagi^  to  India  by  the  southern  parts  of  Urazil,  Santa  {,'ru.^ 
or  America.  In  1  Jll)  a  native  of  Oiiorto,  Fernando  de  Magalhaens,  called  by 
8{)aniard3  JIagallaues,  and  by  English  authors  Magellan,  after  having  uii:i'.'^ 
teveral  voyages  for  Portugal  to  India  via  (lood  Hope,  quit  the  IVirtugue.o 
fjcrvice  di.risatislicd,  entered  the  service  of  Spain,  and  undertook  the  o.t- 
repeated  attempt  of  reaching  the  east  by  saifing  west.      Ili.j  particular  de-jtiiut- 


Tin:  \AMING  OF  TIIK  PACiFIf  OCEAN. 


135 


tioii  Wii.s  tlio  Molucciia,  wliicli  the  Si>;iiiiarila  claiiiicil  as  lyin;;  wiihiti  the  licnii- 
sIiImti'  f;iMiili'il  In  tln'iii  liy  the  treaty  of  'ionlu.sillas  in  IWl.  It  aiii)ea!--i  that 
M.i  .illaa  hail  .'xca  soiiiu  niai),  of  uiiUnowa  oi-i;j;iii,  on  wliii.h  was  ivini'.suutt'il 
a  .-.Irait  iunteatl  of  mt  open  Kua  ut  the  suutliern  imint  of  Anii'iLca — inoUihly 
till'  conjecLuru  of  Nome  geographer,  for,  says  iliiniliohlt,  "ihins  lo  nioyeu 
ii^i-  ks  Lonjicturi'S  etaient  inscrils  rcli^ieus.-.iK'nt  siir  led  carted."  See  L.rai,i, 
('/■U.,  toui.  i.  pp.  oJ{),  ;>_';!,  ;>.")4;  toni.  ii.  pp.  17-'J(».  Hailing,'  from  ISan  linear 
feep..('inber  «0,  lo\'J,  with  live  ships  ami  'Mo  men,  he  reached  liio  ile  Janeiro 
on  ihe  coaut  of  l!ra/il  ou  thu  llilh  of  Oecemher,  ami  from  that  point  c>Ki.^teil 
souiliuanl.  An  alteuiiit  *■»  i)a.sa  throii^h  the  continent  l)y  the  liu>  ile  l.i  I'iali* 
tailed,  ami  ou  March  IJl,  i.~>JO,  the  lleet  reacheil  I'ort  Si  Julian  inahuut  41)  .<outli, 
w  iiere  it  rcniaineil  live  months  until  the  with  of  August.  On  the  'Jl^tof  Oeto- 
hi  r  .Magellan  ariiveilat  C'ahodelas  Virgcnesanil  the  entrance  to  w  liat  .sccmeil, 
uii.^  iniltcil  proveil,  to  ho  the  long-ile.iireil  strait,  llaviu;,'  lo.-iL  one  ve-ssei  nu 
the  ea.-ileni  eo;ist,  au<l  lieing  ileserteil  hy  another  whicli  turned  IxicU  uud  sailed 
for  ."^-paln  afU'r  liavin.;  entered  the  strait,  wilh  the  riinainin;,'  three  he  passed 
on,  naniinj  liie  land  ou  tlio  south  'I'icrrii.  del  Fuego,  from  tlie  lires  seen  Ijiirn- 
iii^  liicri;.  l;meryin^;  from  the  strait,  wliicii  he  called  \'iloria  alter  one  of 
his  .sliijis,  on  ihe  '_7lli  of  XovendK'r  he  entered  and  nainecl  t!ie  I'aci.ic  Oct'au. 
Thin  sicerin;^  north-west  for  warmer  climes  he  crosseii  the  line  I'chriiary  l;{, 
l."ijl,  arrivcil  at  the  l>;idroneson  the  tit  li  of  Marcli,  and  at  the  riiilippineaou  tho 
lliiiiol  March.  Tliis  hold  navigator,  '  second  only  totjohimhus  in  the  hi.-.tory 
(il  nautical  e.\  [iloration,"  was  killed  on  the  'JTth  of  April,  in  a  hatllo  with  the 
natives  o'"  me  of  thcoC  islands;  the  remainder  of  the  force,  consisting  of  llj 
li'ca  uuili  •  JaraLallo,  proceeded  on  their  way,  touching  at  liorneo  and  other 
irilanus,  and  uuclioring  on  tho  Sth  of  Novcmhcr  at  the  .Molucc.is,  their  ik'sti- 
naiion.  I'rom  tiiis  point  one  of  the  vessels,  the  I'iloriii,  in  command  of 
St  husLJaii  del  Cano,  .sailed  round  the  Caj)e  of  tiood  ilope,  and  reached  Sau 
l.uiar  SepU'iiiher  (),  l,/-2,  wiih  only  eighteen  survivors  of  the  "Jo,')  wim  had 
.sailed  wiih  Magellan.  Thus  was  accomplished  the  lirst  eircunmavigatiou 
of  the  globe. 


As  to  tho  eiroumstauccs  attomllug  the  naming  of  tho  Pacific  Ocean,  a  few 
vordsmaynot  he  out  of  place.  I\iagcllan  was  accompanied  hy  one  .Vnlonio 
]'i;-.aicLia,  of  Vicen;:a,  afi.erwaril  Caviiiere  di  I'liodi,  \vho  wrote  in  had  Kalian 
a  narrative  of  the  voyage,  which  was  rewritten  and  translated  into  L  nm  h, 
J'ri.iar  Ciijivjf  iiiiloiir  da  Moiidc,  pur  Ic  C/ici'd/lUr  Pi- in  fella,  xnr  i' i^n-ailri  </i; 
Mnjillaii.  )ii  inlaid  Its  niuius  LJl'J,  -il,  ..'/,  </  ~'.',  hy  Charles  Ainoretti.  "  l^> 
iijiiiredi,  "Jo  novembre,"  says  I'igafetta,  li\'.  ii.  |).  .'>i),  "nous  d  li,)Ui|'iames 
ill  drtroit  pour  enti'er  dans  la  grando  mer,  a  lai[iielk^  nous  douuiimis  iiisuito 
Ir  nom  de  mer  Pacilii|Uo;  dans  lai|uelle  nous  naviguames  jiendant  U:  cours  do 
tr.iis  moia  ot  vingt  jours,  san.s  goriter  d'aneune  nourritare  fraiclie.''  And 
.■iL'aiu,  p.  52,  "  I'endant  cet  espace  do  trois  mois  et  viicrt  jours  nins  iKircou- 
1  iinies  ^  pen  pres  ipiatro  millo  lielies  dans  cotto  nter  ([uo  nous  appel.imes  Paci- 
l'i[Ui',  ))arce  ijuo  dnrant  tout  lo  temps  do  notro  travor.seo  nous  u'essuyamcs  pas 
Ic  nioindre  teuipeio;"  or,  as  Jiimusio,  Viivjijio  tUonio  il  inoinlojUlli)  it.  i/i-.n-rit/o 
l»  r  .V.  Aii/nin'd  /'rjajrlla,  in  Viwi'i'i,  torn.  iii.  fol.  I!!);),  puts  it,  "  l^t  i.i  ipnsti 
tru  mesi,  &  vcuti  giorni  fecero  ipiattro  mila  leghe  in  \  ii  goifo  per  ipKo^o  mar 


. 


136 


EARLY  VO^'AGEg. 


Pacifico,  il  qual  ben  si  pu6  chiamar  pacifico,  pcrclic  in  tntto  qnesto  tempo  sonza 
voiler  null  terra  alcuna,  non  hcbbcro  nu  i  rtuna  di  vcnt<j,  no  di  altra  ttnn- 
pcsta."  Peter  JIartyr,  dee.  v.  cap.  vii.,  spcaksof  itonly  as  "  the  huge  Ocean" 
first  found  by  Vaseo  Nunez,  and  tlicn  called  the  South  Sea.  Galvano,  Dis- 
cov.,  p.  14'2,  alludes  to  it  as  a  "iniglitic  sea  called  Pacificim."  Oviedo,  Ifi-t. 
Gi  II.,  ti)in.  ii.  p.  22,  merely  remarks:  "  Eriartucl  cstreehocn  aljunaaparlej  mag 
(5  menf>!5  de  media  legua,  y  ^ircundaclo  do  montanas  altissimas  car^adaa  do 
nievt:,  y  corre  en  otra  mar  fpie  lo  puso  noinbrc  el  capitan  Pernaudo  do  Jla^jal- 
l.uie.H,  il  J/iir  Pacijlco ;  y  cs  nuiy  profundo,  y  en  al^juua:)  parole  i  de  Vcyato  e 
9iuco  liasta  cu  trcynta  bra^as."  fJomara,  Ili4.  Iinl.,  fol  120,  s.iy?,  "Xo  cabia 
do  goxo  par  aucr  liallado  aTjl  passo  para  cl  otro  mar  del  Sur,  por  do  pcianii 
Uegar  presto  alaa  y.sla3  del  Malueo,"  without  any  mention  of  t!ie  M'ord  Paci- 
fic. Tlie  Sammluiiij  alter  ItekcheM-hreihuiiiji'n,  torn.  xi.  p.  310,  gives  it  essen- 
tially the  same  as  Pigafctta:  "  Ir.  einer  Zcit  von  drey  J.Ionatcn  und  zwanidg 
Tagen,  legete  er  viertauaend  Meilen  in  ciner  See  zuriiek,  wclcav;  ci'  da:!  fried- 
fertigu  cider  fitillc  ilcer  nannte;  veil  er  keiiien  Stur.nauf  dcnrselbcn  ausatund, 
luid  kein  anderes  Land  sah,  als  diese  bcj'dcn  Inscln."  Kohl,  Dii'  baklcii  u'ti'- 
st'  II  Karti'ii  von  Am.,  p.  101,  is  unable  to  find  the  name  on  the  old  majis:  "Der 
Is amc 'Oceano  Pacifico,' dcr  a.. eh  sclion  auf  den  Reisen  des  Magellan  und 
Loay?a  in  Schwung  kam,  stclit  m.  ^ends  auf  unseren  Karten."  Ilerrcra,  dec. 
ii.  lib.  ix.  cap.  xv. ,  dcstribes  tiie  exit  from  the  strait  in  t!ic  language  lollow- 
uig:  "a  vcyentc  y  i,ieto  de  Xouiubro,  salio  al  ciipccioso  mar  del  oar,  dando 
infinitaa  gracias  a  Dios."  Navarrcte,  Vkijei  al  Ma'wo ;  rnmcro  el  de  Her- 
iiaiid<>  da  Ma^/allaiir'i,  in  tom.  iv.  pp.  43-.'0,  of  Ills  collection  says:  "  Salio  pucs 
Maga'lanes  del  cstreclio  que  iwinhniron  de  Todoi  lo^i  Sadt-j.t  cl  dia  27  do  Xo- 
viembre  dc  1320  eon  las  tres  naos  Trinidad,  \'ictoria,  y  Concepcion,  y  so  hallo 
on  una  mar  oscura  y  gruesa  quo  era  iudicio  do  gran  golfo;  pero  dcnpucs  lo 
nombraron  Jlar  Par'/Jiro,  porquo  en  todo  cl  ticmpo  (pio  navognron  por  'I,  no 
tuvicrou  tempcstad  alguna."  Happening  thus,  t'lat  in  thij  iiiot  circumnavi- 
gation of  the  globe,  as  the  strangers  entered  at  its  soutliem  end  the  South 
Sea  of  Vjvco  X^uuc:;,  tlie  waters  greeted  them  kinilly,  in  ret'.irntlicy  gave  them 
a  peaceful  title;  otlicr  voyagers  entering  this  same  sea  at  Ovhcr  times  gave  to 
it  a  far  dilTcrcnt  character.  For  further  reference  see  Vujaje  <h-  Fernando  de 
Ma'j"l/iai'nti,  in  Ecrciijcr,  Col.  Vdy.,  tojn.  i.  pp.  1-2G;  .Id,  Nna.:!:eHr'rje  V<r- 
mnulinj,  tom.  ix.  pt.  ii.  p.  7;  Purclais,  His  I'iljriin'n,  vol.  i.  pt.  il.  pp.  oi}— Ii). 

A  miinuacript  map  supposed  to  have  been  made  by  JIa':ollo  in  1510,  of 
vliieli  a  fae-!;imile  is  given  in  the  Miniic'i  .l/'a^',  no.  v.,  s-liows  tlio  i.,i.;n,1j  and 
main-land  from  Yucatan  south  and  cast,  closely  resembling,  except  in  n;i:ne3 
of  localities,  the  map  (.f  I.IU)  (we  page  \[)?>).  The  eastern  part  of  IVra.  il  ■) 
called  'Ixiute  Crucis,' and  on  the  Pearl  Coaut  is  an  iii.5criMli(in  to  tlr,!  (■iV.'ct 
that  i  .  v.as  discovered  by  Columbus.  Kiiii.s!ni'tnii,  IJ.i/dr'cndj  Am.,  ]>p.  bi.l-O; 
Sell  lilt  JJir,  in  Ali/idiidl.  Ahidendi'  dcr  ]Vi.i:<i'n.ic/i.,  tom.  iv.  pt.  i.  p.  '2,','.i. 

[]."/_.').]  An  anonymous  iianqihht  without  date,  Ciqi'ii  il.  r  Xc;iv:;  Zc;//iin;/, 
i.i  a  t'.',.;i;-i!alion  of  a  letter  deijcribing  a  voyage  of  two  thou::and  mile.)  along 
tj.o  liia.'ilian  coafjt.  llatri.->.';e  plaie.f  it  uuiicr  date  of  \o23,  and  t!un!;s  it  uuiy 
fv.rnish  j';rounds  for  the  belief  t'aat  Ma;;ellan  wa:i  n(jt  tlie  (ir^t  to  rcaeli  tlio 
strait.     \'arnhagcn,  lli^t.  JJriizH,  Madrid,  ISjI,  maintains  that  the  voyage 


MAPS  AND  BOOKS. 


137 


(Icpcrilicd  v.Mfi  umler  Solia  and  Pinion  in  1503.  IlumlwhU,  Eram.  Crlf.,  torn. 
V.  p.  '210,  applica  tlio  ilcociiption  to  bonip  later  voyage  mailo  Lotv.xcn  13'J5 
anil  1540. 

To  Varlhema,  Ifinerarlo  KcUo  Ejltio,  Vcnctia  (iupposcd  to  be  1520),  is 
joinc.l  an  accmmt  of  Grijalva'a  voj-a;jo  to  Yucatan  in  151S  (;:cc  jiagc  102), 
tranrlatcd  from  the  orii^iual  diary  of  Juan  Diaz,  chaplain  of  t'ac  expedition. 
Other  cilitiona  appeared  in  1522-2G-.']5.  P!.<rir.-<')  ■••opni  lo  it'mrnrio  di  L-do- 
uico  li'ir'ki  Ilia,  in  I?a)int.iio,  torn.  i.  fol.  100.  Tlic  Itinerary  of  Dia;;  id  not 
given  Ijy  RaniUiiio.  Prov'mcm  aire  nejioiife  in  India  Occld-  ii'a'i,  Valla;".olid, 
1520,  i:5  a  Latin  translation  of  an  account,  by  an  unknown  author,  of  the  con- 
qucyt  of  Cuba  by  Diego  Velarquez.  Pij'jh',  Dc.  (I'jiihiociiur^im  nol,  etc., 
Pi  ri..!,  Huppoacd  to  have  been  printed  in  1520,  has  a  paysagc  on  the  landy  dia- 
covc'.c  1  by  Vespucci.  .-I  2<'civ  Interlude,  London,  1510  or  1520,  has  a  verso 
hi  vliicli  the  name  America,  is  used. 

A  globo  mailo  by  John  Scluincr  in  1520  is  prcrscrved  in  Xurenibcrg,  and 
cnpieii  have  been  given  by  Ghillany,  Lelewtl,  and  Kohl,  of  vvhich  I  give  a 
reduction. 


/  — 


% 


r 


i^^" 


\*' 


f..';' 


-^  '^-"i  ^''  cR  ■""  '""^y    ' 


V'J 


■^^^^'•  -   -  t - 1- 


''4cut-"J"n""' 

■  •■<?.■■■ 


•i/ir-^/,^^^ 


^. 


J,  V  PABIAS         i    J     ,      l-"         ) 


\!*:^^ 


'^^\:\ 


"".'.'LIAS,;;',-? 


SciiuNKii'.s  (Ii.din:,  1520. 


T!ii.T  in  tic-  firf.t  drawin;j  to  represent  all  tlio  ro!^;ionr,  of  tlio  New  V.'ovld  as 
distinct,  aUIiough  not  dintant,  from  tlio  Aiuatic  coast,  which  i.s  laid  dov.u 
moHtly  n•^  in  P/chaim's  globe,  with  sonic  imaginary  ndditiona  round  the  nortli 
pole.  Thia  licparation  was  undoubtei'.ly  a  mere  cniiji'eturo  of  t!ic  coinjiilcr, 
fur  the  voya;j'c  of  Magel'an,  which  niighl,  liavo  suggested  sucli  uii  idea,  was 


138 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


not  yet  known  or  even  consummatccl,  and  the  map  shows  no  knowledge  of 
tlic  later  voyages  even  to  tlic  eastern  coast.  All  t!ic  nort'aeni  uiscovcrios  arc 
gi  vcu  .13  an  ijland,  '  TerraCortcrcalis. '  The  central  and  BouUiern  parts — except 
their  separation  from  Asia — arc  accu.'ately  copied  from  the  map  of  Ptolemy, 
lolO  (sec  pa^c  130),  although  a  strait  leads  through  lIic  Isthmus  into  tlic  South 
Sea.  '  Terra  de  Cuba'  ij  the  name  applied  to  the  northern  part  of  what  may 
be  regarded  as  the  nucleus  which  afterward  grew  into  Xortli  America,  while 
the  southern  part  is  called  Paria.  Several  names  of  localities  on  tlic  cor.st, 
as  'C.  Dellicontis'  and  'C.  Conaventura,'  arc  retained  from  t!ie  mr.p  of  LTIG, 
although  Kohl  erroneously  calls  all  the  names  new  and  original.  To  the 
souther.n  continent  various  names  are  applied,  as  America,  ljrn.:il,  Paria 
(repeated),  Land  of  Cannibals  and  of  Parrots.  On  the  oi'i^inal  ia  an  antarctic 
region  round  the  south  pole,  called  '  Brasilia)  Regio, '  and  separated  from  Amer- 
ica in  lat.  4J^  soutli  by  a  strait,  althougli  the  discovery  of  such  a  strait  could 
not  at  the  time  have  been  known.  I/umbohlt,  Exam.  Cr'it.,  torn.  ii.  p.  28. 
Several  globes  of  about  tnia  date  preserved  in  Germany  arc  said  to  agree  witli 
this  of  Schiincr's  in  their  general  features.  Koltl'.i  Jlinf.  /)/. rci\,  pp.  L"3-03, 
pL  vii.,  and  Bciden  (ilCcnten  Kartell  von  Am.,  p.  33;  llarrUse,  Lil).  Am.  ]'tf., 
p.  Ml. 

In  the  SoUDUs-Camer.'!,  Enarrntlones,  Vienna,  1520,  was  published  a  wood- 
cut map,  the  first  to  give  the  name  America.  The  map  was  made  by  Pctrua 
Apianus,  and  afterward  used  by  him  in  his  cosmography.  According  to  vari- 
ous dcscriptiims  it  agrees  very  nearly  with  Schiincr'a  globe  except  in  the 
extreme  north,  where  l-Ingronelant  is  represented  very  nnich  aa  in  the  map  of 
the  Zeni  in  1403  (oce  page  S2).  Kun-fmanii,  Entderhaij  Am.,  pp.  lo!--.";  Kohl, 
UiiJcii  tH/e</cii  KartiU  ron  Am.,  p.  33;    lhu-rts.se,  Bih.  Am.  I'd.,  pp.  lot,  102. 

Cortes  with  his  second  letter  dated  October  30,  l.'CO,  sent  to  Spain  a  niiip 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  which  Avas  printed  in  l.")21.  The  map  is  valuable  only 
for  its  list  of  names  along  the  whole  extent  of  the  gulf  coast,  and  it  is  tlierc- 
foro  unnecessary  to  reproduce  it  here.  Yucatan  seems  to  bo  represented  as 
an  island.  Sicveim''  Kotes,  pp.  33,  53,  pi.  iv.  no.  vii. 

In  1520  Lucas  Vazcjuez  de  Aillon  and  other  wealthy  citizens  of  Espafiola 
Bcnt  two  vessels,  probably  under  one  Jordan,  to  tlic  Lucaj'os  Islands  for 
slaves.  Xot  succeeding  lecordiiig  to  their  expectations  in  tlio  islands,  tlio 
Spaniards  directed  their  co-.rsc  northward  toward  the  eonntry  discovered  l)y 
Ponce  de  Leon  in  1513,  and  finally  toueheil  the  coast  in  about  32°or33''— I'ort 
Royal  according  to  Xavari'cte;  Stevens  says  Capo  Fear— a  region  prol)alily 
never  before  viiited.  They  called  the  country  Cldcora,  and  the  placicof  laud- 
ing was  named  Cabo  de  Santa  IClcna  and  Rio  Jordan.  They  made  no  explora- 
tions in  any  direction.  One  vessel  and  nearly  all  llic  slaves  v.ero  lost  ou  the 
return,  ^ianrrrclr.  Col.  de  Vkvjci,  tom.  iii.  pp.  00-71;  Kold'n  Hid.  Dlirov., 
pp.  215-S;  lilcirxs'  Notra,  p.  48. 

Panfilo  dc  Narvae/.  sailed  from  Cuba  in  1520  with  a  large  force  to  dispossess 
Corti^s,  who  had  declared  himself  independent  of  his  chief  Vehuiquc;;;  bat 
after  many  reverses  his  forces  went  over  to  his  opponent,  (•'oiii'int,  H'l.tl.  lud., 
fol.  52-5;  Oi'icdo,  Jlid.  O'cn.,  tom.  i.  p.  540;  Torqiwinada,  Mviuinj.  Did.,  toin. 
i.  p.  474. 

Tlio   conquest  of  Mexico   once  accomplished,    llernan  Cortes  very  soou 


SOUTH  SEA  DISCOVERIES. 


139 


turacd  his  attention  to  the  South  Sea  coasts.  Hearing  from  natives  that  tho 
riicific  cxtcudoil  as  far  north  as  the  land  he  had  conquered,  he  Bcnt  small 
partio:5  to  explore  and  take  possession,  which  they  did  at  two  points,  Tcluuin- 
tepco  and  Zaoatula,  Ijcfore  the  cud  of  ir»'21.  CortiJs  was  fully  ac(iu;iintod 
with  the  cosmographic  theories  of  tlic  time,  and  was  enthusiastic  in  their 
application  to  the  discovery  of  islands  and  main,  rich  in  spices  aud  precious 
mctab.  It  v.'as  now  establi:jhed  in  a  general  way,  as  shown  by  the  bi'^L  iiiap.s, 
that  tho  newly  discovered  lands  were  not  the  main  Asiatic  continent  of  Marco 
Poio,  but  a  great  eouth-castem  projection  of  that  continent,  proljablj'  yopa- 
rated  from  it  by  a  strait.  Cortes'  idea  was  to  sail  down  the  coast  a3  ho 
termed  it,  northward  at  first,  until  ho  should  either  reach  the  rich  Indian  lands, 
or  on  t!ie  way  find  the  strait  which  should  afford  a  short  cut  from  Spain  to 
tho.c  hinds.  Ilis  efforts  will  be  briefly  noticed  here  in  chronologic  oriler,  but 
fully  presented  in  another  part  of  my  work.  Tho  best  and  almoat  only  au- 
thority is  CurlCit,  Cartas. 

[Iy21.]  .Juan  Ponce  dc  Leon,  learning  from  other  voyagers  that  the  land 
of  Floriila  discovered  by  him  was  not,  as  he  had  believed  it  to  be,  an  i.dand, 
fitted  out  an  expedition  in  Puerto  Ilico  and  sailed  to  repeat  in  Floriila  tho 
glorious  aehievjmenta  of  Cortes  in  New  Spain.  He  reached  the  west  coast 
of  the  peninsula,  but  M'as  killed  by  the  natives  soon  after  landing,  and  hia 
men  returned  without  having  accomplished  their  object. 

Pi /or  Mavt'jr,  Dc  nvper  *r.'>  D.  C'arulo  rcycrtk  Iiifuli-:,  Basilia%  lo"21,  is  tho 
fir.;t  coition  of  a  part  of  tlic  fourth  decade. 

[ir.JJ,]  Pompouiu'j  Mela,  DcOrhUSUv,  Basilia^,  ir)22,  reproduced  Apianus' 
m;;poi  L"i20  (^ec  page  137),  also Kulil,  Bridcn  iiltistcn  Kar/en,  p.  33.  The  P,'i)lemi/ 
of  thii  year,  edited  by  Friaius,  contains  two  map.)  rescndjling  in  their  general 
app<t:r;uicu  the  Ptolemy  map  of  lol3,  aud  showing  but  little  advance  in  !;eo- 
gr;i;)'.;ical  knowledge.  Theao  maps  arc  also  in  the  edition  of  l."2,").  A  /f  r\i 
Ca'a'iijnc,  no.  civ.,  Berlin,  1873.  Tranxhil'ionn^lii<p<ini!Klur,  etc.,n.  p..  n.  d., 
has  a  filiglit  notice  of  tho  Ciiy  of  Mexico.  Eln  xrloiic  Kcw  zc'.liiiij,  Augs- 
burg (lo22),  notices  tho  voyages  of  Columbus  and  tho  conquest  of  ^Mexico. 
(1/  iliC  iii-wit  luik.i  and  of  ye  pi'uple.  /uundi:  l//  Ike  ^flH■•<ln<J|'l•■^  <f  Ik'  Kjujc  o/ 
lior'jjnl,-,  attriljutcd  to  this  year,  is  regarded  uij  the  firyt  Ixxik  in  Fuglioh  to 
trcai  <jf  America,  which  it  calls  Armcniea.  C(<rt('<,  Carhi  (!'■  I'l-lacid,  Seville, 
ld'22,  i:i  tho  letter  dated  October  30,  1G20,  supjio^ed  to  be  the  conqueror's 
second  l(!iter,  tho  first  having  been  lost.  Fight  otiier  editions  or  traUoLtious 
iipieared  in  various  forma  before  l.")32. 

la  1.'22  PaKcual  de  Andagoya  followed  llie  west  coast  of  Amciita  r.outii- 
Maid  from  Panunui,  to  a  point  six  or  seven  days'  t^ail  below  the  guIi  (  f  f!an 
Mi  ,'iel  in  tho  provinccof  Biru  (Peru),  a  little  beyond  Point  Pinos.  lafcjrma- 
tiou  obtained  during  this  expedition  concerning  more  southern  lamLj,  fin'- 
ni.  lied  the  motive  for  tiio  conquest  of  Peru  undertaken  a  few  years  later  l)y 
l'ia:iii.;i.o  Piiuirro.  Paxcual  de  Audanoija,  JS'arralive,  pp.  40-1. 

tin  (lonzalez  Diiviia  with  a  fleet  of  four  vessels  sailed  from  the  i^iandi  in 
tlie  Hay  uf  Panama,  January  21,  lo22,  to  explore  tlie  Simlh  Sea  coast  mirth- 
vi.;:tward.  lleaching  the  gulf  of  Nicoya,  tho  limit  of  Fi^qiinosa's  viiya;;e, 
(ill  Oon::alez  proceeded  by  land  and  discovered  Lake  Xicai'a;,'na.  Tlie 
pilot  ^VudrcB  Nino  continued  westward,  discovered  and  named  the  gulf  of 


140 


E.U1LY  VOYAGES. 


Fonscca,  and  reached,  according  to  ITcrrcra,  dec.  iii.  lili.  iv.  cap.  v.  -vi.,  tlm 
proviace  of  Cliorotega,  having  discovered  3."0  leagues  of  fiea-eoast  from  Niooya, 
or  (')')0  leagues  from  the  gulf  of  San  Miguel.  Peter  Martyr  places  Kino's 
ultimate  limit  at  300  leagues  Leyond  the  gulf  of  San  Vicente;  Ribero'a  map 
at  liO  leagi'.cs  Ave.'jt  of  the  Lay  of  Fonseca.  Kohl,  Ecldi-n  iillcleu  Kur.'ci  von 
Am.,  pp.  IGo-D,  thinks  lie  probably  reached  the  mountains  south  cf  Soco- 
nuseo.  Sec  abo  Navarrttc,  Col.  de  Vlajci,  tom.  iii.  pp.  -l!.?,  •117-10;  Ga'vaiio\<i 
DUcov.,  pp.  143-9;  Ovkdo,  Hid.  Gen.,  tom.  iii.  pp.  07-114;  S(iuir\s  Xica- 
nvjuit.  New  York,  1S30,  pp.  157-01.  Not  long  afterward  thoeiticjof  Granada 
and  Leon  were  founded,  and  connnuaieatiou  with  Nicaragua  from  the  south 
beeanio  of  fre(pient  occurrence. 

In  \ul2  Pedro  do  Alvarado  occupied  Tututcpec  on  the  Pacific;  while  at 
Zacatula  a  ri'la  was  founded,  and  a  beginning  made  there  on  several  vciwels 
for  exploration  northward.   Cortex,  Car.'at,  Letter  of  May  l.">,  lo22. 

[lo-[j.]  rranei-ico  do  Garay  fitted  out  a  new  fleet  of  eleven  vcascls,  with 
S."0  men,  whieli  sailed  from  Jamaica  June  20,  1523.  This  force  was  intended 
for  the  eonqueat  and  settlement  of  Pauueo,  but  soon  united  with  the  army  of 
Cortos  without  having  accompli;ihcd  anything  of  importance.  Kuvarreic,  Col. 
da  Vlaj'S,  tom.  iii.  pp.  G7-0;  Jlerrera,  Hid.  Gen.,  dec.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  v.-vi.; 
Peter  '.I'ar/i/r,  dec.  vii.  cap.  v.;  Cortr.-t,  Carld  tercerade  Rolnc'iii,  Seville,  L'J,". 
Thi.i  t'.a.d  lolLer  was  v.-rictcu  May  l.l,  1,")JJ.  Other  editions  appeared  iu 
V)l\,  find  1.a]2.  Fur  tlio  bibliography  of  Cortes'  letters  see  l!<ir,\<  e,  Ll'i. 
Am.  I'd.,  pp.  2ir)-2.3.  Miixiiiiiuan,  Dc  Molccc'm  Iiuulls,  Colouite,  ir/2.'<,  is 
a  letter  written  by  the  emperor's  secretary,  describing  Magellan';)  voyayc 
round  the  world.  Other  editions  arc  mentioned  as  having  appeared  in  Ki23, 
1524,  1534,  1533,  and  1537. 

[1524.]  Aiii((nwi,  CniiiDoijrnphkm  Llher,  Landshuta?,  1524,  contains  a  p.hort 
chapter  on  America,  which  the  author  describes  as  an  island,  bccaur;e  he  :  ays 
it  i;!  Rurroundod  by  water;  fnrthermorp,  ho  alllnn;!  this  land  was  named  from 
Ve.Hputei,  its  discoverer.  The  map  of  SoUnHS-Camcvn,  1520,  is  repeated  in 
this  and  in  several  succeeding  editions  of  the  cosmography.  Kunstiniinn,  Lit'- 
decLidi'j  Am.,  pp.  134-5.  Franei.-!,  Da  Orb'is  Silo  oc  Deacrijillone,  .iVntwcp, 
1524,  also  dcHcnbcs  tlie  New  World. 

In  1524  Cortes'  fleet  at  Zaeatula  was  not  yet  launched,  the  work  lu-iving 
been  delayed  bj'  lire.  The  conquest  of  Ct.>!ima  had  however  made  known  a 
jiiood  port,  and  brought  new  rumors  of  rieli  islands  furtlier  north.  The  cun- 
(jueror'j  plans  were  unchanged  and  his  enthusiasm  undiminished.  Hi j  n^o 
of  the  term  "la  cnsta  abajo,"  or  down  tlio  coast,  when  he  meant  to  lail 
nortliward,  has  sadly  confused  many  writers  as  to  his  real  intentions,  and  as 
to  his  iileas  of  tlio  strait.  Cort(<,  Cart'i^,  Letter  of  Oct.  15,  1524. 

In  l.~/24  Wi'.s  made  the  first  o"icial  French  cN-piMlition  to  the  Xcv,'  Vc.lil. 
A  fii'i't  fif  four  vessels  was  made  readj'  luider  Ciiovanni  Verra;:ano  at  Diepiic, 
but  three  of  his  ships  were  separated  from  him  in  some  inexplicable  manner 
liel'o'.'o  leaving  Luropean  waters;  and  in  tlie  remaining  one,  tlic  Ddii/Jiii.c, 
widi  firty  men,  he  sailed  on  the  17t.h  of  January,  1521,  from  an  i.iland  mar 
MaJ.eira.  After  a  voyage  of  forty-nine  days,  during  which  time  ho  ;-,ailid 
DO.)  league:'.,  Verra;;ano  i^truck  the  United  .States  coast  iu  about  latitude  31  , 
pel  haps  at  Cape  Fear.     Thence  he  sailed  first  southward  fifty  leagues,  then 


CONQUEST  OF  PERU. 


141 


turning  abont  ho  followed  t!in  coast  nortlnvartl,  frequently  toncliiuc';,  to 
Xov.-found'.anil,  wlicnco  he  rettinicd  to  Dieppe  in  July,  \o2i.  Vonazaiio 
in  his  journal  lucntioni  only  one  date,  and  names  but  one  locality;  consc- 
qnonlly  there  ia  innch  diiTcrenco  of  opinion  concemin;^  his  landinij^i. 

The  southern  limit  of  the  voyage,  so  far  m  it  can  be  Unov.-n,  \nn  in  the 
vicinity  of  Capo  Romain,  South  Carolina,  though  some  authors,  ap^iarently 
witliont  fiufliciont  authority  — tlio  voyager  says  ho  Baw  palms  — havo  placed 
the  limit  in  Florida.  It  is  probable  that  a  lar^'e  part  of  the  United  States 
co:i.-t  v,-a3  for  tlie  first  time  explored  during  thid  voyage,  which  abo  completed 
tlic  discovcrj'  of  the  whole  eastern  shoic-linc  of  America,  except  probably  ii 
short  but  inclcfinito  distance  in  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  bc'.'vccu  tlic 
limits  reached  by  Ponce  do  Leon  in  1513  and  by  Vcirazano;  one  intcnacdialo 
point  having  abo  b-oen  visited  by  Aillon  in  l.'j'JO.  n<:'at'(m>'  ill Ciounitni  da  Vi  !•• 
raz'.ono  Fi  rm/'uio  di.lla  t  rra  p' r  hd  sropi-rta  in  iioiw  di  ■•■ui  Jfiiculii,  n-rifla  in 
Di'j.p't,  full  S,  Lnglio,  MDXXiiii.,  \nIia)nu.4o,  toni.  iii.  fol.  420.  In  tlic  prefaco 
to  \i\.\i  volume,  edition  of  1  joO,  the  author  states  that  it  i)  not  known  v,Ii<tlier 
Xew  France  i J  joined  to  Florida  or  not.  Ifirnra,  Hi-t.  Gen.,  dec.  iii.  lib.  vi. 
cap.  \y..;  Haldny'^i  Divers  Voy.,  pp.  55-71;  New  York  Ili-'l.  Snr.,  Codec- 
t'rmi,  1541,  series  ii.  vol.  i. ;  Koh".<  /fisL  Di.'icnv.,  pp.  210-70;  Iliddinj;\iVoii., 
vol.  iii.  pp.  20•■j-.^00;  .la,  Xivtidccnriije,  VersamiUnj,  torn.  x.  app.  p.  1.'].  A 
ciir.rt  given  by  Verrazano  to  Henry  VIII.  is  said  to  havo  been  used  by  Lock 
in  compiling  the  map  published  in  !I(ikhi>jt\^  Diiyrt  V<»j.,  London,  15S2.  (Re- 
print Ijy  the  Ilakhiyt  Society,  1S50.     Copy  in  Kold,  p.  200.) 

Ill  1.j22  Pedro  do  Alvarado  had  accomplished  the  conquest  of  Tehuantepec 
on  the  South  Sea;  in  1524  mid  the  following  yiar.s  ho  extended  his  explora- 
tioniand  conquests  by  land  acro^is  tlio  iithuuvi  over  all  tlie  north-wc:itern 
region  of  Central  America,  joining  his  conciucsts  to  those  of  his  countrymen 
from  Panamd.  In  1523  Cristobal  do  Olid  made  an  expedition  by  water  to 
IIo:idiira.)  in  the  service  of  Cortc.s,  founding  a  settlement;  and  in  1524  Cort('3 
himself  marched  overland  from  Mexico  to  Honduras.  L'ttre-i  de  Pedro  de 
A/rnriiih  d  Fernan  ('or.'(\i,  in  'J'l rnniir-Compiin^,  Vci/.,  s(^Tic  i.  torn.  x.  ]ip. 
107-50,  ami  in  f!<nnn.i!'>,  Viivj'jl,  tom.  iii.  fol.  "JOO-oOO;  Pdir  2Inri>jr,  doc.  viii. 
cip.  v.  X.;  Oric'lo,  Hint.  Om.,  tom.  iii.  pp.  43-t,  430,  47.VS7;  Gowara,  Hid. 
C'li'l.  .i/.',B.,  fol.  228-33,  245-0,  2,")0-74;  Iferrrr'i,  IFtst.  Gen.,  dec.  iii.  lib.  iii. 
cap.  xvii. ;  lil).  vi.  cap.  x.-xii. ;  lib.  vii.  cap.  viii.-ix. ;  lib.  viii.  cap.  i.-vii. ;  Alam<tn, 
l)i'< rt:teinncs,  tom.  J.  pp.  203-25;  linutcur  dc  Ii:iur'iourj,  Hid.  Xnt.  Vic,  tom. 
iv.  Y\\  .-,40-50,  593  et  .seq.,  031-705. 

Ill  thi)  samo  year,  1524,  I'rancisco  Pizarm  sailer!  from  Panama  southwnrd, 
and  began  the  conquest  of  Peru,  wiiicli,  as  rela'anl  elsewhere  iii  this  volume, 
broii;;lit  to  light,  before  l.")40,  nearly  the  wholo  we:itern  coast  of  South  America, 
For  references  to  I'izarro's  discovery  see  a  later  cliupter  of  this  volume. 

A  meeting  of  tlie  leading  pilots  and  cosnographers  of  .^pain  and  Portugal, 
kni'V.ii  as  the  Council  of  Badajoz,  was  convened  for  tlie  purpose  of  settling 
di  puted  questions  between  the  two  governments.  Failing  in  its  priiiiaiy 
purpoic,  tlie  council  nevertheless  contributed  largely  to  a  better  knowledge 
of  New  AVorld  geography.  Indeed,  from  this  tinu;  the  European  govern - 
iiieiits  may  bo  suppo.sed  to  have  had,  and  to  liavo  delineated  on  their  ollicial 
charts,  tolerably  accurate  ideas  of  tlic  general  form  of  America  and  of  ita 


f 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


relation  to  Asia,  except  ii:  the  north-west,  although  the  existence  of  a  passage 
thron^^h  the  continent  was  still  linnly  believed  in.  "Writers  on  cosmogniiihy 
and  compilers  of  piiblishcd  maps  did  not,  Iiowevcr,  for  a  long  time  obtain  the 
knowledge  lodged  in  the  hands  of  goveniment  officials. 

[loC").]  The  man  who  accompanied  Magellan  in  lol9,  bnt  left  him  after 
entering  the  strait  and  rctunied  with  one  vessel  to  Spain,  was  named  l^sti'van 
Gomez.  In  1525  this  captain  was  sent  by  Spain  to  search  for  a  corresponding 
strait  in  the  north.  Although  an  official  expedition,  and  the  only  one  ever 
sent  by  Ppran  to  northern  parts,  no  journal  has  been  preserved,  and  only 
sliglit  particulars  derived  from  the  old  chroniclers  are  known.  Gomez  ex- 
pected to  find  a  strait  somewhere  between  Florida  and  Newfoundland,  prob. 
ably  not  knowing  the  result  of  Vcrrazano's  voyage  of  the  preceding  year. 
Cabot  was  at  the  time  piloto  mayor  in  Spain,  and  if  Vcrrazano  had,  as  is 
claimed  for  him  by  some,  reached  the  southern  United  States  coasts,  it  is  not 
likely  tliat  Gomez  would  have  looked  there  so  confidently  for  his  strait.  This 
voya;je  lasted  about  ten  months,  and  in  it  Gomez  is  supposed  to  have  cxp'ored 
the  coast  from  Newfoundland  to  a  point  below  New  York — possib'y  to 
Georgia  or  Florida.  Peter  Mar!  >jr,  dec.  vi.  cap.  x.;  JJerrcrn,  HUt.  Gin.,  dec.  iii. 
lib.  viii.  cap.  viii. ;  KohVs  Illtt.  DUcov.,  pp.  '271-Sl;  Xiwnrrete,  Co!,  dc  Vii'jcs, 
torn.  iv.  p.  viii.;  Kunstmann,  EntdccktiiKj  Am.,  pp.  70-1.  According  to  Ilar- 
risse,  Frlen,  Ysk'jun'j  der  Mcrcnrlh'n  odn-  Cartha  Marina,  Strasburg,  1,";'J5, 
con'!! ins  a  map  of  tho  world,  including  America,  but  Kohl  states  that  this 
map,  although  made  in  15'25,  was  not  published  till  1530.  Other  publications 
of  tlie  year  arc:  Pkiro  Arias  (Pcdrarias  Davila),  LHUre  di  Pic/ro  Arlax  Cupi- 
tan'i  ijeiirndr,  ddla  conquUta  dil  pae<('  del  Mar  Occvano,  written  froni  Darien, 
and  printed  without  place  or  date;  PiijafeUa,  Le  voyaged  nauhfitkni  j'i'iet 
])ir  le-i  Uyiai/noh  en  Iden  de  MuKucquei,  an  abridgment  of  tho  original 
account  liy  the  author,  who  was  with  Magellan;  C'ortei,  La  quarta  Heluc'wn, 
Toledo,  15'J5,  dated  October  15,  1524. 

Garcia  do  Loaisa  sailed  from  Corunna  July  24,  1525,  to  follow  Magellan's 
track.  Passing  through  tho  strait  between  January  and  May,  152'j,  lie 
arrived  at  tho  Moluccas  in  October.  Viafjei  ul  Mabico,  Segiindo  el  del  Cntnen- 
dador  Fr.  Onrcia de, Loaka,  in  Navarrete,  torn,  v.;  Puniey'.t  Dixciiv.  So'illi  Si  a, 
vol.  i.  pp.  127-45;  lielacioncn  del  viaje  heclio  d  laa  idla.i  Molucaa,  in  Pacheco  ami 
Cdrdenan,  torn.  v.  p.  5. 

[15211.]  One  small  vessel  of  Loaisa's  fleet,  imdcr  command  of  Santiago  do 
Guevara,  became  separated  from  tho  rest  June  1,  1520,  after  having  readied 
tho  Facifie  Ocean.  Guevara  decided  to  steer  for  the  coast  of  New  Spain, 
whicli  was  first  seen  in  the  middle  of  July;  and  on  the  25th  ho  anchored  j.t 
Tehnantepec.  Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viaijen,  tom.  v.  pp.  170-81,  22't-5. 

Corti's'  exploring  vessels,  begun  in  1522 — the  first  having  been  burned  on 
the  stocks,  others  were  built  in  their  place — were  now,  after  long  delay,  nearly 
ready  to  sail;  and  Guevara's  vessel  was  brought  up  from  Tehuantepec  to  jnin 
them.  Cortex,  ('i(rt(v<.  Letter  of  September,  1520. 

Aillon,  in  1523,  was  niado  adclantado  of  Chicora,  tho  country  discovered 
by  him  in  1520,  and  immediately  prepared  a  new  expedition  with  a  view  to 
colonize  tho  country,  explore  the  coasts,  and  to  find,  if  possible,  a  pawswige  to 
India.     The  preparations  were  not  completed   until  July,   1520,  when  ho 


TACIFIC  COAST  EXPLORATIONS. 


143 


lajfcUan's 
l,r2;>,  lie 

•I  Conioii- 

'O'llJl  Si  II, 

lntia';;o  do 
I;  readied 

tliorcil  i.t 

lumed  oil 
ly,  ut-^>ily 
\o  to  ji'in 

ftseo%'ereil 
view  to 
|aw,ago  to 
l\vlieu  lio 


sailed  from  Enpafiola  with  six  vessels,  HOO  men,  and  ninety  horses.  lie 
reacheil  the  Ivio  Jor.lan — perhaps  St  Helena  Sound,  South  Carolina — and 
thence  made  a  careful  e>;ploration  northward,  at  least  to  Cape  Fear,  and  prob- 
ably mnch  farther.  Aillon  died  on  the  18th  of  October,  and  after  much 
internal  dissension  ITjO  men,  all  that  remained  alive,  returned  to  Santo 
Pomiurjo.  Kavarri'k',  Cnl.  Je  Via'je-f,  tom.  iii.  pp.  71—4,  153-00;  Kuwstmaiin, 
EiU'lec'.iiiicjAni.,  p.  71. 

Ovicdo,  iJc  la  Niiturnl  Injutoria  de  las  fndla-i,  Toledo,  1520,  describes  the 
Xew  AVorld,  but  this  Look  is  not  the  great  historii;al  wor!;,  lately  printed, 
by  the  same  author.  It  may  be  found  also  in  Barcia,  Ilintoriudore-i  Prlnii- 
tlvus,  and  in  naimtnio. 

Sebastian  Cabot  attempted  a  voyage  to  India  in  lo2C),  sailing  with  four 
vessels  in  Apiil,  v/ith  the  intention  of  bearing  succor  to  Loaisa.  Owing  to 
insubordination  among  his  officers,  and  other  misfortune:;,  he  reached  only 
the  ILio  <^.e  hi  Plata,  and  after  extensive  explorations  in  that  region,  returned 
to  Spain,  having  been  absent  four  years.  Ovlido,  Hid.  O.n.,  tom.  ii.  p.  10'.); 
Dlccionirio  Univcrml,  Mexico,  apend.,  'Viages,'  tom.  x.  p.  807;  Uoiix  de 
J!nch>l!c,  in  /;•///./;«  dr  la  Soc.  Geo;).,  April,  1832,  p.  212. 

[1527.]  June  10,  ].";27,  an  English  expedition — the  last  ofTicially  sent  hy 
that  nation  within  the  limits  of  my  sketch — sailed  from  Plymouth,  still  in 
search  of  a  iiorth-wer;t  passage.  The  two  vessels  sailed  in  company  to  lati- 
tude u?)',  and  reached  the  coast,  where,  on  the  1st  of  July,  they  M'ere  i'.epa- 
rated  by  a  storm,  and  one  of  them  was  probably  lost.  The  other,  under  John 
Piut,  turned  fouthv.-ard,  followed  the  coast  of  New  England,  often  laniling, 
prolxibly  reached  Cliieora,  and  returned  to  England  via  the  West  Iiii'ia  Islands, 
arriving  early  in  Octol>er.  llakluyVa  Diwrs  Voij.,  pp.  27,  oli;  Bid  !li''.i  Mem. 
Cidjo',  pn.  Ill,  275;  Ovicdo,  Hist.  Gen.,  tom.  i.  p.  Gil;  Jhrrera,  Hid.  Ocii., 
dec.  ii.  lib.  v.  cap.  iii. 

Francisco  Montejo,  who  had  accompanied  the  expeditions  of  Grijalva 
and  Cortes,  and  h.'id  f:iiicc  been  sent  by  the  latter  as  ambassador  to  Spain, 
oljtained  from  t!ic  king  in  1.520  a  commission  as  adelantado  to  coiuiuer 
the  "i.Iands  of  Yucatan  and  Cozumel."  He  eailed  from  Seville  in  1527, 
landed  at  Co.-.umel,  penetrated  the  northern  part  of  the  peninsula,  and  during 
the  fallowing  j-ears  fought  desperately  to  accomplish  its  coii(iue.';t,  but  failed. 
A  small  colony  struggled  for  existence  at  Campcehe  for  several  years,  but  in 
1535  not  a  single  Spaniard  remained  in  Yucatan.  Co'jnlludn,  I/id.  Yuriti/imi, 
pp.  50-04;  Gomiir-i,  Hid.  Iiid.,  fol.  02-3;  StrjAnii'  Iiicidcnti  «/  Tnivel  in 
Yitru/jvi,  New  York,  1858,  vol.  i.  pp.  50-02. 

.    Ld  Sidle,  Lit  S  d<ide,  Paris,  1527,  contains  references   to  Greenland   and 
other  northern  parts  of  ^Vmerica. 

InJuly,  1527,  tlireeof  the  vessels  built  byCortes  made  a  preliminary  trip  up 
the  Pacilic  coast  from  Zacatula  to  Santiago  inColiniaand  back — the  lirst  voy- 
ngc  along  that  coast.  Iii  htrinn  6  Derrotern,  in  Pdchecn  and  CdrdviMti, Col.  Dnc., 
tniii.  xiv.  pp.  05-0;  Ri  iKcinii  de  /<(•  Derrotn,  in  Floridu,  Col.  /he.,  jip.  SS-01. 
I'l'it  an  order  from  Spain  re(|uire(l  the  llect  to  be  sent  to  India  tlirect— instead 
of  by  the  roundabout  route  proposed  byCorti^s — for  the  relief  of  Loaisji;  and 
the  tiiiee  vessels  sailed  from  Zacatula  in  October  under  Saavedra,  arriving 
safely  in  India.     Gucvara'a  ship  waa  too  worm-eaten  to  accompany  them; 


lU 


EAULY  VOYAGES. 


I 


but  several  vessels  were  already  on  the  stocks  at  Tchuantcpcc  to  replace 
those  sent  across  the  ocean.  Snt'tl  y  Mexiaind,  Vl'i;/p,  introd.  pp.  vL-.^i. ;  Xa- 
varrt'e.  Col.  Viuji.-;  toin.  v.  pp.  03-114,  1S1,440-SG;  Gil,  Memoria,  m  JJoklln 
dc  la  Soc.  Mix.  Gco'J.,  torn.  viii.  p.  477  et  seq. 

In  l.')27  PLoljcrt  Tlionic,  English  amkissador  to  Cliarlcs  V.,  A^Tote  a  Look  or 
memorial  to  Ilcnry  VIII.  on  cosmography,  on  the  Spanish  and  rurlugue.se 
discoveries,  and  on  the  importance  of  exploring  nortlnvard  for  a  pacsiigc  to 
Catliy.y.  It  was  afterward  printed  as  T/ie  hoolx  made  lij  (he  rijhl  icurnhqiful 
J/.  Tiohrrt  Tknnic,  in  ilitlhiijt's  Vo'j.,  vol.  i.  pp.  214-20. 

In  132G  a  commissioner  was  appointed  to  correct  the  Spanish  cliarts.  Fer- 
nando Colon  was  charged  with  the  i.;vision,  and  in  1527  a  map  v.as  made 
called  Cr.rlii  luihrrsul  <it  que  kc  confh ne  lodo  lo  qw.  d<l  miind >  w  h  t  d-..c:iL!frio 
/tisfa  ar/ora.  This  map  has  been  preserved,  and  a  fac-similc  is  given  hi  Kold, 
Leiden  (iltc-ton  Karleii  r<>n  Am.  It  shows  the  whole  eastern  coast  line  from 
the  .strait  of  ^Magellan  to  Greenland,  and  the  western  coast  from  Taaania  to 
the  vieinity  of  Soconusoo,  and  indicates  that  tlie  information  in  possession  of 
the  Spanish  govcrniucnt  was  remarkably  acciu'ate  and  complete.  Yi;catan  is 
represented  as  an  island,  and  the  discoveries  on  the  racilio  side  of  South 
America  arc  not  laid  dov.-n;  otherwise  this  map  varies  but  little  except  in 
names  from  a  map  made  by  Diego  llibero,  in  1,")2I^,  of  which  I  shall  give  a 
copy.  Kohl,  Bi'iden  (dk^len  Kdi-lt-n  ■i'o:iA}ii.,  pp.  1-24;  lluialo'dl,  L'mdii.  Crit., 
torn.  ii.  p.  1P.4,  and  Preface  to  Ghi'luiii/. 

[1.j28.]  Lordone,  Liliro  di  JJeuid'l'o  Bordonc  NA  qiial  ,si  rmjiona  do  tuite 
Vlsole  d.l  viondo,  Vinegia,  1528,  gives  maps  of  the  larger  iVmerican  islands, 
and  also  p  map  of  the  world,  the  American  part  of  v.liich  I  copy  from  the 
original.  Xo  part  of  the  western  coast  is  shown,  although  the  New  ^VorlJ 
i.s  represented  as  distinct  from  xVsia. 

Kohl,  Deidcn  Ulte^trn  Karfcn  von  Am.,  p.  34, 
mentions  another  M-ork  pi'inted  at  Venice  the  same 
year,  which  has  a  map  resembling  that  of  Sclkiner 
in  1520. 

Piinfilo  do  Xarvaez  sailed  from  Spain  in  1527  witli 
live  sldps  and  GOO  men,  to  con<pier  t!ie  northern 
shores  of  the  Gulf  of  ^lexico,  and  after  losing  some 
of  his  ships  by  storm,  and  many  of  his  men  by  de- 
sertion, in  crnising  about  Espauola,  Cuba,  and  other 
islands,  lie  landed  in  the  vicinity  of  Tampa  Hay 
April  14,  152S,  and  nearly  all  the  company  perished 
in  an  attempt  to  follow  the  coast  toward  Vera  Cruz,» 
C<d)('^ii  de  Vaca'.i  It'eldlioii,  Xew  York,  1871,  pp.  \o- 
20;  Ilcrrcra,  Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  iv.  lib.  iv.  cap.  iv.-vii.; 
lib.  v.  cap.  V. 

[1520.]  Major,  Priiirc  ffciiri/,  pp.  440-.52,  entertains  the  opinion  that 
Anstralia  was  discovered  probably  before  1520,  and  certainly  before  1542. 

lu  1520  was  made  the  before-mentioned  Spanish  official  map  by  Diego 
Itlbero,  which  may  be  supposed  to  show  all  that  was  kno\ni  by  Pui'opeiia 
pilots  at  tliat  tune  of  New  World  geography.  It  contains  some  improve- 
ments and  additions  to  Colon's  map  of  1527  with  the  same  title,  althougli 


JJap  iiv  Bkxi:iiktto 
JloiiuuNl;,  I.VJ8. 


NU^O  DE  GUZMAN. 


145 


rriticiscd,  perhaps  justly,  hy  Stevens  as  partisan  in  its  flistriliution  of  tlie 
iii'v  regions  amonj|  the  European  powei's.  I  ,jivo  a  copy  reduced  from  the 
fnll-sixcd  fac-simile  in  Kohl,  Be'di-ti  ulleMcn  Kurfeii  von  Am. 

(irecniand  is  called  Labrador  and  is  joined  to  the  continent,  as  tlic  sepa- 
ra'aiig  strait  had  not  at  tlic  time  been  explored.  It  vill  be  noticed  that 
Creenland  is  far  less  accurately  laid  down  on  this  and  other  late  maps  than 
on  some  earlier  ones  which  are  supposed  to  have  derived  some  of  their  deiails 
from  northern  sources.  Labrador,  Newfoundland,  and  Nova  Scotia  havi;  t!!o 
general  name  of  Bacal'aos.  Jlany  of  tlie  numerous  islands  along  the  eoru;t 
aie  named  in  the  original.  Corresponding  perhaps  to  the  New  England  aiul 
luidrie  United  States  wc  have  the  '  Tiera  de  Estcva  Gome/,'  stated  by  an  in- 
scription to  have  been  discovered  by  the  Spaniards  iu  1j'J5.  From  this  land 
to  Florida  extends  tlic  'Tiera  de  Ayllon,'  between  wliich  and  'Xveva  Espa.'ia' 
comes  the  '  Tiera  deGaray.'tlius  dividing  nearly  all  of  the  northern  continent 
iiinong  the  Spaniards.  The  West  India  Islands  have  here  their  true  lunnbcr, 
position,  and  names.  Yucatan  is  given  in  its  true  jiroportions  but  is  s-.e;;a- 
rated  \>y  a  strait  from  the  main-land.  The  South  Sea  coast  is  represented 
only  to  the  limit  of  the  voyage  of  Gil  Gonzalez  D.ivila  on  the  north,  and 
extends  southward  to  the  port  of  Chinchax  m  abort  latitude  10"  soulh,  iu- 
tliKiing,  according  to  an  inscription,  the  countries  which  had  been  reached 
by  Pizarro  iu  lo'J7.  The  form  of  South  America  is  correctly  laid  down  antl 
the  name  'Mvndvs  Xovvs'  is  applied  to  the  whole,  which  is  divided  into  tlio 
provuiccsof  'Castilladel  Oro,'  'Perv,'  '  Tiera  del  ISrasil,'  'Tiera  de  I'atagone:!,' 
and  'Tiera  de  Ferua  de  Magallaes,'  or  land  of  Magellan.  South  of  the  .strait 
is  the  'Tiera  do  los  Fuegos,'  whose  true  form  and  extent  were  not  known 
unlil  Schouteu  and  Le  !Maire  doubled  Cape  Iloni  in  lUlU. 


7  with 
rtliern 
^  some 
l)y  de- 
I  other 
)a  r>ay 
•■iihed 
u  Cniz.' 

..  i:)- 
-vii.; 


n   that 
■  Diego 

ll'Opi'IlU 

nprove- 
though 


Thus  far  I  have  copied  or  nientioued  all  maps  whieh  could  throw  any  light 
on  the  progress  of  geographical  knowledge,  and  have  endeavored  to  give  ii 
statement  of  all  the  voyages  by  which  this  progress  was  made.  Tims  f;'r  wo 
have  seen  the  coasts  of  both  Xorth  and  South  America,  except  in  the  i^outh- 
ML;^t  and  the  far  north-west,  more  or  Ic^s  carefully  explored  by  European 
voyagers;  we  have  Hcen  the  New  World  leeognized  as  distinct  for  the  most 
p;irt  from  Asia,  a  t(jleral)!y  correct  idea  of  its  form  and  extent  given  liy  gov- 
ciiiiiieut  pilots,  <ind  the  name  America  applied,  except  on  olTicial  mai).-!,  to 
tliu  southern  continent.  l[enccforLh  voyages  to  tlie  parts  already  discovered 
Income  of  conunon  occurrence,  and  numerous  maps,  both  in  manuscript  and 
pi'iiit,  are  made,  no  ono  of  which  I  shall  attempt  to  follow.  In  the  expe- 
ditions of  the  next  and  eonehuling  ten  years  of  this  Sunnuary  I  shall  niitico 
eliielly  thoi;o  by  which  a  knowledge  was  aeipured  of  the  countries  lying 
toward  (^'alifornia  and  the  great  Northwest,  presenting  several  maps  to  illus- 
trate this  part  of  the  subject. 

1 1.-).",),  I  During  the  absence  oi  Cortes  in  Spain  no  progress  had  b((  n  made 
iu  nwiKJnio  exploration;  and  by  lotlO  his  ships  on  the  stocks  at  Tchunntcpcc 
Wire  ruuu'd,  but  he  made  haste  to  build  more.  Cortes,  C'urta.i,  letters  of 
(Kt.  10,  1. -;•>;■),  and  April -JO,  l.V.J. 

Xnao  do  (lui'.man,  formerly  prc^dent  of  the  audicncia  of  New  Spain,  and 
the  inveterate  enemy  of  Cortt's,  luulertook  with  a  largo  force,  recruited  iu 
Uisr.  CKy.  .\M.,  I'oL.  I.    10 


140 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


BAC.l 


■-'•"' i^"'  ^ 

TIKHA  PE  KSTEVX      OOMKZ 
i 

'c.;ti>.«(( 


I>OU 


/^.i-'te — iC'.r.ru.iu. 


A i^    -'  /  Currui/e»._ 


"^  Ci.llhiitliut 


CAhTlI.I.A  lJl:i.  DUO  ~) 

li.Veidc 


VV^  Pnuinfiurn 


,iV' 


C'..S'..li;ii«//, 


TIKKA.  UI:^!,  BUAalL    Jl.S./raiiciiro  ,- 
MVNDVS   NOVVS 


1'tu.llml  :\ 


Wdlv  rusi-iiali^ 

riu.de  f-' 


TiKTiA  T)E  rr.nsX 

UK  SlAl^Al.l.AKS 


DlE(JO  RlBKRO's  Mai",  ]52i). 


PETER  MARTYR,  PTOLEMY,  AND  MUNSTER. 


147 


Mexico,  the  conquest  of  the  region  lying  to  the  nortli-wcst  of  that  city. 
Tlio  northern  limit  of  his  conquest  in  1530-1  was  Culiacan,  between  wliiuh 
and  Mexico  the  whole  country  was  brouglit  under  Spanish  control  by  expe- 
ditions sent  by  Guzman  in  all  directions  under  dififerent  leaders.  Relation  di 
2\'viiuo  (II  Ovsmnn,  in  liamunio,  torn.  iii.  fol.  331,  and  abridged  in  Purclum, 
Jli.i  I'llijrlmis,  vol.  iv.  p.  lu5G;  Jornada  qtte  hizo  Nuiio  de  Guzman  d  l<i  Ntieva 
(I'dliciii,  in  IcazlialceUi,  Col,  de  Doc.,  torn.  ii. ;  Priniera  relucion,  p.  288;  Tcr- 
crni  reUicion,  p.  439;  C'lKtrf a  relucion,  p.  4G1;  Doc.  para  Hint,  de  Mex.,  serio 
iii.  p.  0(i9;  Mota  Padilla,  Vonquista  de  Xueva  Gidicia,  MS.  of  1742;  Ovinlo, 
J /hit.  Gen.,  tom.  iii.  pp.  559-77;  Gil,  Memoria,  in  Boletin  de  la  Hoc.  Mex, 
Go  J. ,  torn.  viii.  p.  424  et  seq. 

ilak'.iiyt,  in  his  Voymje-i,  vol.  iii.  p.  700,  states  that  one  William  Ilawkina, 
of  riymouth,  made  voyages,  in  a  ship  fitted  out  at  hia  own  expense,  to  llie 
coast  of  IJrazil  in  1530  and  1532,  bringing  back  an  Indian  king  as  a  curiosity. 

J'ltcr  Miirtijr,  De  Orbe  novo,  COpluti,  1530,  is  the  first  complete  edition  of 
eiglit  decades;  and  Ojnig  Ei>islolarum,  of  tlic  same  date  and  place,  is  a  col- 
Icetioii  of  over  ciglit  hundred  letters  %VTittcn  between  1488  and  1525,  many  of 
tluni  relating  more  or  less  to  American  affairs. 

In  the  Ptolemy  of  1530,  in  several  subsequent  editions,  and  in  Munnter'a 
Co>imO'jraphy  of  1572  et  seq.,  ia  the  map  of  which  the  following  is  a  reduction. 


^     ^  PSS       O    (remiuilan:/ 


N    o    V    V     s 


d  ^   QOc 


'3f? 


r"  «    t.liiilDiiu 


CoOp 


Offc/'i'o  "(c'i'<»fiij"i 


'Of-'""""  Qo^ 


AT- 


jHMi/a  ntUmllrn  iiumn  roeant^lSinailii 
<i'  Ainvi'U'a 
Caliiiiira 


r 


The  New  World,  from  Ptolemy,  1530. 


I  give  this  drawing,  circulated  for  many  years  in  standard  works,  to  illus- 
tiatc  Iiow  extremely  slow  were  cosmographers  to  form  anything  like  a  coiTcct 
i  lea  of  American  geograpliy,  and  how  little  they  availed  themselves  of  tlie 
more  correct  knowledge  sliown  on  official  cliarts.  Tlio  following  map,  made 
ill  15^1,  illustrates  still  further  the  absurdities  circulated  for  many  years 


m 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


;    i 


under  the  name  of   gcograpliy.      Scores  of  ail(1ition.il  examples  mi^^lit  be 
Kiven. 


liL'scia.Li  s  Map,  IH-l-A. 

fl.'n^.]  At  last,  ill  the  middle  of  l.")"i2,  CorU's  was  aMe  to  despatch  from  Aca- 
jiulci)  two  vessels,  under  llurUidode  Meiulozaaiul  iNlazuela,  to  mal;c  the  I'.rst 
voyage  up  the  coast  beyond  Colima.  Mendoza  touclied  at  Santiago  and  at  the 
port  of  Jalisco,  near  the  later  San  lUas,  discovering  tlic  islands  of  ^lagdakiia, 
or  Trc3  ^larias.  Then  they  took  refiige  from  ft  storm  in  a  port  located  only 
by  eonjectxirc,  probably  on  the  Souora  coast,  where  after  a  time  the  vessi  Is 
parted.  Mendoza  went  on  up  the  coast.  Having  landed  and  aseentled  ilio 
i;io  Tamoteliala — now  the  Fnertc — he  was  killed,  with  most  of  his  men,  I'V 
llic  Indiana.  The  rest  were  massacred  a  little  later,  when  the  vessel  grounded 
and  broke  up  at  the  m.)i;th  of  the  llio  I'etatlan,  or  Sinaloa.  !MeanMdu!e, 
Maznela  v.ith  the  other  vess".  returning  down  the  coast  was  driven  aslure 
in  Banderas  Bay,  where  ;dl  uis  men  Init  two  or  three  were  killed  by  the 
natives.  Authorities,  b.  i'l',  voliunin-ms,  complicated,  and  of  necessity  fully 
presented  elsewhere,  are  o.nitted  here. 

('or!<''<,  Dc  Iiisrlin  iirpi'f  iinrnli.'i,  ("oloni;r,  \','V2,  is  a  translation  of  Ifernan 
Cortes'  sccon<l  and  third  lettei's,  with  Peter  Martyr's  I)e  lu.iuli.-i,  and  a  letter 
from  Fray  Martin  de  Valencia,  diitcd  Yucatan,  Juno  12,  lo31,  with  some 
letters  from  Z\nn:irraga,  iii-st  bishop  (jf  Mexico. 

(•'ri/ii'tv-'i,  i\'orv<  Orliii,  Paris  and  Paslo,  b)o2,  is  a  collection  of  the  voyauis 
of  Columbus,  Pin.-'.on,  Vespucci,  and  others.  In  this  work  the  assertion  i< 
made  that  Vespucci  discovered  America  before  Coltunbus,  which  aroused  the 
wrath  of  Las  Casas,  and  seems  to  have  originated  the  subsequent  bitter 
attacks  on  Vespucci.  About  the  maps  originally  published  with  this  work 
there  seems  to  be  some  doubt,  most  coxiies,  like  my  own,  having  no  map. 


LOWrn  CALIFOr.XIA  DISCOVEr.F.D. 


N!) 


/"^^ 


llIoni:'.n 
la  lettiv 
111  somo 

Kiou  if 
[scil  tho 
bitter 
Ha  wdik 
|o  null). 


Aocordii)'^  to  Stnvn-i  .\'o/r<,  pp.  10,  '«l-'2,  pi.  iii.  no.  4,  the  Paris  edition  of 
i:riinicu'<  contained  a  map  made  liy  Orontiius  Fine  iu  l.'ilU.  Tho  following  la 
ii  ndiu'tioii  from  .Stevun.i'  fac-siniilu  on  Mcrcator's  projection: 


~1         -    -^P    ^ 


Orontius  Fine's  Map,  1 5;}  1. 

All  of  the  Xcw  World,  so  far  as  explored,  is  represented  with  toleralilo 
aocuivu'y,  but  the  nncxplorcd  South  Sea  ijoast  i.s  made  to  extend  we.stward 
f;!i:n  the  region  f)f  Aeapulco,  and  to  join  tho  southern  coast  of  Asia,  which  ij 
laiil  down  from  tho  ancient  chronicles.  Instead  of  being,  as  Stevens  terms  it, 
A  "cnlmiiiation  of  ab'.unlitics,"  I  regard  this  map  as  more  consistent  with 
tlic  knowledge  of  tho  time  than  any  other  printed  during  the  lirst  half  of  tho 
sixteenth  century.  Xortli  America  when  found  Was  regarded  as  Asia;  South 
America  was  at  first  supposed  to  be  a  huge  island,  and  later  an  immen.so 
S'liUh-oastern  extension  of  Asia;  suljsccpient  explorations,  chiefly  that  of 
Magellan,  showed  the  existence  of  a  vast  oecan  between  southern  America 
iiiid  sfmthcru  Asia;  ollicial  maps  left  nnexplorecl  regions  blank,  expressing  no 
till  (iry  as  to  the  northern  extension  of  the  racillc  Ocean;  other  maps,  as  wo 
have  seen,  without  any  authority  whatever,  make  lliat  ocean  extend  north 
and  completely  separate  Asia  from  the  Xew  V>'oild.  'I  he  present  map,  how- 
ever, clings  to  the  original  idea  anil  makes  N'ortli  Ameiica  an  eastern  exten- 
Siiiin  of  Asia,  giving  the  name  America  to  the  southei'ii  continent. 

The  map  in  the  Basle  edition  of  Gri/ii't iii,  also  given  in  Stariis'  ^Vo^e-;,  pi. 
iv.  no.  4,  closely  resembles  S'liiini r\i  O'Mif  of   l,"ij!)  (see  page  lo7). 

[l."<33. ]  The  expedition  of  Deecrra,  Cirijalva,  and  Jimenez,  sent  out  by 
Cortes  to  search  for  llurtado  de  Mendoza  and  to  continue  north-western  dis- 
coveries, sailed  from  Santiago  in  Xovendier.  This  voyage,  like  those  follow- 
ing, ..ill  be  fully  treated  elsewhere  in  this  work.  The  only  result,  so  far  as 
the  purposes  of  this  chapter  arc  concerned,  was  the  discovery  of  the  Revilhi 
<o:4edo  group  of  islands  and  tho  southern  part  of  the  peninsula  of  Lower 
California,  supposed  then  to  be  an  island.     Jimenez  landed  and  was  killed  at 


150 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


Santa  Cruz,  now  known  aa  La  Paz.  The  subsequent  expedition  of  1535-6, 
headed  by  Cortes  in  person,  added  only  very  slightly  to  geographical  knowl- 
edge  of  the  north-west.  Many  points  were  touched  and  named  along  the 
coast;  but  comparatively  few  can  be  definitely  located  except  by  tho  aid  of 
information  afforded  by  the  eailier  explorations  of  Guzman  by  land. 

SchiJner,  OpoHcvlvm  Geogrnphkvm,  supposed  to  have  been  printed  in  1533, 
maintains  that  the  New  World  ii  part  of  Asia,  and  contains,  so  far  as  known, 
tho  first  charge  against  Vespucci.  Humboldt,  Exam.  C'rit.,  torn.  v.  pp.  174-5. 
Other  books  of  the  year  are:  Franck,  WeUhuch,  Tubingen,  1533,  which  in- 
cludes America  in  a  description  of  the  world;  and  Zummaraga,  Bolschajft  (Im 
GrossmechLigsten  Knigs  Dauid,  n.  p.  n.  d.,  containing  a  letter  fromMe-dco  dated 
in  1532. 

[1534.]  In  1534,  1535,  and  1540,  Jacques  Cartier  made  tlire<j  voyages  for 
France,  in  which  Newfoundland  and  the  gulf  and  river  ci  St  Lawrence 
were  carefully  explored.  Prima  Relatione  di  lacqves  Cartlncr  'd<-Ua  Terra 
Nvova  delta  la  Nuoua  Frnncia,  trouata  nelV  anno  MDXXXiiii..  in  i?a?n«.</o, 
torn.  iii.  fol.  435;  HahltiyVa  Voy.,  vol.  iii.  pp.  201-36;  Sammlung  alter  Ri'isc- 
heschreibungen,  tom.  xv.  p.  20. 

Simon  do  Alcazaba  sailed  from  San  Liicar  in  September,  1534,  with  two 
ships  and  280  men,  intending  to  conquer  and  settle  the  western  coast  of 
South  America  south  of  Peru.  After  spending  a  long  time  in  the  strait 
of  Magellan,  he  was  finally  prevented  by  the  mutiny  of  his  men  from  pro- 
ceeding farther.  His  explorations  in  the  Patagonian  regions  were  more 
extensive  than  had  been  made  Ixifore.  Seventy-five  men,  the  remnant  of  his 
expedition,  reached  Espaflola  in  September,  1535,  one  vessel  having  been 
wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Brazil.  Oviedo,  Hist.  Gen.,  tom.  ii.  pp.  155-05;  (lid- 
various  Discov.,  pp.  198-9;  Herrera,  dec.  v.  lib.  vii.  cap.  v.;  Diccionario  Univ., 
app.  tom.  x.  p.  807;  Burneifn  Diicov,  South  Hea,  vol.  i.  p.  171. 

The  books  of  1534  are,  Francis  of  Bologna,  La  Xe^em,  Venetia,  n.  d. ;  ClirO' 
nica  compendiosissima,  Antwerp,  1534,  containing  letters  from  priests  in 
Mexico;  Vadianus,  Epitome,  Tigura,  1534,  includes  the  Insulse  Oceani;  Pefi-r 
^.fr;r'!jr,  Lihro  Prima  Delia  Historia,  Vinegia,  1534,  which  has  joined  to  it  a 
libro  secondo  by  Oviedo,  and  an  anonymous  ^hird  book  on  the  conquest  of 
Peru;  two  anonymous  works,  l.etero.  de  la  nohil  cipta,  and  Copia  dellc  Lctlcre 
del  Pr^etto  dclla  India,  being  letters  from  Peru,  tho  latter  describing  tho 
conquest;  Honter,  De  co.smc!/rapliiic,  Basileic,  1534,  with  a  chapter  on  tho  now 
islands;  Xeres,  Uerdadera  retacion  de  la  conquinta  del  Peru,  Seville,  \^M; 
and  an  anonymous  work  on  tho  same  subject.  La  conquisla  del  Peru,  Seville, 
1534. 

[1535.]  In  this  year  appeared  tho  first  edition  of  the  great  historical  wuik 
of  Gonzalo  Hernandez  do  Oviedo  y  Valdt's,  La  Historia  general  de  In.i  fndiu-', 
Seville,  1535.  Only  nineteen  of  tho  fifty  books  which  comprise  the  wholo 
work  appear  in  this  edition;  tho  work  complete  has  since  been  published  in 
Madrid,  1851-5.  Stoinhowcl,  Clironica  Bvsehreibung,  Franckenfort,  1535,  li:i:J 
a  chapter  on  'America  discovered  in  1497.' 

[1530.]  In  April,  1528,  as  wo  have  seen,  PAnfilo  «1o  Narvaez  had  landed 
on  the  west  coast  of  Florida,  probably  at  Tampa  Bay,  and  attcmpied  witii 
three  hundred  men  to  reach  Pdnueo  by  land.    Tho  company  gradually  meUcd 


NEW  MEXICO  INVADED. 


151 


Ho 


ical  work 

1.1  flidhf, 

he  wlidlo 
jlished  ill 
1530,  lwi3 


from  famine,  sickness,  and  battles  with  the  savages,  until  only  Alvsir  Nuflcz 
Cabeza  do  Vaca  with  a  few  companions  remained.  Thej'  wore  held  as 
slavos  by  the  natives  of  the  Gnli  coast  for  six  years;  and  then  escaping,  tra- 
versed Texas,  Chilmalma,  and  Sonora,  by  a  route  wliich  has  not  been  very 
deOuitely  fixed.  Cabeza  de  Vaca  with  three  companions  reached  the  Spanish 
settlements  in  northern  Sinaloa  early  in  1536,  and  their  reports  served  aa  a 
powerful  incentive  to  more  extended  exploration.  Relatione  die  fece  Alvaro 
Xvnez  dello  Capo  di  vacca,  in  Ramumo,  torn,  iii  fol.  310-30;  Purcha.%  Ilia 
Pilijrimes,  vol.  iv;  p.  1499;  Cabeqa  de  Vaca'a  ReUUioii,  New  York,  1871; 
Teriiaux-Cowpans,  Voy.,  s^rie  i.  tom.  vii.;  Oviedo,  Uiat.  Oen.,  torn.  iii.  p.  582 
et  scq.;  Barcia,  Iliatoriadorea  Prim.,  tom.  i. 

Peter  Martyr,  DeRehna  Oceanicia,  Paris,  1536,  contains  nine  decatles.  This 
work,  with  Sacro  Boaco,  Sphera  VoUjare,  Venetiis,  1537,  and  Nunez,  Tratado 
di  Sfera,  Olisipone,  1537,  closes  the  bibliographical  part  of  this  Summary,  in 
vhich,  following  Harrisse  as  the  latest  authority,  I  have  endeavored  to 
mention  all  the  original  works  by  which  the  geographical  results  of  voyages 
of  discovery  were  made  known  prior  to  1540, 

[ir)37.]  After  the  abandonment  of  California  by  the  colony,  Cort(5s  sent 
two  vessels  under  Hernando  de  Grijalva  and  Alvarado  (not  Pedro)  to  Peru 
with  .supplies  and  reinforcements  for  Pizarro.  There  aro  vague  reports  that 
CJrijalva  sailed  westward  from  Peru  and  made  a  long  cruise  in  the  Pacific, 
vitiiting  various  islands  which  cannot  be  located.  Ihrrera,  lllst.  Oen.,  dec.  v. 
lib.  viii.  cap.  x.;  dec.  vii.  lib.  v.  cap.  ix.;  Galvano'a  Diacov.,  pp.  202-3;  Burxey'a 
JJiscor.  South  Sea,  vol.  i.  p.  180. 

[l.")3S.]  Fernando  de  Soto  landed  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida,  crossed  tne 
peninsula  to  that  part  discovered  by  Aillon  in  1526,  wandered  four  or  five 
years  iu  the  interior  of  the  southern  United  States  and  followed  the  course 
of  the  Mississippi,  probably  as  far  up  as  to  the  Ohio.  Here  Soto  died, 
and  the  remnant  of  his  company,  after  penetrating  farther  west  to  the  buflalo 
country,  floated  down  the  Mississippi  and  returned  to  Mexico  in  1543. 
Sato's  travels  are  esteemed  by  Kohl  aa  "the  principal  source  of  knowledge 
regarding  these  regions,  for  more  than  a  hundred  years."  Diacov.  and  Coiiq. 
of  Terra  Floridc  Uakliiyt  Soc,  London,  1851;  Selection  of  Curioua  Voy., 
Slip,  to  ll'ikliiyt,  London,  i312,  p.  689;  Purcha<>,  His  Pihjrimea,  vol.  iv.  p. 
I."i32;  Ferd'nandi\  -on  Soto  Reiae  nach  Florlla,  in  Sammlung,  tom.  xvi.  p.  395. 

[1539.]  Li  August,  1539,  three  vessels  under  Alonso  de  Camargo  were 
despatched  from  Seville  for  India  via  t)io  South  Sea,  and  reached  Cabo  do  hia 
Mrgencs  January  20,  1540.  One  of  the  vessels  was  wrecked  iu  tiie  strait  of 
Magellan;  another  returned  iu  Spain,  and  the  third  entered  the  Paeitie,  and 
finally,  after  touehing  Chile  in  38'  30',  arrived  at  Arequipa  in  Peru.  Tliis 
voj-ago  is  supposed  to  have  afforded  the  first  knowlctlgo  of  tho  intermediate 
coast  between  the  strait  of  !Ma  ^cllan  and  Peru.  DiecionarioUniv.,  (\\\i>.  torn, 
X.  p.  807;  llcrrera,  Uiat.  Gen.,  ilec.  vii.  lib.  i.  cap.  viii.;  Burney'a  JJiacoc.  South 
Sr,t,  vol.  i.  p.  186. 

Cabeza  de  Vaca  brought  to  Sinaloa  and  thtnec  to  Muxico  accounts  of  won- 
derful towns  in  the  northern  regions  traversed  hy  hiii.:  oiid  in  March,  1539, 
Fray  Marcos  de  Niza,  accompanied  by  one  of  the  men  who  had  seen  the 
reported  wonders,  set  out  from  Culiacan  au  1  proceeded  northward  in  search 


$m 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


of  the  Seven  Cities  of  whose  existence  other  rumors  were  cniTcnt  licsiilos 
t.ose  brought  hy  Alvar  Xunez.  .iai'cos  do  Niza  readied  the  Pueblo  town-i  of 
Zufii  and  bro'.ight  bacli  greatly  exaggerated  reports  of  the  wealth  of  the 
people  and  the  magnificence  of  their  cities.  Rilitione  di  Iteverendo  Fra  Marco 
d  I  Xiz-.«,  in  /iiimii.'iio,  torn.  iii.  fol.  .3.10;  Pitrchn'i,  His  Pilt/riiur.i,  vol.  iv.  p. 
l.JOO;  Pacheco  and  C'drdcnan,  Col.  de  Doc,  tom.  iii.  p.  3'2o;  IIiiLiiti/t'^:  I'oi/., 
vol.  iii.  pp.  3G(]-7.'};  Ternaux-Compam,  Vo<j.,  serio  1.  tom.  ix.  p.  "250.  See 
also  Whijtple,  liwbank,  and  Turner,  in  Pacific  11.  R.  Report,^,  vol.  iii.  pp. 
104-8. 

Kiza's  report  prompted  Cortda  to  renewed  efforts  in  his  Califomian  enter- 
prise,  and  in  .Jul}-,  l.j.^f),  Francisco  do  Ulloa  was  sent  from  Acapulco  witii 
three  vessels  to  prosecute  the  discoveries  by  water.  U11o.t,  spent  some  time 
in  the  port  of  Santiago  for  repairs,  lost  one  vessel  in  a  gale  near  the  entrance 
to  the  gulf,  visited  Santa  Cruz,  and  tiien  followed  the  main  coast  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Colorado,  and  returned  along  the  coast  of  the  Peniisi,"  i  t  > 
Santa  Cruz,  where  ho  arrived  on  the  18th  of  October.  From  Ihi.  v':v.".  '  c 
doubled  the  southern  point  of  California,  and  sailed  up  the  weslcn;  c:  ipI  ' 
Cedros  Island,  and  somewhat  beyond.  During  the  whole  voyage  i.e  to'iclu-d 
and  named  many  places,  whose  names  have  seldom  been  retained,  but  some 
of  which  may  be  with  tolerable  certainty  idcntilied.  In  April  tlie  vessels 
Bcpanilcd,  one  retu riling  by  a  (juick  passage  to  Colima.  Ulloa  himself  with 
the  other  vessel  attempted  to  continue  his  explorations  northward,  with  wliat 
success  is  not  known.  According  to  Goinara  and  Bernal  Diaz,  ho  returned 
nfter  several  months  spent  in  fruitless  endeavors  to  reach  more  northern 
latitudes ;  other  authorities  state  tliat  he  was  never  heard  from.  I'rcciado, 
who  .Tceompaiiied  the  expedition,  wrote  of  it  a  detailed  but  not  very  clear 
narrative  or  journal.  Uclutioiu'  dcllo  Kcoprimento  c/ie  ml  iionw  di  Dio  va  a 
Jar  i'armata  dell'  iUiintrintiimo  Fernando  (hrtcse,  etc.  (Prei'iado's  Helatioii), 
i:i  R(  iitsio,  tom.  iii.  .S.'IO-,")-!,  and  in  Hiddwjl'K  Vo;i.,  vol.  in.  pp.  .T)7-4_' 1 ; 
Comara,  Hist.  Conq.,  fol.  *292-I};  licrnal  Diiiz,  I/ist.  Conq.,  fol.  "234;  Iferrvru, 
Jlint.  (-en.,  dee.  vi.  lib.  ix.  cap.  viii.  etseij. ;  Parcluifi,  J/ii  Pilijrinn'-',  vol.  v. 
p.  85(5;  Siitd  ij  Miwicana,  l'/",'/c,  pp.  xxii.-vi. ;  Unrnrifn  Di^coo.  Sonlli  Sen,  vol. 
i.  pp.  1!)3-'2I0;  Vvni'tjns,  Xoticiti  ilc  lit  (Jaliforniit,  quoted  from  (joiwu-k,  torn. 
i.  pp.  l.")!)-()l;  CUivijcro,  Storld   'clhi  Valifonii^i,  torn.  i.  p.  Ijl. 

[l.")-10.]  Also  in  eonseijueiiee  of  Marcos  de  Niza's  reports,  Francisco  Vaz(|iU'z 
(le  Coronado,  who  had  succeeded  Nuuode  (j!u/manfind  Torro  as  governorof  New 
(ialicia,  set  out  from  Culiacan  in  April,  l.")40,  penetrated  to  tlie  I'ueblo  towin, 
or  the  Seven  Cities  of  Cibola,  and  thence  to  the  valley  of  the  llio  Grande  and 
far  toward  the  north-east  to  (Juivira,  wlioso  location,  fixed  by  him  in  latitude 
411°,  has  been  a  much  disputed  (juestion.  While  in  Sonora,  ho  .'^(.■iit  forth 
Melchor  Diaz,  who  explored  the  head  of  the  gulf,  and  the  mouths  of  the  rivers, 
Gila  and  Colorado,  where  ho  found  letters  left  by  Alarcon.  Seo  infra.  F'nni 
Cibola,  Coronado  sent  (Jareia  Lopez  de  Cardenas  west,  who  passed  throu.^li 
the  Mocpii  towns  ami  followed  the  Colorado  for  some  dist.uice.  Coronadi> 
returned  in  ir)4'2.  Relatione  die  mando  Francesco  I'azipnz  di  Coronado,  in 
/iV/)v«.n/o,  tom.  iii.  fol.  3'>0;  Pnrhccoand  Ciirdfn<i.i,  Col.  de  Do:,  tom.  iii.  p.  ."d  I. 
JI(t!cliii/l's  Voi).,   vol.  iii.   pp.  ;{7.'J-82,  has  the  same  and  Gomara's  accomit. 

irio  i.    tom.  ix.,  uives  the  relations  of  Coro- 


i 


Jompai 


oi/aije 


CALIFORNIA  AND  ARIZONA  DISCOVERED. 


133 


nado,  CastaueJa,  auil  Jaramillo.  See  also  Whipple,  Kwhaitl;  a  ml  Tnrnrr,  in 
Pnc[;ic  li.  7.'.  Hijiort.i,  vol.  iii.  pp.  lOS-l'J;  Slwp.'ion,  in  Heport  of  Smitli-^onian 
Iiixflfuiloii,  18G9. 

To  ccHipevatc  with  Corona'-lo'.s  land  expedition,  Ilcniando  de  Alarcon  was 
despatched  from  Acapnlco  in  May,  l.")40.  Alarcon  followed  the  coast  to  tlio 
head  of  tlio  gulf,  and  ascended  the  Rucna  fluia  (Colorado)  some  eighty-five 
luagnen  in  boats,  hut  licnriug  nothin^'  from  Coronado,  lie  rctumed  after  Irarj'- 
ing  lottcra,  which,  as  wo  have  seen,  wore  found  by  Melclioi-  Diaz.  Beside  the 
lufcrences  given  above,  see  Sii/U  ij  Mc.dcana,  Vhnjo,  p.  xxviii. ;  Biirnaj's 
Discoc:  Sotil/i  Sen,  vol.  i.  pp.  '211-lG;  Pinrhnx,  Ills  Pil<jrlnies,  vol.  iv.  p.  l.jOO; 
Si-h^olrrafCs  Arch.,  vol.  iv.  p.  21  ct  seq.;  vol.  vi.  p.  09;  Doc.  HUt.  Mcx., 
sL'vio  iii.  p.  071. 

I  here  present  reductions  of  two  maps  of  the  tune  to  illustrate  the  explora- 
tions on  the  north-west  coast,  with  M'liich  I  close  this  sketcli.  The  lirst  was 
iiiado  by  the  pilot  Castillo  in  l.")41,  and  u  taken  from  Cortes,  U'mt.  Nucvd- 
L-jKiiia,  edited  by  Lorenzana,  Mexico,  1770,  p.  IJ'J."). 


cir,„-<t 


V  -.       -V ^^A 


V 


Castillo's  ^l.\r,  l.Vll. 


A  similar  chart  is  mentioned  by  Settor  Navarrcte  ,<.s  existing  in  the  liydro- 
Kviipliio  arehivea  in  Madrid.  Tlio  second,  from  the  Munich  Al.'as,  no.  vi.,  i.i 
of  uncertain  date.  I'(;schel  places  it  between  I. ">.'>-'  and  l.")4(»;  and  it  was 
certaiidy  made  about  that  time,  as  Yucatan  is  icprcscnted  as  uu  island, 
and  California  as  a  peninsula,  although  later  it  came  again  to  be  considered 
uu  inland,  as  at  its  lirst  discyvery. 


m 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


JHCKIl'T  MAl',At.TII()!l  L'.SK.XdWN.Sri'l'OM-.DTOHAVIillKKN  UllAWN 

BKTWEKN  1532.  And  15MI. 


k 


:  -1' 

f  i 


This,  then,  was  Discovery.  And  in  the  progress  of  discovery  we  may  trace 
the  progress  of  mind.  We  can  but  wonder  now,  when  we  see  our  little  earth 
belted  with  steam  and  lightning,  how  reluctantly  the  infant  intellect  left  its 
cradle  to  examine  its  surroundings.  Wrapped  in  its  Mediterranean  swad- 
dlings,  it  crept  forth  timidlj*,  tremblingly,  slowly  gaining  courage  with 
experience,  until,  throwing  off  impediments,  it  trod  the  earth  in  the  fearless 
pride  of  manhood.  Like  all  science,  philosophy,  and  religion,  cosmograpliy 
was  at  first  a  superstition.  Walled  withm  uiirrow  limits,  as  wo  have  seen, 
by  imaginary  frost  and  fire,  shaken  from  fear  of  heaven  above  and  hell  bo- 
Jieath,  there  is  little  wonder  that  the  ancients  dared  not  venture  far  from 
home;  nor  that,  when  men  began  to  explore  parts  unknown,  there  should 
appear  that  romance  of  geography  so  fascinating  to  the  Greek  mind,  that  halo 
thrown  by  the  dimness  of  time  and  distance  over  strange  seas  and  lands. 
From  this  time  to  that  of  the  adaptation  of  the  magnet  to  purposes  of  navi- 
gation, about  a  score  of  centuries,  there  was  little  progress  in  discovery. 

Is  it  not  strange  how  the  secrets  of  nature,  one  after  another,  reveal  them- 
selves  according  to  man's  necessities  ?  Who  would  have  looked  for  tho  deliv- 
erance of  pent-up  humanity  from  certain  mysterious  qualities  in  magnetic 
iron  ore,  which  floated  toward  tho  north  that  side  of  a  cork  on  which  it  was 
placed  ?  When  V^iisco  da  Gama  and  Columbus  almost  simultaneously  opened 
to  Europe  oceani(J  highways  through  which  were  destined  to  flow  the  treasures 
of  tho  eastern  and  tho  western  Indies,  then  it  was  that  a  now  quality  was 
discovered  in  the  loadstone;  for  in  addition  to  its  power  to  take  up  iron,  it 
was  found  to  possess  tho  rare  virtue  oi  drawing  gold  and  silver  from  distant 
parts  into  the  cofiers  of  European  princes;  then  it  M'as  that  paths  were  maikcd 
out  across  tho  Sea  of  Darkness,  and  ships  parsed  to  and  fro  bearing  the 
destroyers  of  nations,  and  laden  with  their  spoils. 


:  f% 


CHAPTER  II. 

COLUMBUS  AND  HIS  DISCOVERY. 

1492-1500. 

Earlt  1,'pekiences  —  The  Compact  —  Embarkation  at  Palos  —  Tna 
Voyage — Discovery  of  Lakd — Uxfavorable  Comparison  with  tub 
Paradise  of  Marco  Polo — Cruise  among  tue  Islands — One  Nati-re 
Everywhere — ^Desertion  of  Pinzon—  ^Vreck  of  the  Santa  I^Iaria 
— The  Fortress  of  La  Navidad  Erected— Return  to  Spain— Rights 
OF  Civilization — The  Papal  Bull  of  Partition — Fonseca  Ai'po;:;ted 
Superintendent  of  the  Indies — Second  Voyage — Navidad  in  Ruins 
— isabela  estabushed  —  discontent  of  the  colonists  —  explora- 
TIONS OF  THE  Interior — Coasting  Cuba,  and  Discovery  of  Jamaica 
— Failure  of  Columbus  as  Governor — Intercourse  with  Spain- 
Destruction  OF  THE  Indians— Government  of  the  Indies— Diego 
AND  Bartolom^  Colon — Charges  against  the  Admiral — Commission 
OF  Inquiry  Appointed — Second  Return  to  Spain — Third  Voyage- 
Trinidad  Discovered  —  Santo  Domingo  Founded  —  The  Roldan 
Rebellion  —  Francisco  de  Bohadilla  Appointed  to  Supersede 
Columbus  —  Arbitrary  and  Iniquitous  Conduct  of  BoriVdilla  — 
Columbus  sent  in  Chains  to  Spain. 


In  the  developments  of  progress  the  agent, 
however  subordinate  to  the  event,  cannot  foil  to 
command  our  intelligent  curiosity.  The  fact  is  less 
one  with  us  than  the  factor.  The  instrument  is 
nearer  us  in  pulsating  humanity  than  the  event, 
which  is  the  result  of  inexorable  causations  wliolly 
beyond  our  knowledge.  That  America  could  not 
have  remained  much  longer  hidden  from  the  civilized 
world  does  not  lessen  the  vivid  interest  which  at- 
taches to  the  man  Columbus,  as  he  plods  along  the 
dusty  highway  toward  Huelva,  leading  by  the  hand 
his  boy,  and  bearing  upon  his  shoulders  the  more 
immediate  destinies  of  notions. 

(15B) 


uM 


IJG 


COLOIBUS  .VXD  HIS  DISCOVERY. 


Nor  arc  wo  indifferent  to  the  ac^'ciicies  that  evolved 
the  agent.  Every  signal  success  springs  from  a  for- 
tuitous conjunction  of  talent  and  opportunity;  from 
a  coalition  of  taste  or  training  with  the  approaching 
fancy  or  dominant  idea  of  the  times.  While  assist- 
ing his  father  wool-combing,  ho  jTjuthful  Genoese 
was  toughening  his  sinews  an*.,  acquiring  habits  of 
industry;  while  studying  geometry  and  Latin  at 
Pavia,  while  serving  as  sailor  in  the  Mediterranean, 
or  afterward  cruising  the  high  seas,  ho  M-as  knitting 
more  hrmly  the  tissues  of  his  mind,  and  strength- 
ening his  courage  for  the  life-conflict  which  was  to 
follow.  AVithout  such  discipline,  in  vain  from  the 
north  and  south  and  west  mii:>-ht  Progress  come 
whispering  him  secrets;  for  inspiration  without  action 
is  bu^  impalpable  breath,  leaving  no  impression,  and 
genius  unseasoned  by  application  decomposes  to  cor- 
I'uption  all  the  more  rank  by  reason  of  its  richness. 

His  marriao-o  with  the  daughter  of  Bartolommeo 
Percstrello,  a  distinguished  navigator  under  Prince 
Henry;  his  map-making  as  means  of  support;  his 
residence  on  the  isle  of  Porto  Santo,  and  his  interest 
while  Jicro  in  maritime  discovery;  his  conversations 
and  correspondence  with  navigators  and  cosmogra- 
])hers  in  various  quarters;  his  zealous  study  of  the 
writings  of  jMarco  Polo,  Benjamin  of  Tudela,  and 
Carpini,  and  his  eager  absorption  of  tlic  fantastic 
tale  of  Antonio  Leone,  of  I^Iadeira;  his  ponderings 
on  ocean  mysteries,  and  his  struggles  with  poverty; 
his  audience  of  John  of  Portugal,  and  the  treacheiy 
of  that  monarch  in  attempting  to  anticipate  his  plans 
by  secretly  sending  out  a  vessel,  and  the  deserved 
defeat  which  followed;  his  sending  his  brother  Par- 
tolomo  with  proposals  to  England;  his  stealing  from 
]  jisbon  with  his  son  Diego,  lest  he  should  be  arrested 
for  debt;  his  supposed  application  to  Genoa;  liis 
interviews  with  the  dukes  of  JMedina  Sidonia  and 
!Medina  Celi,  and  the  letter  of  the  latter  to  C^uccu 
Isabella  of  Castile;  his  visit  to  the  court  at  Cordova, 


TEHMS  OF  AGREEMENT. 


157 


hery 

rvecl 
Dar- 
IVom 
lstc;l 
his 
nnd 
Liccu 
lova, 


and  tlie  darlc  days  attending  it;  tlie  conference  of 
learned  men  at  Salamanca,  and  their  unfavorable 
verdict;  the  weary  waitings  on  the  preoccupied  sov- 
ereigns at  jNIalaga  and  Seville;  the  succor  given  at 
La  liabida,  and  the  worthy  prior's  intercession  with 
the  queen;  the  humble  dignity  of  the  mariner  at 
(jranada  amidst  scenes  of  oi-iental  splendor  and  gen- 
eral rejoicings,  which  oidy  intensified  his  discontent; 
the  lofty  constancy  in  his  demands  when  once  a  royal 
hearing  was  obtained;  the  fresh  disappointment  after 
such  long  delay,  and  the  proud  bitterness  of  spirit 
with  which  ho  turned  his  back  on  Spain  to  seek  in 
Franco  a  patron  for  his  schemes;  the  final  appeal  of 
►^;>nt;inG:el,  who  afterward  assisted  in  obtaining:  the 
money,  and  the  conversion  of  Isabella,  who  now 
oirored,  if  necessary,  to  pledge  her  jewels  to  meet  the 
charges  of  the  voyage;  the  despatching  of  a  royal 
courier  after  the  determirod  fugitive,  who  returned 
ill  joy  to  receive  the  tardy  aid — these  incidents  in 
the  career  of  Columbus  are  a  household  story. 

And  thereiji,  thus  far,  ,ve  see  displayed  great 
persistency  of  purpose  by  one  possessed  of  a  con- 
ce[)tion  so  stupendous  as  to  overwhelm  well-nigh  tho 
strongest;  by  one  not  over-careful  in  money-mattei's, 
or  morality;  proud  and  sensitive  whenever  the  pet 
project  is  touched,  but  affable  enough  otherwise, 
and  not  above  begging  upo?i  necessity.  It  was  a 
long  time  to  wait,  eighteen  years,  when  every  day 
was  one  of  alternate  hope  and  despair;  and  they  were 
not  altogether  worthless,  those  noiseless  voices  from 
itnothor  world,  which  kept  alive  in  him  tlie  inspira- 
tion that  oft-times  now  appeared  as  the  broken 
tracery  of  a  half-remcmber'^d  dream. 

An  a'jjreement  was  made  by  tho  sovereici'ns  and 
the  mariner,  that  to  Columbus,  his  heirs  and  succes- 
sors forever,  should  be  secured  the  oflice  of  admiral, 
iind  the  titles  of  viceroy  and  governor-general  of  all 
the  lands  and  seas  he  should  discover,  with  power 
to  nominate  candidates  from  whom   the   sovereigns 


Kit 


COLUMBUS  AND  HIS  DISCOVERY. 


mighl  choose  rulers  for  the  realms  discovered;  that 
one  tenth  of  the  net  returns  of  gold,  pearls,  or  other 
commodities  brought  therefrom  should  be  his;  that 
in  disputes  arising  from  the  new  traffic  he,  or  his 
lieutenant,  should  be  sole  arbitrator  within  his 
domain,  the  high  admiral  of  Castile  being  judge 
within  his  district;  and  that  by  contributing  one 
eighth  of  the  cost  of  any  enterprise  to  the  regions 
found  by  him  he  should  receive  one  eighth  the 
profits.  To  these  dignities  and  prerogatives  was 
added  the  right  of  the  discoverer,  and  of  his  heirs, 
to  prefix  to  their  names  the  title  'Don,'  which  should 
elevate  them  into  respectability  beside  the  grandees 
of  Spain.  TJiis  agreement  was  signed  by  Ferdinand 
as  well  as  by  Isabella,  although  the  crown  of  Castile 
alone  assumed  the  risk,  and  alone  was  to  receive  the 
I'cnefit. 

It  was  not  a  common  spectacle  in  those  days  along 
the  soutlieru  seaboard  of  Spain,  that  of  science  urging 
religion  into  its  service.  Nevertheless,  by  royal  order-, 
reiterated  by  Penalosa  in  person  with  pronounced 
effect,  the  devil-fearers  of  Palos  were  forced  to  pro- 
vide ships  and  seamen  for  what  they  regarded  as 
anything  but  an  orthodox  adventure.  This  they  did 
with  the  greatest  reluctance. 

Even  under  pressure  of  that  civil  and  ecclesiastical 
system  so  completely  interwoven  in  Spain  that  to 
disobey  one  was  rebellion  against  both,  even  in  the 
face  of  Iviug  and  priest,  these  mechanical  sca-farors, 
who  halted  not  before  tansfible  danijfC'r  in  auv  iorui, 
shrank  from  the  awful  uncertainty  of  a  plunge  into 
the  mysteries  of  the  dim,  lowering,  unintclligil^lo 
west.  Then  came  bravely  forward  the  brothers  Pin- 
zon,  and  not  only  assisted  in  providing  two  ships, 
so  that  Queen  Isabella,  after  all,  might  wear  her 
jewels  while  her  de[)uty  was  scouring  the  high  seas 
for  new  dominions,  but  furnished  Columbus  with 
money  to  equip  another  vessel  and  to  pay  his  eiglith 


FIRST  VOYAGE. 


tfli 


of  the  charge  which  should  secure  him  one  eighth  of 
the  proiits  — a  service  never  sufficiently  remembered 
or  rewarded  by  either  Columbus,  his  masters,  or 
successors. 

The  expedition  comprised  one  hundred  and  twenty 
men,  in  three  small  vessels,  the  Santa  Maria, 
dt!ckcd,  and  carrying  the  Hag  of  the  admiral,  and 
the  Pinta  and  Nina,  open  caravels,  commanded  by 
!Martin  Alonso  Pinzon-and  Vicente  Yailez  Pinzon 
respectively.  Among  others  were  the  inspector- 
general  of  the  armament,  Rodrigo  Sanchez;  the 
cliief  alguacil,  Diego  do  Arana;  the  royal  notary, 
liodrigo  de  Escobar;  and  four  pilots,  Francisco 
^Martin  Pinzon,  Sancho  Kuiz,  Pedro  Alonso  Nino, 
and  Bartolomd  Poldan.  The  commander-in-chief 
with  his  tall,  enduring  form  bowed  by  an  idea;  bis 
long,  thin  face,  with  its  large,  round  eyes,  high 
forehead,  straight,  pointed  nose;  features,  in  which 
tenacity  and  gloom  struggled  for  the  predominance, 
surrounded  by  thin  locks  and  gray  beard  —  was 
scarcely  a  persoxiage  either  to  inspire  coniidence  or 
win  affection.  The  squadron  sailed  from  the  port 
of  Palos  August  3,  1492. 

But  for  the  fact  that  it  was  the  first,  the  voyage 
was  quite  commonplace;  the  most  serious  occur- 
rences being  the  breaking  of  a  rudder,  which  obliged 
the  expedition  to  put  in  at  the  Canaries  for  repairs, 
and  the  variation  of  the  needle,  which  caused  a  little 
fright  among  the  pilots.  The  sea  was  tranquil, 
toward  the  last  extremely  so,  and  the  wind  generally 
fa^•()l•ablo;  yet  no  small  trepidation  attended  this 
gradual  loosening  of  hold  upon  the  substantial  world, 
and  the  drifting  daily  farther  and  farther  into  the 
fathomless  unknown.  Hence  it  was  with  ti.e  wildest 
joy  that  early  in  the  morning  of  the  I'ith  of  October 
the  cry  of  Land!  was  heard,  and  that  soon  afterward 
the  venturesome  navigators  felt  beneath  their  feet 
the  indubitable  isle  to  which  they  gave  the  name 
San  Salvador,  taking  possession  for  Castile. 


IGO 


COLUMBUS  AND  IILS  DISCOVERY. 


Now  tliG  sovereigns  had  promised  that  he  who  first 
saw  land  should  be  rcconi[)ensed  by  a  pension  of  ten 
tliousand  maravedis,  equivalent  to  thirty-six  dollars. 
It  was  at  two  o'clock  in  the  morninL!:  that  llodri^'o 
de  Triana,  a  mariner  on  board  the  Pinta,  gave  tiio 
signal,  the  first  that  proved  true  after  several  had 
been  mistakenly  made;  whereupon  he  claimed  the 
reward.  But  previously,  during  the  night,  Colum])Us 
had  fancied  he  descried  a  fitful  liciiit  that  should  be 
on  some  shore.  On  the  strength  of  this  surmise  he 
secured  to  himself  the  insignificant  sum,  which,  to 
say  nothing  of  its  justness,  was  not  a  very  magnan- 
imous proceeding  in  so  great  a  discoverer.  We  are 
told  of  Triana,  that,  burning  under  a  sense  of  wrou;;-, 
after  returning  to  Spain,  he  passed  into  Africa  and 
turned  Mahometan.  However  this  may  have  been, 
dawn  had  shown  them  tlie  island,  wliicli  seemed 
itself  but  dawn,  to  be  dispelled  by  the  full  sun's  rays 
vvlien  the  night's  dream  had  passed.  Over  the  trac!;- 
leL'S  waste  of  sea,  sus{)cnded  between  earth  and  slcy, 
the  good  ships  had  felt  their  way,  until  now,  like 
goddesses,  they  sat  at  anchor  on  the  other  side  of 
Ocean. 

Though  this  land  was  unlilce  the  Zipangu  of  his 
dreams,  Columbus  was  not  disposed  to  complain;  l)ut 
rather,  midst  tears  and  praises,  to  kiss  tlic  earth,  be 
it  of  whatsoever  quality,  and  smile  benignantly  upon 
the  naked  natives  that  crept  timidl}'  forwartl,  won- 
dering whether  the  ships  were  monsters  of  the  deep, 
or  bright  beings  dropped  from  heaven. 

Of  a  truth,  it  was  a  wonderful  place,  this  India  <  >f 
Marco  Polo  that  the  Genoese  now  soucjht.  Inter- 
sectcd  by  rivers  and  canals,  spanned  hy  bridges  under 
which  the  largest  ships  miglit  sail,  were  fertile  prox- 
inces  fragrant  with  I'ruit  and  spices.  ]\Iangi  alone 
boasted  twelve  thousand  cities  with  gorgeous  jialaces, 
whose  pillars  and  rools  were  emblazoned  in  gold,  and 
so  situated  as  to  be  compassed  within  a  few  days' 


THE  TWO  INDIAS  COMPARED. 


m 


but 

I,  1)0 

i[Hm 

,V()U- 


tmvol.  The  cities  and  fortresses  of  Cathay  were 
counted  by  tens  of  thousands,  and  tlieir  busy  popu- 
lation by  millions.  On  every  side  were  gardens 
mid  luxurious  groves;  pleasure-boats  and  banqucting- 
barges  floated  on  the  lakes,  and  myriads  of  white 
.'.ails  swept  over  the  ba3^s.  The  mountains  were 
veined  with  silver,  the  river-beds  paved  with  gold, 
and  pearls  were  as  common  as  pebbles.  Sheep  were 
as  large  as  oxen,  and  oxen  were  as  large  as  elephants. 
Birds  of  brilliant  plumage  filled  the  enchanting  air, 
and  strange  beasts  of  beauty  and  utility  roamed  the 
forests.  The  inhabitants  were  arrayed  in  silks  and 
furs,  and  fed  on  luscious  viands;  tliere  wore  living 
springs  that  cured  all  diseases.  The  army  of  the 
great  Khan,  the  happy  ruler  of  all  these  glories, 
was  in  immber  as  the  grains  of  the  sand  which  the 
soa  surrounds;  and  as  for  vessels  of  .war,  and  horses, 
and  elephants,  there  were  a  thousand  times  ten  thou- 
sand. What  a  contrast  to  such  a  creation  was  this 
low-lying  strip  of  jungle-covered  sand,  peopled  by 
copper-hued  creatures  dwelling  in  huts,  and  sustain- 
ing life  by  the  natural  products  of  the  unkemi)t 
earth  !  This,  however,  was  but  an  outlying  island 
(if  Cathay;  the  main-land  of  Asia  could  not  be  far 
distant;  in  any  event,  here  was  India,  and  these 
})cople  were  Indians. 

There  was  little  enough,  now  appearing,  in  tho 
India  thus  far  found  to  enrich  Spain.  In  their  noses 
the  natives  displayed  gold,  always  a  royal  monopoly 
when  discovered ;  and  they  brought  cotton  for  barter, 
on  which  the  admiral  immediately  laid  i  'i ;  same 
restriction.  Being  informed,  by  signs,  that  Liie  metal 
came  from  the  south,  after  examining  the  shore 
thereabout  in  boats,  the  Spaniards  set  sail  on  the 
I4tli,  took  possession  of  Santa  Maria  de  la  Concep- 
cion  on  the  15th,  of  Fernandina,  now  Exuma,  tho 
day  following,  and  afterward  of  Isabela,  now  Isla 
Larga,  or  Long  Island;  also  of  a  group  to  which 
they   gave    the   name    Islas   de  Arena.     Soils    and 

II18T.  Cen.  Am,,  Vol.  I.    11 


ir/2 


COLUMBUS  AXD  HIS  DISCOVERY. 


other  siibstancos,  atmospheres  and  siinshinos,  -were  all 
fainihar;  j)laiits  ami  aniinal.s,  thoui^li  dilieriiiijf  in  de- 
gree and  kind,  were  .similar  to  those  tlicy  had  ahvvay.s 
been  accustonied  to  see.  One  creation  was  every- 
wliero  apparent;  one  nature;  one  rule.  It  was  v.on- 
deiful,  stupendous!  And  if  these  liuman  kind  have 
souls,  what  a  mighty  work  is  here  to  fit  them  for 
eternity! 

Crossing  the  Bahama  Bank,  they  came  on  tlio 
28th  to  Cuba,  which  Columbus  called  Juana,  and 
which,  with  its  dense  uproUing  green  spangled  with 
parrots,  gay  woodpeckers,  and  humming-birds,  scarlet 
liamingoes  and  glittering  insects;  its  trees  of  royal 
palm,  cocoanut,  cedar,  mahogany,  and  shrubs  of 
spicy  fragrance;  its  unknown  fruits  and  foods;  its 
transparent  waters  whose  finny  denizens  flashed  back 
the  sunlight  from  their  variegated  scales,  all  under 
the  brightest  of  skies,  all  breathed  upon  '  softest 
airs,  and  lapped  in  serenest  seas,  was  m(  ke  his 
own  Zipangu,  if,  indeed,  it  was  not  Mangi  itoclf. 

Coasting  eastward,  the  Pinta  sailed  away  and  left 
the  other  vessels,  and  it  was  with  deep  chagrin  that 
Columbus  saw  no  attention  paid  his  signals  to  return. 
Pinzon  had  heard  of  gold-fields  in  advance  of  hlni, 
and  he  was  going  to  reap  them.  The  wreck  of  the 
Santa  Maria  a  month  afterward,  leaving  the  admiral 
only  the  little  Nina,  made  his  situation  all  the  more 
critical,  and  made  him  feel  more  keenly  than  ever 
the  desertion.  Nor  was  this  the  first  indication  of 
mutiny  and  disruption  among  his  people  duiing  tiie 
V(>yage.  If  the  truth  must  be  told,  the  character 
of  the  man,  though  inured  to  tlie  cruel  hardihood  of 
the  age,  seems  here  to  be  undergoing  change;  ilse 
it  was  not  originally  as  either  he  or  his  friends  have 
estimated.  The  new  and  varied  experiences  amidst 
the  new  and  varied  phenomena  attending  the  idea 
and  its  consummation  make  it  a  matter  of  no  woncKr 
that  his  head  be<xan  to  be  a  little  turned.  He  had 
pondered  painfully  on  what  Aristotle  taught  rcgartl- 


SAILING  AMONG  THE  ISLANDS. 


1C3 


ing  the  sphericity  of  the  earth,  on  what  Seneca  said 
about  sailing  to  the  Indies  wostwardly,  and  on  the 
terrestrial  paradise  placed  by  Dante  at  the  antipodes 
of  the  holy  city;  and  now  he  was  here  amon;^  those 
happy  regions  of  which  so  long  ago  philosophers  had 
spoken  and  poets  sung.  Under  the  inspiration  of 
rare  intelligence,  and  by  wonderful  courage  and  force 
of  will,  this  Genoese  sailor  had  brouifht  to  his  ow  n 
terms  the  world's  proudest  sovereigns.  Success,  in 
liis  mind  the  most  perfect,  the  most  complete,  was  by 
this  time  proved  beyond  peradventurc.  At  the  out- 
set he  had  suspected  himself  the  special  agent  of  the 
supernatural;  now  he  was  sure  of  it.  It  was  meet, 
therefore,  that  all  men  should  fear  and  obey  him. 
Impelled  to  activity,  he  was  impelled,  if  necessary, 
to  severity.  During  the  passage  he  had  deemed 
it  expedient  several  times  to  mislead  the  sailors, 
who  were  consequently  backward  about  reposing  in 
liim  the  respect  and  confidence  due  a  connnander. 
Suspicious  of  the  Spanisli  sovereigns  from  the  iirst, 
his  fears  constantly  increased  as  the  magnitude  of 
his  discovery  slowly  unfolded  before  him,  that  he 
should  eventually  be  robbed  of  it.  He  was  jealous 
lest  any  of  those  who  had  shared  with  him  the  perils 
of  the  adventure  should  secure  to  themselves  some 
part  of  the  honor  or  profit  attending  it.  He  had 
quarrelled  with  the  Pinzons,  who,  having  staked 
their  money  and  lives  on  what  was  generally  regarded 
a  mad  risk,  thou^rht  some  consideration  from  the 
commander  their  due.  The  admiral's  temper  was 
tamed  somewhat  by  the  very  boldness  of  Pinzon's 
act;  for  wdien  the  Pinta  returned  from  her  cruis- 
ings,  little  was  then  said  about  it;  but  if  ever  the 
opportunity  should  come,  her  commander  must  pay 
dearly  for  his  disobedience. 

Cuba  failed  to  display  any  opulent  oriental  city, 
but  furnished  tobacco  and  maize,  gifts  from  sav- 
agism  to  civilization  as  comforting,  perhaps,  as  any 
received  in  return.     The  mariners   next  discovered 


164 


COLUr^IEUS  AND  ms  DISCOVERY. 


and  coasted  Hayti,  or  Espafiola,  thus  occupying  the 
greater  part  of  December.  On  the  northern  side 
of  the  island,  out  of  the  wrecked  Santa  Maria 
and  her  belongings,  Columbus  built  and  equipped  a 
fortress,  "which  he  called  La  Navidad;  and  leaving 
there  thirty-nine  men  under  command  of  Diego  do 
Arana,  with  Pedro  Gutierrez  and  Rodrigo  de  Esco- 
bedo,  lieutenants,  on  the  4tli  of  January,  1493,  he 
cnibarlied  for  Spain.  Those  left  behind  were  ex- 
pected by  the  ardent-minded  admiral,  during  his 
absence,  to  obtain,  in  trade,  a  ton  of  gold,  beside 
discovering  mines  and  spices. 

Violent  storms  attended  the  homeward  voyage; 
but  on  the  1 5th  of  March  the  expedition  reached 
Palos  in  safety,  after  touching  at  the  Azores  and 
the  coast  of  PortuGjal.  Then,  followed  rcioicintjcs. 
Over  Spain,  over  Europe,  the  tidings  flew:  A  New 
World  to  the  westward !  Bells  rang  and  choirs 
pealed  hosannas.  A  New  World  for  Spain;  now 
were  their  Catholic;  INIajcstics  well  paid  for  their 
losses  and  trials  in  connection  M'ith  jNIahometans  and 
Jews  I 

With  six  natives,  and  divers  birds  and  jilants  and 
other  specimens  from  the  Islands,  Columbus  set  out 
ior  Barcelona,  then  the  residence  of  the  Spanish  sov- 
ereigns. Throughout  the  journc} ,  the  highway  and 
houses  were  thronged  with  sjoctators  eager  for  a 
glimpse  of  the  strange  spectacle.  Arrived  at  court, 
the  great  mariner  was  most  graciously  received, 
being  permitted  even  to  be  seated  in  the  presence  of 
royalty .  lie  told  his  tale.  It  is  said  that  all  present 
wu}»t.  Columbus  \vas  as  much  excited  as  any.  In 
a  delirium  of  joy  he  vowed  within  seven  years  to 
a})point  an  army  of  four  thousand  horse  and  fifty 
thousand  foot  for  the  rescue  of  Jerusalem,  and  to  jiay 
the  cost  out  of  his  own  pocket;  but,  unfortunately,  ho 
never  found  himself  in  funds  sufhcient  to  fulfil  liis 
pious  promise.  The  original  compret  between  the 
sovereigns  and  the  discoverer  was  confirmed,  and  to 


A  HAPPY  PEOPLE. 


ICS 


a 
)urt, 
eel, 
c  of 
scut 

III 

s  to 
lifty 


tlio  latter  was  Gfrantcd  a  family  coat  of  arms.  While 
Columbus  \vas  feted  bv  the  nol)les,  and  all  the  world 
resounded  with  his  praises,  Martin  Alonso  Pinzon 
lay  a-dying;  the  reward  for  his  invaluable  services, 
cxceedins:  a  hundred-fold  all  that  Isabella  and  Ferdi- 
nand  to^'ether  had  done,  beinjj^  loss  of  property,  loss 
oC  health,  the  insults  of  the  admiral,  the  scorn  of  tho 
queen,  all  now  happily  crowned  by  speedy  death. 

Xever  had  nature  made,  within  historic  times,  a 
paradise  more  perfect  than  this  Cuba  and  this  Hayti 
that  tiic  Genoese  had  found.  Never  was  a  sylvan 
race  more  gentle,  more  hospitable  than  that  which 
peopled  this  primeval  garden.  Xaked,  because  they 
needed  not  clothing;  dwelling  under  palm-leaves, 
such  being  sufiicient  protection;  their  sustenance  the 
spontaneous  gifts  of  the  ever  generous  land  and  sea; 
undisturbed  by  artificial  curbings  and  corrections,  and 
tonneiited  by  no  ambitions,  their  life  was  a  summer 
'lay,  as  blissful  as  mortals  can  know.  It  was  as 
Eden;  without  work  the}'  might  enjoy  all  that  earth 
could  gl\'o.  Disease  and  pain  they  scarcely  knev\'; 
only  death  was  ten'rible.  In  their  social  inter''our.>o 
ilicy  were  sympathizing,  loving,  and  decorous,  i)rac- 
tlftiiig  the  subliincst  religious  precepts  without  know- 
ing it,  and  obeying  Christ  moiv  perfectly  than  many 
who  ])roless  to  serve  him.  With  strangers  the  men 
were  frank,  cordial,  honest;  the  women  artless  and 
compliant.  Knowing  no  guile,  they  suspected  none. 
Po!-,sessini:»:  all  thin<_cs,  they  ffixve  freelv  of  that  wliicli 
cost  tlieui  nothing.  Having  no  laws,  they  broke 
none;  circumscribed  by  no  conventional  m(^1•^lities, 
liny  were  ni>t  immoral.  If  charity  be  the  highest 
A'iiiuo,  and  purity  and  peace  the  greatest  good,  tlieii 
were  these  savages  far  better  and  happior  beings 
than  any  civilization  could  boast.  That  they  ])o-;- 
sossed  any  rights,  any  natural  or  inherent  privileges 
in  regarvl  to  their  lands  or  their  tives;  that  these 
iiuiocjnt  and  inoliensive  pe-^ph'  were  not  lit  subjects 


166 


COLUMBUS  AND  HIS  DISCOVERY. 


I) 


for  coercion,  treachery,  robbery^  enslavement,  and 
slauglitcr,  "was  a  matter  which  seems  never  to  have 
been  questioned  at  that  time  by  either  discoverer, 
adventurer,  or  ruler.  However  invalid  in  any  of  the 
S])anish  courts  miixht  have  been  the  anmment  of  a 
house-breaker,  that  in  the  room  he  entered  he  dis- 
covered a  purse  of  gold,  and  took  it,  S})aniards  never 
tiiought  of  ap[)lying  such  logic  to  themselves  in  I'c- 
gai'd  to  the  possessions  of  the  natives  in  the  new  lands 
their  Genoese  had  found. 

What  Spain  required  now  was  a  title  such  as  the 
neighboring  nations  of  l]urope  should  recognize  as 
valid.  So  far  as  the  doctrine  was  concerned,  of  appro- 
])riating  to  tliemselves  tha  possessions  of  others,  they 
were  all  equally  sounti  in  it.  Europe  with  her  steel 
and  saltpetre  and  magnetic  needle  was  stronger  tliau 
naked  barbaiians,  whose  possessions  were  thereu[)()n 
seized  as  fast  as  found.  The  riidit  to  such  ro])l)ery 
has  been  held  sacivd  since  the  earliest  records  of  tlie 
human  race:  and  it  was  ])y  this  time  leu'alized  bv  tlie 
civilized  nations.  SavaL>isni  had  no  rights  wb.ich 
civilization  was  bound  to  respect.  The  w'orld  be- 
longed not  to  Christian  or  ]\Ialiomet'in,  but  to  wliat- 
ever  idea,  princi[)le,  or  power  could  take  it.  In  none 
of  their  pretended  principles,  in  none  of  their  codus  of 
honor  or  ethics,  was  there  any  other  ultimate  a[)peal 
than  brute  Ibi'ce;  their  deity  they  made  to  lit  the 
occasion,  MJiatever  that  might  be.  This  they  did  not 
know,  however.  Tliey  thought  then.iselves  patterns 
of  justice  and  fair  moi-ality;  and  all  tliat  troubled 
them  was  in  what  attituik;  they  would  stand  toward 
each  other  with  ivgard  to  their  sevei'al  discoveries 
and  concjuests.  I>ut  wliile  such  was  the  recognized 
condition  oC  afr'airs  at  tlie  bei>imiiii'i:  of  the  sixteenth 
century  among  the  I'ecldes.s  advLuturiM's  ol.'  Spain, 
such  wei'e  not  th(^  teachings  of  the  ("hui'ch,  nor  the 
views  of  the  intelligent  and  riglit  tiiinking  men  of 
the  time.  Ti-ue,  th(>  army  of  Ibrtune-seeki'rs  who 
lirst  rushed  to  the  new  world  in  search  of  gold  camu 


THE  WORLD  PARTITIOXED  BY  THE  POrE, 


107 


fiir  lust  and  plunder,  but  with  them,  and  inspired  with 
vt'ry  dili'ercnt  motives,  came  the  missionaries  oC  the 
cross,  pointinj^  the  savages  to  civilization  and  a  purer 
religion  than  their  own.  ]>ut  civilization  and  relinion, 
it  must  be  confessed,  had  little  to  reconunend  them 
in  the  examples  of  unprincipled  men  who  were  ever 
prest'nt  to  give  the  lie  to  the  teachings  of  the  priests. 
Thus  it  was  that  the  Spanish  sovereigns,  being 
Christian,  applied  for  a  conlirmation  of  title  to  Alex- 
ander VI?,  tlien  sovereign  pontiif  of  Christendom,  at 
the  same  time  insinuating,  in  a  somewhat  worldly 
llt-uiion,  that  learned  men  regarded  the  rights  of  their 
Catholic  jNIajestics  secure  enough  even  without  such 
confirmation.  No  valid  objections  before  the  holy 
triljunal  could  be  raised  against  Christian  princes 
powcri'ul  enough  to  sustain  their  pretensions  to  own- 
ership while  propagating  the  true  faitli  in  heathen 
lands;  but  Pope  Eugene  IV.  and  his  successors  had 
already  granted  Portugal  all  lands  discovered  by 
l\)rtuguesc  from  Capo  Uojador  to  the  Indies.  In 
order,  therefore,  to  avoid  conllict,  the  bull  issued  the 
2d  of  ]May,  14 'J 3,  ceding  Spain  the  same  rights 
respecting  discoveries  already  granted  Portugal,  was 
on  the  day  following  defined  to  this  effect: — An  im- 
aginary line  of  demarcation  should  be  drawn  I'rom 
pole  to  pole,  one  hundred  leagues  west  of  the  Azores 
and  Ca[)e  Verde  Islands;  all  lands  discovered  east  of 
tliat  line  should  be  Portugal's,  while  west  of  that 
l::i '  all  should  belong  to  Spain.  Thus  by  a  very 
mortal  breath  and  the  ilourish  of  a  pen,  the  unknown 
world,  with  all  its  multitudes  of  interests  and  inhab- 
itants, was  divided  between  these  two  sovereignties, 
occupying  the  peninsula  of  south-western  Europe; 
IhoUL-ii  in  their  wisdom  they  forgot  that  if  the  world 
Mas  round,  Portugal  in  going  east  and  Spain  in  gomg 
Mest  nuist  somewhere  meet,  and  might  yet  quarrel 
on  the  other  side.  Subsequently,  that  is  to  say  on 
tlie  7th  of  Juno,  1494,  by  treaty  l)etween  Spain  and 
l*ortugal  the  papal  line   of  partition  was  removed, 


168 


COLUMBUS  AND  HIS  DISCOVERY. 


;:ii 


making  it  tliroo  hundred  and  seventy  leagues  west 
of  the  Cape  Verde  Islands,  Portugal  having  com- 
j)laincd  of  want  of  sea-room  for  southern  enterprise. 
This  removal  ultimately  gave  the  Portuguese  Brazil. 
And  ecclesiastics  claim  tliat  care  was  ever  exercised 
by  the  Spanish  crown  to  comply  with  the  obligations 
thus  laid  upon  it  by  this  holy  sanction. 

Appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  affairs  of  the 
New  World  was  Juan  Rodriguez  de  Fonseca,  arcli- 
deacon  of  Seville,  and  afterward  patriareii  of  the 
Indies.  Althougli  high  in  ecclesiastical  preferment, 
he  was  a  bustling  man  of  business,  and  ably  filled  the 
office  during  a  })eriod  of  some  thirty  years.  Of  un- 
flinching devotion  to  his  sovereign,  sedate,  stei'n  in 
the  accomplishment  of  his  duty,  and  obliged  as  he 
was,  in  the  interests  of  the  crown,  to  exercise  occa- 
sional restraint  on  the  rashness  or  presumption  of  th(3 
con(|uerors,  lie  incurred  their  enmity  and  was  reviled 
by  their  biographei's.  TJiat  he  was  retained  so  long 
in  office  by  such  able  monarchs  as  Ferdinand  and 
Charles  goes  far  to  prove  invalid  the  charges  of 
misrule  and  villainy  so  liberally  made  against  him. 
Associated  with  Fonseca  was  Francisco  Pinelo,  as 
treasurer,  and  Juan  de  Soria  as  coiitador,  or  auditor. 
Their  chief  office  was  at  Seville,  with  a  custom-house 
at  Cadiz  belonging  to  tlie  same  department.  This 
was  the  germ  of  the  famous  Casa  de  Contratacion  dc 
lets  Indias,  or  India  House  of  Trade,  so  long  domi- 
nant in  the  government  of  the  New  World. 

Thus  all  went  .swimmingly.  Cohunbus  found  no 
difficulty  in  fitting  out  a  fleet  for  a  second  venture,  a 
royal  order  being  issued  that  all  captains,  with  their 
ships  and  crews,  in  all  the  Andalusian  poits,  should 
iiold  themselves  in  readiness  for  that  purpose.  Sev- 
enteen vessels  sailed  from  CVidiz  tlie  2r)th  of  Se[)tem- 
ber,  I  4i);],  having  on  board  twelve  handled  ])ersons, — 
miners,  meohanics,agricultui'ists,and  gentlemen, — with 
horses,  cattle,  sheep,  goats,  hogs,  and  fowls;  tlu;  seeds 
of  vegetables,  of  orchard  fruits,  of  oi'anges,  Icukjus, 


THE  SECOXD  VOYAGE. 


ICJ 


ond  grain  for  planting;  togotlier  "with  provisions,  inedi- 
ciiK's,  iniplenicnts,  goods  lor  trade,  arms,  annniuiition, 
and  all  the  requirements  foi'  t'onnding  ;i  colony.  Among 
the  passengers  were  DiegoColon,tlie  admiral's  brother, 
Uernal  Diaz  do  Pisa,  contador,  Fermin  Cedo,  assayer, 
and  Alonso  do  ( )jeda  and  Juan  de  la  Cosa,  suhsequt'ntly 
I'amous  in  Xew  World  discoveries;  also  twelve  })riests, 
chief  among  whom  was  Bernardo  iJuil,  a  IJenedictino 
r.ionk,  sent  by  the  pope  as  his  apostolic  vicar,  with  all 
the  ornaments  and  vestments  for  full  service,  which 
always  had  a  wonderful  eil'ect  upon  the  natives.  The 
work  of  conversion  had  ah'eady  been  begun  l)y  bap- 
tizing in  solemn  state  the  six  savages  brought  over 
by  Columbus,  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  with  Prince 
Juan  standing  sponsors.  The  3d  of  Xovember  the 
expedition  reached  Dominica,  so  named  from  the  day 
of  arrival,  Sunday.  Next  was  discovered  an  island 
to  wl'ich  Columbus  gave  the  name  of  his  ship,  Mari- 
ijaJiintc;  then  Guadalupe,  where  were  tamed  geese, 
and  pine-a]')ples,  also  human  bones,  signilicant  of  the 
])rcsenco  of  the  horror-breeding  Caribs,  or  cannibals. 
Thus  cruising  among  these  Caribbee  Islands,  and 
naming  them  one  after  another,  Columbus  continued 
his  way  and  linally  came  to  Xavidad,  only  to  find  the 
Ibrtress  in  ruins,  its  former  occupants  having  fallen 
^•i^•tims  to  their  own  follies. 

Choosing  a  site  a  little  to  the  east  of  Xavidad,  still 
on  the  norih  side  of  Ilayti,  the  Spaniards  landed 
their  eifects,  and  laid  out  a  city,  which  they  called 
Isabela,  surrounding  it  with  ramparts.  As  soon  as 
the  vessels  could  bo  laden  with  gold,  they  were  to 
be  sent  back  to  Spain;  but  the  ileath  of  the  Span- 
ianls  lelt  at  Xavidad  had  somewhat  marred  original 
plans. 

While  Columbus  lay  ill,  directi'\g  ail'airs  as  bi-st 
h-'  might,  early  in  January,  141)4,  two  parties  under 
Ojcda  and  (jorvalan  reconnoitred  the  island,  each  in 
u  dih'eront  direction,  and  rt-turning,  reported  gold.  As 
it  was  inconvenient  to  their  anchorage,  and  as  many 


mi 


170 


COLUMBUS  AND  HIS  DISCOVERY. 


of  the  colonists  wore  prostrate  with  disease,  it  was 
doeined  best  to  let  the  ships  go  back  empty  rather 
tliaii  detain  them  longer;  hence, on  the  2d  of  February, 
t\velye  of  the  largest  craft  put  to  sea  under  command 
of  Antonio  de  Torres,  haying  on  board  further  speci- 
mens of  tlie  people  and  products  of  the  country. 
Dy  this  departure  was  sent  a  request  for  innnediato 
supplies. 

]\Iurmui's  now  arose  against  Columbus,  the  sick  and 
disappointed  ones  complaining  most  loudly  that  ho 
had  deceiyed  them,  had  lured  them  thither  with  false 
hopes  to  die.  And  they  begged  Diaz  de  Pisa,  already 
at  the  head  of  a  faction,  a:ul  Cede,  who  said  there 
was  not  gold  in  tliose  isles  in  paying  quantities,  to 
seize  the  remaining  sliips  and  sail  with  them  for  Sjiain. 
But  the  a(hniral  liearing  of  it,  arrested  Diaz,  and  held 
him  in  irons  on  board  one  of  the  vessels  to  await  trial 
in  Spain. 

Ilecovered  from  illness,  Columbus  left  his  brother 
Diego  in  conmiand  at  Isabela,  and  set  out,  at  the 
head  of  four  hundred  men,  for  the  golden  mountains 
of  Cibao,  in  tlie  interior  of  the  island,  intending 
tiiere  to  build  a  fortress,  and  to  work  the  mines  on 
an  extensive  scale.  Arrived  at  a  favorable  locality, 
where  gold  seemed  plentiful  in  the  brooks,  the  Sj)aa- 
iards  threw  up  a  strong  wooden  fort,  which  tliev 
called  Santo  Tomils,  a  piece  of  pleasantry  aimed 
at  the  doubting  assayer,  Cedo.  Leaving  in  com- 
mand Pedro  ]\Iargarite,  Columbus  returned  to  Isa- 
bela. Afterward  a  smaller  post  was  built,  called 
]Magdalena,  and  the  conunand  was  given  to  Luis  dc 
Arriaga. 

TJie  natives  could  not  welcome  so  large  an  invasion, 
which  they  now  clearly  saw  would  l)ring  upon  tlirin 
serious  results.  Thereupon  they  witlidrew  i'rom  tin.' 
vicinity  of  Santo  Tomds,  refusing  all  intercourse  with 
its  inmates;  and  as  a  Spanisli  hidalgo  could  by  no 
means  work,  even  at  gold-gatliering,  success  in  that 
direction  was  not  marked.     Provisions  and  mediciiio 


COLONIZATION  A  FAILURE. 


171 


tlicn  bopfnn  to  fail,  and  fresh  discontent  arose,  even 
]';itiior  Buil  arraying  himself  in  opposition  to  the 
atluiiral. 

As  much  to  keep  his  pco})le  occupied  as  through 
nnv  ex])eotation  of  profit,  Columbus  sent  another 
expedition  into  the  interior  of  Hayti,  and  himself 
crossed  to  the  south  side  of  Cuba  in  three  caravels, 
intending  tJience  to  reach  Cathay,  Soon  he  discov- 
ered to  the  southward  a  lofty  isle,  which  he  called  at 
lirst  Santa  Gloria,  then  Santiago,  but  which  finally 
retained  its  native  name,  Jamaica,  that  is  to  say, 
Inland  of  Springs.  After  reaching  nearly  the  west- 
ern end  of  Cuba,  thinking  it  still  the  continent  of 
Asia,  and  that  possibly  he  might  by  that  way  reach 
Spain,  in  which  event  he  could  then  see  what  was 
beyond,  he  coasted  the  south  sides  of  Jamaica  and 
liayti,  and  returned  to  Isabela,  where  he  arrived 
insensible  from  excitement  and  fatiu^ue.  When  he 
awoke  to  bodily  suffering,  which  for  a  time  had  been 
drowned  in  delirious  energy,  there,  to  his  great  joy, 
he  fnmd  his  brother  Bartolome,  who  had  come  from 
Spain  with  three  well-laden  ships  to  his  assistance. 


Great  events  generally  choose  great  men  for  their 
accomplishment,  though  not  unfrequently  we  see  no 
small  dust  raised  by  an  insi^-niiicant  agent.  As  a 
mariner  and  discoverer,  Columbus  had  no  superior; 
i',s  colonist  and  governor,  he  had  by  this  time  })roved 
himself  a  failure.  There  arc  some  things  great  men 
cainiot  do  as  well  as  their  inferiors.  It  was  one 
tiling  to  rule  at  sea,  and  quite  another  to  rnle  on 
shore.  In  bringing  to  his  India  these  unruly  Span- 
iards, he  had  sown  for  himself  the  whirlwind.  Had 
hi'  l)een  more  judicious  in  the  selection  of  his  ibilowei  s, 
1:1  ■^  l,i((  r  days  wori.i  have  been  more  successful  as  well 
as  more  peaceful.  Discovery  was  his  infatuation;  ho 
vas  never  for  a  moment  unattended  by  a  consuming 
cinio.sity  to  find  a  western  way  to  civilized  India. 
Had  he  been  possessed  of  sound  practical  judgment 


172 


COLUMBUS  AND  HIS  DISCOVERY. 


1 

hi 


in  the  matter,  of  tlic  same  knowledu^e  of  hiiiiseir  and 
of  political  affairs  that  he  had  of  navigation,  he  would 
have  seen  that  he  could  not,  at  the  same  time,  gratify 
his  passion  for  discovery  and  successfully  govern  col- 
onies. In  liis  fatal  desire  to  assume  rulership,  and 
ui)on  the  ill-understood  reports  of  simple  savages, 
with  no  knowledge  of  the  resources  or  capabilities 
of  the  country,  without  delinitc  purpose  or  mature 
plans,  he  had  brought  upon  himself  an  avalanclie 
of  woes.  Beside  his  incapacity  for  such  a  task,  Iiis 
jiosition  was  rendered  all  the  more  trying  by  the 
fact  tliat  he  was  a  foreigner,  whose  arbitrary  acts 
galled  his  impatient  subordinates,  and  finally  wrought 
them  to  the  pitch  of  open  rebellion.  The  Spaniards 
were  quick  enough  to  perceive  that  this  Genoese 
sailor  was  in  no  wise  fitted  to  lay  the  foundation  of 
a  prosperous  Spanish  colony;  and  when  during  liis 
absence  he  left  in  command  his  brother,  to  whom 
attached  no  prestige  of  high  achievement  to  make 
up  for  his  misfortune  in  not  being  born  in  S]iaiii, 
com])lications  grew  daily  worse.  Even  the  ecchsi- 
astics  were  against  the  admiral;  for  witli  a  foresi;.;ht 
born  of  a  deep  study  of  human  nature  they  saw  th;it 
between  the  fires  of  the  real  and  the  unreal  this  man 
was  becoming  njad.  The}'  saw  the  religious  hypo- 
chondria, whicli  had  already  inilamed  his  intellect, 
now  airsJ^ravated  by  the  anxieties  incident  to  the  gov- 
ernmcnt  of  a  turbulent  element  under  circumstaiu\"S 
imp-recedented,  undermining  his  health,  and  bringlr.';' 
rapidly  upon  him  those  mental  and  })hysical  distenijK",.; 
Vv-h.ieh  rendered  the  remainder  of  his  life  prol()n;.;ed 
miserv.  Thus  we  mav  i)lainly  see  how  Colninhus 
brought  upon  himself  the  series  of  calamities  which 
are  commonly  found  charged  to  unscrupulous  sowr- 
eigiis  and  villainous  rivals. 

And  thickly  enoutdi  misfortunes  were  laid  ni'<in 
him  on  his  ivturii  to  Isabchi.  j\Iargarite,  who  li;id 
been  ordered  to  explore  the  island,  leaving  Ojedn  in 
command  at  Santa  Tomiis,  had  abandoned  himselt'  to 


TREATMENT  OF  THE  NATIVES. 


m 


lanccs 

Nvh'.cli 

t)  lia.l 

klii  iu 

elf  to 


licoi'tions  idleness,  followed  1)V  outranges  upon  tho 
]i;itivc>s,  \vhieli  notwitlistandinjjf  their  paeilic  disposi- 
tinii  had  driven  them  to  retaliation. 

And  here  was  the  boGfinninuf  of  these  four  centuries 
ol'  sitcli  rank  injustice,  such  liorrible  atrocities  in- 
iiicted  by  the  hand  of  the  stvon^j^er  upon  the  weaker, 
of  the  ci\ilized  U})on  the  savage,  that  should  make 
a  man  blnsh  to  own  kinship  to  a  race  so  deliled  before 
iiS  maker  in  whose  inia^je  it  was  created. 

It  is  the  self -same  story,  old  and  now,  from 
I'^spanohi  to  Darien  and  j\[exico,  from  Brazil  to  l..a- 
1;ra(l()i",  and  from  PataL>'onia  to  Alaska,  by  sailor  and 
cavalier,  Spaniard  and  Jilnolislnnan,  by  i^old-hunter 
and  fur-hunter — the  unenlightened  red  man  wel- 
cominiL!^  with  wonder  his  destroyer,  u])on  whom  he  i« 
soon  ibrced  to  turn  to  save  liimself,  his  wife,  his  chil- 
(hiMi,  but  only  at  last  to  i'all  by  the  merciless  arm 
nf  develo})ment  beneath  the  pitiable  destiny  of  man 
primeval. 

Throwing  off  all  pretence  of  alk^giancc  to  Columbus, 
when  satiated  with  his  excesses,  ^largarite,  with  a 
nuitinous  crew  at  his  heels  and  accompanied  by 
rather  Bull,  had  taken  sucli  sliips  as  best  suited 
them  and  had  departed  for  Spain.  Two  caciques,  or 
native  chieftains,  Guatiguana,  and  Caonabo  the  Carib, 
with  their  followers  had  arisen  in  arms,  had  killed 
.some  of  the  Spaniards,  had  besieged  ]\Lagdalena  and 
Santo  Tomiis,  and  had  even  cast  an  ominous  eye  on 
Isabela..  Such  were  the  chief  occurrences  at  the  set- 
tlement during  the  absence  of  the  admiral. 

I'u'st  of  all,  Columbus  made  his  brother  Bartolomd 
adcUoitado,  that  is  to  say,  leader  of  an  enterprise, 
or  governor  of  a  frontier  pi-ovinc(\  Then  lie  sent 
relief  to  the  fortress  of  Lxaufdalena,  and  established 
ant)ther  military  ])ost  near  where  Mas  sul)sequently 
Santiago,  which  he  called  Conce|)eion.  Later  the 
chain  was  continued  by  building  other  posts;  one  near 
the  Uio  Yaqui,  called  Santa  Catalina,  and  one  on 
the  river  Yaqui,  called  Esperanza.    Meanwhile  Ojeda 


174 


coLmruus  axd  nis  discovery. 


offered  to  take  the  rcJonl)table  Cavib,  Caonal)o,  l)y 
stratar^ein;  .vJneli  was  accomplislied,  wliile  ]io  was 
.surrounded  l)y  a  multitude  of  warriors,  Ijy  iirst  ^v'm- 
iiini^  the  admiration  and  confidence  of  the  caci  (uo, 
and  then  on  tlie  plea  of  personal  ornamentation  ,uid 
display  obtaining  his  consent  to  wear  some  beautil'iil 
bright  manacles,  and  sit  bound  behind  Ojeda  on  liis 
Kteed;  in  which  plight  he  was  safely  brought  by  tiie 
dashing  cavalier  at  the  head  of  his  horsemen  into 
Isabela. 

A.bout  this  time  Antonio  de  Torres  arrived  viili 
four  ships  from  Spain,  and  was  sent  back  with  (he 
gold  which  had  been  collected,  and  live  hundrtd 
Indians  to  be  sold  as  slaves.  By  this  departure 
went  Diego  Colon  to  refute  the  charges  of  inconi- 
potency  and  maladministration  now  being  preferred 
against  his  brother  at  court. 

Though  suffering  from  a  fresh  attack  of  fever,  on 
the  27th  of  March,  119"),  accompanied  by  the  adc- 
lantado  and  all  his  available  forces,  Columl)Us  sot 
out  from  Isabela  to  subjugate  the  caciques  of  tlie 
island,  who  had  combined  to  extirpate  the  Spaniards. 
Charging  the  naked  red  men  amidst  the  noise  of  drum, 
trumpet,  and  halloo,  with  horse  and  bloodhound, 
lance,  sabre,  and  firelock,  a  peace  was  soon  con- 
quered. Multitudes  of  the  inhabitants  were  butch- 
ered, and  upon  the  rest  was  imposed  su.ch  cruel  tribute 
that  they  gradually  sank  beneath  the  servitude.  ]>nt 
when  the  white  men  tlius  had  the  domain  to  them- 
selves, they  did  not  know  what  to  do  with  it.  It  was 
not  for  them  to  till  the  soil,  or  labor  in  the  mine-; 
lience  flmiine  threatened,  and  they  were  finally  ri;- 
duced  to  the  last  extremity. 

There  is  little  w^onder,  under  the  circumstances, 
that  orders  were  issued  in  Spain  to  depose  Columl)us, 
first  by  the  appointment  of  a  conmiisslon  of  inquiry, 
and  finally  by  removal. 

Thus  far  the  government  of  the  Indies,  as  tlic 
New  World  began  to  be  called,  had  been  administered 


GOVERNMENT  OF  THE  INDIES. 


ITo 


5!olc;ly  by  the  admiral,  accord'mi^  to  aG^recmont,  -witli 
Fonscca  as  suptTiiitciidont  in  S[)ain.  None  lait  llu-y 
wore  ])criuitted  to  frei<.^ht  or  despatch  any  vessel  to  the 
Now  World.  Columbus  was  authorized  to  aj)])oint 
two  subordinate  oliicers  subject  to  royal  sanction; 
and  y(-'t  the  soverei^s^ns  took  oflense  when  he  named 
Bartolome  adelantado,  \\hich  ofliee  was  not  that  of 
lieutenant-governor,  as  many  writers  aver,  but  nearer 
that  of  territorial  governor,  with  political  as  well  as 
military  powers,  usually  appointed  by  and  subject 
only  to  the  king.  Assuming  a  certain  tlegrce  of  state, 
the  admiral  appeared  at  Isabela  richly  dressed,  with 
ten  e.^iCKclc'i'os  dc  d  ])ic,  or  squires  of  foot,  and  twenty 
jiiiui/i<()'('s,  composing  his  civil  and  military  family. 
i[e  had  been  directed  before  leaving  Spain  to  appoint 
in  each  of  the  several  settlements  or  colonies  which 
sliould  1)0  })lanted  an  alcalde,  or  justice,  exercising 
the  combined  duties  of  mayor  and  judge,  with  juris- 
diction in  civil  and  criminal  cases,  appeal  being  to  the 
aihniral;  also  an  ahjuacil  mayor,  or  high  sherilf;  and, 
if  necessary,  an  ayiintam'iento,  or  town  council.  All 
edicts,  orders,  and  commissions  mtist  be  isstied  in 
the  name  of  the  sovereigns,  countersigned  by  the 
notary,  with  the  royal  seal  allixed.  The  admiral  had 
l)een  further  directed  to  build  a  warehouse  where 
t!ie  royal  stores  should  be  kept,  and  all  tratlic  should 
be  subject  to  his  direction.  When  he  sailed  tipon 
liis  Cuban  expedition  he  left  for  the  direction  of 
t'ae  colony  a  junta,  of  which  his  brother  Diego  was 
])resident,  and  Alonso  Sanchez  Carvajal,  Jtian  iXo 
Jjuxan,  Pedro  Fernandez  Coronel,  and  Father  IJuil, 
councillors. 

Diego  C*^>lon  was  a  well-meaning  man,  gentle  and 
discreet,  approaching  in  visage  and  dress  nearer  the 
])!'iest  than  the  cavalier;  he  was  neither  shrewd  nor 
enoi'getic.  Bartolome  was  (piite  the  opposite,  and  in 
many  ivspects  was  the  ablest  of  the  brothei-s.  Pow- 
erlhl  in  mind  and  body,  authoi'iiative  and  dt^terminate 
ill  demeanor,  generous  in  disj)osltion,  fearless  in  spirit, 


170 


COLUMIIUS  AXD  III:.  DISCOVi:?.Y. 


a  tlioronpfli  suamau,  a  man  of  no  narrow  v.-orllly 
oxpuriencc,  fairly  ctlucatL'tl,  an; I  talented  witli  the 
pen,  ho  was  neither  the  aniialile,  inelKcient  i.)iego, 
nor  the  dreamy,  enthusiastic  admiral. 

Quick  to  notice  in  their  deputy  any  indication  of 
mii-rule,  or  undue  assumption  of  authority,  their 
]\Iajesties  did  not  fail  to  lend  an  attentive  ear  to  the 
chari^es  preferred  aL,'ainst  him.  Yet  the  I'ccord  docs 
not  show  from  fn'st  to  last  that  either  Isabella  or 
Ferdinand  ever  really  desired  or  intended  to  do 
Columbus  injustice  or  injury.  When  Torres  returned 
from  Spain,  after  the  first  accusation  had  been  made, 
the  sovereij^ns,  besides  a  letter  ex})ressing'  the  warmest 
confidence  in  the  discoverer,  and  high  consideration 
for  the  affairs  of  the  colony,  sent  a  special  redl 
provision  ordering  all  to  obey  the  admiral  as 
themselves,  under  penrdty  of  ten  thousand  mara- 
vedi's  lor  every  offence.  When  further  accusations 
came,  instead  of  divesting  him  of  his  autho' ity, 
they  sent  as  commissioner  of  inquiry  Juan  Aguado, 
a  warm  friend  of  the  admiral.  Often  they  checked 
Fonscca's  too  harsh  measures  with  regard  to  Colum- 
bus  and  his  brothers,  and  interposed  their  royal 
protection  from  such  officers  at:  acted  too  severely 
under  the  exasperating  folly  of  the  admiral.  To 
satisf)'  the  discoverer  would  have  been  impossible  for 
any  patron,  so  wild  were  his  desires,  so  chimerical 
his  plans,  so  injudicious  his  acts. 

Aguado  arrived  at  Isabela  in  Or-tob  •  ITc 
brought  four  caravels  laden  with  >  ■'pp\es,  and  Dicgo 
Colon,  passenger.      Soon  it  w  d  abroarl  that 

the  conduct  of  the  admiral  v  lo  be  ques,  mcd, 
whereat  Ijotli  white  men  and  reu  -ejoif  d.  Aguado 
could  but  see  the  pitiable  state  of  tli  iigs  upon  the 
island,  idleness,  poverty,  excesses,  and  disobedience 
among  the  colonists,  folly  and  mismanagt;mcnt  among 
the  rulers,  and  seeing,  could  but  rej>ort  accordingly; 
for  which,  and  for  no  other  reasons  that  1  am  able  to 


Tmr.D  VOVAOE. 


177 


To 

i'or 

I'ieal 


Ho 

[luit 

icd, 

lado 

the 

31100 

[oiig 
le  to 


discover,  tlic  l)it  Cfra|)licr.s  of  Coliunlms  heap  upon  tlio 
<-(»niinissionor  opprol)ri(ju.s  c-pithcts. 

When  Ap^uado  returned  to  Spain,  C'oluinlms  ao- 
rompanied  him  to  make  such  excuses  helore  tho 
}>{)vcreis^nis  as  best  he  mit^lit.  They  embarked  from 
Isabela  March  10,  1490,  leaviuGf  the  adckiutado  in 
comniaiid,  and  carrylni^  with  them  two  hundred  and 
twenty-five  disaifected  colonists,  and  a  number  of 
Indian  captives,  amonj^  whom  was  the  ])roud  and 
once  powerful  cliieftain,  Caonabo,  so  treacherously 
taken  by  Ojeda.  Contrary  winds  and  starvation 
attended  them,  Caonabo  dvinjx  durinuf  the  voya^fc. 
Arrived  at  Cadiz  in  June,  the  admiral  found  l*edro 
Alonso  Nirio  about  to  sail  with  three  caravels  for 
llayti.  Xiilo  carried  out  more  priests,  and  brought 
back  more  slaves. 

( 'olumbus  appeared  in  Spain  in  a  Franciscan  garb 
and  with  dejected  demeanor.  To  all  tho  world, 
except  to  himself,  it  was  by  this  time  evident  that 
his  gorgeous  India  was  a  myth,  and  settlement  on 
the  supposition  of  its  existence  a  mistake.  Ho 
seemed  now  dazed  by  reverses,  as  formerly  he  had 
hueii  dazed  bv  successes.  Nevertheless,  ho  con- 
llnucd  to  make  as  much  as  possible  of  his  discov- 
iiies,  parading  a  brother  of  Caonabo  in  a  broad  gold 
collar  with  a  massive  gold  chain  attached. 

Still  the  sovereigns  Averc  gracious.  They  scarcely 
all'ided  to  the  complaints  and  ever-increasing  charges 
against  the  admiral,  but  confirmed  anew  his  dignities, 
enlarged  his  perquisites,  and  showed  him  every  kind- 
ness. The  title  of  adelantado  was  formally  vested 
by  them  in  Bartolome.  When  asked  for  more  ships 
and  money,  they  readily  granted  both;  moreover, 
lliov  offered  the  admiral  a  tract  of  land  in  Hayti, 
Iwenty-iive  by  fifty  leagues,  which,  however,  ho 
declined;  they  oftered  liiin  sixty  sailors,  a  hundred 
and  forty  soldiers,  one  hundred  miners,  mechanics, 
;ind  farmers,  and  thirty  women,  the  services  of 
all   t(3  bo  paid   Ijy   the  crown.     But   because   tli'.-re 

UisT.  Cen.  Am.,  Vol.  I.    12 


i>      i 


173 


COLUMBUS  AXD  HIS  PISCOVEUY. 


M 


:i 


was  somo  delay,  occasioned  by  tlio  ojX'ralions  \n 
Ital.v  and  the  armada  for  l^'landors,  tlio  l)ioL,n'ai)lu'r.s 
of  tho  adniintl  aijain  break  out  in  al)Uso  of  llio 
sovorei<jfn«  Jind  tlioir  servants.  Tlic  truth  is,  FercU- 
nand  and  Isabella  stood  by  the  (jrcnocse  nuieli 
longer  than  did  tlioir  subjects.  For  example,  when 
ciu'tain  millions  of  niaravcdis,  cquivah^it  to  over  a 
hundred  thousand  dollars  to-day,  had  been  apj^ropri- 
atod,and  eiL;l it  vessels  equipped,  so  un]K)])ular  had  the 
admiral  and  his  enterprises  become,  that  it  was  found 
necessary  to  press  snilors  into  tlui  service,  and  cmply 
the  prisons  for  colonists.  And  it  was  only  when 
their  admiral,  viceroy,  and  governor  of  the  Indies  so 
I'ar  forgot  himself,  when  on  the  point  of  sailing,  as 
])ublicly,  and  with  his  ov;n  hand  and  foot,  to  strike 
down  and  kick  Jimeiio  do  Borviesca,  an  oflicial  under 
Fonseca,  that  the  sovereigns  began  to  realize  the 
unhtness  of  Columbus  ibr  tho  management  of  colo- 
nies. It  was  a  serious  otfensc  to  attack  a  ])ul)lic 
servant;  and  when  this  was  done  under  the  Aery 
eyes  of  royalty,  and  by  the  man  they  had  so  de- 
lighted to  honor,  tho  truth  came  home  to  tlieiii, 
and  they  never  afterward  regarded  tin;  (Jenoese  v.illi 
tho  same  dejjrreo  of  favor.  Yet  for  his  great  merits, 
his  genius,  enthusiasm,  and  persoverance,  and  for  tht; 
glory  unparalleled  conferred  by  him  on  S]>ain,  they 
woukl  ever  be  to  him  just  and  generous,  lie  could 
never  become  again  the  pauper  pilot,  as  he  had  been 
called  at  Graiuula  while  begging  Iieh)  for  his  tirst 
voyage. 


I 


Two  vessels  were  despatched  to  the  colony  under 
P'nlri)  I'ernande/  Coronel  early  in  I  IDS,  On  tin- 
,'}Oth  of  jNtay  Columbus  embarked  from  San  Luciir 
with  six  vessels,  arrived  at  the  northern  se;ibo;ii',l 
of  South  America,  and  discovered  there  the  inlc  of 
Trinidad  the  .'Vlst  of  July,  sailed  through  the  guh' 
of  Paria,  where  gold  and  pearls  were  seen  in  prol'ii- 
eion,  discovered  the  ^largarita  Islands,  and  came  lo 


•M  1« 


AFFAIRS  AT  SAXTO  DOMIXGO. 


170 


hi   ihr 
tuiu'  t" 


ILiyti,  arrivIiiL]^  ofT  the  river  Ozoma,  on  tlio  .soiitlieru 
sid*!  of  the  islaiul,  tlio  .SOtli  of  August. 

Prior  to  tlio  last  doparturo  of  tlio  admiral  for 
Spnin,  gold  had  been  discovered  in  this  vicinity, 
mid  during  his  absence  a  military  post,  called  8au 
(Vist(')l)al,  had  been  planted  there,  and  at  t1io 
adjacent  harbor  a  fort  built,  'which  was  naniefl 
Santo  .Domingo,  and  which  was  Irom  this  lime 
the  ca})ital  of  the  Indies,  At  intervals  during  the 
past  two  years,  the  adcdantado  at  the  head  of  his 
luarandcrs  had  sconred  the  island,  C(^liecting  tlie 
(|iiart(ily  tribute,  and  making  obs(^rv!!tion  on  such 
ncafairos  as  he  thought  miglit  !ncr<'asi'  the  same, 
iiisuri'cctions  had  bi'eii  occasionally  oi'gani;:cd  by  tin 


("K 


am 


i(pU'S.  but  were  usually  stilh^d  by  tlu*  ])r()mj)t 
1  ])(>litic  action  of  the  adelantado.  ]\Iany  of  tin.! 
colonists  had  t-raduallv  I'l'laxed  in  their  lovaliv  to 
Columbus,  until  finally,  at  the  instigation  of  b'ran- 
cisco  lx.)ldan,  they  declared  their  iiidep(>n:lence  of 
the  adelantado,  though  still  acknowledging  fealty  to 
Spain.  After  creating  no  small  disturl)anco  about 
( 'onc(>]icion  and  Isabela,  Ixoldan  had  retired  with  his 
hand  to  the  jtrovince  of  Jaragu;!. 

On  landiuLi'  at  Santo  J  )oniin<jfo,  the  admiral  tirst 


("^. 


proclaimed  his  approval  of  the  adelantado's  measur 
and  then  set  about  to  pacify  the  colonists.  With  tlie 
common  jieo],]*^,  many  offic(>rs  of  trust  had  joined  ih(3 
I'cvojt  of  JJoldan.  Columbus  oftcred  amnesty  to  all, 
wliich  was  at  tirst  I'efused,  and  li'ttcrs  irom  both 
sides  were  sent  to  Spain.  Jh.it  at  length  there  was 
reconciliation;  Ivoldan  IxH'anie  a  partisan  of  ( 'olum- 
hns,  and  assi.sted  in  subduing  other  hostih;  factions, 
which  resulted  in  {linging  Adrian  de  Moxicaoif  the 
liattlements  of  1^'ort  (.'oncei>cion. 

The  distra(^ted  state  ol'  the  colony,  the  continued 
cliai'ges  against  Columbus,  and  tlu^  ina(le(|ua(e 
rtiu'us  irom  large  outlays,  impelled  ^he  sovei'eigus 
to  scud  out  another  conunission  with  jtower  to  jtuni  ;h 


oileiidcrs,   civ 


d 


ana   criniuu 


ant 


1.    if 


necessai 


y 


to 


SI     "1 


•fj  « 


'I'll 


I  HI 


180 


COLUMBUS  AND  HIS  DISCOVEP.Y. 


supersede  Die  admiral  in  the  government.  The  co  ii- 
missioncr  cliosen  for  this  purpose  was  Fraiicisco  do 
Bol)adilla,  an  arrogant,  shallow-minded  man,  wiio 
delio'lited  rather  in  degrading  merit  than  in  exerci^in-^ 
justice.  Ho  was  authorized  by  letters  patent  to 
acquaint  himself  concerning  the  truth  of  the  rebellion 
against  the  admiral;  what  robberies,  cruelties,  or 
other  overt  acts  had  been  committed;  he  was  di- 
rected to  seize  the  person  and  sequestrate  the  prop- 
erty of  any  oftender,  or  punish  in  an}^  way  he  niiglit 
deem  best.  A  provisional  letter  was  addressed  by 
the  sovereigns  to  the  admiral  of  the  ocean  sea, 
ordering  him  to  surrender  to  the  commissioner  all  forts, 
arms,  ships,  houses,  cattle,  or  other  [>ublic  property, 
which  letter  was  to  be  used  only  if  necessary. 
]3obadilla,  accompanied  by  a  body-guard  of  twenty- 
live  men,  sailed  with  two  caravels  in  Jul}',  1500,  and 
arri\'ed  at  Santo  Domingo  on  the  'J 3d  of  August. 
By  this  opportunity  some  of  the  Indians  sent  over 
by  Columbus  a«  slaves  were  returned  in  cjiarge  of 
six  friars.  It  is  doubtful  whether  tlie  enslavement 
of  the  red  man  could  ever  have  been  made  protltable, 
but  whether  it  could  or  not,  the  Catholic  Church  is 
entitled  to  nnich  credit  for  thus  promptly  setting  its 
loot  upon  tlio  diabolical  traffic  which  had  already 
r>;ceivcd  tlie  a[)])r(»val  of  some  of  the  iirtst  jurists  o\' 
the  day.  Indeed  the  doctrine  that  the  Indians  were 
not  endowed  with  souls  was  rn[)idly  s])reading,  and 
had  found  many  believers,  and  had  not  the  pope 
Ibrtunately  at  this  juncture  decided  against  tlie  prop- 
osition, tli»^  subject  of  Indian  slavery  would  not  ha\e 
been  so  easily  or  so  quicldy  settled. 

Among  the  first  objects  to  meet  the  eye  of  Iloh- 
ndilla,  on  landing,  were  the  bodi(,'S  of  two  fSpaii- 
iards  swinging  from  gibbets,  which  argued  not  vciy 
favorably  for  the  quietude  of  the  island.  Colunihiis 
was  absent  at  Fort  Ct)nce])cion;  the  addantado  and 
lloldan  were  pursuing  rebels  in  Jaraguil;  Diego 
Colon,  who  was  in   chaim'  at  Santo  Dominu'(>,  Nvas 


UNW^VERAXTED  CONDUCT  OF  BOBADILLA. 


181 


l-llt 


Me, 

I  is 

it.-> 

:;i(lv 

:s  o[' 

aiul 

m>\)- 
luivo 

very 
minis 

was 


peremptorily  commanded  to  surrender  certain  pris- 
oners, which  lie  refused  to  do  until  the  adiniial, 
whose  commission  was  higher  than  that  of  liobadilla, 
aii<l  under  whom  he  served,  should  order  it. 

Thereupon  Bobadilla  broke  open  the  jail,  and  the 
prisoners  Av^ero  finally  set  at  liberty,  lie  not  only 
assumed  the  custody  of  the  crown  property,  but 
he  entered  the  house  of  Columbus,  took  ])osses.sioii 
of  his  effects,  and  made  his  residence  tliere.  Ho 
sided  with  the  late  insurgents,  giving  ear  only  to 
th;in.  Next  he  ordered  to  appear  before  him  the 
admiral,  v.'ho  came  with  all  quietness,  and  was 
iuimedlately  ironed  and  cast  into  prison.  The  broth- 
ers of  Columbus  met  the  same  fate.  It  was  a 
most  villainous  proceeding  on  the  part  of  Bobadilla, 
wliolh)'  unauthorized,  wholly  unnecessary.  Columbus 
was  condemned  before  he  was  tried.  While  in  the 
act  of  coming  forward  of  his  own  accord,  not  with 
liostile  front,  but  unattended,  he  was  seized,  man- 
acled, and  incarcerated.  It  was  not  until  afterward 
that  I'.e  was  charged  with  inilicting  on  the  colonists, 
I'von  on  hidalgos,  .oppressive  labor,  abuse,  and  cruel 
jiunisiiments;  with  failing  to  provide  them  suflicieiit 
I'ood;  with  opposing  royal  authority;  with  secrel^ing 
gold  and  }iearls;  and  with  unjust  trciitincnt  of  tlio 
natives,  making  unnecessary  war  upon  them,  levying 
inicjuitous  tribute,  preventing  their  conversion,  and 
sending  them  as  slaves  to  Spain.  Some  went  so  i'ar 
as  to  hint  at  an  intended  transfer  of  allegiance  to 
some  other  lujwer.  But  were  all  the  calumnies  true, 
Iwlce  told,  which  vile,  revengeful  men  had  heaped 
i!;»i)n  hhn,  he  would  not  have  meritetl  the  treatment 
I'.iat  he  now  I'oeeived  at  the  hand  of  their  ^Majesties' 
agent.  Lver  loyal,  high-minded,  and  sincere,  ever 
jicribnning  his  duties  to  the  best  of  his  ability,  the 
Wdi'st  that  can  be  truthfully  said  of  him  is  that  ho 
was  niriltted  by  temperament  and  training,  unfitted 
by  his  genius,  by  those  very  ([ualities  which  mi.de 
liiui  ,so  su[)eri(jr  to  other  men  in  (jther  tllreelions,  for 


COLUMBUS  AND  HIS  DISCOVERY. 


organizing  in  a  tropical  wilderness  that  social  thrift 
upon  which  might  be  built  a  staid  coumuuiity  out  of 
the  ignorant,  ])rosuni[)tuous,  and  desperate  element 
I'resli  from  conllicts  with  Jews  and  Moors, 

After  having  been  subjected  to  much  insult  and 
indignity,  the  three  brothers  were  placed  on  ship- 
Ijoard  and  sent  to  Spain.  Andres  Martin,  master  of 
the  caravel,  offered  to  remove  the  manacles,  l)ut  the 
admiral  said  no.  It  was  by  the  king's  agent  the 
irons  were  put  on;  it  must  be  by  the  king's  order  if 
ever  they  are  taken  off.  "And  I  will  always  keep 
these  chains,"  he  added  with  proud  bitterness,  "as 
memorials  of  reward  for  faithful  services." 

Both  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  and  all  the  pco[)lo 
were  shocked  to  sec  the  illustrious  discoverer  in  such 
a  plight.  Inunediately  the  sovereigns  heard  of  it  the 
clia::is  were  stricken  off,  and  the  [)risoncrs  released. 
From  the  odious  abasement  into  which  he  had  been 
unjustly  thrust  by  an  inlixmous  agent,  Columbus  was 
once  more  lifted  high  into  favor  by  the  sovereigns, 
whose  moist  eyes  tcstifled  their  hearts'  sincerity. 


CHAPTER  III. 


DISCOVERY  OF  DARIEN. 


RODRIGO     DE    B.VSTIDAS  —  EXTE.VSIOX    OF  KeW    WoRLD    PuIVILEGES  —  TlIE 

Royal  Share — Juan  he  la  Cosa  —  Smr.s  of  the  Early  Discov- 

EUEUS  — COASTINO    DaRIEX  —  TlIE    TERRIBLE    TeREDO —WRECKED  O.V 

EspaSol.\  —  Spanish  ^Ioxey — Treatment  of  Rastidas  by  Ovando — 

ACCTKEI),     AND     SeNT     TO    SpAIN     FOR     TrIAL — He     IS     IMMEDIATELY 

Acquitted  —  Future  Career  and  Cuaracteu  of  Rastidas  —  The 
Archives  of  the  Indies — The  Several  Collections  of  Public  Docu- 
ments in  Spain  — The  Labors  of  Mu5toz  and  Navarrete  —  Riblio- 
guapiiical  Xotices  of  the  Printed  Collections  of  Xavaruete, 
Ternaux-Compans,  Salva  and  Raranda,  and  Pacheco  and  Car- 
denas. 

The  first  Spaniard  to  touch  tlio  territory  wliicli 
for  the  purposes  of  my  work  I  have  taken  the  hberty 
to  denominate  the  Pacific  States  of  North  America 
■was  llodrigo  do  Bastidas,  a  notary  of  Triana,  the 
gy])sy  suburb  of  Seville. 

Although  the  discoveries  of  Columbus  had  been 
iiKido  for  Castile,  and  Castilians  reijardcd  their  rii^hts 
to  the  new  lands  superior  to  those  of  any  others,  even 
other  inhabitants  of  Spain;  and  althougli  at  first 
none  might  visit  the  New  World  save  those  author- 
ized by  Columbus  or  Fonseca;  yet,  owing  to  inade- 
(|iuito  returns  from  heavy  expenditures,  and  the 
iiial)ility  of  the  admiral  properly  to  control  coloniza- 
tion in  the  several  })arts  of  the  ever-widening  area, 
nt  the  solicitation  of  several  persons  desirous  of  en- 
tering the  new  fi'.  Id  of  commerce  and  adventure  at 
their  own  charge,  on  the  10th  of  April,  14'J5,  the 
f^overeigns  issued  a  proclamation  granting  nativo- 
.burn  j.ail)jecLS  of  Spain  permission  to  settle  in  llayti, 

(ISJ) 


>      *     i 
>J  'I 


ill 

^  4 

V  i 

i 

'  '    1 

1 


184 


DISCOVERY  OF  DARIEX. 


or  Espaiiola,^  as  I  shall  continue  to  call  tlio  island, 
and  to  make  to  other  parts  private  voyages  of  dis- 
covery and  trade,  under  royal  license.  The  rer^'ula- 
tions  were  that  the  vessels  so  sailin-'"  slioukl  lie 
equipped  under  royal  inspection,  that  they  should 
depart  oidy  from  the  port  of  Cadiz,  and  that  they 
should  carry  one  or  two  crown  oilicers.  The  sov- 
ereigns retained,  without  payment,  one  tenth  of  tlie 
tonnage,  and  were  to  receive  one  tenth  of  the  gross 
returns.  Settlers  on  Espahola  were  to  receive  grants 
of  land,  and  one  year's  provision;  of  the  gold  tliey 
gathered  they  were  to  pay  two  thirds  to  the  crown; 
on  all  other  products  one  tenth.  Although  this  j  tep 
was  taken  without  consulting  Columbus,  it  was  tlie 
aim  of  tlie  sovereigns  fully  to  respect  his  rights  in 
the  matter;  therefore,  and  in  lieu  of  his  property  iu 
one  eighth  of  all  the  tonnage,  for  every  seven  vessels 
thus  privately  adventured  he  was  ])rivilegcd  to  de- 
spatch one  on  his  own  account.  The  admiral  still 
complaining,  such  jiarts  of  the  proclamation  as  in 
any  wise  interfered  with  his  rights  were  revoked, 
and  his  former  privileges  confirmed,  the  2d  of  June, 
1407.'' 

'  The  island  known  to-day  as  Ilayti  was  namcil  hy  Colnmhiis  fii^idn  Ili^- 
paitid',  Island  of  Spain.  On  one  of  his  maps  it  is  callod  Iiis,il:i  JJi/pniiiii; 
and  on  another  I ly-^pdiin.  V>y  the  early  navigators  and  ehronielcrs  the  name 
Was  turned  into  Spanish  and  sspokoii  and  M-iitten  Ln.  Lila  L'-jxti'iufa,  the 
Spaniwli  l.slc,  or  La  l-Jspauola.  jn.i/Kiiilo/ii,  as  it  is  called  at  a  later  period 
l»y  Kn,u'lish  anthoi-s,  is  neither  l^atin  nor  Spanisli;  it  may  lie  a  syneopoof  the 
wovda  Jii.^iila  11  iisjHuiia-,  or  more  likely  it  is  a  corruption  of  V.k  h'-p'uV^lii  hy 
foreigners  to  whom  the  Spnnish  il  was  not  fanriliai-.  The  ehoic!  lies  lietueeu 
the  mutilation,  I lixitniiiolit,  of  I'liiglish  authors,  and  the  correct  but  unl'aiuiliar 
EtijKnliihi,  and  I  aii:)iit  the  latter. 

^Usually  two  royal  oilicers  went  out  hy  each  dcpai'turc;  a  treasurer  to 
take  charge  of  tho  gold,  and  a  notary  to  watch  the  treasurer  and  write 
down  what  was  seen  and  done.  The.  govei'iiment  was  exeee(lin;;!y  strict  iu 
ita  regulatioirs  of  discoveries  l)y  ?ea,  as  well  as  iu  all  matters  relaiivo  to  com- 
merce and  eoloni/alion.  Notice  was  given  liy  renliuand  and  l-^ibella  Sep- 
tember .'t,  1501,  by  Charles  V.  Xoveinber  17,  i.")-(i,  and  by  I'liilip  11.  in  l.")(i;i, 
that  no  one  should  go  to  tho  Indies  excc|)t  nmler  ex^iress  license  from  t!io 
king.  In  l."rj;i  Charles  ^'.  ordered  (hat  tlio  cajitaiu  of  any  tliscovering  m' 
trailing  vess^el  should  not  ;;o  ashore  within  the  limits  mentioned  in  his  p:itcnt 
withont  tho  permission  of  the  royal  ollieers  and  jiriests  on  board,  under 
])enaliy  of  eonlisealion  of  half  tho  gooils.  The  law  oi  iri.")(l  stipulates  that 
ships  nuist  be  ])roperly  ei|uipped,  provisioned  for  one  year,  always  .sail 
in  paiis,  and  carry  iu  each  two  )>ilots  and  two  priests.  In  his  unlt'i/inr.'ii 
lie   iioblac'toHts    of    1003    I'hilip  II.     directs    that    vessels    making    diseov- 


THE  NEW  WOKLD  OPEXED  TO  SETTLEMENT.  1S5 

Among  tlioso  to  take  advantage  of  this  permission, 


eric?  shall  carry  scissors,  combs,  knives,  looking-glasses,  rifles,  axes,  fish- 
liiM)ks,  culi)red  caps,  glass  beads,  and  tlio  like,  as  means  of  introduction  and 
traliio.  /i'.  c.^y/'/c/c/dM  de  Lfi/a  (A;  tu-i  I'fi/iiosde  lim  ludh'--*,  ii.  0-7.  In  regard 
to  tliO  sharo  of  the  crown  in  the  gold  gathered  our  popidar  writers  seem  to 
liavo  found  original  authorities  somewhat  vague.  It  is  clearly  enough  stated 
tiiat  settlers  arc  to  pay  two  thirds;  tho  question  is  whether  in  relation  to 
discoverers  gold  is  included  in  products  of  which  one  tenth  was  to  go  to 
tlio  crown,  or  wliether  tho  exception  to  a  rule  was  unintentionally  omitted. 
!Mr  Irving  gliiles  gracefully  over  tho  dillieulty  with  tho  same  degree  of  in- 
dctiiiiteness  that  ho  linds  in  the  authorities.  Mr  I'rcseott  states  positively, 
Jliitorji  vj'  Fm/ ilia  HI  I  mid  IsalnUd,  ii.  4.S8,  that  'tho  shii)3  litted  out  muliT 
the  general  licent^o  were  required  to  reserve. ..  .two  thirds  of  all  tho  gold' 
for  tho  crown,  quotiug  Muiiozand  Xavarretc  as  vouchers,  tho  words  of  neither 
justifying  t!io  statement.  JIunoz,  Jlint..  Nncoi  Muiido,  i.  '210,  says,  'so 
cunceuio  it  todos  generalmcntc,  sin  mas  gravamen  cpio  pagar  la  di  cima 
lie  lo  quo  so  rescatase,'  \vhilo  Navarrete,  Co/,  dn  ]'i,iiic-<,  ii.  Iil7,  printing 
the  >■<:  d  jimci^sion  itself,  states  simply  'es  nucstra  merced  (]uo  do  lo  (juo 
las  dichas  pcrsonas  hallaren  en  las  dichas  islas  t;  tierra-lirmc  hayan  jtaia 
si  las  nacvc  partes,  o  la  otra  dieznia  parte  sea  para  Nos.'  Tho  misstatement 
cf  the  talented  author  of  Ferdiii'iinl  und  J.rihcllit  is  renderetl  all  tlio  moro 
conspicuous  when  on  the  very  next  page  (juoteil  by  him  MufK)z  settles  tho 
v.'holo  matter  exactly  contrary  to  Treseott's  account.  'A  todos  so  jiermitiii 
llcvar  v.vcrcs  y  mercaucias,  rescatar  oro  do  los  naturalcs  C3ntribnyeniln  al  rey 
con  la  decinia.'  And  after  thus  stating  distinctly  that  aU  might  trade  ^\!t!^ 
the  nalives  for  goUl  on  paying  one  tentii  to  tlio  crown,  ho  gives  tlio  reason 
wliyiiuriciomu.it  pay  two  thirds  to  the  crown;  or  if  the  recipientof  pecuniary 
aid  fri'in  tho  crown,  then  four  lifths;  it  was  becau-o  of  tho  supposed  exceed- 
ing richness  of  tho  mines,  the  case  with  which  gold  could  bo  ol>t:iined;  and, 
further,  the  dcpcndencoof  tho  crown  on  its  mines,  more  than  on  anything  elso 
for  a  colonial  revenue.  Prior  to  loOi  tho  regulation  of  tho  royal  share  was 
not  lixed,  some  of  the  traders  paying  one  tenth  gross,  some  ono  llfth  gross, 
and  some  one  fourth  not.  l>obadilla,  in  loOl),  granted  twenty  years'  liccn.-.ea 
to  settlers  in  l^spauola  to  work  gold  mines  by  paying  only  ono  eleventh  to 
t'lc  crown.  Sumiiiari/iing  the  subsequent  laws  upon  tho  subject,  wo  llud 
on'.erel  by  Fenliuand  and  Isabella,  February  o,  l.iOl,  reiterated  l)y  I'liilip, 
lo7-,  that  all  dwedors  in  tho  liuUes  must  pay  to  tho  crown  one  fifth  of  all 
gobl,  liilver,  lead,  tin,  quicksilver,  iron,  or  other  metal  obtained  by  llieiii; 
likewise  traders  were  to  pay  ono  lilth  of  ail  gold,  silver,  or  other  mcta!s, 
jkarls,  jirecious  stones,  or  audicr  obtaineil  by  them.  September  M,  l.">Ht, 
( 'iiarles  V.  decl.ircd  that  of  all  gold  received  in  trade  from  the  natives  cuie  lit th 
must;  be  });.id  lo  him;  ;md  March  8,  loIJ;),  ho  ^aid  thai  where  a  reward  has  been 
proini.ed  to  a  prospector  of  mines  tho  royal  treasury  would  jiay  two  thirds 
(i  that  reward,  and  tho  private  persons  iutercstcd  one  third.  It  was  ordered 
September  4,  l.illti,  and  reiterated  Juno  1;),  l.iHl,  tluit  all  person?  mu;t  \K\y 
tlie  kiii;;"s  iifth  on  tiio  before-mentioned  artich's,  whether  obtaineil  in  batilo 
or  by  iiluntli'ring-expcditions,  or  by  trade.  Of  all  gold,  silver,  pearls,  and 
l>reciou:i  .>tones  received  as  ransom  of  a  i'aci(|Ue  or  other  principal  jicrsunago 
ti:e  king  v,as  to  have  one  third;  the  ri'mainder,  after  deducting  tlio  king's 
lilth,  was  to  bo  divided  among  tho  members  of  the  expedition.  Of  the  siioiU 
Secured  from  a  caciquo  slain  in  battle,  or  exeeiited,  ono  half  was  the  crow  u's, 
and  one  half,  except  tho  king's  Iifth,  tho  property  of  tho  eonipierors.  .Iniie 
a,  l,V)l.  it  was  ordered,  and  reiterated  August  'Jl,  lOl'.t,  that  besido  tho  king';! 
sliiire,  there  bo  levied  a  iluty  of  Ii  per  cent,  to  pay  for  .'Miielting,  assayiu'];, 
iiiid  stamping.  V>y  tho  ordi'iinnzn.'^  d''  /lo'ilnciniiix  of  Philip  11.,  I.-iii.'!,  tho 
n '.elaiilado  of  a  discovery  by  land,  and  his  succe.ssijr,  and  the  settlers  were  to 
Jiuy  tlio  crown  but  one  tenth  on  metals  and  juvcious  stones  for  tho  term  of 
ten  years,   itCi\ p.  dc  fiiduu-<,  ii.  10,  U8,  7o-7,  10,  and  180-1. 


I 


288 


DISCOVERY  OF  DARIEX. 


beside  Bastidas,  was  Alonso  do  Ojeda,  who  embarked 
with  four  vessels  from  Spain  in  May,  149'J,  in  com- 
pany with  Juan  do  la  Cosa  and  Amevigo  Vespucci, 
sailed  alonq;  the  seaboard  of  South  America  from 
Paria  and  the  Pearl  Coast,  discovered  by  Columbus, 
to  the  gulf  of  Venezuela,  so  called  because  like 
A'enice  the  native  villages  were  built  over  the  water. 
At  Cape  do  la  Vela,  Ojeda  left  the  coast  and  crossed 
to  Espauola,  whence  he  was  driven  off  by  Iloldan 
at  the  command  of  Columbus.  lie  reached  Spain  in 
June,  1500;  and  though  his  ships  were  crowded  with 
slaves,  after  paying  expenses  there  were  left  but  five 
hundred  ducats  to  divide  among  fifty-live  persons. 
Sailing  in  a  caravel  of  only  fifty  tons,  a  few  days 
later  than  Ojeda,  were  Pedro  Alonso  Nino  and 
Cristobal  Guerra,  who,  following  the  track  of  Colum- 
bus and  Ojeda  to  the  Pearl  Coast,  thence  crossed  t.) 
]\Iargarita,  returned  to  the  main-land  and  coasttd 
Cumana,  and  finally  returned  to  Spain,  arriviii'^^ 
about  two  months  before  Ojeda,  well  laden  with  gold 
and  pearls.  This  was  the  first  really  profitable 
vo3'age,  pecuniarily,  to  the  New  World.  Then  there 
was  Vicente  Yahez  Pinzon,  who  sailed  in  four 
caravels  in  December,  1499,  and  shortly  after  Diego 
do  Lepo,  in  two  vessels,  both  going  to  Brazil. 

Quito  exceptional  to  the  ordinary  adventurer  was 
Bastidas.  He  was  a  man  of  standing:  in  the  com- 
munity,  possessed  of  some  means  himself  and  liavin .,' 
Y/ealthy  friends;  ho  was  intelligent  and  iniluential, 
and  withal  humane,  even  Las  Casas  admitting  that 
no  one  ever  accused  him  of  illtreating  the  Indians. 

The  friends  of  the  honest  notary,  among  tlioiu 
Juan  do  Ledesma,  were  ready  enough  to  join  him, 
pecuniarily,  in  a  venture  to  the  famous  Pearl  Coast, 
as  the  South  American  shore  of  the  admiral's  tliird 
voya^'o  was  now  called.  ObtaininiTf  from  Fonseca's 
oflice  a  royal  license,^  and  enlisting  the  coiiperatiou 

*  Till)  docuincut  may  bo  seen  to-day  in  the  archives  of  the  Iiulius.    liL'^in- 


SHIPS  OF  THE  SIXTEENTH  CENTURY. 


1S7 


of  Juan   do   la   Cosa,    already   veteran   in    western 
})ilotage,  Bastidas  equipped  two  caravels,*  embarked 

iiiiig:  '  Er,  Key  t  La  Reina.  El  asiento  quo  ao  toirni  por  nucstro  mandado 
tin  V03  Roilrigo  do  ]3astidas,  vcciuo  do  la  ciltdad  Co  Scvilla,  para  ir  d  dcsco- 
Ij.ir  por  I'l  mar  Occano,  con  doa  uavios,  cs  lo  signientc:' — it  goes  on  to  state, 
'  J'ir^t,  that  wo  givo  license  to  you,  the  said  llodrigo  do  Bastidas,  that  with 
two  vcsscld  of  your  own,  and  at  your  own  cost  and  risk,  you  may  go  liy  tlio 
f.ji.l  ticean  Sea  to  discover,  and  you  may  discover  ishuula  and  linn  land;  ia 
t!io  parts  of  the  Indies  and  in  any  other  parts,  provided  it  ho  not  the  iLilanda 
and  lirni  land  already  discovered  by  the  Admiral  Don  Cristiibal  (".ilon,  our 
a:Iiniral  of  the  Ocean  Sea,  or  by  Cristobal  Guerra;  nor  those  whicli  have  been 
I  r  may  bo  discovered  by  other  person  or  persons  by  our  order  and  with  our 
liixnso  before  you;  nor  the  islands  and  lirni  land  whicli  belong  to  tho  nio:;t 
serene  jirincc,  tho  king  of  Portugal,  our  very  dear  and  bcb)ved  son;  for  from 
them  nor  from  any  of  them  you  shall  not  take  anything,  save  only  sueh 
thii.gs  as  for  your  maintenance,  and  for  tho  provision  of  your  sliips  and 
crew  you  may  need.  Furthermore,  that  all  tlio  gold,  and  silver,  ami 
cupper,  and  lead,  and  tin,  and  quicksilver,  and  any  other  metal  whatevei'; 
an. I  (I'Jiijar,  and  pearls,  and  precious  stones  and  jewels,  and  slaves  and 
nejroes,  and  mixed  breeds,  which  in  these  our  kingdoms  may  bo  held  a;ul 
nputcil  as  slaves;  and  monsters  and  serpents,  and  whatever  other  animals 
an  I  liolics  and  birds,  and  apices  and  <b-ug.-!,  an<l  every  otiier  thing  i  f  whatso- 
ever name  or  quality  or  value  it  may  be;  deducting  therefrom  the  freight 
expenses,  and  cost  of  vessels,  wliieh  in  said  voyage  and  licet  may  be  male; 
( i  the  remainder  to  us  will  belong  tho  fourth  part  cf  the  wliol(>,  and  tl\e 
olher  tlu'eo  fourths  may  bo  freely  for  you  the  said  Rodrigo  do  Raslidas,  that 
you  may  do  therewith  as  yoii  choose  and  may  be  pleased  to  do,  as  a  thing  of 
your  own,  freo  and  unincumbered.  //(■)/(,  that  mo  will  place  in  each  one  of 
t!ie  said  ships  one  or  two  persons,  who  in  our  name  or  liy  our  iirdir  shall  be 
wiinestcs  to  all  which  may  bo  obtained  and  traliiekcvl  ia  f  iiid  vesscli  if  tho 
al'-resaid  things;  and  that  they  may  pat  tho  same  ia  writing  and  l;eep  a  bc)ok 
and  account  thereof,  so  that  no  fraud  or  mistake  happen.'  After  stating 
fr.rtlier  under  mIiosc  direction  the shijis should  bo  lifted  out,  and  what  should 
bo  done  on  tlie  return  of  tiic  expedition,  tho  document  isthitedat  Seville,  Juno 
a.  1"J0;>,  and  the  signatures  follow:  '  Yo  El  Rly.  Yu  La  Rekna.  Por  man- 
(!;i(lo  del  Picy  6  de  la  Reina,  tlAsi'AU 
l):;(liM/.i().'  All  this  under  penalty 
of  Uieforfeitui'eof  thoiirojierty  and 
liieof  thcca|)taiuof  the  expedition, 
lliiihigode  liastidaa.  Air/iirodc  Jii- 
(/,(/••,  printed  in  Pwhcco  and  Curde- 
vn--^,  (.'ol.  1)q<\,  ii.  .'UiJ-O. 

'  It  is  often  remaiked  with  won- 
iler  in  wliat  small  and  apparently  in- 
.secure  vessels  tlio  early  navigators 
traversed  perilous  seas  and  explored 
lU'.kuowu  coasts,  'i'iiats'iipwreckso 
often  attended  tiicir  ventures  is  less 

.surprisingtiianthatsomanyeseaped  1\  ^  — - ■_ — tTi    ffi 

destruction.  Two  of  tho  tlu'ee  ves- 
sels em]iloycd  by  ('olumbus  were 
open  boats,  according  to  March  y  ^^^^TL:-^ 
J.n '«);vN,  Histor'ia  de  la  Manna  Ucul 
E'pnuola,  i.  OS,  of  forty  tons  each, 
and  tlio  tleeked  Santa  Maria,  only 
;  i xt y  tons.  The  term  caravel  was  originally  given  to  ships  navigated  wliolly  by 
sails  ;is  distinguished  from  the  galley  propelled  by  oars.  It  has  been  ap]iUcil 
t  J  a  great  variety  of  vessels  of  dillbrcat  sizo  and  construction.    The  caravels  of 


Cauavel. 


^11 


J  'i 


1% 

1  4\ 


\  <ty 


188  DISCOVEr.Y  OF  DARiEN. 

at    Cildlz   111    October,   1500,  took  on   boarc'   wood, 

the  Xcw  Worlil  (liscovci'crs  may  be  generally  described  as  lone;,  narrow  })oats  of 
from  twenty  to  one  hundred  tons  burden,  willi  tlirce  or  four  mastsof  al)out  eipial 
height  carrying  sonietimcs  square  and  soinctinies  lateen  sails,  the  fourth  mast 
set  at  the  heel  of  the  bowsprit  carrying  scjuarc  sails.  Tlioy  were  usually  half- 
decked,  and  adonicd  with  the  lofty  forecastle  and  loftier  poop  of  tlic  day.     The 


Gallev. 


Cm.kj\z\. 


I>  I 


latter  constituted  over  that  part  of  the  vessel  a  donblc  or  treble  deck,  which  was 
pierced  for  cannon.  A  class  of  vessels  like  the  S'lut-i  Mtirii,  bcaidc  a  du',;b!c 
stern  deck,  had  a  forward  deck  armed  with  small  piccca  for  throwing  stones  ;ind 
grape.      In  tho  archives  of  Mallorca  is  a  picture  of  a  caravel  dra\vn  iu  lo'JT, 


Gallron. 

and  a  very  fair  representation  of  those  in  nnc  a  century  later  may  be  found  on 
Juan  do  la  C  )sa,';i  map.  The  large  deckel  rhips  of  from  100  to  V2Q'0  tons  had 
two,  three,  or  fjur  masts,  and  square  sails,  with  high  poop  and  Rometiims 
lii;.'h  prow.  In  naval  engagements  and  in  discovery  the  smaller  vessels  scciuil 
to  bo  preferred,  being  more  easily  handled.  Columbus,  at  Paria,  complaiue  I 
of  his  vessel  of  lOJ  tons  as  being  too  largo.     In  his  ordmianuis  de  poblaclonei 


VOYAGE  OF  BASTIDAS. 


180 


w.'iter,  meat,  and  cheese  at  Gomcra,  and  steering  a 
little  north  of  tho  admiral's  last  track,   came  to  a 

of  l.'G.T  Vliilip  II.  required  every  discoverer  to  take  at  least  two  vessels  of 
not  over  sixty  tons  encli,  in  order  to  enter  inlets,  cross  tiie  bars  of  rivers,  and 
]iiis3  over  slidiils.  The  l.irger  sliips,  if  nny  were  of  tlio  expedition,  must 
riiuain  in  a  safe  port  until  anotlicr  safe  port  was  found  by  t'le  small  craft. 
Tliiity  men  and  no  more  wero  to  fro  in  every  sliip,  and  t!io  jiilots  must  writo 
down  what  they  encountered  for  tlio  benefit  of  ot'i  r  pilots.  I'ecop.  de  Imlui-s, 
ii.  5-G.     Tho  yalera  was  a  vessel  of  low  bul«ai,»i,  navigated  by  saila  and 


NAVfo. 

oars,  usually  twenty  or  thirty  oars  on  citlicr  side,  four  or  five  oarsmen  to 

a  bench.     It  frequently  carried  a  large  cannon,  called  rnf.ria,  two  of  medium 

size,  and  two  small  guns.     The  ijalfuzd  was  tlic  largest  class  of  galera,  or 

craft  propelled  wholly  or  in  part  by  oars.     It  had  three  masts;  it  commonly 

carried  twenty  cannon,  and  tlio  poop  accommodated  a  small  army  of  fusileera 

uiid  sharpshooters.     A  ijalcota  was 

a  small  galera,  having  only  sixteen 

or  twenty  oarsmen  on  a  side,  and 

two  masts.     The  ijaUoii  was  a  large 

armed  merchant  vessel  with  high 

bulwarks,  three  or  four  decks,  with 

two  or  three  masts,  square-rigged, 

spreading  courses  and  top-sails,  and 

sjuietimes  top-gallant  sails.     One 

lloctof  twelve  galleons,  fi'om  1003  to 

I'JOO  tons  burden,  was  named  after 

tho  twelve  apostles.     Tliose  which 

plied  between  Aeapulco  and  ^lanila 

were  from  1"200  to  "JOOO  tons  burden. 

A  jialeoncillo  was  a  small  galcon. 

Tlie  carac  was  a  large  carrying  ^"es- 

.sel,  the  one  intended  for  Columbus' 

second  voyage  being  V2oO  Inulcs!,  or 

l.JOO  tons.     A  1M0,  or  imvio,  was  a  large  ship  with  high  bulwarks  and  three 

masts.     A  Mdfe  was  a  vessel  with  deck  and  sails;  tlie  former  distinguishing 

it  from  the  barca,  and  the  absence  of  oars  from  a  galera.     The  berjuidin,  or 


BKUiASTlSE. 


•mi 


IJI 


100 


DISCOVEr.Y  OF  DARIEX. 


M 


I!' 


green  ir:le,  which  he  called  Isla  Verde,  and  reached 
the  inaiiilaiid  near  Venezuela.  Coastin;:^  westward, 
ho  passed  Santa  Marta,  and  arrived  at  the  j\Iagd:i- 
lena  Kiver  in  !?darch,  1501,  so  naming  it  on  arrival 
from  the  day,  which  was  that  of  the  woman's  con- 
version. There  ho  narrowly  escaped  shipwreclc. 
Continuing,  and  trading  on  the  way,  he  found  tlie 
ports  of  Zamba  and  Coronados — the  latter  so  called 
because  the  natives  wore  large  crowns — the  islands  of 
San  Ijernardo,  Baru,  and  the  Arenas,  off  Cartageiui 
Bay.  Next  he  saw  Fuerto  and  tcnantless  Tortuga, 
touched  at  the  port  of  Cenii,  passed  Point  Caribana, 
entered  the  gulf  of  Uraba,  and  saw  the  faixdloncs, 
or  craggy  islet  peaks,  rising  abruptly  from  the  water 
near  the  Darien  shore.  Thus  tar  from  Cape  do  la 
Vela  he  had  discovered  one  hundred  and  iifty 
leaixues"  of  new  seaboard.  And  because  Avlien  the 
tide  was  low  the  water  was  fresh,  ho  called  the 
place  Golfo  Dulee.  Thus  came  the  Spaniards  upon 
the  isthmus  that  unites  the  two  Americas;  and 
along  it  they  sailed  to  Point  Manzanilla,  in  which 
vicinity  were  El  Retrete  and  Nombre  do  Dios.*^ 

It  is  a  balmy  beginning,  this  of  these  men  from 
Spain,  of  that  intercontinental  commerce  which  is 
shortly  to  bring  destruction  on  one  side  and  retro- 

bi'ig,  had  low  bulwarks;  tlie  hertjontin-'iahtn  was  a  hcnnaplirodito  l)ii;r,  or 
biigantiiic,  liuilt  for  fast  sailing.  The  iiaiiio  brigautine  was  aiiplied  in  AiiK'iiivi 
also  to  ail  open  flat-bottoined  boat  wliich  usually  carried  oiio  sail  and  from 
eight  to  sixteen  men,  witli  a  capacity  for  about  100  persons. 

^Thu  Spanish  lenguo  varies  with  time  and  place.  It  was  not  until  IS^l 
that  the  diverse  measurements  of  the  several  original  kingdoms  were  by  royal 
order  niailc  nniforni,  the  legal  league  then  becoming  throughout  all  Spain 
20,C0O  Sjianish  feet.  Of  tii;;'^"  leagues  there  are  twenty  to  the  de,ive, 
making  each  three  geograplxical  mile.7,  being,  as  specified  by  the  law,  the  dis- 
tance travelled  on  toot  at  a  steady  gait,  in  one  hour.  The  land  league  wa^, 
by  law  of  Alfonso  the  Wise,  3001)  paco.^,  as  speciiied  by  the  Si-ti'  Purii  lii<. 
The  discoverers  roughly  estimated  a  league  at  from  two  and  a  half  to  thiee 
and  a  half  English  miles.  A  marine  or  geographical  league  at  that  time  wa  < 
about  7">00  varas,  or  little  less  than  four  English  miles,  there  being  nearly  17-'; 
to  a  degree  of  latitude,      la  diilerent  par.'s  of  Spanish  America  the  league 


Culm  a  league  consists  of 
vara  is  tho  Spanish  yard, 


I 


is  diuerent,  being  sometimes   quite   short. 

5078  varas,  and  iu  ^lexico  of  5000  varas.     T! 

comprising  three  Spanish  feet  of   eleven  English  inches  each.      Since  t!io 

decline  of  Roman  inlluence,  the  Spaniards  have  had  no  eciuivalent  for  tiie 

English  mile. 

••Seo  next  chapter,  note  18. 


GLOrJES  OF  THE  ISTHMUS. 


191 


grcssion'  on  tlic  other;  a  commerce  wliicli  shall  end 
only  v.'ith  the  next  cfcneral  cataclysm.  Throadini; 
their  v:vy  amonjij  islands  smothered  in  foliage,  which 
seemed  upon  tho  glossy  water-surface  as  iloating 
I'ragments  of  the  thickly  matted  verdure  of  the  main- 
laud,  listening  to  notes  unfamiliar  to  their  cars,  and 
seeing  these  strange  men  and  women  so  like  and  yet 
so  luilike  Spaniards,  they  find  themselves  wondering 
whether  they  are  in  tho  world  or  out  of  it.  Wo 
who  so  w'ell  know  our  little  planet  and  its  ways  can 
scarcely  imagine  what  it  was  in  the  darkness  to  l)o 
taken  up  at  Seville,  and  put  down  amidst  tho  magic 
])lay  of  light  and  shade  at  Darien.  Prol>al)ly  now 
the  world  was  round;  yet  still  it  miglit  be  fungiform, 
or  crescent-shaped,  or  amor[)lious,  having  a  smootli  or 
ragged  edge,  from  which  a  fearful  slii)ping-ofr  might 
any  moment  ensue.  All  they  can  know  is  what  they 
see,  and  that  they  ^annot  half  kn(nv,  for  they  can 
scarcely  more  than  Jiulf  see  or  feel  or  smell.  Some 
iiart  of  the  perpendicular  rays  of  tho  incandescent  sun 
falling  on  their  toughened  skins  they  can  feel;  some 
})art  of  the  water  that  from  the  surcharged  reservoirs 
of  low-lying  clouds  so  frequently  and  freely  pours  upon 
the  spot  whence  it  is  pumped  by  this  same  vertical 
sun.  They  can  turn  their  bewildered  eyes  toward 
the  south  and  see  beyond  its  clean  white  border  tho 
mainland  stretching  off  in  billows  of  burnished  green 
to  the  far-away  hazy  horizon,  where  like  a  voluptuous 
beauty  it  im])rintsa  kiss  upon  the  blushing  sky;  they 
may  lie  in  the  gray  mist  of  evening  and  dream,  and 
dream,  their  minds — how  many  removes  fi-om  tho 
intelliii'cnce  of  tho  impatient  sea  and  the  self-tuned 
litu  upon  the  shore?  Or  they  may  drift  about  in  the 
amber  light  of  a  soft  vaporous  morning  without  nmch 
dreaming;  one  thing  at  least  to  them  is  real,  and 
that  is  gold.  Witliout  the  aid  of  divine  revelation 
they  fathom  the  difference  between  the  precious  solid 
substance  and  hollow  brass.  So  do  the  savages, 
thinking   the   latter   much   the    prettier ;    and    thus 


i 


J 


P  ! 


m 


J 


i'! 


■I 


102 


DISCOVEP.Y  07  D.VTJEX. 


botli  sides,  each  ])cliovin;:^  the  others  fools  and  well 
cheated,  arc  happy  in  their  traffic.  The  Spaniards 
arc  enchanted  loss  Ijj  the  lovel}'  garb  in  Avliich  nature 
everywhere  greets  them  than  l)y  the  ease  witli  v/hich 
the  golden  harvest  is  gathered.  Thus  all  betokens 
the  most  flattering  success  when  a  luckless  event 
casts  a  shadow  over  their  bright  fortunes. 

TJie  two  ships  were  found  to  be  leaking  badly. 
An  examination  was  made,  Avhen  the  bottoms  were 
found  pierced  by  teredos ;'  and  thus  before  they  knew 
it  their  vessels  were  unfit  f)r  service.  Hoping  still 
to  reach  Ciidiz,  Bastidas  immediately  set  sail,  touched 
at  Jamaica  for  wood  and  water,  and  continued  his 
voyage  as  far  as  Contramaestre,  an  islet  one  leacruo 
distant  from  Espahola,  where  he  was  obliged  to 
anchor  and  repair  his  ships.  Again  embarking  for 
Spain,  he  was  met  by  a  gale  which  threw  him  bade 
upon  the  island.  Buifeted  in  a  second  attempt,  he 
ran  the  ships  for  safety  into  the  little  port  of  Jaragud, 
v\'hore  they  filled  and  sank,  the  loss  in  vessels,  slaves, 
Brazil-wood,  cloth,  and  gold,  being  not  less  than  five 
millions  of  maravedis.*    For  notwithstanding'  the  esti- 


'I  .  §1 


'Called  by  tlio  Vcnctiixns  i/',wa.9,  and  by  the  Spaniards  hroma ;  a  tcrriblo 
pest  to  tropical  navigators  before  the  days  of  copper-bottoming.  This,  and 
another  tropical  marine  worm,  the  Simuorhi  lerrbnnii,  brought  hither  ))V  shi]K, 
play  havoc  with  tl'o  wharf-piling  of  San  Francisco  and  other  west-coast 
fiarbdiH. 

•"The  early  chroniclers  make  their  reckonings  of  values  under  difiereiit 
names  at  diil'erent  ti'iies.  Thus  during  the  discoveries  of  Columbus  we  hear 
of  little  else  bub  iivtnive'Ui< ;  then  the  j*  >o  <le  oro  takes  the  lead,  together 
with  the  cituli  'Idiio  ;  all  along  vht rco  and  diirndo  being  occas^ionally  n3e<l.  At 
the  i)eginiiing  of  tiio  sixteenth  eentui'y,  aid  befcre  and  after,  Spanisli  values 
vero  reckoned  froni  a  mark  of  silver,  w  ich  was 
half  a  pound  eitlier  of  gold  or  silver, 
eastellano;;;  the  silver  mark  into  eighl 
and  Isabella  the  mark  was  divided  by  ' 
vcdis  each,  making  2210  maravedis  i 
were  the  values  of  s:nl)si;liary  Spanish  ■ 

accurately  and  at  all  times  to  determine  by  their  names  the  amount  of  metal 
they  reiH'esent,  it  is  only  nt^ecssai'y  to  utato  that  in  th((  reign  of  Alfonso  X[. , 
l.'Jl'J-Ki.'iO,  there  were  IJ.")  maravedis  to  tlio  mark,  while  in  tlio  reign  of  Ferdi- 
nand VII.,  ISOS-lSol),  a  mark  was  divided  into  ri44()  maravedis.  In  Spanish 
America  a  nid  is  one  eighth  of  a  ;i'xf),  and  o(|\ial  to  'J^i  reales  do  vellon.  Tiie 
peso  contains  one  ounce  of  silver;  it  was  formerly  calhul  pr.iodi'  who  iriilc-i  de 
yliili,  wlienee  came  the  term  yi/c'c-j  qf'r'i/lif,  a  vulgarism  at  one  time  in  vogun 
among  the  UK.'rehants  and  buccaneers  in  the  West  Indies.  TIus  coin  is  desig- 
nated more  particularly  us  prso  j'ucrte,  or  peso  duro,  to  distinguish  it  from 


:h  was  the  standard.  A  mark  was 
riie  gold  mark  wa:,  divide  I  into  fifty 
ounces.  In  the  reiga  of  J'\  rdinaiul 
\y  into  G5  jwA  n  'V  ifHoii  of  \\\  mar.a- 
a  merk.  To  show  how  ehaugealiie 
ins,  and  how  utterly  in>pos.sible  it  is 


SPAXISII  MOXF.Y  OF  THE  SIXTEENTH  CENTURY. 


103 


ill 


fivo 
esti- 


I.     At 

llli  W.l3 

[<>  fif^v 
Uiiiuul 
nui'.'.'i- 

llo  it  i^ 
nn'Uil 
to  X[., 
jl'Vv.li- 
Ipiiiii'^li 
■  The 
lii/f-i ''« 

from 


iiiablo  iv])utatl()ii  for  l>icty,  justice,  and  liuiiianity 
wliich  he  lias  always  borne,  tbc  good  Bastidas  did  not 
seniple  ^'(Mitly  to  entrap  on  board  his  shi})s,  alonijf  the 
slioi'e  of  J3arien,  several  scores  of  iinsiis[)ecting  natives, 
to  be  sold  as  slaves;  nor,  having  th'is  exei'cised  his 
virtues  in  the  klojienumia  of  the  day,  did  he  scrui^le 
to  aband(jn  with  his  sinking  shi])s  the  greater  poi'tion 
of  these  innocent  wretclv_'s  in  order  to  save  the  more  of 
his  gold,  which  wa.j;  deeu.K'd  of  greater  proximate  and 
certain  value  than  the  bodies  or  even  the  souls  of  the 
heathen. 

Thus  observing  ovcrywhcrc,  as  ])erforce  we  must 
ns  we  proceed,  the  nucjcnaniniitv  end  IsiLrli  morality 
with  which  our  so  prized  and  pelted  civilizat  ion  greeted 
weak,  defenseless,  and  inoll'ensive  sax'agism,  we  ai'e 
] lie] K! red  when  sui[)\vrecked  mariners  are  thrown  upon 
;i  distant  isle  inhabited  by  their  own  eountrvmen,  sub- 
jects of  the  sauM!  sovereigns — \,  >  are  pj  epaivd  by  their 
jvcepiion,  which  wo  shall  ])resently  see,  to  t-xclaini  \vith 
u])lifted  hands,  JL>«liold,  how  these  brethren  love  one 
another! 

jrxo  sfiU'il/t),  equivalent  in  value  to  four  tifths  of  tlie  foiiucr.  The  mutilartor 
of  llci'icvii  translates  prso-f  (/'■  oro  as  pieces  of  eiyht,  hi  wliieli  aii  in  (itli«r 
tlliIl^'s  lio  is  about  as  far  as  possible  vr^JiiLr.  The  eii;-;te!Iano,  the  our-  liftii'th 
(if  the  gohleu  mark,  in  the  reign  of  ]Mr<iiiian(l  and  Isiiliella,  was  eiiuivalont 
t)  4'tO  niav!M-nilitt  of  that  ilay.  The  j»  o  'V  oro,  actonling  fi  Ovielo,  wim 
esaetly  e'|r'\  .lent  to  the  ca.'telhino,  and  either  was  one  Ihinl  _'veate'  tlian 
tlie  tlueado,  or  Jucat.  Tho  tlnhlui',  the  jRipuIar  name  for  the  .  , :ih'i,:i',  was 
lirst  stinek  by  Ferdinand  ami  Isabella  as  a.  gold  eoin  of  tiie  weight  <>f 
tw  >  eastellanos.  Tiic  modern  donliloon  is  an  onnee  uf  coin' d  gold,  autl 
is  Wi-rth  10  V'csos  fuertea.  Kcdu<;e<l  to  United  States  our>eney  the  \to>{t 
t'.ierte,  ai-'  slightly  all^y^'il  bullion,  isin^eiyht  nearly  enou',u  equivalent  to 
(luc  dollar.  Theret'ore  u,  mark  of  silver  i.s  etiual  to  eight  .lollars;  a  ijieee  «rf 
eig'it,  eoual  to  one  ])eso,  whieh  eijuals  one  dollar ;  a  renl  il  '  vellon,  live  oe  its; 
a  SiiaMisii-Anierieiin  real,  1:!^  eents;  ;i  marav(.'di,  iiof  a  ei-nt;  a  ea«t<llan  >,  or 
I'esii  d  ;  oro,  fJ,.")!!;  a,  liloubluon,  JiJo.l-i;  a  diieat,  J^l.Oi;  a,  )rt*»'li  of  gold,  .^iJ**. 
i.sMUiiiin;^  the  United  Semites  alloy.  Tiie  fact  tJiat  a  eastelluno  was  ecjuivulent 
t  1  only  rjO  uiaravedis  t-hows  the  excceilingly  liigh  value  of  silver  as  eoniptured 
V  ilh  gold  at  tiio  perii)d  in  (piestion.  The  modern  ouuee,  or  doubloon,  is  sal- 
lU'd  lit  about  '■•Hi.  As  to  the  relative  ]iurehasiiig  power  of  the  i>reeious  metalii 
lit  dilU'r- nt  times  during  Mie  past  four  ecnturies  eeohomisls  dilli.r.  Tlio 
returui  bronglit  by  the  lirsL  discoverers  began  t!ie  depreeiatiun,  wliieh  was 
lajiidl;-  accelerated  by  the  sueeissive  eonqin-sts,  no'ably  of  Mexii.o  ami  IVm'H. 
Any  oi.e  n':iy  esiimate;  no  one  can  determine  with  ixaetness.  Uobertson, 
I'rescoti,  and  other  writers  make  l)Ut  guess-wi^rk  of  it  (see  llUl,  Ann  rim , 
ami  C'lii'i.  M<  riro,  passim)  when  they  attempt  to  measure  the  uncertain 
mid  wiilely  diversilied  deiiomipations  of  centuries  ago  by  lUc  current  cuhi  ol 
to-day. 

Uiar.  Ckm.  Am.,  Vol.  I.    U 


:  14 


mi  DISCOVERY  OF  DARIEX. 

After  1)r.i*niiv^  sup>Tilnons  aninunutioii,  tlio  Span- 
iards gatliored  up  tlicir  valuables,  and  ])laein!4'  tlieiii 
on  tho  backs  of  such  captives  as  for  that  purpose 
tliey  iiad  kindly  permitted  to  live,  set  out  in  three! 
diN'isions  over  separate  routes,  so  as  to  secure  a  more 
libc^rnl  supply  of  provisions  on  the  v/ay,  for  Santo 
Domingo,  distant  seventy  leagues.  In  his  license,  as 
\vc  have  seen,  Bastidas  was  authorized  to  trade  only 
in  lands  discovered  by  himself  But  on  tlit;  way  liis 
followers  with  their  trinkets  had  pinx'hased  food  from 
tlie  natives;  fir  which  offence,  on  his  arrival  at  Santo 
Domingo,  lUistidas  was  seized  by  Bobadilla  and  cast 
into  prison.  In  vain  did  all  the  s]ii])wrecked  com- 
pany protest  that  they  had  bought  only  such  articles 
as  were  necessary  for  their  nourishment  durincf  the 
mareh.  To  tlieir  afhrmations  the  govei'nor  turnefl  a 
deaf  ear;  and  as  Bobadilla  was  about  to  depart  I'li 
Sjiain,  tlie  notary  was  ordered  thither  for  trial,  sail- 
ing in  Ju\y,  loO'J. 

l>efore  the  sovereigns  Bastidas  found  no  difficultv 
in  justlfving  his  conduct;  and  so  rich  were  the  re- 
turns from  his  traflic  with  the  natives  <>f  J)arien, 
that  notwithstanding  the  unfortunate  termination  of 
the  adventure  he  was  enabh'd  to  pay  a  large  sum 
into  tlie  royal  treasury.  Vor  their  inn^mrtant  suc- 
cesses, to  liodrigo  de  Bastidas  was  awarded  an  animal 
pension  of  hfty  tliousaiii!  maravedis,  and  to  .luaii  de 
la  Cosa  a  similar  sum  witli  the  title  of  alguacil  mayor 
of  Urabii,  all  to  bo  paid  them  out  of  returns  from  i\\r 
new  lands  which  tliey  had  found.  "Such,"  remarks 
Irving,  "was  the  economiral  generosilv  of  King 
Fenhnand,  who  rewarded  tlie  ]>ast  toils  of  his  ad- 
venturous discoverei's  out  of  the  expected  proilucu 
of  their  future  labors."' 

'LnsCasiis,  ylio  was  nt  Siiiito  T)iniiinL;i)  win  n  the  pliipwrt'cUiMl  nuiriiMrH 
arrivoil,  >a\v  liastidas,  and  j>art  nt'  lii.s  f,'iiiil,  and  thi-  nalivcsof  n.iiicn  wlmia 
lio  liad  liniii!,'ld,  and  wliu  in  jilacc  of  the  Adaniic  liLr-lcaf  woic  ii  t'uniu'l 
Blinpi'd  cDvc  rin;j  iif  ^'nld.  'I'licrc  \M'ri'  j^'i'cat  riolii-M,  it  was  (-lid:  tliiTi' eh'  't-" 
full  (if  ;;i)ld  and  ]iiarl.-(,  which  nn  icaihin','  Spain  were  (ifdiTtd  t^t  1«^  jinlih' !.v 
di.-:iila\td  ia  all  ihu  tuwuct  throii-li  Mhitli  Ihi-  notaiy  paused  ou  his  wuy  ti> 


ARCHIVES  OF  THE  IXDIES. 


1C5 


r  iiirt.     This,  n;'.  nn  ndvprtisomcnt  of  llio  Tmlics,  vns  ilono  to  Iniullp  (liP  flro3 

if  iiviuico  ami  dirC'intont  in  .shiirgisli  lirciists,  that  tlicrctVoin  (itiiors  iiiiL'ht  ho 

iiiihic'cil  to  go  anil  gather  ;,'iiH  and  jiay  tlic  king  lii.s  fifth.     .AftiTwar.l  i'.as- 

ti.Iar.  rotunu'd  with  liis  wife  and  c-hildivn  to  Santo  Domingo,  and  hccauu'  I'iih 

ill  horni'il  cattle,  hi  ving  at  one  time  SOOO  liead;  and  that  whin  a  vnw  in 

]Np:.fiola  wa.-i  worth  ,'<{)  jie.-os  dc  oi'o.     In  l.'iOl  lie  again  visited  I'ralni,  iu  two 

.■■hip;-,  and  hrongdit  thence  ()(X)  natives,  whom  lu;  enslaved  in  l]s]ianola.     In 

\o20  the  emperor  gave  him  the  paeilieation  of  Trinidad  with  the  title  of  ade- 

hiiitado;  whieh  grant  heing  oppo,-.tMl  liy  l>iego  Colon,  on  the  ground  tliut  the 

inland  was  of  his  father's  diseovoring,  IJastidas  waived  his  claim,  and  aece}ite(l 

the  governOi'ship  of  Santa  Marta,  where  ho  went  with    loU  men,  and  was 

iis.iassinated  liy  his  lieutenant,  Vilhifuerte,  who  thought  tosuececd  him.  and  to 

Fileuce  the  governor's  interposed  ohjcetion.s  to  the  maltreatnient  nf  the  natives. 

ThuM  if  the  humane  liastidas,  iu  accordance  w  ith  the  custom  of  the  day,  did 

inhnmnnly  enslave  his  fellow-creatures,  he  gave  his  life  at  last  to  .^ave  tiuin 

from  other  cruelties;  which  act,  standing  as  it  does  luminous  and  alone  in  a 

eeiitiiry  of  continuous  outrage,  entitles  him  to  the  lionorahle  di:Uinetion  of 

S;i."Jn'.-i  hest  and  noblest  <-iw([uiMad( , .     As  the  eloquent  (j>uiMtana  says:   '  l!as- 

tidas  no  so  hizo  c'lehrc  ni  eomo  deseuhridor  ni  como  eou([nistador;  \»  lo  su 

mi  nioria  debc  ^^cr  gr;ita  ;i  todos  los  amantes  dc;  la  ju'^ticia  y  do  la  l;nio,.iiidad, 

por  h.'iliev  sido  uuo  di  los  ])ocos  i\w,  travanm  ;'i  los  indios  con  eipudad  y  man- 

sediunhre,  considerando  aipiel  ])ais  mas  hicn  eomo  uii  ohjeto  de  especulaciniieti 
t;i, ,.  :. 1 ,  .1.,  ..1.,..; i :  .i..  .  ' 


:aiti!es  eon  iguales,  (pu'  eomo  caiiqio  de  gloria,  y  de  eoii(|uistas 


ud  his 


Among  the  standnrd  authorities  mention  is  uiadt^  of  IJastidas  ami  his  voy- 
age hy  Laji  Casas,  lli-t.  IiuL,  iii.  lO-TJ,  who  refutes  certain  of  Oviedo's  uu- 
ijnpoi'tant  statements  in  lliioni  (/I'lirnil ;/  X''liii-iihlc  /.r<  liidht",  i.  T<'i-7;  ii. 
;!.'/l-r);  liy  Herrer.i,  i.  1  IS-0;  tlomara,  llisf.  lii'f.,  fol.  (17;  and  iu  (i'llnnioa 
J->i<r<'i:,  !l.l-  100,  ;uid  lOii-o.  l!ut  before  these  1  should  place  original  doju- 
nic'it'  found  in  .\'((riinr/<\  <'o'.  </<■  I'iiti/r.i,  iii,  'J.I-'JS,  .',  l.'i-d,  and  ~iU]  -'.'.  and  in  !lu) 
Co'cfrioii  of  I'aeheeoand  Cardenaa,  of  hoth  of  which  works  1  shall  presently 
spenk  moro  fully.  In  toni.  ii.  Yi\.  '.VCtlA')  of  this  l.itter  eoljeetion  is  givt'U  tlio 
Af'Cii/n  ijiii'  hhn  ran  kii.-<  M^ijisl/n/ci  CoUUicn'i  I'o  h-i'jD  tie  Jln.-^tii/a.'i,  liefore  men- 
tioned; and  on  p]i.  ."^liti-'JOT,  same  volume,  is  Iii/nrm<irion  tic  Ion  ,v<jv/c/'(i.v  ili  I 
iiilcld.iltl'ht  /,V)7/',';/o  (/e  llislhloti,  roiiiju/stiiifor  1/  p<lt''jiritihir  df  Stiii'il  Mnrtii, 
Ne\t  in  importaneo  to  the  chroniclers  arc,  //in/cria  ih'  la  Mor'nia  /i*<  nl  Eiiitn'mlii, 
i. -284;  Morclll,  Fasti  A'o/v  (>;•/,;,,.,  H;  i;„h,rt-on\->  /li-t.  Aw.,  i.  l.-|!t;  //(///.■< 
,V;)( './.<,'(  < 'niiiiiteat,  i.  'JDI;  AcO'ila,  (^im/irii'l.  ///'.</.  Xinra  <lriniaila,'2\;  Irrimfs 
(' ihi:ii'iii-\  iii,  .'jH-t!,  and  (JiiiD/aiia,  \'i(la-<  di'  HsjurTin'o^  Cvlrlif  ",  '  V'aseo  Nunez 

1,I>.I1  11  f\       I    •  ,  1  .!.•  •  II'  .1..-  I  )  'II.*.*  ./i- 


Ualho.!,'  1.  Iiuli'(iiK"ti's  Arrf.  hiit-or.  hi  W't si,  \[)7v,  J^ar'^inr 
'•()(•  /•/',  ii.  ',\'2;  Ho'iuiii'  Aiuial't CI/' Aiii'  rira,  i,  '20;  /,<  rdndr  Ttjada,  AjhiiiUs  /list,, 
SI);  /farris'  To//.,  i.  '270;  Major's  J't-iifc  l/iiini,  liOO,  and  like  .'ilhisidus  aro 
Worthless.  In  Kcn-\i  Col.  i'o,'/.,  ii-  oS-O;!,  is  given  a  tr.-uislation  of  (lalvano. 
Ill  A.i's  eollc(  lion  the  narrative  is  sulistantiallv  the  sanu;  a<  in  (lottfried's. 


The  most  f<'rtile  soiu'cc  of  infoi-ma.tion  relative  to  the  early  all'airs  of 
-Aiiieiica  is  the  .[rrliiris'  o/  l/ic  Indies,  a  general  term  comprising  various  eol- 
K'l'ti  ins  in  various  jilaces.  I'l'oin  this  source  many  writers  have  dr.iwn,  and 
are  still  drawing;  many  doeuments  liaV(>  ln'cn  itrinti'd,  and  many  yet  I'cm.ain  to 
he  printed.  Altngetlier  th(<  collections  are  very  numerous,  as  the  !_'mvi  riiiiiciit 
ln|uired  full  records,  and  oi  some  cases  copies,  to  he  kept  of  olllcial  ducumcnls 
C'liiicrning  discovery,  coniiuest,  and  settlement.  'J'lu'  several  conmil-eham- 
heriand  jiuhlio  ofTiee."!  where  the  Imsiness  was  transact  d  wvvr  the  Ihst  deposi- 
t  irir  ef  thrse  papers,  th<'  chief  pl.iccs  then  heing  Seville,  <  Vldi/,  and  Madrid. 
Ill  l.'iOti  i'hilip  jr.  (irdeii  d  all  collections,  ecclehiastie  ami  secular,  to  ho 
'uiitcd,  and  (tepoKiteil  in  the  fortress  of  Siniancas,  A,giiin  in  1717,  when  all 
tlie  e(»ni)eila  were  CoHS0Udate<l  i^  one,  Felipe  V.,  who  foiuided  the  .\vailniiiil 
df,  la  JJioioria,  uinouy  othck  tUiii^  lor  the  yutheiing  and  proaerving  of  lautu- 


't'l 


W 


m 


H;! 


i06 


DISCOVERY  OF  DARIEX. 


rials  for  history,  directed  all  papers  to  bo  conveyed  anmnilly  to  the  A  rcJih'o 
de  Siiii'incdii.  Thcso  provisions  could  not  Iiave  been  fully  carried  out,  or 
else  a  very  extensive  system  of  copying  must  have  been  practised;  for  later, 
vhen  the  Archives  were  thrown  open  to  the  search  of  historians,  tlie  accumu- 
lation at  Siniancas,  thougli  large,  did  not  appear  to  be  much  greater  than  at 
s.ime  other  places.  Further  than  this,  tlici'e  were  family  archives  in  the 
liDUses  of  those  who  had  played  prominent  parts  in  public  all'airs,  and  ecclesi- 
astical reliicionea  in  tlie  convents  of  the  several  ordei's,  of  little  less  inaportanee 
than  public  records.  Anil  while  the  government  insisted  on  the  making  of 
complete  records,  and  observed  great  care  in  preventing  their  contents  from 
being  known,  especially  to  foreigners,  little  pains  v.as  taken  to  prcocrvc  them 
from  damage  or  destruction,  or  to  arrange  them  for  convenient  reference. 
1'lierefore  when  they  came  to  light  it  was  in  tlie  form  of  bulky  masses  of 
unassorted,  worm-eaten,  and  partially  illegible  papers.  ^lany  documents, 
mentioned  by  contcnipcjrary  writers,  are  known  to  have  been  lost,  and  their 
contents  blotted  from  existence.  Fernando  VI.,  1 740-1 7')!),  commissionctl 
jjiuricl  and  Santiago  I'idomares  to  examine  tlu^  archives  of  the  kingdom  anil 
to  copy  and  form  into  a  collection  such  of  the  manuscripts  as  they  should 
deem  best.  This  collection  was  placed  in  the  Dihliotica  yacional  at  ^ladrid. 
Gilier  collections  were  made  during  the  two  following  reigns  liy  Abclla, 
Traggia,  Velazquez,  ^lunoi^  X.ivarretc,  Sans,  A'argas  Ponce,  iuul  \'illanuev:i, 
■which  found  lodgment  in  various  localities. 

1'he  early  chronicler.^  of  the  Indies  picked  up  their  knowledge  as  best  they 
niiglit,  by  observation,  by  conver.sation,  and  ijy  the  examination  of  written 
evidence.  Las  Casas  and  Oviedo  .spent  nuich  time  in  the  Xi;w  ^Vorld;  Peter 
Jlartj'r  had  access  to  whatever  existed,  beside  talking  with  everybody  mIkj 
h.id  lieen  to  America;  Gomara  copied  much  from  Oviedo.  Everything  was 
at  tlio  disposal  of  Ilcrrcra  as  crown  historiographer,  as  a  matter  of  coiu'.'^e, 
though  he  dill  not  always  make  the  best  use  of  his  opportunities.  Cashard 
allirms  that  both  Cabrera  and  Ilerrcra  were  ignorant  of  the  existence  of  many 
of  the  most  valuable  documents  of  their  day.  Pamusio,  llakluyt,  Purclias, 
and  others,  succeeded  in  getting  now  and  tlien  an  original  paper  on  the 
Indies  to  print  in  their  several  collections.  Among  the  lirst  English  histo- 
rians who  attempted  for  pui'poses  of  history  to  utilize  the  Archives  of  the 
ln<lies  was  William  Poliertson,  who  pul)Iished.  the  //i-i/nri/  (;/'  t/<e  I'liijii  of 
till'  Jjiiijiirof  ('har/cn,  London,  1"(J!);  ami  in  1777,  h'm  1/i.slon/  of  Amiriin,  "J 
voh;.  4to,  several  editions  appearing  .suliserpicntly  also  in  Svo.  Pobertson  Wiis 
II  Scotch  clergyman  of  great  learning  and  alji'ity.  His  style  was  elegant  and 
vigorous,  and  he  was  l)y  far  the  most  philosophic  wi'itcr  on  America  up  to  hi-i 
time.  Although  his  statements  are  full  of  errors,  intcnsillod  by  dogmatism, 
but  for  Mhieli  ho  cannot  always  be  blamed,  all  who  have  come  after  him 
have  profited  by  his  writings;  and  .some  of  these,  indeed,  have  reaped  rieln  i 
rewards  than  he  to  whom  they  owed  their  success,  and  Avith  far  less  lab(jr. 

llarly  in  his  work  ^Ir  Pobertson  applied  to  the  proper  autiiorities  .it 
Madriil,  Vienna,  and  St  Petersbiu'g  for  access  to  material.  (Sermany  aiii 
Pussia  lesponded  in  a  spirit  of  lilicrality,  but  Spain  would  none  of  it.  l:i 
177">  Pobertson  ascertaineil  that  the  largest  room  occupied  by  the  Archims'C 
aiiiMH'jasWM  lilled  with  American  papers,  in  873  bundles;  that  they  weiu 


ROCERTSOX  AXD  :\IU.^OZ. 


197 


Arch'i'O 
out,  or 
)!•  later, 

lCCUIUVI- 

Ihan  at 
i  in  ll>c 
I  eock'si- 
portancc 
laldng  <if 
'Uts  from 
rvc  llioui 
•cfercncc. 
masses  ot 
jcnmcuts, 
ami  their 
imisbioned 
i^(l(m>  aiul 
icy  sliouli\ 
Lt  Madriii. 
l,y  AbcUa, 
k'illauneva, 

IS  best  they 
of  written 
orhU  Teter 
i-yliody  who 
•ylhing  ^va-^ 
(jf  co\u>e, 
(iasluinl 
ni'eof  many 
|;l,  Tureluis, 
npi-r  on  the 
.^lirth  histo- 
iiives  of  the 
'he  /"'''l/''  ';'' 
'  Aiiifv'fn,  - 
iliertsoiiwa-* 
[I'legaiit  au>l 
lea  up  to  hi-i 
|(lo;j;matisni, 
after  him 
Uped  riehev 
■ess  hvlxJi'. 
Itliorities  ;it 
Lnnany  au'l 
luofit.     1" 
.  Airhii^o-f'lf 
[t  they  wevo 


cnnccriled  from  strangers  with  solieitorii3  cnrc,  Spanish  svihjocts  even  heing 
(Iriiioil  access  without  an  order  from  the  crown;  and  that  no  copies  could  ho 
I  litainod  except  upon  the  payment  of  exorhitant  fees.  However,  through 
the  assistance  of  Lord  Cirantham,  English  amliassador  at  Madrid,  and  hy 
preparing  a  set  of  fpiestions  to  ho  submitted  to  persons  who  had  lived  iu 
America,  much  new  and  important  information  was  elicited,  and  eopie-;  of 
certain  manuscripts  were  obtained.  The  letters  of  Cortes,  and  the  wrilings 
of  Motoliuia,  !Mendieta,  and  others,  whieli  liobertson  used  in  mainiseript, 
lia\  u  since  been  printed. 

It  is  greatly  to  bo  re^'rottcd  that  t!io  learned  Jaan  Rauasta  Mufio.c  did 
not  live  to  complete  his  llistor'ni,  dil  Xurvo  ^Fniitlo,  only  the  first  volume  of 
■\\liieh  appeared.  Tliis  was  published  in  Madrid,  in  17!)I>,  bringing  his  wmk 
down  to  1500.  Munoz  was  born  near  Valencia  in  1T4.'),  giaduated  at  the  I'lii- 
veviRy,  and  in  1771)  was  comniiisioncil  by  the  king  to  write  a  history  <>f 
America,  all  public  and  pri/ate  material  being  p.'ajed  at  his  disposal  liy  loy.d 
0,'der.  Manj'  papers  were  wanting  in  Iho  archivo.j  of  the  department  of  ilio 
Indies  in  JIadrid;  whereupon  lie  went  to  (iimaneas,  Seville,  <;'ildiz,  and  other 
ttiwns,  armed  with  a  royal  rrihiln,  which  opened  to  him  family  and  mona.^tic 
a'jcimuilation.s  as  well  as  all  imblie  depositories.  So  great  was  the  eonfn.inii 
i:i  which  he  f(,>und  the  royal  archives,  tliat  it  seen»ed  to  him  as  if  the^'  had 
hrcu  dii^anvnv^'cd  purposely  to  hid.;  wliat  tliey  cou'aiaed.  Ia-cu  in  the  indices 
of  t!iO  Airhiro  Sccir.fo  ihl  Cou.'CJo  (h-  finlins  there  w^s  scarcely  any  indication 
of  papers  belon;n'ng  to  the  earlier  American  periods.  Xevcrtlieless,  by  per- 
sistent search,  mass  after  ma;^s  of  ricli  material  was  uncartheil  in  tlie  secret 
archives  as  well  as  in  the  /.'al  Casu  Andknchi  <le  la  Conf ritlar'ton,  the  ai'chives 
lit  f^unanoas,  tlic  royal  libraries  of  ^ladrid  and  tho  Escorial,  tho  ('ati/jnlii,  i  i 
Prii,r!pil  of  the  Awl'CHi.hi  (/('.  liidlas  in  C:idiz,  tlio  Airliirn  (Ifinral  i/i:  Pur- 
'"•;■',  tho  monastery  of  Monscrrato,  tho  colleges  of  San  r.artohimo  and 
Cueaca  at  Salamanca,  and  San  fli'cgorio  at  ValladoHd,  the  cathodi'al  of 
r:i!e:!cia,  the  Sacrcimonlo  of  Cranada,  and  in  the  convents  >)f  San  Franciico 
of  Tolosa  iu  Cuipuzcoa,  Santo  Domingo  of  Miilaga,  anil  San  Aeacio,  San 
.hi-i',  au'l  San  Isidro  del  Campo  of  Seville,  until  it  maybe  .said  of  him  that 
hi:^  eilbrts  were  buried  beneath  the  magnitude  of  thcii'  invocation.  Then  it 
was  that  ho  found  ho  had  undertaken  greater  things  tliau  ho  cotdd  aecom- 
p!i.-.li.  Even  with  the  aid  of  government  ho  could  not  master  the  confused 
ni;!sses;  for  money  and  men  unlimited  I'aniiot  accomplish  cvi^'ything  without 
lime.  The  imlefatigablc  Mnuoz  workeil  faithfully;  tho  kir.g  complained  i>f 
tlio  mcagro  results;  the  author  died  doing  his  best,  and  his  work  to  tliis  d.iy 
remains  uudouo.  During  his  hibors  ho  mailo  an  extensive  collection  of  papers, 
nienioi'ials,  and  other  mani'-serijits  relating  to  America,  known  as  tho  t  '(ilcrrian 
ili!  Miii'.o-,  which  ho  once  intended  to  publisli,  but  this  with  u  portion  of  his 
iii.<tory  was  left  in  manuscript.  Irving  states  that  the  papers  of  Mnaoz  wero 
left  with  Seuor  Uguina,  ami  TernauxCompans  claims  to  have  obtained  all  *■( 
V,'v.ina's  n-Kinuscripts;  but  rrescott  asrcrts  that  the  I'ollection  of  Muao.^  wan 
ilepositeil  ut  tliu  nrchivcs  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Ilistoiy  at  Madrid,  and 
was  i!iei*c  angm''nt(  d  by  tho  lur.nuscripts  of  \'argas  I'ouc  e,  obtain'  I  i:liie;ly 
h-"ti  the  archives  of  the  Indies  at  Seville.  Trior  to  I7!i;{  tlie  Anliim  t-'i-m  ml 
il  //('/»««»  was  cstablislicd  at  Seville,  and  a  large  unautity  of  old  [Mpers  c'Hi- 


vt  '■ 


ms 


DISCOVERY  OF  D.UIIEX. 


voycd  tliitlier  from  Madriil  mid  Simancas.  About  ISIO  the  areliivcs  at 
Siniaiu'a.s  wero  sacked  by  Napoleon;  in  1S14  the  remnant  was  rc-arrangud  and 
classilied. 

Uuforu  the  death  of  Mnfioz,  Xavarretc  was  commissioned  by  the  king  to 
search  the  archives  for  ducniiicnts  rehiting  to  the  doings  of  tlie  Spaui.;li  navy. 
]jy  him  personally,  or  under  his  direction  when  occupied  in  other  duties,  tlie 
Bearch  was  continued  from  1789  to  1S"J5.  The  results  of  these  labors  were 
as  follows:  before  17(13,  twenty-four  folio  volumes  of  copies  from  the  Roy.il 
Library  at  JIadrid,  the  collections  of  the  marquises  of  .Santa  Cruz  and  of 
Villafranca,  of  the  dukes  dc  Medina  Sidonia  and  del  Infantado,  and  fnjin 
the  Jiih/iiili'cn  dc  Ids  vstinlios  riahs  (!••  Smi  Isiilrn,  and  the  U'ili!ic:l,'ca  nUa  (hi 
KsroridI ;  after  17!'3,  seventeen  volumes  of  copies  from  tlia  Arclih-')  Gcitcnil 
(/('  I/i(liii!>,  including  the  papers  in  the  C'lisn  ile  Conlratdcion  in  Seville,  the 
('■ilc'jio  ill'  Sua  Til  mil,  the  Ijiltlin/i'ni  i/e  Sim  Aciicio,  and  from  the  collecticn 
of  t!ie  Conde  del  Aguila.  \VitIi  tliis  material,  increased  by  sidtsecpieut 
research,  s  in  tlie  librarie.'^  (;f  the  Royal  Academy  of  History  in  ^Jadrid,  and 
otlur  putilic  institutions,  and  in  many  private  collections,  particularly  tlirt 
of  ti  c  ])ukc  of  Veraguas,  and  witli  access  to  tlie  ^lufioz  collection,  Xavanete 
began  in  ]S'_'5  the  publ'catiou  of  his  Culcci-ion  de  lus  I'iicji'-i  y  Di'scidirimiiidos, 
ijiii'  liit'-crnn  jiiir  tiiiir  Inn  U.-ijutHok-t  iIimIo  Jiiia  dd  Sijtu  xv.,  in  5  vols., 
^^adrid,  lS2ri-n7,  in  which  he  printed  over  500  documents,  many  of  them  of 
the  highest  importance.  As  this  collection  constitutes  one  of  the  chief 
nuthorities  upon  tjio  early  atl'airs  of  Darien,  a  brief  notice  of  the  autlior  may 
iiot  be  out  of  place, 

^lartin  Fernandez  de  Navarretc  was  born  in  17Go  in  Abalos  in  old  Castile. 
He  entered  the  sennnary  of  Vcrgara  in  1777,  where  he  studied  Latin  and 
mathematics  and  displayed  some  literary  taste.  In  17S0  ho  joined  the  navy, 
was  stationed  first  as  a  midsliipmau  at  FeiTol,  joined  Ct'irdoba's  sifuadron  i;i 
J7''li  uiid  cruised  in  the  siumner  of  that  year  on  the  English  cojist.  He  di  I 
i^oiil}  service  before  Gibraltar  in  September,  l~!<2,  and  in  the  battle  off  Cajie 
Kspartel  the  'JOtli  of  October  following.  Li  I7S3,  ha\  ing'been  promoted  to  .« 
naval  ensigney,  lie  was  appointed  to  the  Cartagena  deiKutment,  and  ^ruised 
in  eon.setpieucc  against  the  Moors  during  tlie  years  nf^l-.").  On  tho  close  of 
the  Algerine  wars  he  Ftiidiid  tho  liighcr  mathcniatics,  navigation,  mid 
mana-uvriug  with  Oabriel  ikl'i^.Ofn',  rflstiiigiushin.?  himself  in  these  Is-amhcs, 
In  178!),  his  health  forcing  Iiirrt  <o  uml  fi'itivo  Bervi''o,  he  was  conimissioiK  d 
by  Carlos  IV.  to  e\aminc  the  archiv -■' //(  the  kingdom  and  collect  nuiiiu- 
scripts  rela  ling  to  marine  history;  awoli  f /r  wlii' h  ids  zeal  and  huowK'l.  ■ 
particularly  littcci  him.  This  w.isi  tho  be_;ii)»)»ij{  of  U\»  funioiw  Collection  i 
A'oyages,  although  its  lirst  volunii'  <  /lid  not  (ippcar  till  t!dfty-si,x  yfars  afti  i'. 
^^  hen  the  wuv  broke  out  between  Frun'c  and  f^pniii  in  l','Ki,  )i)'  joined  ti.u 
R,piadioii  .  oMimandcd  by  Juan  de  Lihigara,  wljo  a2)pointed  liiiii  ^» t  <«J*k'f  lul, 
prhinr  Ki/iiiliiii/r,  ami  s(  vretary.  Ife  wa;<  still  lit  pen,  in  1700,  wic  M  W»r  wa< 
dcilari'd  jipiin  t  ]']n.;li',nd;  ))ut  in  17'.>7,  Liingarn.  inWi;^  namerl  itiUiU*J'r  ■  f 
iii.oiiii',  and  unwilling  to  lose  bis  young  secretary,  he  bn>Hj^>t  Win  U*  %iiuU'U. 
(rixing  biiii  II  i)lace  in  the  department.  Here,  in  ISOi,  T<HA(irr<4<(  piifijishfl, 
^s  ;i  pret',ice  to  tlli'  Ihl'iviini  del  I'l'ii/r  /in'/hi  fmr  lii:i  ijulilm  I  iiid  ;>  SUjtCnii  , 
ft  fesuiiie  of  Spanish  di.icoverici  on  tlic  CahlViijian  uiid  %i>v\\\\s-\i\i\,  coiun, 


M.VRTIX  FERNANDEZ  DE  NAVARRETE. 


109 


that  lian  l)ecn  i.incli  cited  in  the  English- Ainericau  disputes  about  the  Oregon 
h.iimdary.  Meamvliilo  his  merits  were  reeogni/ed  in  Muibid.  In  ISO?  lio 
was  named  i.nniMro  Jixcal  of  the  supreme  council  of  the  admiralty  cotu't,  lie 
hiiMing  already  the  rank  of  captain.  ]jut  in  this  year  came  the  French  in- 
vasion, overturning  all  things.  Madrid  fell  in  ISOS.  In  ISl'J  Navarrete  was 
fnund  in  Ciidi/.;  in  1814  in  Murcia.  Ftiiiundo  regained  his  throne,  however, 
May  11,  IbM;  four  months  after  which  event  Navarrete  returned  to  ^ladrid. 
In  JSl  J  he  proposed  from  his  place  in  the  Spanish  Academy  that  new  system 
ut  ortiiography  which  has  been  adopted  for  its  dictionary.  lie  iutcreste<l 
himself  also  in  tlie  line  arts,  and  as  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  San  Fcrnauilo 
contributed  many  valuable  papers  to  its  Transactions.  .Soon  after  his  return 
to  Madrid,  being  little  pleased  with  the  stormy  and  veering  statesmanship  <if 
tlic  day,  he  retired  as  much  as  possible  from  politics,  and  began  to  collect 
liiatcrials  for  his  life  of  Cervantes — an  excellent  and  very  complete  work 
piiblislicd  by  the  academy,  with  its  edition  of  Don  (Juijoti-,  in  1S2L).  Honors 
conunucd  to  cluster  around  the  hi^^torian.  Toward  the  close  of  lS2o  he  was 
aiiiiuintcd  director  of  the  hydrographic  department,  and  he  ln'came  k>v  many 
ycai'.i  in  fact,  if  not  in  name,  the  great  and  chief  naval  authority  of  Spain; 
and  this  without  prejudice  to  his  literary  activity.  In  l.S'J.")  aiii)eared  the 
lirst  tw'o  volumes  of  his  Collection  of  Voyages;  the  tliLrd  appeared  in  IS21); 
the  fourth  and  lifth  in  lSo7;  while  the  .sixth  and  seventh  were  still  unfuushed 
at  the  author's  death.  On  the  publication  of  the  EshttiiOi  Ucnl,  in  l.s;ji,  hu 
icccivcd  a  place  in  the  new  peerage,  and  sat  afterward  as  senator  for  his  own 
province,  in  almost  evciy  legislature.  Wni  his  studious  life  and  pacilic  char- 
acter were  hardly  destined  to  .shine  ia  a  political  career,  nor  was  it  for  the  interest 
ef  .«oicnce  that  they  should.  In  the  winter  of  ItU-l,  in  the  seventy-ninth  year  of 
his  ai,e,  Navarrete  died.  The  Academy  issued  a  postluunous  work  of  his  in 
1^4(>,  a  dissertation  on  the  history  of  the  nautical  and  mathematical  sciences  in 
S[iain.  A  collection  (if  liis  .smaller  works,  Colcccioii  de  optUcu^a-f,  was  begun  in 
lti48  \>y  his  son.  The  two  vohunes  which  have  already  appeared  consist  mainly 
of  short  biographiesof  Spanish  navigators  and  literarymen,  previouslyscattere(l 
ill  i>ci'iodicals  and  in  the  tran.saetions  of  the  various  acadenues  and  .societies. 
M,i\  arrete  was  a  man  of  learning  and  research,  as  elearlyappears;  inclined  some- 
wliat '  o  verbosity ;  tiresome  to  most  readers,  though  pronouncedi/evriH^-  iint.^iizo 
by  hi  i  contemporaries.  Of  the  historical  valueuf  hisworks,  however,  tluie  [■n 
but  one  opinion.  Humboldt  sjieaks  of  his  Collection  of  Voyages  as  "one  of 
the  mo.st  importaut  monuments  of  mocleru  times,'  and  calls  him  'the  most  ac- 
curate  historian  of  the  geographical  discoveries  on  the  New  Continent.'  'J'Ik! 
Ikiron  de  Zaeh,  M.  de  IJerthclot,  Frescott,  IIel[)s,  Irving,  and  Stirling,  have 
all  liven  him  much  consideration.  Indeed,  tjie  friends  of  Navarrete  cannot 
I'lnipl.iin  that  he  has  not  been  honored.  Decorated  with  grand  orders,  mcm- 
Ix  r  in  higii  place  of  many  academii  <  and  smieties,  his  lot  was  more  fortiuiato 
than  ii  usual  among  literary  men.  The  iiarts  of  Nav  arrete's  collection  \\  liii  h 
hi  .ir  most  directly  upon  this  history  arc:  //( liu-'imi  ilr  hii-ijn  dr  /'omi^i,  i.  'Jm'- 
!lii;  Ciiiiii,  ijiip  i.icriliid  I).  Cr'isitjha'.  <  u.'iui,  i.  'JittJ-.'jL't;  Uilndon  liilm  p<ir  Jiii/.t 
Meiiilcz,  i.  .'il  (-•„",!;  (■(0''.'.v  (/('('((/«„,  i.  ■'ilJO-.VJ;  )'/'(;/-•<  J/c-i-v.-,  iii.  1-71;  A'"'/ 
iv'.,',//,(  ^inr  1 1  ciiiil,  r\.ii  ri/cniida  d  In  I'oi'ihihnlo  njii  lilcjo  dv  .\iriii.sa  i/  Alm-^-) 
ill  Jhji  d  .',  iii,  11G-I7j  Noliciaa  Livjit^au^ dvl cit^iUuii  Aloiisij  Jtvjcdii,  iii,  lOLI- 


ii 


m 


n 


200 


DISCOVERY  OF  DAIIIEX. 


■!     ! 


m 


ft 


7r>;  and  tlic  E-st(ilih'rimiriiio^  rf  Prhnrra-t  Pnhhichmi's  tjr  Jnx  E-^pfnolc!^  en  el 
Dnr/'en,  including  instructions  to  Pcdrarias,  letters  of  Vasco  Xuriex,  memorial 
of  Ivodrigo  dc  Colmcnarcs,  and  tlic  relation  of  I'ascual  dc  Andagoya,  iii. 
337-iJ9. 

Scarcely  ^va3  Navarrctc's  Coleccion  de  Viagex  put  to  press,  -wheu  Washing- 
ton living  heard  of  it,  and  Mxnt  to  JIadrid  -with  tlic  intention  of  translating 
it  into  I'nglisli.  But  he  soon  saw  that  with  less  labor  he  conld  accomplish  a, 
work  which  would  yield  him  greater  returns.  Navarretc,  who  had  already 
collected  the  material  and  prepared  the  way.  Was  still  disposed  to  lend  tlio 
genial  American  every  assistance;  it  was  necessary  for  him  to  make  few  orig- 
inal investigations;  so  that  under  the  circumstances  the  L'lje  of  Columhus 
was  liy  no  means  a  dilFicult  task  for  so  read j^  a  writer.  Ilmnboldfc  vijitcd 
Z\Iadrid  before  coming  to  America,  but  seems  to  have  consulted  no  important 
historical  documents  not  in  the  possession  of  others.  Prescott  obtained  from 
the  eollcctions  of  iruuoz  and  Xuvarreto  8000  f(;ii]s<'ap  pagea  of  copius,  mo.^t 
of  which  having  any  importance  have  since  been  printed  by  Icaiibalccta,  Ala- 
inau,  and  others. 

Petwccn  the  years  lS37and  1841  Henri  Tcrnaux-Compans  puUijhed  at 
Paris  twenty  volumes  of  Voi/mjrs,  rulation/i,  ct  maiioin.i  or!'jii>ai(.i;  jionr  nrrvir 
il  I'hlsfohr  (Iv  la  (hrourcric  dc  V Amrrique,  containing,  beside  translations  of 
sovei'al  rare  and  then  unobtainable  works,  some  scventy-dvu  original  docu- 
ment;,  pcveral  (jf  them  from  the  Mufioz  collection,  and  others  obUiincd  fruui 
the  Spanish  archives  in  isome  unexplained  waj',  possibly  not  wholly  discon- 
nected with  the  French  campaign  on  the  Penin;ni1;i.  Among  his  ti'an::l:'.tions 
are  documents  relating  to  the  eonrpiest  and  settlement  of  Ciiitial  Amcricii 
and  Mexico,  tlio  relations  of  Cabeza  dc  Vaca  and  Ixtlilxocliitl,  Ovicdo'^  llio- 
tory  of  Xicaragua,  Zurita's  Report  on  Kew  Spain,  and  Ixtlilxochitra  lli^jtory 
of  tlic  Cliichimcos.  Ternaux-Compans  also  published  llccudl  dc  d'.cunmiln  it 
mfmoins  orit/inaux  siir  Vhistoire  dea  possessions  csparjnok-i  d'Hii  rAmcriquc, 
Paris,  ISIO;  and  IjUiVollaqae  aindricalne,  a  catalogue  of  buuka  on  America 
appearing  pi'ior  to  1 700. 

The  project  of  printing  original  papers  selected  from  national  and  family 
archives  was  agitated  in  Spain  by  Campomancs,  Jovcllanos,  Villamil,  and 
others,  who  collected  and  wrote  much  upon  the  sultject.  The  ycliomc  was 
delayed  by  the  political  disruptions  incident  to  the  early  part  of  the  century, 
by  which  the  archives  became  badly  scattered.  In  1S4'2,  under  tlic  auf  pices 
of  the  Amdanla  de  la  lli>(oria,  was  begun  the  publication,  at  JIadrid,  of  a 
Colicrion  dc  Duntmcu/dn  iHcdiinn  -para,  hi  Ilis/oria  dc  i'-pfulff,  \\ith  (he  nr.mis 
of  Martin  Fernandez  Navarrett,  Miguel  Salvii,  and  Pedro  Sainz  de  Rarauda 
on  the  title-page.  Xavarretc  li\  'd  to  sec  only  the  fifth  volume;  Salv.i  and 
Raranda  continued  the  publication'  to  vol.  xxiii.,  after  whieli,  Salvii  edited 
alone  to  vol.  xxxii.,  when  lie  was  j(Jued  by  tlie  marquises  of  I'idal  and  of 
Mirallores.  After  vol.  xlvii.,  Pidal'a  Kamo  was  drojiped,  and  with  vnl.  hii. 
Salvi\  and  the  Marrpu's  do  Fuentc  did  "alio  appeared  as  edilon<.  la  eoii- 
necti.iu  with  documents'  lelating  to  the  gi:ieial  history  of  Spain  is  luio 
piiiiled  a  vast  amount  of  niattiT  iibuut  America,  u.  d  the  doings  of  Spaniard-) 
in  tliat  (juarter. 

During  the  next  score  of  yetirs  floods  of  light  are  let  m  'i^ion  the  dark 


TERXAUX-CO^rrAXS,  ALAMAX,  .VXD  OTHERS. 


201 


recesses  of  hidden  treasures:,  the  spirit  of  unearthing  wliich  extends  to 
Mexico.  I  ni.iy  mention  incidentally  Ramirez,  win,),  in  liis  Prorc-so  dc  licsi- 
dinria  coii/ra  Alvanul)  and  Xiiiio  de  Oitzinan,  gives  some  original  Mexican 
ducunient.s  not  elsewhere  pnblijhed.  Alaman,  at  the  close  of  his  Di-icHacioiit.i, 
pi'iuts  al)oiit  forty  original  documents  on  the  time  of  the  Cumj^uest,  some  of 
them  from  the  collection  of  Xavarrcte,  and  others  from  original  sources,  such 
as  the  Hospital  dc  Jesus  in  Mexico.  The  Doctiiai')do-i  para  la  Ilhtoria  de 
Mexico,  ^Mexico,  lS.")3-7,  in  21  volumes,  was  made  chielly  from  Mexi- 
can sources,  and  is  specially  valuable  for  north-west  Mexico.  Icai;balcetii"3 
collection  includes  (Ifty-three  documents,  with  few  exceptions  hudllw,  the 
existence  of  several  of  wliich,  such  as  a  letter  of  Cortes,  and  the  relation  of 
Tapia  on  the  Conquest,  was  then  unknown.  Moat  of  them  were  tibtained 
through  (lonzalcz  dc  Vera,  of  Madrid;  only  two  or  three  were  found  in  Mcx- 
ii'o.  Tli'.is  far  Ica;djalceta'a  collection  refers  exclusively  to  the  tixtceutli 
century.  Lrasseiir  de  Uourbourg,  for  his  Ulslolrc  dcs  Gallons  dctlisici  du 
Mcxiqiic,  Paris,  l!)rjT-0,  one  volume  of  v.hich  is  devoted  to  a  history  of  tho 
Conquest  from  an  Indian  stand-poiut,  seems  to  have  relied  on  his  Xahua  man- 
uscripts, the  standard  histories,  and  a  few  Spanish  manuscripts.  ^Uthough 
much  tlnis  far  had  been  done,  it  seemed  little  to  the  savan.iof  Spain  in  com- 
parison Vvitli  what  yet,  might  be  accomplished.  And  it  was  with  t!us  feeling 
tliat  t!io  government  authorized  tho  printing  of  any  documents  in  the  l^-nl 
Airhiro  dc  Lid'as  afTecting  the  history  of  America  down  to  the  end  of  the  sev- 
rntecnth  century.  The  publication  of  this  new  series  of  papers  was  begun 
at  Madrid  in  ISG-t  luidcr  title  of  Co!cccwn  de  Docnmentos  InuVlos  rdatlv  s  al 
iJcucuhfliiiicDto,  Coiiijiiista  y  Coloitiuicion  dc  Ian  2>o-'<^'0)ks  Efpc.fiola.^  cii  Auur'iot 
y  ()cccu:iu!,  8(icado(<,  <n  mi  maijor  imrtc,  dd  J'citl  Anhivo  de  Indias.  Joaipiiu 
1'.  ra.elieeo,  Francisco  do  Cardenas,  and  Luis  Torres  Jc  Mendozav/erc  editors 
at  the  fii'st.  After  vol.  iii.  the  first  two  name.j  were  droi)ped,  and  after  vol. 
xii.  the  tliird,  the  work  being  thenceforth  continued,  cotiqatcn/enicntc  autori- 
zad<t.  By  this  imblication  alone  v.erc  placed  vvithin  easy  reach  of  all  tho 
world  hundreds  of  the  richest  treasures  of  the  Arcliives  of  the  Indies,  twenty 
for  every  one  that  the  writer  of  thirty  years  ago  could  reach. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


iri     ! 


i 


COLUMBUS  OX  THE  COASTS  OF  HONDURAS,  NICARAGUA,  AND 

COSTA  RICA. 

1502-1500. 
The  Sovereigns  Decline  eitiieu  to  Restoke  to  the  AdjufwYl  uis  Gov- 

EU.NMENT,     oil  TO   CaI'TCKE    FOR    HIM    THE    IIOLY    SEI'CLCHKE  —  So    UK 

Sails  ox  a  ]''oruTH  Voyage  ov  Discoveuy  —  I-'eunando  Colon  and 

HIS  lllSTOUY— UVANDO  DENIES   THE    Exi'EUITION    RnTUANCE  TO  SaXTO 

Domingo  IIaiilou — CoLUMiius  Sails  Westward — Strikes  the  Shore 

OF     llONlJlRAS     NEAR   GuANAJA    IsL.\ND  —  livRLY    AMERICAN     CaRTui;- 

RAi'HY  —  ConMius  Coasts  Southward  to  the  Darien  Isthmis— 
Then  Returns  and  Attemi-ts  Settlement  at  Veragca  —  Di;i\i;n 
THKNcE,  his  V]:ssels  are  Wrecked  at  Jamaica — There  midst 
Starvation  and  ^Mutiny  he  Remains  a  Year  —  Then  he  Reaches 
Es:'anola  and  iinally  Si'ain,  wiiEiiE  HE  shortly  afterward  Dies— 

CjLVRACTER  of  CoLUMRUS — lIlS   DiOORArilEliS. 

Since  his  last  return  to  Spain,  Columbus  had  rested 
at  Granada  under  the  smiles  of  the  sovereigns,  who 
readily  promised  him  all  that  he  might  wish,  whiK.' 
I'e.solved  to  u'rant  nothinsjc  which  rould  intorroro  with 
their  absolute  domination  of  the  new  lands  that  he 
had  found  for  them.  When  tired  of  begging  the 
restoration  of  his  rights  ho  urged  their  j^lajcstic:-;' 
assistance  in  seizing  the  holy  sepulchre,  that  his  vow 
might  be  fuhllled,  and  his  mind  at  rest.  After  })ro- 
Ibund  study  and  elaborate  preparation  he  presented 
the  case  to  them  in  a  manuscript  volume  of  prophecies 
and  j)i)rtents  intermingled  with  poetiy.  Failiag  in 
Avinning  them  to  this  scheme,  ho  promised,  if  ^>hip^i 
wei'o  provided  him,  to  undertake  new  discoveries. 
l*artly  because  they  would  know  more  of  theii'  Xevr 
Woi'ld  })ossessions,  and  partly  to  I'id  themselves  of 

20'J 


I     H       '^^ 


IlL 


FOURXn  VOYAGE  OF  THE  ADMIRAL. 


203 


uncomfortable  Iniportuuities,  the  sovereigns  assented 
to  this  proposal,  ineanwliile  intimating  that  after  two 
j-ears  Jiad  been  allowed  in  which  to  quiet  Espahola, 
the  admiral  should  have  his  own  again,  but  as  clearly 
indicating  to  others  that  he  shouUl  not. 

Four  vessels,  ran^inj:  in  burden  from  fiftv  to  sev- 
cnty  tons,  were  then  made  ready,  the  C(Apila}i<(,  the 
ISantidfjo  tie  Palos,  the  Galkyo,  and  the  Vizcaino, 
commanded  respectively  by  Diego  Tristan,  I'ranci-ico 
de  Porras,  Pedro  de  Terreros,  and  JJartolome  Je 
Fresco,  and  embarked  at  Cadiz  the  Uth  of  ^lay, 
I.jOJ.  With  the  expedition  sailed  J)iego  de  Porras 
a-i  chief  clerk  and  notary,  and  Juan  Sanchez  as  chief 
pilot;  one  hundred  and  forty  men  and  boys  consti- 
tuted the  company.  The  admiral  was  accom[)anied 
by  his  brother  IJartoloine,  the  adelantado,^  and  l)y 
liis  son  Fernando,^  then  thirteen  years  of  age.     Tlie 

'  Ilisncp'icw,  Fernnndo,  in  his  Ilisf.  Ahnimnt'',  in  Biirchi,  passim,  and  tlio.so 
who  I'oliow  tliid  autlioi"  closely,  as  Naiiiouo  and  l)u  Cnuti,  cull  liiiii  J^I  I'l'u- 
fcL'to:  llerrcra,  Diego  ^Iciidcz,  ])iego  do  I'orras,  I'Lolicrt.son,  Na\ai'n'l.c,  and 
(liliors,  employ  Uio  titlu  adelautudo.  liciicra  says  lie  was  captaiu  of  <jue  uf 
the  fillips. 

^  Ferdinand  Colnmliua,  or  as  Iio  is  more  enminonly  called  Fernando  Colon, 
was  ap.  illegitimato  sou  of  Chri.stoplier  Cnluiiiljus,  liy  a  lady  of  leapecLablc 
faiui'y.  lie  v.as  liorii  at  Cordova,  ami  in  1404,  after  liis  fatlier  l)eeauiu 
fatuous,  was  Lronght  with  his  elder  brother  to  court,  wlicvo  ho  was  placed  I's 
jiago  to  Prince  Juan.  Upon  the  death  of  the  heir  a]iparent  young  Fernando 
.served  t,Juee!i  Isaliella  in  the  Kame  capacity, ,  thercliy  Kccuring  an  excellent 
education.  During  this  ]icrilous  \oyagc  he  was  an  oliject  no  less  (jf  comfort 
than  of  anxiety  to  his  father,  now  inilriu  and  trouMed  in  siiirit,  and  his  eon- 
(lilcfc  throughout  ineritedaiul  rcciivcd  paternal  ciniineiidatiou.  '1:11  ha  salido 
y  .';;de  do  inuy  buen  paber,' writes  the  fond  fa'her,  '  liicii  quo  I'l  pen  niuoen 
dias,  uoesassieu  clenteiidiiniento.'  Viirt'i.nkX  'o!o!),inXiii:arirtt\  '  '<i'.ilc  i'/'f'ji:--, 
i.  ;!11  and  314.  See  i\ho  Zi'dii'/ir,  A  ii'i/i<  t/<:  Sirilln.  llis  niaiili'md  faliukd 
the  jiroiniso  of  his  youth,  lie  cultivated  literature  with  considerable  success, 
and  became,  as  ^Muaoz,  IHst.  A'/icro  M/aido,  i.  viii.,  expri'sses  it,  'doclisiui) 
p:r.'a  su  !-iglo,  y  do  grandes  peniiamicntos  en  mati^rias  lilcrarias,  segiiu  demo- 
.•itrarii  il  ku  tiempo.'  lie  travelled  extensively  in  Europe,  ia  tiiu  tiaiii  of 
Charles  V.,  probably  visited  Africa  and  ..V.sia,  and  is  said  to  liavo  uiadc  two 
viiynges  to  Anicrici  after  llis  father's  deatli.  lie  formed  ;i  collection  of  over 
'_'i>,GOd  printed  books  and  manuscripts,  which  went  to  the  catheilralof  Seville. 
lie  uciiher  married,  nor  left  any  re(;ogni.'.i'il  progeny.  Ho  was  the  a.uLiior  nf 
several  works  which  have  not  been  preservi'd,  the  inseriiitinn  ou  his  tomlj 
iiKMitioning  one  in  lour  divisions  relating  partly  to  the  Xew  AVoiM  and  his 
father's  voyages.  Antonio  de  Letjii  Tiiiclo,  L'ji/f.oiiK;,  .")(!.">,  (11!;)  and  711,  rpeaks 
of  a  work,  Aiiunf.anikiUos  mlrc  la  J)ciiinr<'(vloii.  dd  Ma'nro,  preserved  in 
n!annscrij)t  at  Siinancas.  The  only  printed  book  of  Fernando  Colon  is  a, 
history  (jf  the  admiral,  his  father.  The  original  title  is  not  known,  tlu'  maii- 
iKcript  dL-iajipcaring  befvirc  its  publication  in  Spanish.  LuisCulon,  drikc  of 
Vcraguas,  uud  gruiidoou  of  the  udiuirul,  brought  the  mauuscript  to  Cciioa 


■1 


.,• 


IMAGE  l-VALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0    ;?:«-  il 

Ill 


I.I 


25 


2.2 


^  lis  1110 


1.8 


11.25      1.4       1 6 

■» 6" 

► 

Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14SB0 

(716)  873-4S03 


204 


COLOIEUS  AT  VEr.AOUA. 


sail  across  tlio  oouaii  was  pr(js[)erous,  with  favoraMo 
winds  and  nothing  to  uui^ur  tho  approaching^  niis- 
I'ortuncs  until  the  ships  arrived  off  Santo  Domingo 
on  tho  20th  of  June. 

During  the  past  two  years  matters  had  not  ini- 
proveel  at  Es[)ariola.  It  seems  that  others  could 
govern  hadly  as  well  as  the  admiral.  Indeed,  the 
icings  of  Spain,  most  of  them  meaning  well  by  their 

nliout  l.'riiS,  ami  dflivcred  it  to  one  Fornari,  nn  oM  man  who,  accordin'^  to 
iKircia,  l>L'gau  lu  ])riat  il  ia  Spaiii.sli,  Italian,  auil  Latin.  Uiliers  as»ert  liiatib 
pa-ssuil  iiilo  t!iolianil:iiif  Jl.iriiii,  uIkj  causcil  it  tu  liclran.^I.ituil  into  Ilali.ui  liy 
Alfon  >  <!•!  n'oa.  S;'o'or,in,  Clh-c.  m^'^'oiii'i/^'-n,  ISJ3,  Ixiii.  Ull<ia'M  tr.,'!-!.!- 
ti'Mi,  li.nl'y  iin<lo  fniiiuil;a(l  copy — '  Hiinsdonto  <1'  n\n\-n  nn  toxto  n-^sc:',  fanlit',' 
J  J  ti  mho 'It,  Kfiiiii.  Crif,.,  i.  i;}, — was  piinteil  in  Vcuioe,  in  1.j7I  unilcr  tliii 
title,  IJ/.ii'ork'itcl  J'\  rii'HiiloCo'oiiilio;  ydlcquali  n'ltn  ^nirt'n'olare,  lOicru  itlatlone 
dclliiV'l  t,  ii-(.'c'j':tfi  (.!<■' L'A  III  mi  iii'j' 10  />.  Clirlifoforo  Coloiiilio,  hito  jKiln,  fLc.  It 
wan  rc;ii-iiiti(l  in  TtMlian  some  six  or  ci,L,'ht  tiinfx.  A  Frcncli  tran  :!:iti m 
was  ptil)lis!\i'(l  in  l()S()-l,  and  nn  Knjtlisli  tninslation  has  pnno  tho  lo^imN, 
appcariu'^  in  < '/iiinitlH'ii  t'of.  Voi/.,  ii.  4S!M)U4;  Kerr'n  ('oK  i'n;/.,  iii.  I  -I-; 
ami  ri  Lci-lo.i'it  Co',  I'".'/.,  xii.  I-I.m.  It  waa  caivlussly  rut-.anxlatcd  iVuiu 
t'lKi  T;  I'i  :n  iuli)  Sjniii-ili  Ijy  Andiv'a  (l()ii;;al('/,  d.;  llaicia,  and  piiiiUd  i.i  hU 
lliiinr'i  I  Inrr-t  fr'ni'tirm  ilc,  l(n  Inrl'n'i  Orrhlin'dh'-i,  .'<  Vols.,  Madrid,  17  1'',  '•  'iii- 
prisiii'/ pp.  I-I'JS,  toni.  i.,  of  that  soiicn,  ami  entitled,  La  //i.ilorin  (/r  1>.  l''<r- 
naiii/o  (  o/o:i  ca  la  ijiiat  ne  <la  hirlkulnr,  y  venlwlvra  rvlacion  tie  la  ».•/'./(«,  7 
hcclioi  il<f  el  Ahiiiniiile  I>.  C/irUiovd  <'ol"ii.  Kit  I'aliv,  ctu.  Tliid  is  the  idi- 
tiiin  ino.t  c.inini  iidv  nf.cd,  a:id  ti)  tlii.i  I  refer,  aU'ioii  j;h  I  have  before  mo 
nn  Italian  cd;}'  ol  Jio  edition  cf  I70!).  I'Vfiiindi  C^ilon  lind  peculiar  iid- 
vantnTos  fir  writim?  his  father's  lii^tory.  Himself  nn  notor  in  tho  r\(>iits 
dusuriiied,  Jio  wa.'i  moreover  ]>urHonuliy  acquainted  with  his  father's  fiieuds 
and  held  p>(Aie.i..ion  uf  hi.j  father'^  p.iper.s.  All  agree  tliat  ho  made  j^oud  UjO 
of  liii  OM',  irtniuly,  and  (hat  ho  h.;  i  j;iven  a  clear  .statement  ef  oven.  1  \.  Iii 'li 
even  ill  hi  ( fiwn  tiinn  lie;an  to  ho  distorti'd.  ]f  ho  \\;\a  hilent  touehi!'^  liii 
father's  family,  country,  nnd  hirth,  m'o  must  remend>er  that  poverty  mid 
obaeurity  tvero  a  disgraeo  in  those  days,  nnd  that  tho  sou  Fcrnamlo  wim  a 
iSpa;ii:;;d.  Tlio.o  v>Iio  slunild  heht  kiiuw  the  meriUi  of  thi.s  author  pay  lii.a 
tli(!  hi','!ic't  tvilinte.  Of  hit  wcn'k  say  1  Mulo.?,  lii-<t.Xii<roMiiii!o,  i.  viii., 
*Contie;;o  dohorlo  mueho;'  nnd  tho  atithor  Niivarn^te,  Vol.  di:  I'iicjct,  i.  Iw., 
rcmaiks,  'lijihio  Kiempro  con  verdad  y  exactitnd,  salvo  alguna  eipuvoeneiou 
fiieil  do  diseernir  en  huena  eritiea....y  \wr  tanto  i)neden  aim  ct^tas  levn 
falta)  Her  efc.N)  do  la  iaeiuia  u  poea  inteli,L;enei.i  do  ami).))  ti'adiietore.s.'  Ai- 
tempt-j  lino  heeii  made  to  d'Miy  to  Fernando  the  aiillKurliip,  hut  t!ii ;,  if 
eorroet,  dues  not  materially  nll'eet  iti  value,  iiiueo  it  is  allowed  to  ii,"V(?  li:'eii 
vi'itten  from  hi:)  <loeiiment:»  and  under  his  supervision.  Tlio  vieiatiituile  1  to 
which  t!ie  work  ha.i  heeii  Kuhjected  ami  tlio  mutilalion  it  ha.)  .siili'ered  uhor  I 
ground.  I  fir  eaatinii  not  to  I)odi.n'e;^arded  liy  tho  hi  ftorian.  Still,  tlio  (j'emi.il 
tcnoraa  1  d.'tai! xif  tlio  narrative,  and  tlio  lilo-ary  lnaitof  tho  reputed  aiillra-, 
pi-ese  it  in  themselve-)  .'iullleieiit  <'vi  leiieo  of  its  authentieity. 

With  i'e;;ard  to  tjio  nso  of  ei'rtfdii  proper  names  oneimntered  tlni.s  far  in 
thi.)  hi.siory  1  wnuhl  say  a  word.  Tiio  (jiiestioii  present)  dillieultie:)  in  what- 
soever aqvet  viewe  1.  'i'liero  are  Sp.ini.,!i  names  of  pl.iees  and  ])er.^olll  wliih 
cn^tiim  li.n  so  (uvjliei-.^ed  as  to  t'ivi.'  to  their  udo  in  tlio  ori'.rinai  the  ii;i;iea' 
nneeof  alleetatiou — instaneo  Castilla.  for  Castile;  Sevilla,  S(!ville;  l''eri.  iiilo 
nnd  IsaUil,  Ferdinand  aiicl  Isaliella:  (.\irlos  V.,  Charles  V. ;  Felipe  11.,  I'lidip 
11.  Un  the  oilier  h.ind,  in  writiu'.,'  in  I'ai^^lish  of  Spanish  iiU'uirs,  the  atleiiii't 
to  coutiaue  iudelinitely  tho  angliei/iug  of  Spanish  named  would  bo  us  im- 


FATE  OF  r.OnADILLA. 


203 


No\v  World  subjects,  were  too  often  untbrtuuate  in 
l!i(.'ir  choice  of  agents.  Lentil  recently  ]]ob;ulilla  had 
luld  Hway,  the  sovereii^ns  heing  apparently  in  no 
haste  to  displace  him;  i'roni  which  course  it  was  evi- 
dent cither  that  they  had  not  been  ])roperly  informed 
(>f  his  conduct,  or  they  approved  of  it.  Perhaps 
it  was  true  that  a  knave  was  better  for  the  \)hu'Q 
than  an  honest  man.  A.  successor,  however,  had  at 
length  arrived  in  the  ])erson  of  Nicolas  do  Ovando, 
and  the  superb  fleet  which  had  brought  him,  and  was 
to  carry  back  the  displaced  governor  to  Spain,  now 
rode  at  anchor  in  the  harbor. 

In  following  that  contriving  policy  which  others 
beside  princes  sometimes  regard  as  necessary  when 
straightforwardness  were  better,  it  had  been  deenuid 
exjjedient  that  Columbus  should  not  on  tliis  cxjie- 
(hlion  touch  at  Espanola,  lest  his  presence  en- 
gender fresh  broils  on  the  island.  And  the  admiral 
npi)eared  to  entertain  no  intention  of  breaking  the 
royal  commands,  until  he  found,  on  reaching  the  In- 
dies, that  one  of  his  vessels  was  unfit  for  service;  or 
else  he  pretended  that  it  was  so  in  order  to  look  in 
on  his  late  government.  Jiut  whether  in  actual  or 
feigned  distress,  when  the  admiral  sent  the  2Dt]i  of 
June  to  ask  of  Ovando  permission  to  exchange  a  leaky 
caravel,  or  at  least  to  shelter  the  vessels  from  an 
impending  storm,  his  messenger  Terreros  returned 
with  a  refusal. 

It  was  certainly  an  anomalous  position  in  which  the 
gri  at  discoverer  found  himself,  vainly  knocking  at  the 
door  of  a  possession  which  he  had  so  lately  given  to 

i)()ssililo  as  iihsurd.  The  two  chief  olijccts  with  nio  hiivo  hui'ii  to  adopt  tlio 
U'st  I'oi'iiis,  and  to  prosovvo  con  astoiicy ;  1  do  not  chiiui  cMiinent  micicss  in 
t'ithur  attoinpt.  Tiio  rt'snlt,  however,  has  lu'cn  tlic  adoption  of  thu  followinj^ 
imtliiid,  if  it  may  hi*  calU-d  a  nirthod;  Tlio  prominent  places  and  persons 
of  Spain,  whosu  names  are  invariahlyj;ivon  in  tiieirani^lici/ed  form  in  current 
Kn^'ii^h  liti-raturc,  1  write  in  tiic  sanu!  way;  hut  those  same  names,  as  well 
Hi  all  others,  appearing  in  the  New  World,  where  no  prominent  Fuirlish 
writers  have  made  them  familiar  in  an  Kn;:liHli  form,  I  present  in  theori;:inal 
us  written  hy  the  best  Spanish  scholars.  Thus  the  name  of  the  ^rcat  Cienoeso 
1  u'ivi!  in  its  conunon  hitinizeil  form,  (^liristopher  Colum'nis,  while  in  tl.i'  use 
of  those  of  his  less  eminent  lirothers  and  sons,  who  soon  hecamo  almost  or 
altui^cthcr  Spauiarils,  1  uUopt  tho  forms  einployod  by  Spaniards. 


206 


COLUMBUS  AT  VEr.AOUA. 


Spain,  .111(1  lie  not  convicted,  nay,  scarcely  accused 
of  any  crime,  Coliinil)iis  sent  attain  an<l  warned 
the  ij^overnor  of  ap[)roacliing  l)a(l  wcatlu-r.  Ovando 
would  not  lieed  Uini.  The  gubernatorial  lleet  sailed; 
l)ut  only  to  face  a  liurricanc  which  soon  strewed 
tlic  sliores  of  Espafiola  M'itli  its  fragments.  Current 
l)iograpliies  here  read  like  a  moral  story.  On  the 
wrecked  vessels  wore  IJobadilla,  IloKlan,  and  other 
inveterate  enemies  of  the  admiral,  who  with  a  hugtj 
mass  of  ill-gotten  treasure  were  buried  beneath  the 
waves.  On  a  little  caravel  which  survived  the  tem- 
pest was  the  good  Bastidas  with  his  proi)erty;  and  on 
anotluT,  which  likewise  reached  Si)ain  in  .salety,  were 
four  thousand  pcso-'f  dc  oro  belonging  to  Columbus, 
rurthermore  the  admiral  shelteretl  liis  vessels,  an  1 
so  received  no  injury  from  the  storm.  From  all 
which,  grave  deductions  were  severally  mad(i — by 
Columbus,  that  the  Almighty  had  preserved  him; 
l)y  his  enemies,  that  he  had  employed  witchcraft  to 
save  himself  and  j)roperty;  by  others,  of  a  luckless 
order  which  providence  refuses  to  recognize,  that 
the  admiral  and  adelantatlo  were  good  seamen.  Alter 
certain  ship  repairs,  made  without  ditficulty  in  a  little 
))ort  near  Santo  Domingo,  on  the  14th  of  July 
Cohunbus  sailed  westward  on  his  explorations. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  at  this  time,  and 
for  several  years  afterward,  the  Spaniai'ds  did  not 
know  where  the}'  were.  They  supposed  the  enrtl: 
smaller  than  it  is,  and  that  they  were  on  the  barba- 
I'ous  outposts  of  India,''  whose  interior  was  civili/.ed 
and  wealthy;  and  it  was  the  j)resent  object  of  the 
admiral  to  tind  some  strait  or  passage  between  this 

'  Instnnpo  tlio  titlo-pngo  of  tlio  first  work  pulilislicd  on  the  Now  Worlil,  in 
}\'X\:  —  /.)iiM'l(i  C/irlstiiJori  ('o!o)n:  mi  vlnn  iins/rit  ■tiiiillJulilii:  ili:  liisiiliit  lii^l'<\ 
Hiijiiit  (iiiiKji'iii  nnjKr  iniii'ii/is.  Ail.  t/miH  jxriiniri'iiilnH nclivio iiii/nt mni.'-f  (ii(.<;>/i/('.< 
<i  <ri'  iiiiil'llMshiil  FcniaiKli  lH.sjHiiiliinnn  /'ojin  iiiiKunn  fmritt :  ml  A/ifjiiiji'Unl 
ili'iiii.  I'll/  /iiK'Ifiii  Siiii.iis:  riii-it/i III  ffniiitiliiii  /t'l'iis  I'l'iniinu'l'i  iiuk'hi:  ii>iiuu  iinl'i- 
IIh  d' li/fi  nUiia  rir  AlidiK/rrilc  '  Wo  <i'*  l/ii/xnio  idninntli'  in  liiliiiina  roiiin  rtit: 
tirlia  Lil'n  Mitij.  M.crrr.jvUJ.  J'oiitijifit/im  Akjiindri  Suli  Anno  J'ruiio. 
Letter  of  Cliri.stophcr  Coloni,  to  wlioiu  uiirniio  in  gicatly  imleliti'd,  ri'sprrtiiij; 
till-  Ihliniili  of  Imliiv  hoyoiiil  tlic  (iiuigi-n,  liiti'ly  ilisoovi'it'd.  Li  kciuiIi  ef 
vliich  lie  M'ua  aout  tiglit  niuutlia  uiuco,  uuder  tlic  uUHpiccB  uud  tit  thu  cxpi'u^u 


EARLY  CAnTOORAPIIV. 


m 


and 

IK  it 

hrtl'. 
irl.a- 
|l/,r<l 
th.« 

1 1.1,  iii 

Inline 
l.^jlil^'ti■^ 

lijintin 

ll  llnlii- 

\}ii  rtil.' 

ix\\  <  t' 


I  !'i<!<i'-]an(l  and  tlio  dctacliod  sdutlieni  ivj^ions  about 


]' 


ana,  on 


which   lio   mii'lit  sail   to  those  rich  inner 


roahiis,  still  coastin;^  Asia  south-westward. 

A  stonn  greeted  him,  followed  hv  a  cahn,  duriu'i^ 
which  he  was  carried  first  soutliward  l»y  Jamaica, 
Ihcn  northward  past  the  western  end  of  Cuha;  after 
whi(  ll,  the  wind  fresh  en  iu'^',  ho  continvied  iiis  course, 
and  on  the  HOth  of  July  came  to  a  sm.dl  elevated 
i4and,  called  hy  the  natives  (Juanaja,*  to  which,  from 


if  tli>>iri(i:t  itivini'ililc  Fcriliniuid,  kin;' df  ll 


\x     Sent  to  till-  iiin''ui(i- 


iiit  lord  IJ.'iiiliiu'l  Stiiixis,  tff.istirrr  of  Uie  sumo  inost  sorcnc  I; 


■l 


tiiu  iioMo  aiiil  Kunu'il  man,  AliuinliT  di!  ('osfo,  traii.shitcd  tVinii  t!m  .S|i;iiii.sh 
i.liom  iii'>  Latin.  'I'lie  tliinl  d.iy  <»f  tiio  Caliiids  of  M;iy,  1 1!!."!.  I'oiUiliciito 
of  .McMiiidiT  \'L,  Year  Olio. 

(iiiaiiJijii  is  tho  iiKi.-it  I'Mstorly  «'f  a  jjronjj  oidUd  tlio  I'ay  LsIuiuU,     Tn  tin 


»t  (.f  <; 


iianiija,  m  tiic  civ 


d.T   1 


ii.iincd,  li"  ]'arlia;<'',t.i,   ILK' 


Miirnt, 


l^Miitan,  t!io  lai'.'.'cst,  and  I'lilii.  On  I'ctcr  M;irtyr"s  m.ii>.  /ic/hi  lifi/mi't  (he 
'.'■!«;/' V,  l,"il(),  (luana j;i  is  written  ijuiUdiMt.  On  m.'i|)  iv.,  Mun'ili  .I'/im,  .siii>- 
jiiisod  to  lia%o  liccn  drawn  liy  Salvat  I'ilt-trina  in  IM.',  (iuanaja  i.s  i-  lUil  umii 


/;/•.<■",   San 


isco;    lliiat.'in, /(«/')  tuimto: 


d   I'tila,   /.//,.«/, 


1" 


(.'tilou  loiati'M  on  liiH  map,  I.VJ7,  yrl'diiii,  .•f.'/'/vi/c'-r),  and  ^)  .'o^  >  uu'lot,  and  lio- 
tnc'cn  tiio  last  two,  ^ir/c-^t  ,/''■.  On  tlio  iiiapof  I)ii':,'o  do  Ili'ii  la,  l.'ij.l,  aro 
e.i'niii'o,  to  ti/A.<,  i/'i  l/iiiKi,  iiiid  ti:.i'c.  Vaz  l>oiii'a<lo,  j.'iTI,  map  x.,  Mi'niik 
AllitA,  falls  (Juanaja,  Iht  •I'tmi.ru  ;  Kiiatun,  tvjiilut ;  and  I'lila,  dilili.  Mi  nil' 
^>'•".^   .Wrv.    l."i7L    givi'H   tlininil.rri^ :     i  tfiilhi/'.i    M>ru,    IiiTl,    (•il'l.iil'l,    (•'lii/Himf, 


11. .,1. 


1  Vtiln 


III,  an 

I  li'i  or  iSi^ii'ik't,  (iii'i 


Ani'i'.i  0;'/,M,  |(i;j;(,  t 


r 


jiiiii'i  or 


/.'.(//■i 


10  same 

d  nr.i. 


./  //; 

Of  t 


I 


•  liailaj.i 


v. /;/-■,. 


ITTii 


llii'4'>  dc 


iiras  111 


,-ffr 


vciiito  l(';;ua'<,  no  ticno  oo.s;i  do  proveclio 


i'"l.  ill'  ViitivM,  i.    "JS;!,   I'ciiiarks; — '  im  jioipu'ria,   liojai/l 


Utila 


I  i.s  low  and  lovt 


1:  I 


HIK'O    tlio 
i^ojll 


iiMii',  ^'1*  Liana.     In  Iii.s  roinaiks  on  the  two  oMi^t  map!  of  Anir: 
iia\w  of  ( Juanaja: — '|).is  (yolumlnH  sio  sclion  p'stlirn  iiat.i.tx'i  l>i'/\MiliIn, 


da  ir  wold  iiiiiit  so  woit  wostw arts  so 


'.'Iti 


Mi 


Vi.ll 


I  u'lit  Huliin  hio 


J 


do.'li  I'in/o' 


d  .Siilis  L'id'i.     Ocwivs  ist  o'»,  das^i  si.' solion  |.i|(»  von  cinri* 


spjiiii-^clicu  KxiH'dition,  dio  ziim  Miii^^'lionranh  von  < 'iilia  nacli  .Smlon  aus^o- 
1.1, :  fin  war,  lio.siu'lit  wunlo.'  J""crnaii  lot '.  don  loinplain-i  tliat  .Soli.)  and  I'iii/ou, 
visitiii;,'  tlirso  io;;ion3  in  L">OS,  roiiaiM<(l  m.any  looalilios,  claiming  to  lie  tlio  lir.-st 
discov  o^t•r^,  and  thus  onusinj'  nnnli  confusion  in  tlio  cliarts  of  llio  time;,. 


And   ll 


ere   as  well   as  c 


;'lsc\\  111 


irro  1  may  hjh 


di    of 


a  woi 


k    fioni  which  I 


have  derived  no  inconsiclerahle  ndvanta;,'.'  in  tiaiinij  tlio  nictanioi'jihcwcs  ,if 
iiiiiUM  from  tlioso  ori;4inally  (,'iven  to  tlioso  dually  est.iKli-ilicd.  Lelicviiig 
t'lat  much  oniioufi  ami  valnahlo  historical  inforinatioii  mi  lit  Ic  olitaincil  hy 
ia-titutiii!,' a  close  comj^arison  of  the  nomenclatiiro  ciii)iloycd  hy  the  earlier 
laakerM  ot  charts  at  their  respectivi'  diitcs,  in  \>'',\  1  diici  tcl  Mr  (ioM- 
■  hiiiidt  to  hriiii,' out  anil  aiTaiiiro  f^r 


coiiNcnient.  icti  i(  lue  all  siuli  nhxaut 
maps  a.s  my  lihiary  contained,  l'ei_'iiiiiiiiL;  then  v\  itii  the  earlicit.  we  <  iitercil 
I'll  paper  ]irepared  for  the  imrposo  the  n.imcs  of  all  the  princip.il  plaies  con- 
taiiic  i  within  our  territoiy.     And  sowith  the  next,  , and   the  iw  \|,  throu;;li 


le   f,' 

tir 


Da 


;io 


t!ic  siicces>:iv<>  pi  riods  of  discovery,  following;  the  coast  on  oiu'  t  i, 

lien  to  'i'cxas.  ami  on  tho  other  from  ranam.i  to  .Maska,  and  iilon 

Mahoird  to  the  Macken/.io  Itivci-.     Inland  names  were  incheh  il,  Imt  Ihi  ir 

niiinlicr  wan  small  as  compared  with  those  aloni^  tho  ocean.     Sonu-  '2(il>  maps, 

eai  ii  ori;rinal  authority  for  its  time  and  ).la(  e,  Mere  thus  exjindiicil,  and  t! 


Iialties  wliuli 


ha.l  Ix 


'I'l 


ilied  at  \'aiioiis  times  ain 


I  hy 


various  ]>(  iv 


ins  to  t  10 


(<c\er.d  iiiiportant  geographical  jioints  along  this  vast  shore  line,  ami  thi"iig'i- 
uui  tliu  iuluitd  urcu,  wcru  hruujjht  together  su  tliut  cunipari:jous  might  U> 


20R 


COLUMBU.^  AT  VI'IIAfir.V. 


tlio  trees  tliiit  rovorcd  it,  lio  ^avo  llie  name  Tsla  d'' 
l^inos.      On  <jf(>in<j:  ashore,  the  adelantado  loiind  the 


iiKiili",  mill  tlic  nonirnclatural  liistory  of  the  several  pliiiTs  be  iiuii.'kly  aii'l 
coiTiitly  traicd.  All  »(  liic  uiitliuritiix  I  cannot  nii'ntinu  Irtu,  but  lliey  wiJ 
HiviTally  1h;  rcforrucl  ti>  in  tliuir  proper  jilaccsi  iluriiij^  tliu  toiirHo  of  Uli.^  Ims- 
toi'V.  The  result  of  this  lalH)r  ut  the  end  of  six  nmnths,  Mr  (iolil-K  Inniilt 
vorUinj;  j-lono  after  the  lirst  f'»rtni;,'iit,  was  three  folicMiianufeript  voliinies, 
eiititletl  (  \irfnir'i]i/nf  nl'  t/if  I'lifijic  i  'o  idI  of  Xurtli  A  iiicrU-'i,  iintl  t\f'  tlic  L'mti'rn 
'  ri. /.</.<  o/  Mfj-'iio  unit  i'ciilriil  Aiiicrlca.  The  maps  more  partieiilaily  ex- 
aiiiiueil  in  wiilinj;  this  volume  are  as  follows,  i'assiny  the  si  a  ih:irts  of 
Nii'iilo  aiMl  Antonio  Zeno,  inaile  aliout  \'.VA\  and  nseil  hy  Frolii  her;  the 
o.ean  and  islands  between  western  Kurope  and  eastern  Asia  from  the  ;;lol>e 
of  MartiK  iHliaiin,  I  IKJi  the  ehart  of  .hian  de  la  Co.^a,  l."»(!0,  showing  tlio 
^Ve•<t  Iniil.'i  Islands,  hut  omittinj^  the  coast  of  Central  Amei-ica;  and  the  map 
of  dohann  llnyseh,  loOS, — wo  have,  in  part  most  important,  the  following; 
Map  of  /mlii  liii/oiiil  l/if  (I'lin  HM,  drawn  by  I'eter  Martyr  in  I'd  I,  and  shovv- 
iui,'  a  coast  line  from  IJrazil  to  the  midille  of  Yucatan.  Along  this  line,  in 
tiie  onlcr  here  given,  from  east  to  west,  are  c/vr'/i/,  tiiriinc,  et  iminin',  liira- 
ij'Ki,  <•  ;//■'(  (/('  (/,,w,  ^iin/iiix'i,  I)  </('  In  iiir.'a*.  Nortii  of  Culia  is  a  scciion  of 
the  continental  shore  line  lettcrctl  ishi  </<•  hi'imini,  jxtitc.  In  Ptolemy's  Cos- 
inography.  I.M.'i,  the  coast  between  I'.ra/il  and  I'hirida  is  j;ivcn,  lull  without 
names.  'J'iie  Atlaniio  is  I'alled  Offiinni  <  In-h/c  if,ilU ;  and  Soulli  .\liiciiia, 
'J'irril  InrniinitAi.  \\y  lieisch,  in  MnrH'iril/iii  /'/liliuoji/iica,  ]'i\.'>,  the  map  is 
called  'J'i//>i:i  I'/u'/y /•.^it'/.i  T<  rr<'  Irxtii.  'J"wo  only  of  the  islands  are  given  and 
botli  cnlh  d  /~(»/«'//(f.  .South  of  OcriiiixA  Ochh  iitdi'm  is  a  large  continent  called 
J'arl'i  ^1 1<  /'riiiliii,  I'aria  or  Hni/il.  'J'liero  arc  no  names  on  the  line  of  ('en- 
tial  America,  and  the  only  Iciti'ring  on  t!io  small  portion  of  the  northera 
continent  are  the  mysterious  w(.rds  Zontia  Mtln,  which  have  givi'U  ris(!  ti> 
milch  discussion.  In  liS.it»  was  puhlishea  at  Munich,  by  the  Itoyal  JIavariau 
Aciidcmy  of  Si'iences,  from  manuscripts  in  tin;  uidversify  library  ami  army 
iiichivcs.  under  the  auspices  of  Friedricli  Kunstnuinn,  Kail  von  Npruner,  ami 
(icorg  M.  Thoini's,  and  as  HU])plementary  to  the  text  of  Kunstmann's  i>ie 
J:'iif'lirl.-iiii;i  Aiii'rik'in,  a  collection  of  fac-similes  of  thiitcen  early  maps  of 
Ameriia,  entitled  Al'ii-i  zur  Eiililvlnifj  'ji'Kiliiclito  Aim't'ikas.  This  wuili  I 
fhall  citt!  brielly  as  tlio  Munic/i  Ai'ui.  pMvts  of  the  I'acific  Slides  air 
shown  on  maps  numbers  iv.  v.  vi.  vii.  viii.  i\.  x.  xii.  and  xiii.,  whicii  will 
be  f\irther  mcntionetl  in  their  several  places.  Map  iv.  was  drawn  by  Salvat 
«le  I'ili'strina  prolwbly  in  l.")l."i.  It  shows  none  of  the  maindand  above 
Yucatan,  which  is  .-i  ])cninsula.  The  northei-n  coast  of  Central  America  u 
given,  and  the  southci'u  seaboard  only  of  the  Isthmus.  Mo  n.'imis  are 
written  on  the  southern  coast.  The  .South  .Sea  is  lalh-d  M(tr  I'/.^Yn  jk'i/.< 
c-(.«/c//(.n)iw,  .Sea  seen  by  the  Spaniards.  Map  v.  is  supposed  to  be  by  Vi" 
ei'iito  de  Maiolio,  |,"d!).  It  shows  the  northern  coi.st  of  the  continent  only 
fiom  Capo  ( 'ainaron  to  about  .'W  .south  latitude.  In  a  book  entitle  I  A/iiiti.it, 
I  'iftiiin^irnplii'i,  I."p7"«,  is  a  copy  of  a  map  Rupjiosed  ti>  have  been  drawn  by 
I'eter .\pi:inus  in  !.")•_'(•. and  the  first  upon  which  I  liaveseen  the  name  '.\mcrica.' 
'J'he  northern  part  is  long  and  narrow,  of  a  horseshoe  shape,  and  lettered 
J!'ir<(i!inrniii.  A  large  continent  is  placed  north  of  a  strait  running  ronn<l 
the  northern  end  of  North  Ameiica.  lOvidently  M;ister  Apianus  was  deter- 
mined  no  one  during  his  time  should  out-north  him  in  map-delineation  of  u 
rerion  of  which  absohdely  nothing  was  known,  cither  then  or  for  a  long  time 
after.  On  a  m;>p  of  North  America  from  the  globe  of  .lohann  Sch.iucr,  l.'iJH, 
the  name  'America'  likewise  a]ipears,  the  lettering  on  the  globe  In  ing  placed 
in  lira/il,  and  being  in  these  words; — Aiiiirloi  \'(t  Jlnviliit  Slrr  /'i-;xf;/(i/'i 
'J'trni.  The  northern  and  southern  continents  are  sepanited  by  a  strait 
at  the  Isthmus.  It  is  to  lie  regretted  that  Master  Scliouer  had  not  tlio 
making  of  the  world,  so  that  it  shoidd  agn'e  with  his  map,  and  save  canal- 
cuttiuj;.     The  westcru  liuc  of  the  uurtheru  couliuuut  ruua  uurtli  uud  isuutli; 


GUANAJA  ISLAM). 


200 


1. 


•lilA 


island  inliabitod  by  people  like  those  of  E^panola  and 
Culia,  except  that  they  seemed  nioi-j  intcHi^ent  and 

t!i(>  western  line  of  the  southern  contincn*'  north-west  and  south-east.  The 
fNtri'iiif  northern  cml  of  tlic  northern  continent  in  eallcil  Ttrrti  ik  CuUa. 
AI'Iil;  the  wi'.-tiTU  ! !  ore  are  tlio  wonlM  I'tlrt  moiiilr  lii-^/nitniii.  \Vi  '.t  of  tiio 
n'Ttiuiii  contiiii'ut  lie  tlio  laruo  islauil  of  Zlftmi'jri  aiiil  a  nuiltituile  iif  isK-vs. 
'I'lio  north  I'acilic  i.s  I'alleil  Orifiilitlin  Oniuiu^.  Cortis'  ciiart  of  the  tJulf  of 
Ml  xico,  l-VJt>,  Im  a  r()U:4h  draft  of  oval  shape  v  itii  several  names  ainn.;  tlio 
(oa.-t,  many  of  wiiieh  are  ohsolete.  Yui-atan  is  reimsi'iitcil  as  an  islanij. 
Ill  iMiO.I.  tl.  Koiil  piilillsjieil  ut  Weimar  a  ilisscrUitiiPU  un  two  df  the  oKirst 
;:(  lural  maps  of  Ameriea,  with  the  ori^'in  of  t!ie  names  on  eaeii.  'I'lie  maps 
were  thiise  of  Fernamlo  Colon,  l."rJ7,  and  I>i<'i;o  Itiiicro,  l,")'J!l,  then  in  Iho 
(^rand-dtiial  lihrary  at  Weimar.  The  loxt  aecumpanyiiig  the-;e  fai'-simiUs  is 
eiitith'd  l>if  Ik-iite)!  AlO-Klin  (!fiii'rii!Kiir/(ii  I't^iiAiiiirik'i.  .\ii<'j'i'n/irt  i  i  i/<:i 
Jiiiinii  l'~:7  mill  J.'. 'J,  aiij  llfhhl  KnUvr  Kiirl'ii  V .  'Iho  maps  iH'iii;;  full  of 
names,  eoiieernini^  many  of  whiuh  tluie  has  lioen  iiiueli  discussion,  ls,'»  roj-al 
f"Ho  jiaiies  are  devoted  to  their  explanation.  IJcsiilo  n,  iTitical  review  of 
n.iiiu  iiclature  is  (,'iven  nmeli  information,  ixith  ^eoj.'raphieal  and  historical. 
('■.Ion';,  map  shows  the  easti-i'n  eoast.i  of  Norlli  ainl  Sciulh  America,  and  tho 
(*>!itlieru  shores  of  the  Istiimus  and  Ontral  America  to  ahoiit  Nicaiai,'ua. 
liiliero's  map  contains  inoi'e  names  than  (Vilon's,  ami  asectioiiuf'  the  I'cniviaa 
e  last;  otherwise  thcyaii!  not  unlike.  ( 'out  i  nil  i  114  the  jocscut  list  we  iiaveall 
of  South  America,  and  )>art  of  N'ortli  .America,  ;,'ivcu  in  l."rJ7  liy  Uohcit  Thorne; 
uiid  the  Western  side  of  the  New  World  in  I.VJS  liy  ilonlone.  I'tolcmy,  iu 
M"ii-s'i'r,  ('i.iiiioiirdjilii/,  l.'i.'JO,  gives  the  two  Americas  I'litii'ely  .'-urrouiidcd  liy 
water,  with  Yucatan  an  islau  1;  in  tiu'  interior  of  Mexico  ( '/niiiinJio,  ami  T<  inU- 
l'''iii :  and  near  Zijianuu  AriliifM'livjux  !^  '/.^S  In-'iiliirii.ii,  counted  v:  all  i>rolialii!ity 
sjie'lidly  for  tilis  m.ip.  Oroutius  Fine's  eloho,  l."i;i!,  iiuiles  die  soutlieiii 
eoiitineut,  which  it  ealls  Auu'riea,  hy  tlui  isthuuis  dnr'nim  to  tiie  northern, 
wliiih  cxtiuds  t  )Ward  tlie  north-west  across  the  ocean  and  forms  )(ait  of  Asia, 
villi  a  eoutinuous  coast  Hue  to-Lqian.  'I'lie  .Atlantic  is  A''tii/!'iiiii,  jiud  tho 
rMcjiic  .Viir  ihl  Siir.  Yucatan  is  an  island.  It  is  dilliciilt  to  tdl  whero 
.Mc\ico  ends  and  Asia  lugius.  Tiniistitim  is  just  Kouth  of  Ciiiai/,  and 
MixiiMU  and  .Asiatic  names  iiromiscuou'.ly  occur.  O'ryna'us,  iu  l."i.'!_',  gives 
.\iii(ricii  in  two  parts,  ilivii'ed  l>y  11  strait  at  the  Isthmus;  the  western  eiul 
of  till"  noithei'n  continent  is  called  T(  rrn  ilc  <  'ii'm,  .Ma[)  vi.,  Muhirk  At'm, 
lo.'ij-  tH,  shows  tiie  I'aeilie  coast  from  I'ei'u  to  ( 'alifornia,  which  is  repnscuteil 
us  a  )'cuinsulii.  The  gull  of  t'alifornia  is  eallcil  tho  iti'd  ."^ca.  \ueatiiu 
i>  an  i-land.  IJajitista  Aguesc,  lo;!(i,  gives  North  America  iu  the  shape  of  a 
horseshoe,  with  Yucatan  an  island.  Alap  vii.,  M'lniih  Atliii,  is  supjiosed  to 
lie  hy  Iktptista  Agnese,  l."(4(V-.")().  It  show.s  the  wholo  of  the  Atlanlie  eoust, 
1111  1  the  I'acilic  coast  fioui  I'ci'u  to  Mexii'o.  llamusio,  \'l(vjiii,  iii.  t'ol.  4.'>.">-.'iti, 
l.ii).'),  lays  down  nhout  half  the  I'acilic;  i-oast.  Majis  ix.  x.  ami  xii..  Miiiih-h 
.l/itv,  are  suiiposcd  to  have  hecn  drawn  hy  Vaz  l)ourado  in  I."i71.  The  lirst 
ilcliucates  South  .America,  ami  a  small  part  of  the  isthmus;  the  second  hoih 
kIi Tcs  of  Central  America,  and  the  (iulf  of  Mexi'o:  the  third  the  I'acilio 
oast  only  from  Mexico  to  Aniau  Strait.  On  \\\\\\^  x.  is  a  large  lake  north  of 
Mexico,  iu  latiii'.de  10' to  4.'r,  aiul  uiidi'r  it  iu  lar'_'c  letters,  lliiii'iiii  I,'t /lii. 
(ieraril  Mercator,  .l"u.<  uliv  ra^iiifft>'ii]>li!'"',  l."iiil>,  and  another  edition  l."i74| 
reprrscuts  the  world  on  two  glohes,  ami  surroumls  the  two  .\mciicas  with 
Water,  Ix'side  ea]>ping  either  pole  Mith  a  huge  contiiieiit.  la  the  nortli- 
lasteiii  corner  of  Asia,  map  iv.,  is  Aimririi'  juus.  There  an;  also  Animi 
«•'■/.  (^iiihilr'i  rcu  Tiii/niiio,  a  city,  and  I'.l  j'irlit  th'  Aiiidn.  (hi  map  v.  tho 
stiait  of  .Magellan  separates  the  scuithern  continent  from  another  large  con- 
tiiient  to  the  south  of  it,  on  which  is  i>laeed  'J'irni  )lfl  /ic'io.  Luckily  Ihii 
niitaictie  polar  eontiueut  is  lalieled  Tirni  Ar.stntlU  iiondrui  VDiiiiln,  lest 
the  a\ithor  he  embarrassed  hy  (juestions  ahout  it.  After  well  p,issiiig  tho 
bliuit  uf  Magellan,  ICl  Mar  l\uiji\v  is  entered,  though  am  tho  tiupica  are 
Uuv.  cuMi'.  Am.,  Vui..  1.    11 


210 


coT.r:\rr.rs  at  vEHAcrA. 


know  iiioro  of  tlu;  useful  arl^.  Pivsciilly  a  lur^o 
canoe  appeared  coniini^  from  the  direction  of  N  uca- 
tan.  It  measured  ei'L,dit  leet  in  its  <;ivatest  width, 
and  was  rowetl  by  twenty-five  num.  Jn  th(^  middle, 
under  a  pahndeaf  awninuf,  .«at  a  ('(^c/Vyrr,"  or  <'hief,  wli<» 
manifested  neituer  surprise  nor  fear  on  hein;^  ljroUL,^!it 
into  the  presoneo  of  tlie  admiral.  1  Iv  siL,niiiied  to  thi; 
SjKUiiards  as  Ix^st  he  was  alile  the  extent  and  power 
of  Mexieo,  and  displayed  utensils  of  eojiprr,  .4oiic, 
and  wood,  earthen-ware,  and  eotton  cloth  l)rou;;ht 
thence,  (loldwas  plentiful  there,  he  also  said;  hut 
the  imaufinatiou  of  the  admiral  had  majiped  his  strait 
somewhere  southward;  so  Mexico  was  kej^t  lor  Cortes. 
There  was  on  tlu*  island  an  ancii'ut  ahori^'iiKil  of 
pcientil'.c  attaintnents  sullicient  to  enuhle  him  to  draw 
for  tlie  Spaniards  a  chart  of  tlie  mainland  coast,  and 
t(dl  them  nmch  of  the  country.  Ilim  they  tool;  on 
hoard,  and  after  dismissin;^  the  caci'iuc  with  present'^, 
crossed  to  the  continent,  and  anchored  near  a  jjniiit 


rcaclii'il  it  lioomnos  ^filr  ticf  Ziir.  The  nortlicni  \Y.\Yt  of  this  iiuip  v., 
the  two  Aiiic'.ifajt,  i:i  <|iiito  iiitt'i'Citi;!'^,  iiiid  will  In;  <'\[)!. lined  il  lwIich'. 
Tiiii  cnrtii'^raiiliical  miinstmsity  MiohiU'l  Luck,  /litUni/tU  /)iirrn  lo.'/.,  l."iSj, 
ciKU'iiviirt'.l.  ami  with  very  fair  siu'ccss,  to  fxoci'.l.  M.ip  xiii.,  Mmii'fi 
AtliK,  liy  ThntiiaM  lluoil,  I.VtJ,  f^'ivcs  the  (ln!f  ,if  M('\i(  i,  the  Islands, 
and  thi'  eastern  coast  of  N'ortli  America.  In  hndr'i  Worlil  Kiirwii'mMnl, 
l.V,t,">,  anollier  source  of  inloriuatinn  not  ri'inarUahlo  f.)r  reliahility,  Uoiidius 
traces  tiie  western  coast  to  Heriiit;  Strait,  lloudiiis'  i;ian.  l(l_'o,  in  l'<iiilitt.-<, 
Jl'-i  I'l/ji-'init,  iv.  K.")7,  gives  Nortli  Aniei  a  ti>  t!ie  iiiylliical  strait  of 
Anian.  l.imine  do  l«ut,  Aorri  iirhi.f.  It;:;;!,  ha.s  at  ]>.  -1^)  a  map  of  Snm 
E-tpitna,  \r(  ra  (lo'iriii,  and  (I'riif/iiin'ii,  aii  1  al  j).  ;>l  1  a  ina]>  of  'i'iirnt  Finiid. 
A  niaj)  of  tlio  world  in  the  atlas  of  Jacoli  Coloin,  llir;i,  will  rei|iiire  mention 
liereattcr.  OijU'ii/'m  Aiiiiririi,  1(171,  (,'ives  the  liorlhei'ii  continent  to  .\ni,iM 
Strait  with  Xoni  A/hrni  in  the  iiortlii-rn  jiart,  and  Ciiforniias  an  i'.ind; 
ni'.d  a  map  at  p.  '222  shows  jiarts  of  Mexico  an  I  ( 'entrai  America.  Tiicre  is  a 
Iiiap  of  the  midil'e  ])art  of  .America  in  /liii.-ijiifr'^i  \'<r,KVii'-i,  i.  41,  l(i',)|l.  !'•<■• 
Bile  these,  [  sliall  have  occasion  to  mention  others,  s'lili  iis  the  majis  in  the 
Uwcitiikr-io/Anfrhti,  ITtH;  Fioiiifli'.i  I'o'/ivir,  1707;  the  Itutch  collection  «if 
Voya','e'<  liy  I'ieter  \'an  der  .V.i;  llie  (ierin.in  eoUeeti  on  i>f  (lottfried;  I'o /i;/'.* 
lie  FriVirn'i  (  'nrrif,  17--!  AiltDii'^i  I'liil'l;/!',  \~'i\\:  Mnf'h  i'a  f!' >1  ir']ili;l  I'l'fjO'lt 
UJti;!;  llarri  1,  llarleian,  Oxford,  llo-rers,  She!voc!;e,  .liil'.  ry<,  and  otiier  cod  • 
tions  of  voyages.  I  may  also  mention  ineiijciit' liy  i'l  tlii  <  volnme  iiia]i-i  an  1 
charts  relatin;-;  more  especially  to  anotlier  p.r,  of  the  I'aciiii;  Stale-i  and 
tlesorihed  nion^  fnlly  in  a  siicceedin,'  volume. 

■' Ciicicpie,  lord  of  va-isals,  wa  i  tlie  name  hy  wliicli  t!ie  natives  of  Culi.i 
desiniiated  their  chiefs.  Learning;  tliis,  the  .'onipierors  at)iilied  t!ie  name  gen- 
erally to  the  riders  of  wild  trilu's,  althoi.gli  in  none  of  tiic  dialects  of  tlie 
continent  is  the  word  found.  I'eti'r  Ma/tyr  says  that  '  in  ^■oml•  jilaees  thiy 
call  a  liiiii'  Cucicus,  in  other  places  they  call  liini  t>iiehi,  and  Bomcwheie 
Tibu.' 


PISCOVERY  OF  HONDURAS. 


m 


;uiil>. 

jllt.^.tnl. 

In  I  it.  "f 
.\  ri>-n 

J'u-iiin. 

|iii\ti"n 
Aiiiaii 
i  .'..mil; 
•vc  i-*  a 

II.     V..- 

in  tlio 

•ti  111  tif 

'nrtjr.i 
■i'ufll, 

oIU    • 

.^    HIl'l 

('ul>;i 
111-  gi'»- 
li)f  l!i>' 

l-i  th>y 


uliich  Ci»limil>u.s  called  Piinta  <1l'  Caxiims,"  from  Iho 
native  name  of  a  oertain  iViiit  abouudiiiL;  tlieival»out. 
]lero  the  Spaniards  landed  on  the  1  lih  of  Aujj^ust, 
and  celebrated  mass;  then  proeeedinj^  eastward  some 
lifteen  lea<xucs  to  the  mouth  of  a  river/  thev  a<^aiii 
landu'd  t)n  the  l7th,  and  took  formal  possession  for 
Spain.  About  a  hundred  j)ainted  savai^es  displayed 
themselves,  liner  specimens  than  any  on  the  islands, 
some  naked,  and  others  partially  covered  with  white 
or  colored  cotton.  They  were  friendly,  and  pri'sented 
fniit  and  vegetables,  lish,  fowl,  and  maize.  So  con- 
si»ieuously  tlistended  were  the  ears  of  the  natives  at 
one  place  that  the  name  Costa  de  la  Oreja  was  given 
to  that  vicinity.^ 

J'roeeeding,  the  discoverers  onct)unter(.>d  a  succes- 
sion of  gales  which  continued  more  than  forty  days, 
and  having  weathered  theni  safely  they  were  so 
<1  li;_;liteil  that  in  sailing  round  the  point  of  their 
(lili\crance  they  thanl;ed  (iod,  and  callod  it  ( 'apo 
(iracias  il  ])ios.*  All  this  time  Columbus  suiltrrd 
severely.  Indeed,  lu-  was  now  but  littK;  better  than 
a  V,  reck  in  body  and  mind.  On  the  after  part  of  the 
ileck  his  bed  was  plact'd,  and  thi're  he  lay  over- 
whelmed with  pain   and   melancholy,  lost  in  endles.s 


«;;iii.  i\.,  H  wnui'ii  ii  cjino  tic  jUL'iU'ras;  uin  ciironuicr  also  iiii]ii(iys  iiio 
Willi!  MiiH'ltir.is;  (I'ltlrtno't  /)!.iroi'.,  l(i(>,  'tlio  (';i|>c  cif  ^iu'lU'I•a^<,  iiiul  vntu  tlio 
1  l:i;i'I.i  t  iimiarcs,  anil  lit  (lu>  CainMif  U"iiiluia.-i,  tliat  i.s  ti)  say,  tlir  ('a|n' of  thu 
I'lji'.hpa;'  llii-.niii,  ll'i-l.  Moii/n  Xrnm. -^-y,  '  I'miiiluia  ^tr:inilc.  lIu' ila' |ia<'saiii  i! 
iiDiiiiiiata  I',;ai?ra,  i>  ila'  Spagiiuoli  ('aim  ili  Fnniliiri ;'  Womorn,  llisf.  Imt.,  ',\\, 
'calm  (If  lli^'iicia.-t,' 

'  X.iini'il  liv  C'llitiiilms  iJii)  tl(>  la  rnsi^sion,  now  Uiiowti  as  iiio  Tiiito. 

'' I'nr  full  (li'siTiiiiiimn  of  tli<' st-vtial  iicoiilcs  iiilialiitiii;^  lliis  icLiioii  nt  the 
ciiiiiiii  ;  of  till'  i;in-i>]M  alls,  (luir  jiliy-^iiiiu'.  i  liar.ictt  r,  mstoiii'*,  inytlis,  ami 
li!li;ila'/o<,  I  must  refer  tlie  nailiT  to  my  Suthx  llurm  ■;/'  Ihc  i'urijir  Sluli.i,  ,"» 


212 


COLUMBUS  AT  VERAGUA. 


mazes  of  speculation.  Now  and  tlicn  lie  would  rouso 
himself  to  translate  his  visions,  or  to  direct  the  man- 
agement of  the  ship,  for  though  half  his  senses  should 
have  him,  he  was  still  a  sailor  from  instinct;  but  hatl 
it  not  l^een  for  the  faithful  energy  of  the  adelantado, 
tlio  voyage  might  as  well  never  have  been  under- 
taken. 

The  mariners  had  now  entered  a  smooth  sea;  with 
a  favorable  wind  they  passed  rapidly  down  the  ^los- 
quito  Coast,  giving  the  name  Limonares  to  a  cluster 
of  islands  on  which  grew  something  like  lemons  or 
limes,  and  on  the  IGtli  of  September  anchored  at 
the  mouth  of  a  largo  river.  Boats  were  sent  ashore 
for  water,  and  in  returning  one  was  upset  and  the 
wlK)le  crew  were  droM'ued;  from  which  melancholy 
occurrence  the  stream  was  named  Hio  del  Desastre.*" 
Continuing,  the  2rjth  found  the  Spaniards  off  the 
Kio  San  Juan  de  Nicaragua,  where,  to  escape  a 
Ftorm,  they  ran  in  l)ehind  an  island,  the  native  name 
of  which  M-as  Quiriviri,"  but  which  from  its  verdant 
b(\'nity  Columbus  called  La  Hucrta,  The  Garden. 
There  they  rested  several  days,  and  f(3und  sweet  spec- 
ulation, easily  inducing  the  savages  to  tell  them  such 
things  as  they  should  most  delight  to  hear.  Indeed, 
ull  along  the  coast  had  vague  information  been  given, 
by  signs  ill  interpreted,  of  a  remarkable  country  called 
Ciguaro,  nine  days'  journey  westward  be3'ond  the 
mountains.  The  people  there  were  like  the  Span- 
iards, clothed,  and  armed  with  steel  weapons,  with 
horses  and  great  ships.  The  women  wore  bands  of 
c<)ral  and  strings  of  pearls,  and  the  commonest  uten- 
isils  wore  of  gold.  Ten  days'  journey  from  Ciguaro 
must  lie  the  river  Ganges;  and  best  of  all,  there  was 


'"Rio  Esconilido,  or  Rhipfiolds,  somctimos  spelt  Rlowfields,  but  errone- 
ously. The  name  originateil  from  the  llutcli  pirate  Bleevolilt.  (Jn  map  iv., 
Munii-h  Atlitu,  iu  this  vicinity  arc  found  the  words  /'.-.  dtl m. 

"  Meivator  places  half- way  liotwccu  Cape  Gracias  d  Dios  and  Laguna  do 
Chiri(iui,  (Ji:iniri,  doEignating  a  town.  IVter  Martyr,  dec.  iii.  cap.  iv.,  says: 
'  He  came  to  a  region  which  the  inhahitants  call  t^juicuris,  in  which  is  the 
haiien  called  Tariai  i,  named  Miroluilanus  by  the  Admiral],  because  the  Miio- 
boluuc  trees  urc  uatiuc  iu  thu  le^ious  tlicrcabout.' 


SORCERIKS,  SAVACK  AND  Cn' I LIZKP. 


■doll, 
lec- 

siich 
.;e(l, 

veil, 
lied 
the 
paii- 
A-itli 
s  of 
ten- 
are 
was 

Irrone- 
lipiv., 

Ina  do 

I  says: 
M  the 
iMiro- 


n  passaiTfo  tliitli(^r  by  sea;  all  tin*  Spaniards  liad  tt»  do 
A\as  to  kecj)  rij^lit  on;  tlifv  could  not  nii.ss  tiu'  way. 
TIk;  ]Miro}u'ans  oaxc  lull  credit  to  tliesf  assertions. 
Tlius  from  till!  l»et;innin'L;"  mankind  liave  bet'ii  directt-d, 
and  ol'ti-ntiines  to  the  grandest  discoveries,  hy  niini^ded 
aciideiit  and  i;^norance,  and  wise  men  liki;  (.'ohiiiiliu-i 
iiiive  l)elieved  these  siljuvinely  silly  stories  hecauso 
it  jtleased  them  to  do  so.  These  savaijfes  may  liav<; 
had  rumors  (»!'  ^Mexico  or  l\iu  oii  which  to  huild 
tli(  ii-  l)rill;ant  iictions;  their  statements  were  lictions 
nolle  tlie  less. 

And  indeed  as  they  came  tojj^other  there  for  the 
first  tune,  the  white  men  and  the  red,  it  is  olteii 
ililllciilt  to  tell  ou  which  side  was  the  <n-eater  sim- 
jilicity  and  credulity.  The  tolly  of  the  Spaniard  wuh 
moulded  into  firnier  consistcneo,  was  less  ine[it  and 
vapor}'  tlian  the  folly  of  the  Americans,  and  that  was 
about  all.  For  instance,  at  the  village  of  C'ariay," 
just  opposite  on  the  main-land,  Columbus  ihoir^lit 
to  raise  the  Spaniards  in  the  estimation  of  the  sava-ji'os 
by  declining  to  take  the  (jitdju'n,  an  iiiferit)r  kind  i;f 
gold  which  they  presented;  whereupon  for  the  same 
reason,  and  in  retaliation,  the  natives  refused  Jv.i- 
ropcau  trinkets.  When  the  adelantado,  seated  on  a 
kuoll  with  the  notary  by  his  siile,  sought  to  translix 
some  of  the  wild  knowledge  of  those  parts,  the  na- 
tives fled  terrorstruek,  supposing  some  magic  spell 
was  being  cast  U})on  them  by  the  i)ens,  ink,  and 
paper  so  solemnly  drawn  forth  by  the  scribe.  Pres- 
ently with  great  caution  they  returned,  and  with 
exorcising  gesticulations  burned  and  scattered  in  the 
air  an  odorous  powder.  On  the  other  hand,  with 
ei|Ually  enlightened  common  sense,  the  Christians, 
U!Ki1)le  to  fathom  the  incantations  of  savagism,  fancied 

"The  name  of  tlio  province  also.  Diego  do  PorraH  call."  it  ( 'nrliri/ ;  1  Tirrcra 
mill  tliiisi!  will)  fullow  liim  write  ('(irinri.  On  tin;  niajn  of  ('ulnn  and  llihci-t, 
and  al>')  in  Mci'oati>r"rt  atlas,  tlio  word  i^Citrii''/.  0:i  tin'  nvipof  Va/.  I)imiadi> 
in  this  iiicality  is  written  nin'iiinriy.  '  Kini,;io(ici>t.Mai)ln  n  liahcii  tr''L;laul)t.  ila^.s 
tiii-rio  hciitigo  "  IMcw  tii'lds-Ija,'uiii,'"  dicsir  Aniiii|i!at/.  ilcs  ('.ilinnlm-i  mi. 
.\i]ili'ii;  JialK'u  dafiir  dio  Miindiuv^  do.s  firnsscn  Khisscs  von  Nicarayua  dou 
liio  San  Juan  ycuounauu.'  KM,  BeiUcn  uilealcu  Karlcn,  ll4-lo. 


214 


COLUMRUS  AT  VERAOUA. 


tli(>sc  hoatljoii  sorccivrs  l)i-iii'^iii;^  fi-oin  the  shades  (if 
tlii'ir  wiltk'nioss  wmthrul  dciuons  to  liui'l  upon  tlu-ir 
ndvt'rsai'ics;  .'ind  ever  ixWvv  on  the  voya;j[o  all  the 
ills  tliat  In-fcll  ll).o  Spaniards  were  attributed  to  the 
cneliantnients  (»t'  the  peofilo  of  (!ari.iy."  At  anotlier 
port  called  Iluiva,  Colunihus  found  the  huts  of  the 
natives  built  in  trees,  wliieli  he  attributed  to  fear  of 
;^ri!lins.  After  a  siiort  excursion  into  tlie  interior 
the  adelantado  retununl  to  the  sliips.  Xear  Cape 
(Jraeias  a  JJlos  the  old  man  of  (luanaja  had  been 
liberated  with  presents,  as  no  lonj^er  of  use;  n"W, 
seven  natives  wore  seized  and  made  to  divulge  v.lmt 
they  l.new  of  the  country,  two  of  them  being  retained 
as  guides. 

Sailing  from  Caritiy  the  ath  of  October,  the  sec- 
ond day  they  came  to  the  liaguna  de  Cliiritjui,  the 
country  thereabout  being  calK-d  by  tlie  natives  Cere- 
baro."  If  some  distance  back  Colunibus  had  luitnd 
"i  he  Chuvlen,  here  v."as  a  plurali::cd  paradise.  The 
v.onder  was  how  nature  contrivvd  such  glories, 
liound  the  entrance  clustered  i.--lands  Vvdiose  oul- 
si)read  foliage  brushed  the  venturesome  sails  that 
threaded  the  deep  narrow  channels.  C'ele.-tial  beauty 
irradiated  the  land,  and  a  cekv^Lial  iri-'hlness  over- 
s[)rL'ad  the  sea.  Uut  a  small  atklitioiial  rent  was 
necessary  in  the  ragged  imagination  of  the  admiral 
to  fancy  himself  alreatly  translated.     The  part  of  tlio 

'■'  'I'll  C'liriii/,  y  en  csas  licrras  tlo  su  comarca,  sou  j^amlca  fccliicciT'i  y 
iniiyiiK'Iro.in.'  <  'nr/'iili't  'o'on,  Xnr'n'rifrJ'o'.drVlnir^,  i.  .'(','7.  'Xu-.p:u(i'iau 
ii  iiii-<(ilros  frraiiiles  liecliiccros,  i  nosiii  a'.,_Mina  iav<J"i  l>'.K'iiiiiaiuIi>  se  n'-'i'ival.'aa 
a  l.)i  Cliri.-liaiii-;,  ispaivian,  pur  cI  aiiv  lii  rtu  pniV')  a  :  .ilj.ulia,  i  c  jniii.iliuiii  ', 
(jno  lK'fli.i1)an  <li'l  jioivi),  liaiian,  iiiiccl  hiiiiio  luuscajiii  lo.jCIiristiauos.'  Coon, 
JJint.  AhnifiiiiU',  U17,  hi  Jill ir in,  1. 

"Say.-i  I'.in.iii.lo  ('.>lmi,  lli'it.  Ahnirnntc,  IC,  i;>  ]h'r<-!','i  ,  of  this  iilaor: — 
'arrilmal  ('anil  ilo  A  ralmra,  (juo  son  (5  Icmias  <lo  lar;;a,  i  nun  ilcti'csilon:ic!io, 
I  !i  il  ijua!.  at  iiiinhaH  I.-^lita-',  i  lit-',  u  <|iiair.>  ll'nas  niui  a  luojxj.-iil.j  |iara  in* 
trar.'  A.i.l  Mi-  Wnh\  rcnii'lvs  ISihlm  I'lh  .dfn  K  lir.i,  1 1",  'Diuvo  ScIiiUK  ruirj 
jias.stauf  ki'iiuiii''.i'ir.t(;>.'\vii  .str  sii»llii.'li  Vfjni  San. I  nan  Variay,'  ahauf  un-t-ro 
'  l^iirnna  ilo  Ciiiriiiin,"  die  audi  uulil  iincli  licnti^i'<  Ta^c.j  Ik'sou  'crj  in  ilircr 
vcst'iilu'ii  Alitlicilun,'  'Uaiadcl  Alniiraiilu'.  . .  .gi  iiaiint  v,  iril.'  llilicri  places 
_>/.•("  lie  (mil  no  in  tlio  lagnna.  Va/ Dmirailo  M'litos  ('drx/jfrr;  Maiollo  jiita 
iirrc  Hdnu'winro  hi  r  inrnt  hr'T'itlit,  aad  mar  liy  oro  Imro.  Morcalur  ia::!;i'S 
( I  fi  h' I  ri>  ti  tiiwn.  llDnHn-!,  in  /'iirlin,  t/i.i  I'Ujr'iiiw-,  p!ai'tM  in  this  viLiuify 
till'  ti)\vn,  i^hihrri.  Wc^'liiiltsvlic  S^ikjlicl,  llJJI,  givw  C'i(Aii('/*o,  wul  u.  liilio 
to  the  iiurtli  a  tjwn,  (Jukura, 


CATIIERIXG  GOLD. 


218 


l.iLjuna  explored  by  this  expedition  was  tlie  iiorth- 
wi-sterii,  known  to-»lay  as  the  JJitliia  del  .Vhnirante; 
tlu'  hoiUhern  part  was  eall.vi  l;v  the  natives  Ahurenui. 

lIaii_L;i:i;,^  IVoni  the  necks  .^♦^  th.e  natives  was  puro 
o-()l  1  ill  pkite.-!,  now  lirst  found  -.iueo  touehln,'^  theso 
.shores,  but  the  owni'rs  were  eontent  to  keep  it. 
Fur;  her  on,  anywliere  but  liere,  they  said,  was  plenty 
of  ;;"o!.l,  notably  at  a  plaee  ealleil  \'eraL;ua,  twenty-livo 
Ica'L;'Ues  distant,  where  these  nuieh-adniired  plate-^  of 
<^t)I  1  wvi'c  lubricated,  irastenin;^'  forward,  tiie  Span- 
iards arrived,  on  the  ISlh,  at  a  river  twelve  lea;^ues 
to  the  eastward  of  C'(jrel)aro,  called  by  I'ernaiwlo 
Col  >n,  CJuaii^a,  and  by  i'orras,  (Juvj^a,  where  .lio 
savai'X'S  at[enii)ted  at  lirst  to  drive  them  away  bv 
splashiuLj  Yvute.',  ■  ivindisluni^  wooden  swords,  beating' 
drums,  and  soumliiiL?  conchs;  which  tlem<»nstraLlon 
beiuL^  ovi.1  they  (juieily  traded  sixteen  of  their  ;:;()ld- 
jilatei,  valued  at  one  hun;ired  and  lil'ly  ducals,  for 
three  hav.'k-bells.  The  followin^j  tlay  the  Spaniards 
Were  met  in  like  manner  by  other  .savages  whom  a 
shot  sent  scampering;  after  which  they  returnetl  and 
traded  dull  Tally. 

After  this  the  discoverers  touched  at  the  prov- 
inces of  Call';.!  and  C\jbraba,  where  they  saw  the 
ruins  of  a  v.\,ll  btiiit  of  .stone  and  lime,  which  excited 
i;i  Iheia  anliei[)ations  of  a  near  approach  to  civil- 
i;;a[ion;  but  as  they  neared  the  rich  river  the  wind 
fre.liened  and  carried  them  past,  without  however 
I'reventing  a  <j;lim[)se  of  live  towns,  one  of  which  the 
j^uiJes  assured  them  was  Veragua."  In  t!ie  next 
l)rovince,  Cubig;i,  terminated  the  g\)ld  region,  so  they 
v.'ere  told.  Some  v/ere  eairer  to  <'(j  back  t(j  A  era- 
gua  and  gather  gold,  but  a'.ixious  to  lind  his  strait 
Columbus  put  them  olf,  saying  he  would  return  anon. 

Fane}'  the  old  admiral  groj)ing  in  the  dai''\ness,  the 

' ' Ali')rigi;iiil!y  the  iinino  of  ii  tnwn.  iiniviiico,  .iiul  river  f.iiiiK.is  f,n' 
P''l'l.  Later  the  liaino  IffCiUno  liistmiijilly  ctlobijitvl,  liuin;^  iqiplii'd  l>y  tli  ■ 
.^IKiiiiai'ila  to  that  whole  itjioii,  {iiid  f.'iv(.a  as  a  titlo  to  the  iL-sn  wliiiilji  of 
C 'l.uiilju.i,  who  were  calleil  diikos  uf  \'(.rai,'iias.  I'ttiT  Martyr,  Cnloii,  anil 
l.ihi'.M,  u!l  write  hif'-nnii ;  Vaz  Doiuaili,  hirn'j". ;  riol'.iny,  Jhi-IjIi,  u.i  u 
I'lijv.ac'u ;  I^R't  aiul  J  cilery  s,  I'l  niju'i.     I'orrud  calls  the  pruviucu  Cobraba. 


JIG 


COLUMBUS  AT  VERAGUA. 


world,  tlio  universe  clear  cnouirh  to  him  as  mapped 
ill  liis  own  mind,  but  luiLappily  not  fitting'  the  sul)- 
stautial  facts.  Instinctively  lie  seems  to  hover  about 
this  the  narrowest  part  of  the  continent,  his  sliip's 
prow  now  pointed  directly  toward  Spain,  with  India 
so  far  awav,  and  the  vast  water  intervcninu',  and  tlif 
small  hut  miulitv  strip  (<f  land  that  makes  his  mental 
map  of  no  avail.  Thu;-.  since  the  world  hcL^an  millions 
have  map[)e<l  eternity,  and  still  do  map  it,  the  heavenly 
powers  meanwhile  laughing  at  the  miserable  work 
men  make  of  it. 

Thus  vainly  searching,  on  the  2d  of  November 
Cokunbus  finds  his  ships  at  anchor  iu  a  beautiful 
and  connnodious  harbor  entered  between  two  island;-. 
On  every  side  are  fields  of  maize,  and  orchards  of  fruit, 
and  groves  of  palm;  for  the  people  dwell  in  houses 
and  cultivate  the  irround.  There  he  remains  seven 
days,  waiting  the  cessation  of  a  storm;  and  he  calls 
the  place  Puerto  i^ello,  also  written  Portobello,  which 
name  it  has  ever  since  retained.  Venturing  forth  eii 
the  !)th,  he  makes  eastward  eight  leagues,  but  is 
<h'iven  back,  and  takes  refuixe  behind  some  islands 
in  a  small  harbor,  which  he  calls  Puerto  do  IJasti- 
mentos,'''  from  the  abundance  of  jirovisions  brough.t 
them  there.  After  repairing  the  ships,  now  badly 
worm-eaten,  he  again  on  the'Jod  attempts  an  advance 
eastward,  ])ut  is  speedily  driven  into  a  cove,  which  he 
names  ICl  Ivetrete,  some  callintj  it  Puerto  \\<^.  I'^si-ri- 
banos,  and  whudi  is  so  small  as  barely  to  admit  llio 
ships,  and  so  deep  that  bottom  cannot  Ijo  touched." 


""'OfT  Xi)m1irc  dc  Dios  on  Vaz  Dourndo's  m.Tp,  is  a  group  called  /.'.  Ot  In-^' 

t'liiii'tnn:  ill  tlio  A'orr.<Oc/;/'.-(<if  ]/iofc  tlioy  Jiro  )'"■•' (/c  /lux^hiiriild-i :  .Jcd'ory^  ("'lis 
thtiu  /()■<  ilii.i'iiiiriifin  ;  NavMrrctc,  '  nf.  </r  I'iutj.s,  i.  '2S'>,  j^ivv^i  Puerto  tlct  Jt<tnle 
in  tilt'  text,  (iiid  I'lu'i'l'i  /■Jii'ri'iiiiin.i  in  a.  notf. 

'' 'J'lio  locality  of  tlii-t  littl(3  iiMflior  was  soon  lost.  JI'Tivra  afllnns  tli.it  in 
liis  tinio  its  f^itiiation  was  unrirtain,  soiuc  iH.-licvinL;  N'oinliri'  do  ])ios  to  he  tlio 
iil:\('e  mrntionrd.  I'l'sclirl  liicati's  it  near  tho  town  of  Colon;  lluinlioMt  rt 
I'mM'todo  Ksi'i'iliaiios.  Jlilicro  jilacos  liflccn  U'amu's  west  of  Nonibrc  dc  l)ios, 
ji''  rthr.  Kohl  says,  lU'nh  n  iiUi.-^tni  Kurtrii,  Il(i:  '  I'^r  llndct  .sicli  niclit  aiif 
N.  N'allanl  (I.'i47).  niclit  aiif  Dourado  (l.">S())  uiid  niclit  aiif  den  Karten  vom 
Jstlunus  von  ])arien  in  Jicrrcia.'  lJut  it  woidd  seem  from  the  description  of 
I'Vruandu  Coluu,  JliU.  Aliniraul',  llU,  hi  Unrctn,  i.,  that  Uio  placu  ;d)juld  lio 


END  OF  THE  ADMIRAL'S  DISCOAT.RTES. 


217 


And  now  the  mariners  show  sic^'ns  of  discontent; 
with  gold  so  near  they  arc  not  S[)aniards  else.  And 
the  great  discoverer,  the  admiral  of  the  ocean  sea, 
must  he  burv  in  this  little  crevice  of  a  harharous 
shore  his  mighty  hopes  ?  Bastidas  was  here,"  al- 
though it  is  not  certain  how  well  informed  the  admiral 
is  of  the  fact,  whether  he  had  notice  from  ]]astidas 
at  Santo  Domingo  as  to  the  termination  of  his  voy- 
age, or  whether  the  natives  here  had  tohl  him;  in 
any  event,  there  cannot  be  now  in  the  admiral's 
mind  much  douht  that  the  coast  is  practically  disct»v- 
cred  from  Trinidad  to  Guanaja,  and  that  hctwt-en 
tlicse  two  islands  isashoredine  of  continent  unbroken 
i  ly  any  strait.  Yes,  as  well  uid  trace  here  as  elsewhere ; 
and  golddumting  is  not  a  bad  occupation  fur  an  old 
man  aftrr  his  life's  work  is  done 

Turning  then  toward  Vcragua  for  solace,  (he  Span- 
iards sailed   Irom   El  lietrete  the  oth  of  lV'cend>er. 


I'.t 


~  luit  in 

1,1'  Iho 

,Mt  i)t 

•  Pins, 

ht  iiuf 

[n  voin 

It '.'III  I'f 

luKl  Ijo 


easily  i'iin\iL;li  fonnil.     lie  says : — '  cntramos  rn  vn  Pnortceillo,  que  se  1!; 


/.'( (,■ 


\\in\[X 


caliiau  in  el  mas  de  .")  <p  (>  Navii 
(1 


1 

su  eutrada  era  (lor  viia 


boea  do  ijiunee,  o  vi  uite  ]iaso.s  de  auelin,  i  aiiilxis  lado?!  eran  J. ocas,  (jiic  sali;.ii 
A:,'iia,  C'liuo  puntacle  Diamante,  iira  tan  iiriifutidn  de  ( 'anal,  jior  eiinicdin,  (jiio 


aciicamlose  a  la  or 


Alth 


til' 


ilia,  \  u  1 


11)00,  so  poi 


iia  sallar  desde  el  \avio  en  Tierr; 


itlio''itios  arc  soniewiiat  vamie  ami  eonlHetin 


to  the 


tcnniniil  jioiiit  fif  the  maiu-lan<i  eoastin;,'.s  of  IJastidas,  there  is  no  cloulit  that 


the  t 
('.•rnr; 
iii.  II 


wo  lUsoovcnes  li.  re  iiniteil 
rs,  take  liaiilidas  direct  from  U 


Ovuilo,  11. 


;4-,'i(l 


rail, I 


to.T.-i 


d  tl 
luit  i^as  (,' 


o>e  eo]iyiri,i. 


J. 


in  t.  IikI. 


sta 


'Saiieron  del  pilfo  do  I'ralia,  y  fueron  la  eosta  del  I'miiinto 


del  IMrete,  ilondo 


ii''(jra  cst.i  la  eni- 


(iiiajo,  y  lle_,aron  al  imerto  <jne  llaniaron  ( 
d.id  y  jmerto  f|ne  nomltrainos  ilel  Nomlire  do  llios.'  Later,  in  ehajiter  xxiii. 
\'1',\,  he  ecrrects  himself  in  reganl  to  101  lietrete  and  Xomhrc  do  l)ios  lieinj,'  tlio 
f-aiiie  jilaee: — '  I'or  esto  pareco  ijue  el  pnerto  del  Ketrete  no  es  el  f|uo  agora 
llamamo-i  del  Xomln'c  de  Dios,  como  nrriha  dijinios  ])or  relaeion  do  otrfw,  siiio 
mas  adelante,  hiieia  el  Oriente.'     Speakiiij,;  of  Kl  Retretc,  Die;i;o  do  rorras, 


"rr  )•/■'■  V, 


<  ';).  ,1,'  I 


iiiji.-i,  1.  'JS,),  I'emarus: 


1- 


n  alLTunas  ear 


tas  d 


(J  nave' 'a  1'  ile 


iil^iiiios  do  los  marinoros  juntalia,  esta  tierni  eon  la  (]\ie  liahia  desenliiiito  Ho- 
jeda  y  Tiastidas.'     Xavarreto  himself,  (  iJ.  do  Vi  "jct.  iii.  'Jli,  .says  of  llastidas, 
'tenniiiii  su  desonlirimiento  ]ior  i  i-i  ilie/  L'rados  de  altura  rn  el  jmerto  di  1  Ue- 
di  1  nomiiri?  de  IHos;'  and  nLraiii  in  a  note  eoiieernim' 


trete 


do  V. 


•niianos  y 


to  el  Al 


iiiiran 


t.i  C.il 


ou 


Xmiilirede  Dios; — '  Ln  este  pueito  entni  iiosterionncn 

cl  dia  'J'i  de  Xovieniliro  do  l.'dl'i  eon  noticia  que  y  i,  t<'iiia  de  Im  de^ctdirimini- 


tos  do  J!a~itid;i 


liomara,  //'■•■<.  ///'/.,  <!7,  neeiedits  liastidas  with  tl 


le  new 


iliscovcry  of  170  leamie.s  of  coast,  '([lie  ay  del  ealiode  la  Vela  al  ;_'i>lfi, 
yFarall-nes  dil  iJarieii,' rc-itiii;,' w  ith  ( l\  ii'do  at  that  ]ioint.     From  the  e\i- 


tli'iiei'  llinnlioldt,  L'xi'iii.  <'rit.. 


.'>(!(>,  infiis  that  llastidas  continneil  '  veis 


reitrst  jasqu'au  Puerto  de  Retrelo.'  Loose  statements  aro  quite  the  lialiit 
liow  as  of  iild;  instanee  that  of  1,,  rdo  de  'I'ejada,  who  says,  .\]iiin/i>i  lli-l.,  SU, 
I'lfenin,'  to  llastidas,  '  V  si'.'uio  lia^ta  el  ]iuerto  llamado  despucd  el  litliro, 
duude  so  fuiido  pwteii  'nueiito  tl  del  Aombix  ile  iJion,' 


^i  If' 


218 


COLUMBUS  AT  VERAGUA. 


But  with  tlii;-.  cliango  tlio  fickle  wind  liad  likewise 
chani^ed  its  course;  wherever  they  went  v.ere  storms 
and  bufFetin_!L,'s,  until  Columbus  pronounced  upon  that 
shore  the  name  La  Costa  de  los  Contrastes.  AVhere 
now  was  the  balmy  breath  of  perfumed  i;.les,  the 
sparklin;^  sun  dancing  beneath  the  wanton  waters? 
IJemonii'.ed.  Cale  followed  gale  in  ([u'u.-k  succession; 
winds  contending,  veering;  now  the  mariners  were 
hurried  on  t<nvard  their  destination,  onlv  to  be 
driven  back  to  their  .starting-[)oint.  The  stubborn 
waves  struck  the  cra;'.y  barks  with  such  menacing 
I'orco  as  to  send  the  terror-stricken  sailors  to  thrir 
knees  in  confession,  and  prayer  for  deliverance.  I'm- 
nine  days  th(;  sea  was  white  with  an.gryl'iiam;  the  sky 
blazed  with  electric  iires;  the  menlellsiek;  provi..ioii,s 
s[)oiled.  Long,  lank,  muscular  sharks,  weathcrwiso 
monsters,  followed  the  ships  expectantly,  until  the 
hungcn'-smlttcn  crews  eyed  them  ouiinou,  ]y  i:i  return, 
until  these  creatmvs  that  had  come  to  e:it  wvn: 
caun'ht  and  eaten  by  these  other  creatures.  All  this 
time  down  poured  the  rain  in  toii-ents  and  ncarlv 
submei'ged  the  sliips.  In  the  midst  of  these  cata- 
clysmal  horrors  a  water-spout  was  seen  approaching, 
"whicli,"  Fernando  Colon  is  sure,  "if  they  had  not 
diss(jlved  by  reciting  the  gospel  of  St  John,  v,-ou)d 
certainly  have  sunk  whatever  it  had  fallen  upon." 
Twenty-nlno  days  were  occupied  in  mailing  as  many 
leagues  to  the  westward.  Once  the  sh:})S  parted  cem- 
pany  Ibr  three  days;  twice  they  ran  into  Portolicllo, 
and  twice  they  took  refuge  at  otlier  })]aces  on  the 
coast. 

At  length,  with  thanksgiving,  Januar}'  ('>,  I  .lO:!, 
tliey  (vu'ie  to  anchor  at  tlu;  nioutli  of  a  ri\»r,  the 
native  nanu"  of  wlilch  w;is  Yel-ra;  but  (^'(dumbus,  iu 
honor  of  the  day,  i]piphany,  caUed  it  Santa  ]\Iai'ia 
de  ]\'len."  One  lean'Ue  to  the  we^;tv,  ard  was  the 
rivei"  A'eragua.     The  a(hniral  ordered  both   streams 

o 

'■'Tlmt  i^ttofi.'iy,  Dullilclicin.  Porr.nH  enters  it  1'.  ».  c'-;vi  ,■  iriTveni,  l'(''/'"; 
mill  l'\rii;iii(l<>  t.'uKin,  Kii'ii-ii,  On  lUliero's  map  the  ii;iine  lic'c  i;)  given  to  ;i 
lujjoun;  \u.^  Douiiulo  wiitua  Ldcn;  and  Jiieob  Culuni,  Uilcu. 


THE  QUIBI.1N. 


219 


to  1)0  soundoJ.  The  Veragua  was  fcund  too  sliallow 
i'or  the  ships.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Bclen  was  a  bar, 
Mliich  however  could  be  crossed  at  high  water; 
above  the  bar  the  depth  was  four  fathoms.  Ou  tlie 
bank  of  the  Belen  stood  a  village,  whose  inhal)itaiits 
at  fir;it  opposed  the  landing  of  the  Spaniards;  but 
being  persuaded  by  the  interpreter,  they  at  length 
yielded.  They  were  a  well-develo[)ed,  nuiscular  peo- 
ple, rather  above  medium  stature,  intelligent,  and 
e.K('e[)tionally  shrewd;  in  foot,  in  point  of  native 
ability  they  were  in  no  wise  inferior  to  the  Spaniards. 
WJicn  questioned  concerning  their  country,  tliey  an- 
swered guardedly;  when  asked  about  their  g(jld  mines, 
they  re[)lied  evasively.  First,  it  was  from  some  far-off 
mysterious  mouiitain  the  metal  came;  then  the  river 
Veragua  was  made  to  yield  it  all;  there  was  none  at 
all  about  Belen,  nor  within  their  territory,  in  fact. 
Fiuall}'  they  took  a  few  trinkets,  and  gave  the  intrud- 
ers tv.'onty  plates  of  gold,  thinking  to  be  rid  of  them. 
Within  a  day  or  two  the  vessels  were  taken  over  the 
bar,  and  on  the  Dth  two  of  them  ascended  the  river  a 
short  distance.  The  natives  made  the  best  of  it,  and 
brou'^lit  lish  and  {'•old. 

Vrith  an  armotl  force  the  adelantado  sets  out  in 
boat  i  to  ex[)lore  the  Veragua.  lie  has  not  proceeded 
far  \v\nm  ho  is  met  by  a  tleet  of  canoes,  in  one  f)f 
whi>.'h  sits  the  qnlblan,^^  the  king  of  all  tliat  country, 
liavin'(  under  liini  many  subordinate  chiefs.  lie  is 
tall,  well-modelled,  and  compactly  built,  with  restless, 
searching  eyes,  but  otherwise  ex[)ressionless  A^atures, 
taciturn  and  dignified,  and,  for  a  savage,  of  exception- 
all}'  bland  demeanor.     We  shall  iind  hiui  as  politic  as 

■' AUIiongli  used  l)y  most  Spjinisli  anil  Kii'^Ii-.li  wiitciv!  iis  ii  ]irii|)t'r  iiuinc, 
tlio  wnvd  if'i'iifu  i.i  ail  ii[)in.'lliitivi',  mill  :  i.'nil'nM  tlu'  clii.f  nf  :i  iiali  'ii,  nr  t!io 
ruliTof  ji  ilyiiaxty,  n^  tlus  ciiriijuc  i{  tlio  ('iili.ni-!,  tlio  /■n"'  nf  tliu  rrruvi;iii--<, 
tlic  ii//./«  i,it'  tlio  (^iiiclii/s,  t'to.  CuluiiiliUH,  wiiliii;^  frmii  Jiimiiica,  iiii|iliiy  i  ilm 
term  i ',  (^tiilihta  <lc  Vcricjun  ;  ami  a;;aiii,  Ciuli,  <lc  Co'o),  in  X'lOif'i/c,  f  ,,'.  '« 
I'/i/Viw,  i,  ,'M2,  'AstnitiJ  jiiu'hlo,  y  ili  iiuirlrH  didiva-i  at  (J/ti'iiaii,  <iiiu  asi  ll.niiau 
ol  Souor  do  l;i  ticrra.'  Najiiuuo  and  Do  ( 'unii  wi'ito  11  (Juibhi  o  curiro  t/!  Hn-.i- 
ijit'i.  St-()  tlieii'  fJii  ■/.  'Ii  Col.iiit'ri,  li'^S:— '  11  I'lvfitti)  aiulu  tsjllo  liaivlio  al  niaro 
l».'r  iniraru  ml  liiniio  o  portaiyi  alia  popolazinuo  del  Quibio,  coal  cIiianiULO  da 
quci  pniiuii  il  luiu  Ko.' 


m 


■  h 


220 


COLUMBUS  AT  VEnAGUA. 


ho  is  powerful;  and  as  for  his  wealth,  unfortunately 
for  liliu,  his  iloniain  ineludes  tlio  riclicst  <^ol<l  mines 
of  lliat  ricli  coast.  On  the  whole,  the  fjuihian  is  as 
fine  a  specimen  of  his  race  as  tlie  adclantado  is  of  his. 
And  thus  they  are  iairly  met,  the  men  of  Euro|)o 
and  the  men  of  North  America;  and  as  in  the  gladi- 
atorial comljat,  whicli  opens  witli  a  smilinj^  salutation, 
tliis  four-century  life-struLT'Jfle  bci^ins  witli  friendly 
greeting's,  l^ity  it  is,  tliey  are  outwardly  not  moivj 
evenly  matched;  pity  it  is  that  tl'o  EuroiJean  with  liis 
HU[)eri()r  civili/cation,  his  saltpetre,  and  l»Iooddiounds, 
his  steel  weapons,  and  strange  diseases,  should  h,' 
•.dh)wcd  to  do  his  I'ohhcry  so  casilyl  ])ut  raM-nous 
beasts  and  bloody  bi{)eds  are  so  made  that  they  do  not 
hesitate  to  take  advantage  of  the  helpless;  it  is  only 
civilized  man,  however,  that  calls  his  butcherings  by 
pleasant  names,  such  as  progress,  ]iiety,  and  makes 
his  religion  and  his  law  conform  to  his  heart's  unjust 
desires. 

As  the  champions  approach  each  other,  we  see 
about  tlicm  both  an  air  of  determination  and  com- 
mand; and  while  extremely  cordial,  wo  sco  on  cither 
side  that  courtesy  connnon  to  those  who  fear  while 
they  suspect.  With  princely  grace  the  red  man  takes 
from  his  naked  body  some  massive  golden  ornaments 
and  presents  them  to  the  white  man;  the  adclantado, 
not  to  be  outdone  in  generosity  by  a  savage,  with 
equal  dignity  and  solenmity  presents  the  rod  man  a 
handful  of  valueless  baubles.  The  ceremony  over, 
M'ith  nmtual  assurances  of  friendship  the  chieftains 
retire.  Next  day  the  quibian  visits  the  admiral  in 
his  ship.  Neither  lias  nuich  to  say;  presents  are 
exchanged,  and  the  savage  returns  to  his  people. 

While  the  ships  of  the  Spaniards  lay  by  the  hank 
in  fancied  security,  on  the  24th  of  January  the  storm- 
demon,  as  if  enraged  at  the  escape  of  its  victims  iVoiii 
tho  fury  of  the  sea,  rushed  to  the  mountains,  and 
o[)ening  tho  windows  of  heaven,  let  down  a  dt-luge  cm 
tlio  land.     The  rushing  torrents  swept  everything  be* 


BARTOLOME  TEXETRATES  THE  INTERIOR. 


221 


fore  tlioni.  The  vessels  wore  torn  from  their  mooringg 
;m(l  carried  down  the  river,  only  to  be  met  at  the 
mouth  hy  tlie  iiieoiniiii^  breakers  from  the  sea.  And 
thus  to  their  imminent  i>eril  they  were  tossed  for 
bcveral  days  by  the  contendin!;^  waters. 

The  storm  abatini,^,  and  the  ships  made  secure,  tho 
ad('lantad(^  ai^ain  started  in  search  of  the  jrold-lields. 
Vritli  sixty-eiLrlit  men  he  ascended  tho  Veraixua  to 
(Ik;  villapje  of  tlio  quibian,  whose  house  was  situated 
nil  a  liill  round  whieli  wore  scatteretl  the  dwelhngs 
of  his  people.  The  chieftain  witli  a  large  retinue, 
unarmed  in  token  of  peace,  welcomed  tlie  visitors  at 
the  landing.  Guides  were  n^adily  furnished  at  tho 
adclantado's  request;  so  leaving  part  of  his  company 
to  guard  the  boats,  with  the  remainder  he  set  out  on 
foot  I'or  the  base  of  the  mountain,  distant  six  leagues, 
wliich  ho  reached  the  following  day.  For  many 
miles  he  found  the  soil  richly  im])regnated  with  gold, 
and  returned  elated,  as  visions  of  jiopulous  cities  and 
unlx)unded  wealth  iloated  through  his  brain.  ^Vili(•h 
seeing,  tho  quibian  grindy  smiled  that  they  should 
deem  their  work  already  done,  himself  subdued,  the 
land  their  own;  and  he  smiled  to  think  how  he  had 
sent  them  round  and  away  from  his  own  rich  mines 
to  the  poorer  and  more  (.listant  fields  of  Urira,  his 
ancient  enemy.  Then  the  adelantado  exjjlored  west- 
ward, and  came  to  the  town  and  river^*  of  this  Urinl, 
and  to  the  towns  of  Dururi.  Cobrab;l,  and  Catiba, 
where  he  ol      "ned  gold  and  [)rovisions. 

There  wore  here  fifty  leagues  of  coast,  from  Cerc- 
haro  to  Yeragua,  called  by  the  Spaniards  the  ticrra 
ill-  imcato,  or  land  ol'  trade,  moaning  trade  in  gold, 
that  being  the  only  thing  worth  trading  for  in  an 
expedition  of  this  kind.  This  seaboard  was  heavily 
Wooded,  and  uninhabited  except  along  the  rivers, 
I'of  three  leaLjues  inland.  And  all  thiu'^s  seeming  so 
favorable,  Columbus  thought  he  would  plant  a  colony 

"  Rio  Je  la  Coiici'pcion. 


I 


1.^ 


COLUMr.US  AT  VERAGUA. 

licro,  leave  ci^^^lity  men  and  one  of  the  vessels  in 
cluirge  of  the  adclantado,  and  witli  the  remainder 
return  to  Spain,  report  tlie  results  of  his  discovciy, 
and  obtain  rr'inloivenicnts.  Ina  word,if  notrestraiufd 
by  s<^inc  Ferdinand, or  Fonseea,or  other  hateful  friend, 
ho  would  repeat  with  fresh  enthusiasm  his  former 
errors  wliieli  had  so  nearly  wrought  his  ruin.  JJut 
his  usual  ill-luck  came  to  the  rescue.  The  quibian  did 
not  view  with  favor  the  preparations  which  he  saw 
the  Spaniards  making  for  a  j)crmanent  residence  on 
his  lands,  and  he  determined  it  should  not  be.  JJut 
how  could  he  prevent  it  ?  For  ho  was  well  aware 
of  tlie  advantages  these  strangers  possessed  in  open 
warf.u'e.  Yet  there  were  several  ways  open  to  liini; 
if  he  did  not  wish  to  attack  them  witli  an  over- 
whelming force  he  could  devastate  the  country  around, 
withdraw  his  people,  and  leave  the  Spaniards  to  die, 
meanwhile  cutting  off  such  stragglers  and  foraging 
parties  as  he  could  easily  handle.  And  this  he  did, 
begiiming  operations  by  summoning  the  neighboring 
tribes;,  ostensibly  I'or  the  purpose  of  organizing  an 
cxjK-dition  against  Urint  and  Cobrab;!. 

The  suspicions  of  the  Spaniards  were  aroused. 
Diego  ]\rcnde?:,  rscwlcro,  esquii'e,  or  shield-bearer 
of  the  ship  Saiitiarjo,'^'^  a  sharp,  bold,  and  somewhat 
boastful  man,  but  courageous  beyond  the  compre- 
hension of  I'oar,  asked  and  obtained  ]iermission  to 
investigate  tlie  matter.  Entering  the  Yeragua  in  an 
armed  boat  he  found  encam})ed  below  the  (juibian's 
village  about  a  thousand  painted  warriors.  Assum- 
ing an  air  of  unconcern  Mendez  landed  and  strolled 
leisurely  among  the  savages.  Ilemarking  on  their 
proposed  expedition  ho  ofl'ered  to  join  them;  l)ut  his 
Borvicos  were  rejected,  and  his  presenco  was  mani- 
festly distasteful  to  them.  lie  returned  and  rep(M'ted 
thai  the  savages  were  preparing  to  attack  the  S[)an- 

^■-Irvinr;,  fohnnhiii,  ii.  402,  carelessly  (alls  liim  'the  chief  notary,'  ci'ii- 
foniiiliii;;  liiiii  with  Diego  do  I'orras,  who  was  notary  of  the  expedition.  'I'll" 
notaiy  w;n  not  a  li;;]itiiig  man,  l)nt  rather  ^Mist  withhold  himself  from  iiotioii 
tliiit  1)0  mi^ht  write  down  what  waa  dune  by  others. 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  QUTDIAN. 


2SS 


inn's.  Yet  to  salisfv  somo  M'Iio  doulttod,  ^Nrendoz 
wtMit  ;ic;ain,tliis  i'wno  takin-jf  willi  him  one  C()inj)aiii()ii, 
]        -  -- 


t(Mi 


•!;.;■()  (Ic  lOscohar,  iiitLMidinj^  plainly  to  deinaiul  of 
the  (^riil)iaii  liis  purpose.  A  liost  of  i'rowiiiii!^  savaij^es 
j^rccted  the  visitors,  who  asked  to  see  the  quihiaii. 
Till  V  were  iid'nrnied  that  lie  was  Iviuuf  ill   from  the 


or 


that 
a  snr- 


cU'ects  of  a  wound   i-eccived    in    hallle.      "  \ 
verv  jnu'pose,"  replied  the  ready  ]\Iende;';,  "  I 

•  '•..'Oil  jiin  roine    to    heal    him."     ]^>ut    the    Sjianiards 

•  •i»ull  nol  !L;';iin  audienee  of  the  chief,  and  they  re- 
lanicd  moi-e  than  ever  convinced  ol'  his  Moody  inteu- 
lion  toward  them. 

W'liat  was  to  he  done?  The  ndmiral  could  not 
dep;irt  Vviiile  hostilities  were  pending',  nor  could  the 
{^[laniards  delay  their  operations  until  it  should  jilease 
the  savae'es  to  attack  them.  The  adekintado  deter- 
niini'd  to  I'orci.'  an  issue.  With  seventv-(ive  men,  on 
the  mornin_L,^  ol'  tlie  "Oth  of  !March,  he  ascended  the 
^^'rag•ua,  and  landed  unobserved  near  tlu;  (juibiau's 
villa-^'e.  iridinijf  his  men,  he  advanced,  iirst  with 
fMUi-  nttendiUits,  then  alone,  until  after  some  diih- 
culty  he  ;>'ained  admission  to  the  riuihian's  presence. 
What  ]?artolome  was  now  attemi)tin''- was  tlu-  iVLTular 
^anie,  afterwanl  }>layed  for  hin'her  stakes,  but  now 
heini^  pretty  y;enerally  [iractiscd  in  the  XewAVoi'ld; 
namely,  to  ca])ture  the  chief  and  hold  him  hostaj^o 
fir  the  good  behavior  of  his  ]ieopl(>.  It  v.TlS  at  the 
door  in  front  of  the  (juibian's  dw^lliuL;"  that  this 
inter\ie\v  took  ))lace.  The  savage  suspected  noth- 
ing. Tlie  very  boldness  of  the  scheme,  so  foreign 
to  ahorigiual  warf;ire,  tended  t^i  allay  ajipreln-nsion. 
Wilhin  were  tIfL}'  of  his  household,  and  iit  easy 
call  i!\e  hundred  M'arriors;  what  had  the  (piibian 
t'l  feai' ;*  The  two  chiefs  sat  and  talked,  first  on 
LO'iicral  subjects;  then  the  adelantado  en(|uire(l  con- 
terneilly  aliout  bis  host's  illness,  examined  the  wound 
tfiiderly,  ])assed  his  hands  over  the  disabled  limb 
while  ])roi)osing  remedies.  Suddenly  the  savage  felt 
the  grasp  of  tlio  Spaniard   tighten   upon   him,  and 


-Pi 

m 


224 


COLUMBUS  AT  VERAGUA. 


l)cf()ro  ]iis  suspicions  wcro  f;iirly  aroused  liis  arms 
Were  ])iiiione(l  heliiud  liim.  Meiidez,  who  had  l)eeii 
watehinu;-,  lired  his  ar<jiiebuse,  and  the  concealed 
Spaniards  ruslied  forward  and  surrounded  the  liouso. 
The  quihian  struggled,  but  weakened  by  sickness  ho 
was  easily  held  in  the  iron  grasp  of  the  adelantado, 
until  by  the  aid  of  the  other  Spaniards  he  was  made 
}'()werless.  So  adroitly  was  the  feat  iJerftn-uied,  that 
before  the  presence  of  the  Spaniards  was  generally 
known  amon'jf  the  natives,  their  chief  and  all  his 
family  were  captive,  and  on  the  way  to  the  boats, 
'^riie  savages  lifted  up  the  usual  lamentations,  and 
oflered  enoi'mous  ranso.ii;  but  it  hatl  been  deter- 
mined beforehand  that  the  chief  personages  of  the 
nation  should  be  sent  to  Spain;  for  in  such  procedure, 
the  admiral  thought,  lay  the  greater  security  of  his 
plans. 

At  this  juncture  in  the  narrative  historians,  even 
modern  writers  of  fair  intellii'ence,  <rravelv  discuss 
the  probabilities  of  guilt  in  the  quibian's  su])posed 
treacherv,  some  holdino-  with  Dieiro  de  I'orras  that 
the  natives  did  not  meditate  attack;  as  if  they  had 
not  the  riij'ht  to  defend  their  countrv,  their  wives  and 
little  ones,  from  the  ravages  of  the  invader  by  any 
means  within  their  power. 

Passing  conventional  twaddle — for  if  the  quibian 
was  not  ti'uilty  he  ou2i;ht  in  honor  to  have  been — 
it  IS  very  certani  that  this  action  on  the  part  of  the 
Spaniarils  was  the  cause  of  many  woes,  and  of  their 
final  overthrow  in  these  parts.'^  In  any  event  it  was 
now  of  the  highest  importance  to  secure  the  (juibian. 
'J'he  whole  adventure  on  this  coast  depended  u[)on  it; 
therefore  the  adelantado  hastened  to  send  his  cajttives 
on  board  the  ships.  Desirous  of  instituting  other 
proceedings  for  the  pacification  of  that  section  before 

'•'■' '  V  coiiio  lupgo  mandu  pi'cn<ler  ul  Cacique  do  se  le  fizo  nmclio  dauo  (|i;c 
If  (Hiciiiaron  .sii  pdlilacion,  qxw  era  la  mojorcjue  lialiia  cii  la  costa  0  do  lutjuii  ^ 
casa::!,  do  iiiuy  Imoiia  iiiadira,  toilas  cuLiortas  do  fojus  de  iialiiias,  <•  ]n\\idkv>ai 
,i  Kiis  lijos,  ('•  ai)iii  traou  algunos  dollos  de  que  quedii  todaaquolla  tiona  cstaii- 
dali/ada,  dostu  no  so  dar  cuoiita  siiio  que  lo  iiuiudo  i'anT  6  aun  apioj^uiiar 
cscula  I'ranca. '  Dkjo  i/e  Purraa,  iu  Savarrdc,  L'ul.  dc  \'iaji:is,  i.  -i)0-7. 


JU-VN  SANCHEZ  OUTWITTED. 


22o 


ms 

L'C'U 

Lise. 
,  ho 
ado, 
itulo 
that 
rally 
.  hid 
loat^. 
,  and 

\vXcY- 

X  the 
.'dure, 
ol'  hi.-i 

;,  even 
liseuss 
hjiosed 

.:  Ihat 

V  had 

L-rf  and 

.y  any 

j^uibiau 

Ibecn— - 

of  the 

|)f  their 

it  ^vas 

Uiibian. 

Ipim  it; 
•aptives 
!<•  other 
liei'oro 

lo  llano  qw 
-I  • 


returning,  thr  aiU-lantado  looked  ahout  him  for  u 
irlialjlo  [tcrsoii  to  whom  ho  mii;lit  entrust  liis  weii4'hty 
cliar^'o.  J'reseiit  was  Juan  Sanchez,  cliiet"  jiilot,  an 
honest  sailor,  not  wholly  indill'erent  to  military  honors, 
who  earnestly  uU'ered  survieo  and  was  acee})tcd.  The 
quihian,  tied  liand  and  foot,  was  iirndy  hound  to  his 
h-eat  in  the  boat;  and  suj)erlluous  as  mi^lit  appear  any 
admonition,  the  adelantado  charj^ed  Juan  Sanchez  to 
l>ok  well  to  his  prisoner.  "Pluck  out  my  beard  hair 
hy  liiur  if  he  escape  me,"  was  the  vauntim^  reply  of 
Wic  ])ilot  as  he  shoved  his  boat  from  the  bank  and 
started  down  the  river. 

JJut  alas  for  the  overweening  confidence  of  a  Peter 
or  a  Juan  Sanchez  !  Fighting  the  elements  at  sea  is 
a  dillerent  thing  from  fightir.g  Indians  on  land.  Quite 
a  (liil'ercnt  order  of  tactics  is  required ;  and  the  sailor's 
life  i^  not  the  school  in  which  to  studv  the  wiles  of 
Indian  strategy.  In  the  one  place  the  sailor  is  not 
i\u>vc  superior  than  is  the  savage  in  the  other.  The 
quihian,  outwarddy  calm,  inwardly  is  fiercely  excited; 
and  like  the  wilil  beast  when  hotly  pursued,  his  in- 
stincts quicken  with  the  occasion.  He  and  his  loved 
ones  are  prisoners,  treacherously  entrapped  by  a 
strange  species  of  the  human  kind  in  return  for  fair 
word.;  and  generous  hospitality.  Their  probable  fate 
])ossesses  all  the  horrors  of  uncertainty.  Swiftly  with 
the  s^vift  boat  runs  the  time  away;  something  nmst 
lie  done  or  all  is  lost.  Narrowly,  but  cautiously, 
the  chief  surveys  his  keeper.  It  is  jdeasant  to  look 
upon  the  homely  face  of  honest  Juan  Sanchez;  nt>t  a 
lineament  there  but  shines  witli  God's  best  message 
to  man,  and  in  language  wlucli  even  dumb  intelhgence 
may  read.  Stern  duty  is  largely  diluted  with  human- 
i'\.  intcGfrity  with  charmlnLif  siniplicitv;  i'rom  which 
the  wily  quihian  takes  his  cue,  and  thenceforth  is 
master  of  the  situation.  "Witli  (juiet  dignity  and 
eliet'i  I'ul  resignation  he  sits  among  his  people,  hushing 
their  lamentations  and  chiding  their  conqdaints.  By 
Words  and  little  acts  of  consideration  lie  lightens  the 

UtsT.  OKU.  Am.,  Vol.  I.    Ij 


228 


COLU^mUS  AT  VERAGUA. 


labors  of  the  boatmen,  and  studies  for  himself  and 
people  to  give  no  unnecessary  trouble.  Tliese  con- 
ciliatory measures  are  not  lost  on  the  warm-hcartel 
sailor,  whose  regard  for  his  royal  captive  rises  every 
moment,  lie  is  pronounced  by  all  a  well-raannercl 
savage,  a  most  courteous  savage.  And  now  the  (jui- 
l)ian  modestly  complains  of  the  cords  so  tightly  drawn 
by  the  too  zealous  Mendez.  They  do  indeed  cut  into 
the  llesh,  and  constrain  him  to  a  most  uncomfortablo 
position.  And  lie  such  a  gentleman-savage  !  Juan 
Sanchez  is  not  the  man  to  si*"  there  and  see  a  fellow- 
creature  unnecessarily  suffer;  he  cannot  do  it.  The 
thongs  whicli  lacerate  the  prisoner's  wrists  are  loos- 
ened, the  cord  which  binds  him  to  the  seat  is  untied; 
but  for  security — for  above  all  this  great  chief  must 
be  kept  secure — one  end  of  it  the  ever- watchful  pilot 
twists  round  his  hand.  ^J  ight  comes  on.  It  is  vcrv 
dark,  Ijut  the  captives  are  quiet,  and  t]ie  boat  glides 
noiselessly  down  the  stream.  vSuddenlv  the  light  craft 
sways;  a  plunge  is  heard;  the  pilot  feels  his  hanvl 
violently  wrenched;  he  must  loosen  his  hold  or  bo 
drawn  into  the  water.  It  is  all  as  the  Hash  of  a  pistol 
in  point  of  time;  the  quibian's  scat  is  empty;  and 
honest  Juan  Sanchez  is  obliged  to  present  his  hanging 
front  before  his  comrades,  a  Spaniard  outwitted  by  a 


savage 


After  scouring  the  country  in  several  directions, 
the  adolantado  returned  to  the  ships,  bringing  gold- 
plates,  wristlets,  and  anklets  to  the  value  of  tlireo 
hundred  ducats,  which  were  divided,  after  deduct- 
ing the  king's  fifth.  Among  the  spoils  taken  from 
the  quibian  were  two  golden  coronets,  one  of  which 
was  ]iresented  to  Bartolome  by  the  ailmiral.  Not- 
withstanding the  escape  of  the  chief,  who,  after  all, 
was  probably  drowned,  Columbus  prt)ceeded  to  exe- 
cute his  plans.  There  were  the  king's  household  and 
his  chief  men  safely  on  board,  and  these  should  bo 
sufficient  to  guarantee  the  tranquillity  of  the  nations. 


THE  COUNTRY  ROUSED. 


227 


So  tho  arranQ^cnionts  for  the  comfort  and  security  of 
tho  colony  clurin;^  the  conteni[thitc<l  ahsenco  ^^\'  tho 
almiral  were  ha.stene«l  to  conipU'tion,  Tht;  three 
vessels,  after  tli.schari^inijf  ])art  of  their  cari^oi-s,  were 
carried  by  the  newly  swollen  stream  over  the  har,  and 
ri'loaded.  There  they  lay  at  anchor  waiting  a  favor- 
ahl«;  wind. 

All  this  time,  however,  the  Spaniards  wore  reckon- 
ing^ without  their  host.  The  quihian  was  not  dead. 
In  spite  of  his  bonds,  he  had  made  jjjood  his  escape. 
Alter  his  bold  i)lunge,  iiudinL,'  himself  free  from  the 
boat,  he  had  extricated  his  wrists  from  the  loosened 
cords,  swam  beneath  the  water  to  the  bank,  ami  had 
sot  out  for  his  village,  revolving  vengeance.  And 
now,  hastily  arming  a  thousand  warriors,  lie  attacked 
the  Spaniards  under  cover  of  tho  dense  vegetation, 
killing  one  and  wounding  eight,  but  was  soon  rej)ulsod 
with  heavy  loss.  Shortly  afterward  IJiego  Tristan, 
coming  ashore  from  one  e^  the  vessels  with  eleven 
men,  recklessly  ascended  the  river  a  league  for  wood 
antl  water.     AH  but  one  were  killed.-* 


Tho  aspect  of  affairs  was  serious.  It  was  now  evi- 
dent that  no  fear  of  what  might  befall  his  imprisoned 
household  would  deter  the  quibian  from  his  bloody 
])in-pose.  Alive  or  dead  might  be  his  brothers,  wives, 
uud  children,  he  would  rid  his  country  of  these  per- 

-'  There  arc  two  accounts  of  this  affair;  one  l)y  Fernamlo  Onion,  mid  one 
liy  I'il■^'o  Mcndoz.  Uoth  are  biasoil;  tlio  fornicr  in  favor  of  naitnloiiii',  the 
latti  T  in  favor  of  tho  writer.  Ffriiando  tells  liow,  when  tlio  scttleiiifut  was 
tak'U  Ky  surprise,  liis  uncle  seized  a  lanco,  and  supported  l)y  seven  men  fouj^ht 
V  it!i  disperato  valor  until  the  main  body  of  tlio  S[ianiards  eaini!  to  liis  relief, 
vheu  the  enemy  was  routed.  The  other  state-i,  llelnrion  lin/ia  pur  lUf'jo 
Mi'ih/--z,  in  Xunrrfli',  Col.  ilu  I7a;/<w,  i.  .'{17,  that  tlie  admiral  had  just  left  tlio 
luulior,  accompanied  by  tlio  larj^ur  jiait  of  the  Spaniards,  who  had  gone  to 
s;iy  fiiewell.  Mendcz,  newly  appointed  eoiitador,  held  the  town  <if  I5elen 
with  twenty  men.  Suddenly  four  hiiiidved  Indians  appeared  on  the  hill 
iih  ive,  and  sent  upon  the  Spaniards  a  shower  of  thirts  and  arrows.  Fortn- 
ii^ir.  ly  tho  yells  were  in  advance  of  tho  weapons,  and  thus  time  was  (.dvea 
MtiiKz  to  arm.  Tho  light  was  desperate,  and  lasted  tiiree  hours.  Ten 
natives  who  ventured  to  close  with  thiir  war  clubs  were  slain  by  the  sword. 
Sev.a  of  the  twenty  Ciiristians  were  killed;  but  a  miracle  at  la.st  gave  vietoiy 
to  t!ie  remainder.  During  the  next  four  days,  by  the  ingenuity  of  ^b■ndez, 
and  under  his  direction,  tho  effects  of  the  colony  wero  placed  on  shiiiboard, 
auil  iu  reiuru  for  his  invaluable  services  he  was  made  captaia  of  Tristan's  ship. 


m 


coLoinrs  at  veraou.v. 


fidioiis  strnni^t  rs.  T<>  lliis  end  lie  st'ciirotl  the  ccnijter- 
atiou  <>!'  tilt'  iK'iLjhljoriiii^  <*liiel"l;uM.s,  ami  lillcd  Ihu 
forest  with  his  wari-iors.  Stealthilv  tlu-v  lurked  in  the 
vieiiiity  of  the  .settlement,  and  watched  every  path- 
way, ready  t<)  eat  i^fl'  any  who  should  venture  abri)a(l. 
Nowhere  on  the  Islands  had  the  Sj)aniards  met  such 
stubborn  oj>[)osition,  and  serious  misi^ivini^s  tilled  their 
minds.  Their  own  proliable  doom  they  saw  fbre- 
shad<»we(l  in  the  mutilated  bodies  <»f  Tristan  and  his 
men,  which  came  tloatint^  past  them  down  tlie  stream, 
attended  by  ravenous  tishes;  and  the  i-e([uienis  suii'^' 
by  (juarrellinj^  vultures  over  the  remains  when  after- 
ward they  were  thrown  back  by  the  waves  upon  the 
beach,  tended  in  no  wise  to  lesse'U  their  dismal  furu- 
Itodim^s.  To  heighten  their  misfortunes,  a  furious 
storm  arose,  which  out  otF  all  communication  between 
the  settlement  and  the  ships.  The  adelantado  en- 
deavored in  vain  to  (|uiot  the  fears  t)f  his  people, 
who  emboldened  by  despair  would  have  seized  the 
remainiu!^  caravel  and  put  to  sea  had  the  weatlui- 
permitted.  Yet  closer  })ressed  upon  them  the  enraL;ed 
•  (uil)ian,  until  dislodgetl  they  retreated  to  the  river 
bank,  before  their  caravel,  and  threw  up  earthworks, 
v.'hieh  they  capped  with  the  ship's  boat,  and  behind 
which  they  planted  their  guns,  and  so  kept  the  sav- 
nizces  at  bay. 

On  shipboard  matters  %vcrc  no  better.  The  con- 
tinued absence  of  T  istan  and  his  cre'.v  cau.sed  the 
admiral  great  anxiei  '.  In  such  a  heavy  sea  it  Avas 
unsafe  to  remain  nc  "  the  shore;  the  parting  of  a 
cable  would  doom  th  clumsy  craft  to  swift  destruc- 
tion. And  as  if  th  were  not  enough,  the  spirit 
of  the  nuibian  broke  ut  amonix  his  cncaixod  faniilv. 
Preferring  death  to  captivity  they  plotted  escape. 
During  the  night  the  prisoners  were  confined  in  the 
forecastle,  and  on  the  covering  slept  a  guard  of  s;il- 
(liers.  Collecting  one  nii^ht  such  articles  as  were 
witlini  reach,  stones  used  as  ballast,  boxes,  and  pro- 
vision casks,  they  piled  them  up  under  the  hatchway 


THE  SETTLEMENT  ATIAXPONED. 


2*20 


covor.  Ttnvard  iiKiriiiiiijf,  wlicii  tlic  j^UMrds*  wrro  sltM'j>- 
iiiijf  soundly,  as  many  of  tlic  caplivi's  as  wcit  al'Ki 
inouiiti'd  tluj  lieap,  and  jilaciiiL;"  tluir  sliouldrrs  to  llu) 
rovorin^^,  l»y  (juick  coiK-orti'd  art  ion  l»iirst  it  ojxmj, 
Ihrowini^  the  sK'i'pin^  sriitinrls  in  ovrry  direction, 
and  s[Hini4'in'L^  out  Icajtcd  into  tlio  sea.  I'liosu  wlioso 
t.>i'a}>o  was  picvrntcd  woro  i'ound  next  moniinij^  <Kad, 
some  liangiiii^  to  the  I'oot"  and  sides  of  tlieir  prison, 
some  strangled  l»v  means  of  strinu.-,  rountl  the  iierk 
ili'.iwn  ti^-Jit  AVilh  the  loot. 

It  was  now  of  tlic  utmost  importance  to  communi- 
cate with  tlic  shoio,  as  the  admiral  was  convinced 
that  llio  situation  of  the  colonists  was  becomin^•  }ier- 
iluiis  in  tlie  extreme.  At  least,  all  hope  of  settlement 
in  tliat  quarter  must  for  the  present  1)e  abandoned. 
The  fate  of  the  captives,  when  once  it  was  known, 
would  move  tlie  verv  rocks  to  reven-i-e.  Ihit  no  boat 
could  live  in  the  surf  intervening.  Then  stepjjcd  lor- 
wanl  Pedro  Ledesma,  a  Sevillian  pilot,  and  oll'ered  if 
roWL'd  to  the  breaker.s  to  attem})t  to  gain  tlie  shore 
hv  swinnnin<j:.  The  thiuix  was  done.  Scarcely  had 
].c;k:sma  picked  himself  up  from  the  spot  where  ilie 
waves  threw  him  when  he  was  surrounded  l)y  his  I'or- 
loiu  countrymen,  who  informed  him  of  the  fate  of 
Tri>tan,  and  of  their  determination  to  quit  that  ac- 
cui'^ed  coast  at  any  hazard.  Ledesnui  returiietl  and 
till  I  the  admiral,  upon  wliose  mind  thereui)oh  gloom 
settled  in  vet  denser  shades.  Unri'-'hteouslv  dejtrived 
ot  Ins  command  at  Santo  ])omin'>-o,  he  had  nourioiM'd 
tile  hope  that  this  last  and  most  important  of  liis  dis- 
<iivoi'it's  might  prove  the  base  of  better  Ibrtune  than 
was  possible  on  the  Spanish  Isle.  For  had  it  not 
been  revealed  to  him  that  this  A'eragua  was  the  st)urce 
whence  Solomon  drew  the  gold  to  buikl  the  temph-? 
These  lamentations  continued  durin*';  the  remainder 
ol  the  storm,  which  lasted  nine  days  longer;  ai"ter 
wliich  preparatitms  were  made  f<»r  tlie  end)arkation  of 
the  colonists,  the  admiral  consoling  himself  with  the 
[irouiise  of  return  under  more  favorable  auspices. 


230 


COLUMBUS  AT  VERAGUA. 


Finally  the  caravel  stationed  in  the  river  was  dis- 
mantled, and  out  of  the  spars  and  some  Indian 
canoes  was  made  a  raft,  bj'  means  of  which  the 
colonists  and  their  effects  were  in  two  days  taken  on 
board.  The  admiral  then  bore  away  eastward  lor 
Kspanola.  And  it  may  have  been  the  lingering  hope 
of  Wind  infatuation — so  his  ibllowers  thought  it — 
that  made  him  cling  to  the  shore  until  the  Darieu 
country  was  passed,  before  striking  out  across  the 
Caribbean  Sea;  others  say  it  was  to  avoid  contrary 
winds,  while  he  atBrms  it  was  to  deceive  his  pilots 
that  they  might  not  bo  able  to  find  ^^eragua  again 
witliout  his  charts.  One  worm-eaten  caravel  ho  was 
obliged  to  drop  at  Portobello.  The  other  two  held 
together  until  they  reached  Jamaica,  where  they  were 
beached. 

A  new  series  of  misfortunes  here  awaited  the 
Great  Uiduchy  One.  From  June  laO.'}  to  June  IfiiJ  t 
he  was  doomed  to  remain  on  his  wreclcs,  which  now 
lay  side  by  side,  partially  filled  with  water.  J'\jod  In- 
camo  scarce,  and  tiie  foraging  expeditions  met  witli 
constantly  increasing  difficulties  in  seekin'j:  the  neces- 
sary  supply.  By  desperate  efforts  Diego  ^Mendo;^ 
succeeded  in  reaching  Espanola  in  a  canoe;  but  wluii 
he  hud  ^otilled  Ovando  of  the  perilous  situation  df 
Columbus,  the  goveri.or  was  in  no  haste  to  relievo 
his  rival.  Sickness  next  follovred,  and  then  nuUiiiy. 
Francisco  de  l*orras  with  forty-eight  men  threw  oli' 
allegiance  to  the  admiral,  and  taking  ten  canoes  srt 
out  for  J']span<)]a.  '!i'\vice  thi'own  back  upon  Jaui;iif;i 
by  adverse  winds  they  abandoned  tlie  attempt,  an  1 
gave  themselves  up  to  licentious  i-oving  aboni  tlio 
i.-land.  A  second  nuitiny  was  near  its  culniinali"a 
when  a  small  vessel  a])pcared  in  tlie  distance.  ]*r  • 
ently  ])i('go  dc  ]']scobar  aj^proacln^d  in  a,  boat,  mul 
without  li'aving  it,  thrust  in  upon  tlie  admiral  a  leitrr, 
a  side  of  bacon,  and  a  barrel  of  ^\  ine,  all  from  ( )\aii(!<i; 
then  he  di.ajipeared  as  mysteriously  as  he  had  c'lim'. 
Following  an  attempted   reconciliation  with   l\iir'.s 


DEATH  OF  TEE  ADMIR.VL. 


231 


\va>;  a  n^lit  between  his  gang  and  the  Spaniards  under 
Ixutolonie,  in  Avhich  six  were  killed,  among  them 
oui'  honest  friend  Juan  Sanehez,  who  had  cast  his 
l.)t  with  Porras.  The  doughty  Ledesma,  also  a 
rt-bel,  though  badly  wounded,  lived  to  be  assassinated 
in  H})ain.  Porras  and  several  others  were  taken 
]tri;soiiers  and  coniined  on  board  the  wreck.  The 
ruuaindcr  of  the  deserters  then  retui'ned,  penitent. 
Fhialli'the  admiral's  agent  at  Santo  Doniinn'o,  Diego 
du  Salcedo,  came  to  h'.s  relief  with  two  ships. 

It  was  infamous  in  Ovando  to  leave  (.'ohunbus  so 
l,,_ig  in  such  a  strait.  The  excuses  lie  pleaded  were 
absence  at  Jaragud,  and  lack  of  suitable  shi[)s;  but 
JiaJ  he  been  in  earnest  to  deliver  the  admiral,  means 
coull  have  been  found  before  the  lapse  of  a  year. 
Ahlioujh  on  arriving  at  Santo  Dominixo  Columbus 
received  lodgings  in  Ovando's  house,  and  the  uover- 
nor  \vas  outv/ardlv  exceediniilv  attentive  to  his  i2uest, 
ill  reality  there  was  little  in  common  between  the  two 
inou  but  jealousy  and  distrust.  I'orras  was  allowed 
to  riiaui  at  large,  though  linaliy  sent  to  Spain  for  trial. 
(Vluuibus  sailed  for  Spain  Se])tember  12,  1504.  For 
a  time  lie  kept  his  lied  at  Seville,  writing  heart-rend- 
iiijj  lij(tcrs  to  the  sovereigns,  who  paid  little  attention 
to  them.  ]>y  the  help  of  the  adelantado,  ever  his 
most  iaithful  friend  and  lirothcr,  Columbus  managed 
tlij  following  year  to  creep  iq)  to  coui't  and  beg 
redress  from  the  king,  for  tlnj  (pieen  was  now  dead. 
Hut  Ferdinand  was  dee[)ly  disgusted;  not  so  much 
liovever  as  to  prevent  his  gi'antiiig  the  illustrious  <li^- 
<'i)ve:er  a  maguiiiceut  bru'ial  slioi'lly  after.  ]t  N\as 
tl'.o  2Ut]i  of  May,  1500,  that  Columhus  tlied  at  A'alla- 
(lol;,l,  ;d  the  age  of  about  ses'enty  years.'' 


Tims  terminated  the  liJ'st  atiomjjt  of  Spaniards  to 
lilant  a  colony  on  the  main-kind  of  Xorlli  America. 


.'f  *ii 


'I'lit;  liiial  luiri.il-iiiiu'o,  not  diily  nf  ( '.iluiiihus,  Imt  of  liis  f-DU  1  'icu'o,  aiiil 


■o;i  J.uis,  w:i(  the  ciitlicilral  of  S:iuti)  Don 


]'\ 


)!'  i^i'Vi  11  \ iiirn 


at  T  !ii  ( (lentil  t!io  ii!iii:iins  of  < 'ohmitnis  hiy  in  tluMonV'iit  of  San  Francisco 
ui  ('a.la'loiid.     'ilim  tlioy  wciu  I'Jiiiovcd  io  ScViilu  and  phicu'd  ia  tliu  inou- 


'  'SB 

4-M 


1 1 


232 


COLUMBUS  AT  VERAGUA. 


Columbus  himself,  the  loader,  advanccfl  witli  proffers 
of  frieiidsliip  in  one  hand  and  a  swoi'd  in  tlie  other, 
retaliiited  upon  a  faneicd  savage  troacher}'  by  a  f^till 
more  insidious  treachery,  and  was  driven  from  the- 
countrv  bv  a  brave  ruler,  whose  deeds  deserve  to  bo 
enrolled  beside  those  of  patriots  everywhere.  One 
kind  act  of  a  tender-hearted  Spanish  sailor — would  I 
had  more  of  them  to  record  in  this  historv — brink's 
the  direst  misfortune  on  his  countrymen,  delays  for  a 
dozen  years  the  occupation  of  Veragua,  and  turns  the 
tide  of  conquest  in  other  directions. 

INIost  remarkable  in  the  character  of  Columbus  ^vas 
the  combination  of  the  theoretical  and  the  practical; 
and  most  roniai'kable  in  his  theories  was  the  anomaly 
that  though  nearly  all  of  them  were  false,  they  led  to 
as  grand  results  as  if  they  had  been  true.  The  a]ier- 
ture  through  which  failure  creeps  into  carefull}'  laid 
schemes  is  usually  some  glaring  defect  of  character; 
and  such  defect  often  appears  where  little  suspectc(K 
in  natures  warped  by  genius,  or  where  one  quality  is 
unduly  developed  at  the  expense  of  another  quality. 
We  often  sec  men  of  rare  ability  wrecked  by  what 
Avould  be  regarded  an  act  of  folly  unaccountable  in 
the  stupidest  person;  but  we  do  not  often  see  su^'- 
ccss  resultiiiLT  I'rom  these  same  defects.  The  irreatest 
defect  in  the  faculties  of  Columbus,  cxtravngaiicu  of 
belief,  was  the  primary  cause  of  his  success.  Simple 
to  us  as  is  the  reality  of  the  earth's  rotundity,  ami  of 
the  practicability  of  a  western  route  to  Asia,  no  one 
could  ihon  have  entertained  those  doctrines  without 
exti'aordinarv  credulity;  even  thouiih  Pvlhag<^;'as 
and  oHiers   had   so   long  ago  express(.'(l   such  idia-i, 

nstrry  of  T.as  Cuov.ns;  nucl  in  ]'>'M]  Mire  tniiisfcrrcd  t<->  Simto  Pomiii'.'M. 
Wlii'ii  J'^spni'iola  was  cinlcil  td  Fvanoe  in  I7!l">,  the  S]):iiii.-h  nnviil  ('oiiimiiinlrr 
jiskt'il  jK  rini.-sioii  Id  niiinve  tlio  idiiaiiis  to  Ciilia,  Mliirli  wa;i  graiiUd ;  anil 
what  were  MqipofiiHl  ti)  hi'  llic  iciiiains  wci'c  so  I'ciiuivcil  liiii]st  jioini)  ainl  re  r,'- 
iiKuiyiii  I't'iciuhfi'-.Januaiy  t'lilhiwiii};.  ]!nt  later  iiivistiviiUoii.s  tlio  vi'  iilti'f 
h>i);j:-:-laiii'iu;,'  i<iisi>iriiiiis,  .•■at  i.-lii'il  iiiaii_y  that  a.  I  luiidcr  liail  Imcu  I'luniaiui  •! ; 
and  that  the  Imncs  of  Culundiun  still  rest  at  Santo  l)r,niin"<i.  'i'hi  i  lu.a  In  ii 
IHovt'd  In  yiind  a  iloulit  liy  tin'  ricunt  rescaivlii!)  uf  the  ilistingui.ilad  rriin  h 
bu\ aul  and  Ann-'ricanistc  A.  I'inait. 


CHARACTER  OF  COLOmUS. 


233 


no  Olio  could  then  have  acted  on  them  short  of  infat- 
uation bordering  on  insanity.  To  say  the  world  is 
round  was  not  enough;  Thales  oi'  ^MiL'tus  proved  it 
not  a  [)lane  two  thoui-;an(l  years  hufore.  If  it  wero 
round,  the  water  would  run  off;  if  it  wero  Hat,  why 
then  one  safely  might  sail  on  it;  if  it  be  Hat,  and  t'lo 
water  runs  not  off,  then  at  the  other  end  there  must 
be  lantl  that  keeps  the  water  on,  and  one  might  sail 
over  tlic  Hat  sea  to  that  land — all  such  lo'Ac  was  less 
puerile  than  the  feelings  by  which  the  Genoese  ordi- 
narily reached  conclusions.  His  efforts  were  the 
embodiment  of  the  ideas  of  manv  thoULilitful  men, 
timorous  persons,  perhaps,  or  merL'ly  mediLalivc  and 
passive,  but  in  none  of  whom  united  his  ability,  cour- 
ng(\  and  entliusiasm;  above  all,  none  so  selnitirie 
Wire  ;;t  the  same  time  so  determiiit'd.  Oltcn  the 
Icnovledge  of  a  prophecy  is  the  cause  of  its  fuhilnunt. 
Some  say  Alonso  Sanchez  told  him  of  Espauola,  and 
1)0  himself  aifirms  that  once  he  visited  Iceland.  It 
inav  have  been  that  on  this  voyage  he  learned  from 
the  Xorsemcn  of  their  Yinland  and  llelluland.  AVIiiit 
thou  ?  AYere  this  true,  such  stories  would  have  had 
with  him  scared}' greater  weight  than  the  sayings  oCtho 
ancients,  or  than  curnMit  interprotalions  of  Imly  v»rit. 
Xothing  more  plainly  proves  tlie  power  that  sent 
him  I'drlh  than  the  fact  that  in  scarcely  one  of  his 
original  conceptions  was  he  correct.  lie  thought  to 
reach  Asia  over  an  unobstructed  ocean  sea  by  sailing 
v.ost;  h>>  did  not.  To  the  day  of  his  death  ho 
thought  America  was  Asia,  and  that  Cuba  was  main- 
land; lluit  the  earth  was  much  smaller  than  it  i  ■.,  and 
that  six  sevenths  of  it  was  land.  He  dvvolt  much 
on  a  society  of  .Vma/ons  who  never  had  existence, 
and  at  (very  step  among  the  Islands  he  ingeiUKtudy 
allowed  his  hiihuiied  imagination  to  deceive  him. 
He  claimed  to  have  been  diviiu  ly  a[)pointed  for  this 
mission;  he  afFirmcd  his  voyage  a  iiiii'acle,  and  himself 
ii!>]iired  with  the  conception  ol'  it  by  the  most  linly 
Trinity;    he    vowed    to   rescue    the    holy    sepulchre, 


J5I 


234 


COLUMBUS  AT  VERAGUA. 


wliicli  he  never  did;  he  proclaimed  visions  whieii  he 
never  saw,  such  as  St  Lhuo  at  the  toj'.-uiast  with 
seven  hghted  tapers,  and  told  of  voices  which  he 
never  heard;  he  pictured  himself  a  missionary  to  bc- 
niu'hted  heathen,  when  in  truth  he  was  scatterinu' 
among  them  legions  of  fiery  devils.  But  what  ho 
knew  and  did,  assuredly,  was  enough,  o[)ening  the 
ocean  to  highways,  and  finding  new  continents ; 
enough  to  fully  entitle  him  to  all  the  glory  man  can 
give  to  man;  and  as  for  his  errors  of  judgment,  had 
lie  been  able  to  map  America  as  accurately  as  can 
we  to-day,  had  ho  been  divine  instead  of,  as  ho 
claim(>d,  only  divinely  appointed,  with  myriads  of 
attendant  ministers,  his  achievement  would  have 
been  none  the  greater.  From  the  infirmities  of  his 
nature  sjirang  the  nobility  of  Brutus;  from  the  weak- 
nesses of  ( 'olumbus  was  compounded  his  strength. 

Assuredly  it  was  no  part  of  the  experience  and 
ingenuity  which  springs  from  life-long  aj>plIcation 
that  made  Columbus  so  essentially  a  visionary;  nor 
was  it  his  scientific  attainments,  nor  the  splendid 
successes  which  despite  the  so  frequent  frowns  of 
fortune  we  must  accredit  him.  In  his  avocation 
of  mariner  he  was  a  plain,  thoughtful  man  of  sound 
judgment  and  wise  discretion;  but  tired  by  eiitliu.'-aisiii 
he  became  more  than  an  ordinary  navigator;  he  be- 
came more  as  he  fancied  himself,  superhuman,  the 
very  ai'iii  of  omnipotence.  Once  born  in  ]ii;n  tlu 
infatuation  that  ho  was  the  divinely  ap|)oiuled  in- 
strument for  tlie  accomplishment  of  this  work,  and 
frowning  monarchs  or  i)orilous  seas  were  as  stiMWs  in 
his  way.  Wo  see  clearly  enoULi'h  what  move  I  him, 
these  four  liundred  years  after  the  e\'eut,  though 
he  wlio  was  moved  in  reality  knew  little  about  it. 
J3y  the  ])i'essure  of  rapidly  accunuilating  ideas  wc 
see  brought  to  the  front  in  disttovery  Christopher 
Columbus,  just  as  in  the  reformation  of  the  church 
Martin  .Lut,her  is  crowded  to  tlie  front.  l''ho  Gor- 
man monk  was  not  the  Iveformation;  like  the  Genoese 


i 


FURTHER  ANALYSIS  OF  CH.UIACTER. 


235 


•luil'cll 

Gcr- 
Icuocsr 


sailor,  lie  was  but  an  instrument  In  the  hands  of  a 
power  palpable  to  all,  but  called  by  different  persons 
dill'orcnt  names. 

While  yet  mingling  in  the  excitements  of  progress- 
ive manhood,  he  became  lost  in  a  maze  of  mysticism, 
and  to  the  end  of  his  life  he  never  recovered  posses- 
sion of  himself  Not  that  self-mastery,  the  first 
necessity  of  correct  conduct,  was  wholly  gone ;  there 
v^'as  method  in  his  madness;  and  he  could  deny  the 
demons  within  him,  but  it  was  only  to  leave  open  the 
d(jt  )r  and  give  himself  up  to  yet  other  demons. 

Ill  the  centuries  of  battli;  now  lately  renewed  lie- 
tweeu  science  and  religion,  ColunJuis  fought  on  both 
sides.  Never  was  a  man  more  filled  at  once  with  the 
material  and  the  s])iritual,  with  the  emotional  and 
tlie  intellectual.  Mingling  with  beatified  sj)ii'its  in 
ilie  garden  of  his  moral  [laradise  were  naked  wild  men 
e<in;tlly  as  glorious  in  their  inunoralities.  His  creed, 
w  hieh  was  his  very  life,  was  not  in  his  eyes  a  bundle 
of  sui)ernatnral  abstractions,  but  concrete  realily  as 
nnieh  as  were  any  of  his  temporal  atlairs.  Himself 
an  honest  devotee  of  science,  and  believing  scii'nce 
tlie  offspring  of  religion,  si'ience  and  himself  nuist 
tlien'f  )re  finally  be  forever  laid  ui)on  the  same  altar. 
He  had  no  thought  of  work  a})ai't  I'rom  rt'ligion,  or 
(if  religion  apart  from  work.  He  had  ready  a  doc- 
trine ibr  eveiy  heavenly  display,  a  theory  lor  evei-y 
earthly  ])henomenon.  When  pictures  of  other  kuuls 
rose  in  his  imagination,  he  knew  them  to  be  I'l'al,  just 
as  Juan  Diego  of  ^Mexico  knew  to  he  real  the  api)ari- 
i'\"\\  of  our  Ladvol'  (juadalupe  at  Tei)evacac.  ]>v  tlui 
gnawing  hung(!r  of  tem])oral  and  spiritual  ariibition 
111'  was  enabled  to  see  the  new  lands  suggested  by 
science,  just  as  the  imprisoned  monk,  stai-\e(l  and 
scourged  into  the  beholdings  of  insanity',  sees  angels 
<il"  every  incarnation. 

While  thus  obliufed  to  view  all  his  achievements 
tln-ough  the  atmosphere  of  creative  mysticism,  in 
Wrighing  his  manifold  ([ualities,  it  is  well  always  to 


236 


COLUMBUS  AT  VERAGUA. 


T 

li 


remember  that  tliorc  were  acliic  cmcnts,  and  tlioso 
of  tlie  very  liitJ^liest  order.  ]  [is  invstiei.sm  was  the 
mysticisiu  of  practical  life  ratlier  than  of  inactive 
ideality.  Ilis  I'aith  was  of  vakie  to  him  in  giviiiL,^ 
(klinitoncss  to  enercfy  otlicrwisc  vague  and  fitful. 
His  all-potential  enthusiasm  subordinated  to  one  idea 
every  erratic  and  incoherent  aspiration.  It  gave  his 
life  a  fixedness  of  puqjose  which  liist,avai'ice,and  eveiy 
appetite  combined  could  not  have  given  M'ithout  it; 
so  that  while  ho  brooded  with  misanthropic  wistful- 
nesa  he  did  not  shirk  any  fancied  duty,  even  when 
attended  by  pain  and  misfortune.  His  was  not  a 
cloistered  inspiration,  but  an  overwhelmingly  active 
enthusiasm.  There  was  in  him  no  lonninijf  after  a 
perfect  life;  in  his  own  eyes  his  life  was  perfct. 
No  restless  questionings  over  the  unknoAvable;  there 
was  no  unknowable.  His  oblique  imagination  en- 
compassed all  worlds  and  penetrated  all  space.  His 
positivism  bound  the  metaphysical  no  less  firmly 
than  the  material.  Abstract  conceptions  were  more 
tangible  than  concrete  facts.  Realities  were  but 
accidents;  ideas  were  the  only  true  realities.  The 
highway  of  the  heavens  which  to  profounucst  in- 
vestigation is  dusty  witk  tko  debris  of  an  evolving 
universe,  to  tkis  self-sufficient  sailor  was  as  plain  as 
the  king's  road  from  Seville  to  CVidiz. 

And  as  genius  grows  with  experience,  so  grew  his 
determination  with  the  errors  he  so  frequently  fell  iiile. 
l[e  was  not  a  linjijiy  man,  nor  was  he  always  a  pleasant 
companion.  In  his  delusions  he  was  self -satisfied;  iu 
the  loss  of  himself  self-possessed.  Ho  endeavored  to 
be  prudent  and  thought  himself  worldly  wise;  hut 
like  many  seli'-flatterers  wa-apped  in  their  own  fancies 
he  was  (^asily  inqiosed  u]ion,  even  by  the  sov(>reigi!s, 
with  whom  he  aimed  to  be  exceedingly  shrewd.  Ilis 
contact  with  niiin  <lid  not  di^epen  his  hunianitv,  hut 
reemed  ratlu>r  to  harden  his  heart,  and  drivt^  his  ailec- 
ti'iis  all  the  more  from  eartii  to  heaven.  Ilis  mind 
was  of  that  ii'loomv  cast  which  made  even  his  sue- 


AXO]\LVLIES  AND  ABERRATIONS. 


237 


cesses  sorrowful.  AVo  liave  seen  aiiionuf  lils  j)raetl('al 
Aii'tues  iiitei^rity  of  a  lii'^li  eonvnitional  order,  sini^lu- 
iiiiiidediiess,  coura^'o,  and  iiidoiuitable  jx-Tsevcraiu'c; 
and  in  other  characteristics  which  Avcre  not  so  pleas- 
ing?— pride  displayin<^  itself,  as  it  often  docs,  in  relig- 
ious liuniility;  a  melancholy  temper;  a  sellisluunhition, 
wliicli  witli  one  grasj)  would  .secure  to  himself  and 
his  family  the  uttermost  that  man  and  (;lod  could 
give;  with  all  his  devout  I'iety  and  heavenly  zeal 
a  painful  and  often  lucHcrous  tenacity  in  clutchini^ 
at  hin'li-soundinix  titles  and  liollow  honors  — tliere 
were  even  in  the  most  unlovable  parts  of  him  some- 
thing to  respect,  and  in  his  selfishness  a  self-sacriileing 
nobleness,  a  lofty  abandonment  of  self  to  the  idea, 
which  wo  can  but  admire.  It  was  not  for  himself, 
although  it  was  always  most  zealously  and  jealously 
for  liimself ;  the  ships,  the  new  lands,  the  now  })eoples, 
his  n)rtunes  and  his  life,  all  were  consecrate;  should 
the  adventure  prove  successful,  the  gain  would  be 
jioaven's;  if  a  failure,  the  loss  would  fall  on  him. 
Surely  the  Almighty  must  smile  on  terms  so  favor- 
al)le  to  himself.  And  that  he  did  not  finally  nuvke 
good  his  promises  with  regard  to  rescuing  the  hoi}-- 
sepulchre,  and  building  temples,  and  converting  na- 
tions, was  for  the  same  reason  that  he  did  not  finally 
satisfy  his  worldly  pretensions,  and  secure  himself 
in  his  rulership.  lie  had  not  the  time.  In  all  his 
worldly  and  lu>avenly  ambitions,  the  glory  of  God  and 
the  glory  of  himself  were  l)lended  with  the  happy  eon- 
sununation  of  his  grand  idea.  And  never  did  morbid 
bi'oodings  over  the  unsubstantial  and  shad(»wless  [)ro- 
duce  grander  results  than  these  incubati(tns  of  altei'iiate 
exaltation  and  despondency  that  hatched  a  continent. 
And  in  all  that  was  then  transpiring,  there  are  lew 
intelligent  readers  of  history'  wdio  cannot  see  an  over- 
shadowing, all-controlling  destiny  shaping  events 
throughout  the  world,  so  that  this  then  unknown 
continent  should  be  prepared  to  fill  tlie  grand  })uri)ose 
which  even  then  appeared  to  be  marked  out  for  it. 


.  ■  u 


ill: 


m. 


1-4    'f-ii 

it  H,  ,  ■'  ■  ■ 


233 


COLUilBUS  AT  VERAGUA. 


Wliilo,  therefore,  in  tlic  study  of  this  remarkable 
cliaraoter,  wliosc  description  is  Init  a  succession  of 
paradoxes,  we  sec  everywhere  falseliood  leading  up 
to  truth  and  truth  to  falsehood;  while  we  sec  s^jring 
out  of  the  ideal  the  real,  results  the  most  substantial 
and  success  the  most  signal  come  from  conccptii^ns 
the  most  fantastical,  wc  can  but  observe,  not  only 
that  penetrative  vision  which  in  the  mind  of  genius 
sees  throu'jfh  the  symbol  the  divine  siofnificance,  but 
that  they  have  not  been  always  or  altogether  fruitless 
of  good,  those  spectral  fancies  which  riot  in  absurd- 
ities, Ijuildirg  celestial  cities,  and  peopling  pande- 
moniums, evi  n  in  the  absence  of  genius,  symbol,  or 
significance.'^^ 

'"  I  liave  remarked  at  some  length  on  Fernando  Colon's  life  of  his  father, 
and  on  Iho  k'ttcrs  of  the  admiral,  and  other  documents  in  XavaiTcto,  Sa!v;i 
and  IJat'anda,  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  and  Mendoza,  and  elsewlicrc.  The 
standard  Iiistorians,  Las  Casas,  Oviedo,  Peter  Martyr,  Gomara,  and  Jlcrrcrn, 
I  vill  lias !  for  the  present,  only  remarking  that  each  in  his  own  way  tells  the 
story  of  the  admiral,  and  all  must  bo  carefully  considered  in  a  study  of  liis 
life  and  acliievements.  Other  early  or  important  authorities  are  Zn)-z>,  J'(i(  4 
XcU'iiH'  nil'  rctroiinti,  \icvni\n,  1J07;  Ihichamr,  Niwi'  loihikanthe  laiid/r,  Xu- 
remlicrg,  l.")OS;  S/ninli'r,  Di/alofjv-i,  Augshnrg,  1508;  Mar'incii,Obra(  'uminn-ti 
lie  lin  Coma  Mi'inoraJtlcn  e  Vlaros  Varnws  dc,  K.simna,  Alcala,  lo30;  Oir- 
ahlin't,  Itiui-rnrioin  ml  Iii'ijione:i  srh ^Eqnnortin!},  Rome,  1G31 ;  Orynitii-i,  A'ori-H 
OrhU  Iieijloiina  ar  Insvlarvm  vcterihvH  incoijiiitarvia,  Basic,  1532;  Maii'd,  1H<- 
toriiintiii  iiiil'i'ariini,  Florence,  1588;  Gainhura',  J>c  vnviiiatioiie  C/iri<li  ]i',n,i 
Cohiii/lit,  Rome,  1585;  Charlcro'tx,  llUtoire  dc  ri^'-Eijxif/nofe,  Paris,  IT.'!!'; 
C/adt  ni,  f:n-i:<iiiinrtone.i  histoi-inifi,  Madrid,  179-1;  Jinani,  VltailiColonilo,  Milan, 
1818.  ]>!<'  vk'rdffi.  I?vi/>i'  so  voUenhrnrht  hat  C/iriMojlel  <'oliimf>,  at  pau'c  (!  of 
Liiir,  MiiT  oder  Seehtnni  Ihirh,  Co\o<^i\q,  1508,  should  be  read  in  rcfennm; 
with  tlio  maps,  to  bo  appreciated.  See  also  RnniUHO,  I'liKii/i,  id.  10-18iind 
1)8-0;  IlnZ'Oii,  ///V.  .l/o»(^  .V/wo,  27-30 ;  G,ili'aiii>\'i  Discov.,  U\)-\  ;  Ihnn- 
hiildt,  Kriiiii.  <)•!(.,  pasrim;  Miijiir\'<  Select  Lctteri^  of  Columhu'i,  Jlid'hii/f  Sm'., 
Loudon,  1S17;  Cast:  llai>o<,  Ek'niait  de  Varoncs  ihiilre.x  de  Iiidi'is,4'2-[i;  Aroslj, 
Civiipi  lid.  Ili-t.  Niievii  (r'niDiidd,  1-17;  J!cjier>ori(j  Anieriontn,  iii.  lS(i-'J_'5; 
Vct'tiirvH,  Tmirn  Mrx.,  3-(i  and  lOl-O;  Lenl,}  de  Tejnda,  Apinif'.-i  J/i-f., 
77-80;  Urm.H'if,  JlUt.  (Iii/u/in,  102-3;  Oordon'.H  J/i.4.  Am.,  i.  247-01;  /."'•/■ 
Kor'.v  /Ii4.  Diiirov.,  ii.  l(i;  Pdi/iio,  Croiiolnijia  Mcr.,  in  Soe.  .1/r.r.  (Iioi.; 
IMert.tnii's  Ilixt.  Am.,  i.  59-175;  Corntdi,  Deseiih.  de  la  An,  ,  i.  0-312; 
Siiiio.'i,  i'oiiq.  Curra  Jiriiie,  44-50;  Me-a  y  Lcuinimrt,  Wist.  Am.,  i.  l-;!4; 
Tor'/iieiiiiiil:!,  i.  20-1,  ami  iii.  283-04;  Vi'ijn,  Ciwiiiienturins  I'ailrn,  ii.  7; 
Arota,  1H4.  I  lid.,  passim;  I'illivjrtienv,  Hint.  Coiiq.  llza,  5-19;  Mi'iidirfi, 
J/itt.  L'l-k-'.,  13-30;  (.'aviiiidlc>!.  Hist.  L'.-tjuirm,  v.  27-55  and  104-9:  Aii^rii 
U'/Kific,  JJirrc  Jiesumen,  MS.,  i,  1-14;  Mtnilhino^,  S/  Fruiieii  mid  FrniirU- 
ciiiK,  521-32;  Aa,  Naaiib  urije  ]'< r-^amfliiii/,  ii.  and  iii.  passim;  llohum' 
Aiiiiuli  :\m.,  i.  1-10,  I'uija,  ('edidnrio,  4-5;  (knizidcz  harila,  'J'eotfo  El"'., 
i.  255-0;  Iliirlr's  Eiirii]>.  Sit.,  i.  1-45;  Mitjor't  Priiire.  /fi'iiri/,  347-07;  //''/''' 
SjKiii.  Cniir/.,  passim;  J/eyli/ii''s  ('O'oiwij.,  1083;  (JijiUii/'t  Am.,  55-0;  ^'■.■f,  liV'- 
oiiiil  Ost  Jiidisc/i,  r  Eusl'iiirt,  178-84  and  408-9;  Campe,  ]li4.  Jk'scid).  Am., 
1-133;  Poii.sshi,  />r  III  PiiU^iUh-c  .iiiit'iicaiiie,  passim;  IJist.  ^fl>',|.,  A\v^.  anil 
Sept.  1804,  and  Feb.  1808;    Markiint,  Hist,  EqMiui,  vi.  307  etc.  and  vii.  80; 


BTBLIOGRAPETY. 


239 


Miiiloz,  inif.  Xiirro  Mniiilo,  i.  2T-n»'2;  Mordli,  Fusti  Xovi  OrHs,  11-12; 
i'iin-/ri.<,  IIU  /'il/rhnc^,  v.  )S01-4;  I'iznrro  ij  Vr<l'aiin,  V<ll■o>^f^  IlMrt's  dil 
3' (■'■•'')  Mriidn,  \-')'^•,  Mnnfnm-i,  />eXi'>nr:'  en  i hilnh  inlo.  Wirr  lit,  1  l.'>:  ami 
l.itit,  Xov.  (irh.,  ,'U5-(i.  TIic  lirst  work  to  tlirow  a  clear  liu'lit  on  tlio  (|ir's- 
tioii  of  birtlipl.'ice  was  the  Delia  jialrid  <li  CtLitujoro  Co'omln',  liy  ('onto  Najii- 
o;ie  (li  Cncoiiato,  Florence,  1S08,  a  dissertation  pul)lislic(l  by  tlio  A(a<l(iiiy 
of  Sciences,  of  Tnrin.  In  this  and  supplementary  works  tlio  ability  and  y.iul 
if  the  anllior  arc  manifest.  In  IS.".;^,  at  Itonie,  wan  issued  a  new  edition  of 
Napione  and  ile  Conti,  entitled  Pirlrhi  <•  ll'ioircjia  I>il  dfiiiiln  Aiiimifi'ilio 
]>.  I'ri-iOj'orn  Colomho  . . . .  r'cfi-hhirita  e  rompri'V it'i  dni  cilrhri  n-rkturi  <-io. 
rfinrcdro  ('link'.  Xnploiifi  ili  Coraiia'o  '  I'iiiftnzn  dc-Cnnli,  the  latter  aiuhor  if 
S'lviii  dil  Mo.i/irriiln,  in  which  appears  a  wealth  of  new  infonnation  second 
only  to  the  oriirinal  narratives  and  documents  themselves.  'Jlic  l)i<<i  it'iz'.imi 
<lii->f'n^'ii-i  h'lli'lo jriju-lic,  Home,  1800,  of  Francesco  Caricellieri,  which  Lcelerc 
e:ills  'savante  et  fort  curiense,'  should  not  bo  overlooked.  John  S.  (".  Abbott 
tliiows  together  a  Lij'c  <>/  Clirl-tojiher  Cuhtmhm,  New  York,  1>.7">,  in  jiopular 
f'ivni,  in  wliich  extract  i  are  conspicuous,  the  author  liaving  made  ijuite  free 
with  the  writings  of  his  predecessors. 

Probably  not  one  of  the  many  accounts  of  Columbus  ■which  liavo  been 
published  is  presented  with  such  fulness  of  detail,  commandin;^  vivitl  interest 
from  first  to  last,  as  that  of  Mr  Washington  Irving,  I'/w  Life  tind  Voynffet 
of  L'hrUto]ihcr  <  oliindnis ;  to  tclnch  are  added  tlio^e  of  JJi.i  t'ovijianions,  'A  vols., 
Isew  '^'ork,  ISO'.).  The  first  editions,  one  in  London,  in  4  vol.s.,  and  one  in 
New  York,  appeared  in  18"2S;  since  which  time  there  have  been  many  issues, 
in  English  and  other  languages.  The  author  was  boi'u  in  New  York,  i.i  ITSI, 
and  died  at  Sunnysidc,  near  TaiTytown,  on  the  Hudson  River,  in  ls.')!».  A 
strong  literary  taste  was  early  displayed,  specially  manifested  in  1S02  in  a 
scries  of  articles  contributed  to  the  Mor)dnij  <  /imidele,  in  l!Sl)4  lie  visited 
Europe  for  his  health,  returning  in  ISO".  Then  appeared  the  serial  Salma- 
'j'indi,  and  in  1800  .1  Ilhtory  of  New  York.  Again  in  ISl.")  he  went  to  Ihi- 
rope,  and  after  engaging  for  a  time  in  mercantile  pursuits,  abandoned  them 
and  gave  liimself  up  to  letters.  The  publication  of  the  Skleh  Hook  was  begun 
in  nund)erH  in  18KS,  and  was  followed  by  llmcehrldije  /Ldl  in  1822,  and  'J'a/en 
o/ a  TnireUi r\n  1824.  Then  cama  ('olutnhut,  the  niateriid  for  which  he  ob- 
tained from  Xavarretc  in  Spain.  See  chapter  ili.  note  !),  this  volume.  After 
serving  as  secretary  of  the  American  Legation  in  London  f.'om  182!)  to  18o2, 
he  returned  to  New  York  and  published  The  Aliinmhru  ;  then  Cnnion  MUeel- 
liivjm  lS,'{r>;  ,l49r<'(  in  IS.'JO;  Cit/itain  />i>ni:eville  in  \S[\~ ;  and  Wofert'i  Ii0o4 
in  18.").").  From  1842  to  184(>  he  was  American  Minister  to  Spain.  His  later 
Works  were  (,'oldsniilh,  184!);  ^[nl^olnel,  IS.'iO;  and  U'ii.sldii;i'on,  lS."."i-9.  Mr 
I;ving  lias  been  most  praised  for  his  genial  manner,  his  gentleness  of  thought, 
and  his  charming  style,  which  carries  the  reader  almost  unconsciously  along 
over  dciails  in  other  hands  dry  and  profitless.  Among  these  is  found  his 
highest  merit;  and  yet  one  would  sometimes  wish  the  author  not  quite  so 
meritorious.  Klcgance  and  grace  eternal  tire  by  their  very  faulthssness.  In 
handling  the  rough  realities  of  life  one  relishes  now  and  tlien  a  rough 
tlimight  roughly  expressed.  Neither  is  Irving  remarkable  for  historii'al 
accuracy,  or  exact  thinking.  An  early  criticism  on  Culiiinf'iri  complains  of 
that  without  which  the  works  of  Irving  never  would  have  attained  great 
(lopularity.  lie  was  pronounced  too  wordy,  his  details  too  long  drawn.  If 
Uiis  was  the  case  fifty  years  ago,  it  is  much  more  so  now.     And  yet  how 


i;,i 


1 
11 


•iiH- 


!  "-HI 


210 


COLUMBUS  AT  VERAOUA. 


fiiscinatii!'^  is  every  Jiai^o !  And  mIid  but  Irving  coiiM  mako  tlirilling  suth 
trivial  events?  Pennit  liini  the  use  of  wovI.h,  and  liowsoever  isolated  tlie 
ideas,  or  commonplace  the  events,  the  result  was  brilliant;  but  force  liim 
within  narrow  comjiass,  nut  only  wcukl  the  charm  be  lost,  but  the  work 
would  l)e  ahnost  worthless. 

The  highest  deliglit  of  a  healthy  mind,  of  a  mind  not  diseased  either  by 
education  or  afiertion,  is  in  receiving  the  truth.  The  greatest  eh.Trm  in  ex- 
pression, to  a  writer  who  may  properly  lie  placed  in  the  category  of  healthful, 
U  in  telling  the  truth.  It  id  only  when  tnith  is  dearer  to  us  than  tradition,  or 
jiridc  of  opinion,  that  we  arc  ready  to  learn;  it  is  only  when  truth  i^  dearer  to 
UH  than  praise  or  profit  that  we  arc  fit  to  teach.  If  the  mind  be  intelligent 
as  well  as  he.althy,  it  knows  itself  to  l>e  composed  of  tmth  and  prejudice,  the 
latter  engeuderud  of  ignorance  and  environment,  holding  it  in  iron  fetters, 
and  with  which  it  knows  it  nmst  forever  stnigglc  in  vain  wholly  to  bo 
free.  Thus  keenly  alive  as  well  to  the  dillicultica  as  to  the  importance  of 
right  thinking  and  exact  funns  of  CNprcssiou,  it  ncverthelc-s  1  :■)  it:i  keenest 
pleasure  iu  striving  toward  concrete  tiiith.  It  is  truthfulness  to  nature  in 
all  her  beauties  and  tlefonnitics,  rather  than  the  conslnictiou  of  sonic  more 
beautiful  than  natural  ideal,  that  alone  satislies  art,  whether  in  the  domain  of 
painting,  oratory,  or  litei'ature.  We  of  to-day,  while  holding  iu  high  esteem 
works  of  the  imagination,  arc  becoming  somewhat  captious  in  regard  to  oui 
facts.  The  age  is  essentially  informal  and  real;  even  our  ideal  literature  must 
be  rigidly  true  to  nature,  while  whatever  pretends  to  be  real  mu.st  be  presented 
in  all  simplicity,  without  ein^umlocution  or  disguiscment. 

Half  a  century  ago  it  was  deemed  necessary,  particularly  by  writers  of 
Bclected  ejiochs  of  history,  in  order  to  clotho  their  narrative  with  dramatic 
effect  eijual  to  fiction,  to  intensify  chaiMctcrs  and  events.  The  good  (pialitiea 
of  gooil  men  wore  made  to  stand  out  in  bold  relief,  not  against  their  own  bad 
qualities,  but  against  the  bad  qualities  of  bad  men,  whose  wickedness  was 
l)ortrayed  iu  such  black  colors  as  to  overshadow  whatever  of  good  they  might 
possess.  Thus  histoiical  episodes  were  endowed,  so  far  as  possible  \\itln>ut 
too  great  discoloration  of  truth,  like  a  theatrical  performance,  each  with  a 
perfecteil  hero  and  a  linished  villain.  Of  this  tdass  of  wi iteis  were  Macanluy 
and  ^lotley,  Fromle,  Freeman,  Prcseott,  and  Irving,  whose  works  arc  wonder- 
ful iu  their  way,  not  only  as  art-creations,  but  as  the  truest  as  well  as  most 
vivid  pictures  of  their  several  periods  yet  presented,  and  which  for  generations 
•will  be  read  with  that  deep  and  Mholesome  interest  with  which  they  deserve 
to  be  regarded.  For,  although  their  facts  arc  sometimes  highly  varnished, 
their  most  brilliant  creations  are  always  built  upon  a  substantial  skeleton  of 
truth.  I  say  that  these,  the  foremost  writers  of  their  day,  are  none  of  theru 
free  from  the  habit  of  exaggeration,  deception.  Indeed,  with  a  wasteful  ex- 
tra\'agaucc  iu  the  use  of  superlatives  it  is  almost  impossible  to  draw  character 
strongly  without  in  some  parts  of  it  exaggerating.  IJut  in  these  days  of  ra- 
tional rolk'ctiou  wherein  romance  and  reality  are  fairly  separated,  celestial 
fiction  and  muiulane  fact  being  made  to  pass  under  the  same  cxjx  rhnenliini 
vnicis;  mind  becoming  so  mechanical  that  it  introverts  and  aualj'zes  not  only 
its  own  mechanism  but  the  mechanism  of  its  maker;  icouoclasm  beconiiug 
gpiritualizcd,  and  the  doctrine  revived  of  the  old  Adauiic  scrpeut,  that  tliu 


WASniNGTOX  IRVING. 


241 


I  not  only 
jjuconiiug 
I  that  tho 


knowledge  of  good  and  evil  is  not  death  but  life  ami  immortality,  thi.i  knowl- 
til^'o  being  king  of  kings,  vj-ing  with  nature's  forecs  and  oftentimes  defying 
t!i<ia—  I  say,  in  days  like  these  mature  manhood  beeomes  impatient  of  tlio 
^.mta  Clans,  or  other  fictitious  imagery,  from  whieli  the  infant  nund  derives 
mach  comfort,  and  prefers,  if  necessary,  the  tonnents  of  truth  to  the  elysium 
(if  fable.  It  is  no  longer  valid  logic  that  if  the  liero  stoops  to  trickery,  h'n 
bio_,'raphcr  should  stoop  to  trickery  to  cover  it.  For  once  undertake  to  shape 
the  still"  clay  of  material  facts  into  the  artistic  forms  of  iiction,  and  the  result 
is  neither  history  nor  romance. 

I'roud  as  I  am  of  the  names  of  Prescott  and  Irving,  at  whose  shrines  none 
Worship  witli  profounder  admiration  than  myself;  thankless  ;'.s  may  be  tho 
task  of  criticising  their  classic  pages,  whose  very  defects  .^hine  witli  a  steadier 
lustre  than  I  dare  hope  for  my  brightest  consummations;  still,  forced  by  my 
subject,  in  some  instances,  into  lields  partially  traversed  bylhcni,  I  can  neither 
pass  them  by  nor  wholly  praise  them.  In  justice  to  my  theme,  in  justice  to 
myself,  in  justice  to  the  age  in  which  I  live,  I  must  speak,  and  that  according 
to  the  light  and  tiie  perceptions  given  mo. 

Mr  Irving's  estimate  of  the  value  of  honesty  and  integrity  in  a  historian 
may  be  gathered  from  his  own  pages.  "There  is  a  certain  meddlesome  spirit," 
he  writes,  "which,  in  the  garb  of  learned  research,  goes  prying  about  tho 
traces  of  history,  casting  down  its  monuments,  and  marring  and  mutilating 
its  fairest  trophies.  Care  should  bo  taken  to  vindicate  great  names  from  such 
pernicious  erudition.  It  defeats  one  of  the  most  salutai'V  purposes  of  history, 
that  of  furnishing  examples  of  what  human  genius  and  kuulablo  enterprise 
may  accomplish."  Now,  if  conscientious  inquiry  into  facts  signifies  a  meddlc- 
Kunie  .'pirit;  if  the  plain  presentment  of  facts  may  rightly  be  called  perni- 
cious erudition;  if  the  overthrow  of  fascinating  falsehood  is  nnitilating  tho 
trophies  of  history;  if  fashioning  golden  calves  for  the  worship  of  the  simple 
he  the  most  salutary  jiurpose  of  history;  then  I,  for  one,  prefer  the  mcddle- 
Bonie  spirit  and  the  pernicious  erudition  which  mutilates  such  monuments  to 
the  fairest  trophies  of  historical  deception.  Again  — "  Ilerrera  has  been  ac- 
cused also  of  flattering  his  nation;  exalting  the  deeds  of  his  countrymen,  and 
softening  and  concealing  their  excesses.  There  is  nothing  very  serious  in  this 
accusation.  To  illustrate  the  glory  of  his  nation  is  one  of  the  noblest  otllces 
of  the  historian;  and  it  is  ditlicult  to  speak  too  highly  of  the  extraordinary 
mterpiises  and  splendid  actions  of  the  Spaniards  in  those  days.  In  softening 
their  excesses  he  fell  into  an  amiable  and  pardonable  error,  if  it  were  indeed 
an  error  for  a  Spanish  writer  to  endeavor  to  sink  them  in  oblivion."  When 
a  writer  openly  avows  his  allegiance  to  falsehood,  to  anuablo  falsehood,  to 
falsehood  perpetrated  to  deceive  in  regard  to  one's  own  country,  about  which 
cue  professes  to  know  mor(^  than  a  stranger,  nothing  remains  to  be  said, 
Notlung  remains  to  be  said  as  to  the  veracity  of  that  author,  but  much 
remains  to  be  said  concerning  the  erroneous  impressions  left  by  him  of  tho 
persons  and  events  coming  in  the  way  of  this  work. 

\Vith  what  exquisite  grace,  with  what  tender  solicitude  and  motherly  blind- 
ness to  faults  Mr  Irving  defends  the  reputation  of  Columbus !  Is  the  (ienocso 
a  pirate,  then  is  piracy  "almost  legalized;"  is  he  a  slave-maker,  "the  customs 

tf  the  times"  are  pleaded;  without  censure  he  lives  at  Cordova  in  open  adul- 
IlisT.  CKtii.  Am,,  Vol.  I.    IG 


'.1 ' 


>I[H 


r 


,j;; 


(■i 


••-Ml 


ii  urn 


212 


COLUMr.rS  at  VERAOrA. 


■i: 


tory  with  P),^^t^/  Eiifiiincz,  and  tluTo  liocomcs  tlio  f.-illifr  of  t!ic  illc^itimato 
FiTiiniido;  a  l)Uii"liii;^  attt'm])t  is  made  to  oxc.iso  t!ic  hero  for  depriving  tiio 
poor  .sailor  of  the  pri/u  oH'cri'il  hiiii  who  aliould  first  sec  land;  Oviido  i-t  chargtil 
with  falsehood  liocaii-su  he  soiiictiiiK^s  ducidivi  a;^'aiii:;t  the  discoverer  in  issues 
of  policy  and  character;  Father  JJuil  was  "as  turbulent  as  ho  was  crafty"  I»c- 
oaiisc  he  di.sagna'd  with  tho  admiral  in  Pomc  of  his  measures;  the  most  extrav- 
agant vituperation  is  hurled  at  A','uado  because  he  is  chosen  to  examine  aiKl 
nport  on  the  atlair.s  of  tho  ladies;  Fonseca  is  denouneeJ  as  inexpressilily  vilu 
because  he  thwarts  some  of  the  discoverer's  harc-l>rained  p'^ojects;  and  so  with 
regard  to  those  who  in  any  wise  opposed  him,  wliiio  all  ^Wlo  smiled  on  him 
were  angels  of  light.  All  through  his  later  life  Mhea  extra /agaut  requests 
were  met  by  more  than  the  usual  liberality  of  royalty,  Irving  is  petulantly 
complaining  because  more  is  not  done  for  his  hero,  and  because  his  pctul.int 
hero  complains.  And  this  puerile  pride  from  which  springs  such  petulance 
the  elo(juent  biographer  coins  into  the  noble  ambition  of  conscious  merit. 
Though  accoi'din;,'  to  his  own  statement  tlie  madness  of  tho  man  increased 
until  towaiil  the  latter  end  he  was  little  better  than  iml)e(ilc,  yet  we  arc  at 
the  same  time  gravely  assured  that  "  his  temper  was  naturally  irrital)le,  but 
he  subdued  it  by  the  magnanimity  of  his  .spirit."  Tlie  son  Fernando  denies 
that  his  father  once  cardeil  wool;  Irving  docs  not  attempt  to  excuse  this  blem- 
ish because  his  readers  do  not  regard  work  ignoble. 

Xow  it  is  not  the  toning-ilown  of  defects  in  ;i  good  man's  cliaracter  tliat  I 
object  to  so  much  as  the  predetermined  exaltation  of  one  historical  personage 
at  the  expense  of  others  utterly  debased  under  like  premeditation.  l)id  Mr 
Irving,  and  the  .several  scores  of  biographers  preceding  and  fillowing  him, 
parade  the  gooil  qualities  of  Dobadilla,  Roldan,  and  Ovaiulo  as  heartily  ^is 
those  of  their  hero,  tho  world  would  bo  puzzled  what  to  make  of  it.  We  arn 
not  accustomed  to  nuch  statements.  Unseasoned  biography  is  tasteless,  and 
we  arc  taught  not  to  expect  trutli,  but  a  model.  Wo  .should  not  know  what 
these  writers  were  trying  to  do  if  they  cataloT'icd  tho  misdemeanors  if 
Columbus  and  his  brotheis  'with  the  same  embellishments  applied  to  .Vguado, 
Bail,  and  Fonseca;  telling  with  pathetic  exaggeration  how  tho  benign  admiral 
of  tho  ocean  sea  M'as  the  lirst  to  employ  bloodhounds  against  the  naked  na- 
tives; hov/  he  practised  varied  cruelties  in  F.  :pafiola  beyond  exiiression  bar- 
barous; and  how  he  stooped  upon  occasion  not  oiily  to  vulgar  trickery,  but  to 
base  treachery. 

On  the  other  hand,  with  those  who  seek  nr  ".iri  ^ty  by  attempting  to  dcgr,".ilo 
the  fair  fame  of  no]  Ac  and  successful  geniu--  bcc  aisc  more  credit  may  have  bii  ii 
given  by  some  tlian  is  justly  due,  or  by  aflccting  to  disbeliever  wliolc  narra- 
tives and  whole  histories  because  portions  of  them  arc  untrue  or  too  highly 
colored,  I  have  no  sympathy.  Kooks  have  liAui  written  to  prove,  what  no 
one  denies,  that  centuines  before  Columbus  other  Europeans  had  found  iliii 
continent,  and  that  thereby  the  honor  of  his  aciuevcmcnt  is  lessened  -of 
which  sentiment  I  fail  to  see  tho  force.  So  far  as  the  Genoese,  his  works, 
and  merits  are  concerned,  it  makes  no  whit  dillercnce  wcie  America  twenty 
limes  before  discovered,  as  elsewhere  in  this  volume  has  been  fully  shown. 

Prcscott  was  a  more  exact  writer  than  Irving,  though  Prcscott  was  nut 
•wholly  above  the  amiable  weakness  of  his  time.     In  the  main  he  stated  tlie 


IRVING  AND  PRESCOTT  CO^rPARED. 


243 


ritimatc 

.■iii'j;  tho 
iliargi;<l 
ill  issuer 
ifty"  1>c- 
t  C'Xtrav- 
inino  iinil 
Hil)ly  vilo 
nl  so  with 
.1  on  liiiii 

u-tulautly 
5  petulant 
potulun'-O 
3U3  merit, 
increascil 
■j  we  are  at 
ital)le,  liut 
lulo  detiiis 
;  this  bkiu- 

ctcr  that  I 
1  pcrsoiia.:o 
1.     Did  Ml- 
)\viiv^  him, 
heartily  as 
t.     We  an! 
~tele«s,  aii'l 
know  what 
niounors  I'f 
to  Au-'iiail", 
li^naihuiial 
iiakoil  na- 
■essiou  har- 
ery,  but  to 

1  to  degrade 
have  Ik'cu 

liole  nana- 
too  hi.'hly 

le,  v.hat  no 

Ifouwl  ihi< 
[•sscncil  -111 
|l,i^  wmU-^i 
lica  twenty 

-ihoNVU. 

Itt  was  nut 
IsUtea  the 


truth,  nml  stated  it  fairly,  though  he  diil  not  always  tell  the  ■whole  tnith. 

The  fault-i  of  \\\i  heroes  ho  would  speak,  though  never  bo  soflly;  ho  .seldom 
ntteuipted  entirely  to  coueeal  tliein.  He  nii^'Iit  oxa;,'genite,  but  ho  neiclier 
liahitually  praetiscd  nor  openly  defended  niendaeit}'.  Prcscott  would  fain 
phase  tho  Catholie"),  if  it  did  not  cot<t  too  inueli.  Irving  wouhl  plca.io  every- 
hudy,  particularly  Ameiieans;  but  most  of  all  lie  would  make  a  plea,  in  ,'  tale; 
it  tnithiul,  well;  if  not,  it  must  on  no  aeount  nm  counter  to  popular  preju- 
dice. The  inimitable  eharm  about  them  both  amply  atonci  in  tlio  nunds  of 
many  for  any  imperfections.  Since  their  ilay  much  new  liglit  has  been  tluowa 
upon  the  subjects  treated  by  them,  but  not  enough  seriously  to  impair  tlio 
value  of  their  works.  In  their  e.stimatcs  of  the  ehiiracter.i  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella,  relatively  and  respectively,  these  brilliant  writers  are  not  alone. 
Tliey  copii'd  thoso  who  wrote  before  them;  and  those  who  came  after  copied 
them.  It  liaj  been  the  fashion  these  many  years,  Ijoth  by  native  and  foreign 
liistorians,  to  curse  Ferdinand  and  to  bless  Isabella,  to  heap  all  the  odium  of 
the  natioti  anil  tho  times  upon  the  man  and  exalt  the  woman  among  the  star.j. 
This  surely,  is  the  more  plea.sant  uA  chivalrous  method  of  di  posing  of  tho 
niaticr;  but  in  that  ea<c  I  must  confess  myself  at  a  los3  what  to  do  with  tho 
facts. 

None  but  the  simple  are  deceived  by  the  gentle  Irving  when  he  insinuates 
"she  ij  even  somewhat  bigoted;"  by  wliich  expression  he  would  have  us  under- 
Btand  tiiat  the  fascinating  queen  of  Castile  was  but  little  of  a  b'  rot.  Ajaiu: 
"l\:'(linan<l  wns  a  religious  bigot;  and  the  devotion  of  Isabella  v/ent  as  near 
to  bigotry  as  herlilieral  mind  and  magnanimous  spirit  would  permit"— that  ii 
to  say,  ;ii  tlie  plan  of  Mr  Irving's  story  would  permit.  Quito  a;  well  as  any 
of  us  Irving  knew  that  Isaliella  was  one  of  tlie  mo;;t  bi  roteil  v.onicn  of  her 
bigoreil  age,  far  more  bigoted  than  Ferdinand,  who  dared  even  di  pute  t!ie 
pojio  when  his  Holiness  interfered  too  far  in  attempting  to  thv.art  hi  i  ambi- 
tious plans.  8!ie  was,  indeed,  so  deeply  dyed  a  bigot  n;j  to  allow  her  ;:hostly 
cuufe  ;  (ir  to  overawe  her  finest  womanly  instincts,  her  commonly  atrict  senijo 
of  lu'uor,  justice,  and  humanity,  and  cause  her  to  permit  in  ,Sp:un  the  horrible 
luipii  i.ion,  the  most  monstrous  mechanism  of  torture  ever  invented  in  aid  of 
the  Mio  t  monstrous  erimcevcr  perpetnited  byniannpon  las  fellows,  l!io  coercion 
and  ;.;;|i[)re;,sio:i  of  opinion.  Fair  as  yhe  was  in  all  her  ways,  and  charmiir,' — 
fiiirof  heart  and  mind  and  complexion,  with  regular  feature.--,  light  ilie.;tnut 
hair,  mil  I  blue  cyei,  a  modest  and  gracious  demeanor — she  did  not  scruple,  for 
t!ic'  e:; termination  of  heresy,  to  apply  to  such  of  her  laving  .';;;l)jcetj  a.>  dared 
think  for  themselves  the  thumb-screw,  tho  riir;-l)olt  and  pullej',  the  raclt,  the 
rolUag-bench,  the  punch,  the  skewer,  the  pincers,  the  knotted  v.Iiip,  t!ie:;Iiarp- 
toiit'i.  1  iron  collar,  cha.ins,  balls,  and  manacles,  conliscation  of  property  and 
h  iruia  ;  at  the  stake;  and  all  under  false  accusation!  and  distorted  evidence. 
She  (11 1  n  it  hesitate  to  tiei/e  and  put  to  death  hundred  j  of  wealthy  men  liltc 
lVc!io,  and  appropriate  to  her  own  use  their  money,  though  her  e::(;i;i  ito 
vunuraly  sensibilities  might  sometimes  prompt  her  to  fling  to  the  v.  i  low.;  and 
cliililreu  wliom  she  had  turned  beggars  into  tlie  street  a  few  cruinl-.;  of  tlicir 
firmer  liehes.  This  mother,  who  nurscil  children  of  her  own  anil  v.  ho  :  Iiould 
li''t  have  been  wholly  ignorant  of  a  mother'.s  love,  turned  a  dt  ;:f  i  :ir  t  >  tl:e  cries 
of  M.i  iri  ,li  moihcr.j  as  liiey  and  their  children  were  t.irn  asunder  and  r.old  at 


i. 


l\ 


\ .  Hi 

m 

*\\     1*11  a 

a  I 


244 


COLOIBUS  AT  VEKAGUA. 


the  slave  mart  in  Sc%-ille.  Thousands  of  innocent  men,  vomcn,  and  children 
b!ic  cruelly  imprisoned,  thousan<l3  she  cast  into  the  fiery  furnace,  tens  of 
thousands  she  robbed  and  then  drove  into  exile;  but  it  was  chastely  done,  and 
Ijy  a  most  sweet  and  beautiful  lady.  Wc  can  hardly  believe  it  true.  Me  do 
not  like  to  believe  it  true,  that  when  old  llabbi  Abarbanel.  plcadi'd  bcfurc 
the  king  for  his  people,  "I  will  pay  for  their  ransom  six  hundred  thousand 
crowns  of  gold,"  Isabella's  soft,  musical  voice  was  heard  to  say,  "Do  nm; 
tidicit,"  her  confessor  meanwhile  exclaiming  "Wliat!  Judasdike,  sell  Jcsusil" 
licsides,  thrico  six  hundred  thousand  crowns  might  be  secured  by  not  accept- 
ing the  ransom.  ^Vnd  yet  this  was  the  bright  being,  and  such  her  acts  liy 
Pi'cscott'a  own  statements,  cover  them  as  he  will  never  so  artfully,  who.o 
practical  wi«dom,  iio  assures  us,  was  "founded  on  the  purest  and  mostcxal!:(d 
principle,"  and  whose  "honest  soul  abnorred  anything  like  artifice."  Isabcll:v 
was  unquestionably  a  woman  of  good  intentions;  but  with  such  sflbstancc  tho 
soul-burner's  pit  is  paved. 

Prescott  throws  all  the  odium  of  the  Inquisition  on  Torquemada,  and  I 
concur.  The  monk's  mind  was  the  ashy,  uumclting  mould  in  which  the  wuiu- 
an's  more  plastic  affections  were  cast.  But  then  ho  should  be  accredited  wiih 
some  portion  of  the  virtues  tliat  adorned  the  character  of  Isabella,  for  he  \v;is 
the  author  of  many  of  them.  To  be  just,  if  Isabella  is  accredited  with  her 
virtues,  she  nuist  be  charged  with  her  crimes.  Ami  if  the  (j^ueen  may  thiow 
from  licr  shoulders  upon  those  of  her  advisers  the  responsibility  of  iuiqiiity 
permitted  under  her  rule,  why  not  King  Ferdinand,  who  likewise  had  men 
about  him  urging  him  to  this  policy  and  to  that?  True,  we  excutc  much  in 
woman  as  the  weaker,  and  very  justly  so,  which  we  condemn  in  t!ie  man  of 
powerful  cunning.  But  Isabella  Mas  not  exactly  clay  in  the  hand.^  of  thuso 
about  her;  or  if  so,  then  praise  her  for  her  iiabecility,  and  not  f^ir  any 
virtue.  But  olie  could  muster  Mill  and  spirit  enough  of  her  omii  upon  oeca- 
sion — M'itncss  her  threat  to  kill  I'edro  Giron  M'it'a  her  own  hand  rat!ier  tli:ai 
marry  liim,  and  the  policy  M'hich  speaks  plainly  her  sagacity  and  state-craft  iu 
the  selection  of  Ferdinand,  and  in  the  strict  tenns  of  her  marriage  contract 
M'hich  excluded  her  husband  from  any  sovereign  rights  in  Castile  or  Leon. 
^lost  inconsistently,  indeed,  in  reviewing  the  administration  of  Isabella,  at 
the  end  of  three  volumes  of  unadulterated  adulation  Prescott  gives  lii.4  heroino 
lirnmess  enough  in  all  her  Mays;  iudependenco  of  thought  and  a.lioii  sulli- 
cient  to  circumscribe  the  pretensions  of  her  nobles;  and  she  "Mas  eiiually 
vigilant  in  resisting  ecclesiastical  encroachment;"  "  sihe  enforced  the  e:;ecutiiiu 
of  her  own  plans,  oftentunes  even  at  great  personal  hazard,  Mith  a  rcsiiliiti.iu 
surpassing  that  of  her  hu.sband."  When,  hoM'ever,  she  signed  the  edict  fiT 
the  expulsion  of  the  Jowa,  the  excuse  M-as  tluit  "she  h;id  been  early  .seliodkil 
to  distrust  her  own  reason."  But  mIiv  nmltiply  quotations  ?  Tiie  /'.  rdinnnd 
and  Imhi'Ua  of  Prescott  is  full  of  these  flat  contradictions. 

We  all  knoM"  that  Mhen  carried  away  by  feeling  M-onicn  are  more  cruel  than 
men;  .so  Isabella  under  the  fren/y  of  her  fanaticism  M-as,  if  possible,  more  eiui  1 
th.an  Ferdinand,  mIiosc  passions  Mero  ballasted  by  hisamliitioiis.  ibr  iVilings 
M'cre  M'ith  her  faith;  and  her  faith  M'asM'ith  such  foul  initpiity,  such  inhuman 
M-rong  as  shouM  cause  her  euphemistic  apologists  to  blush  for  resorlin ,'  tu  tlio 
Bomu  specicaof  subterfuge  that  makes  hcroesof  Jack  Sheppavd  and  l)ick  I'urpiu. 


FERDIX.^T)  AND  IS.\J)ELLA. 


21o 


A'-Tfiin,  munlcr  and  robliciy  for  Chvisfn  sake  suits  the  devil  quite  na  well  as 
vlitu  done  for  oncV  ovni  .'akc.  And  Iuto  on  eartli,  to  jilead  iu  a  court  of 
justice  good  intentions  in  nutigation  of  evil  acts  notiiin;^-  extenuates  in  tlio 
eves  of  any  riglit?oua  judge.  Therefore  tlicre  is  little  to  choose  between  those 
of  whom  it  may  be  said — Here  ij  a  man  who  perfuliously  robs,  tortures,  and 
nuu'dcrs  his  frllowdjcings  by  tlie  hundred  tl'.ousand  in  order  to  glorify  Iiimsclf, 
and  extend  and  establish  his  dominions;  and.  Hero  i.i  a  woman  wiio  perlidiously 
robs,  torture.-!,  and  murders  her  fe!lo\vd)eings  by  the  humlred  thousan<l  in 
O'lkr  to  gloril'y  herself,  her  iniest,  her  religion,  and  extend  and  establish  tlio 
doiuiuions  of  her  deity.  At  the  i,irthest,  and  in  the  minds  of  the  elo(jUerit 
liiograiilicrs  tlicmselvcs,  the  relative  relinemeut  and  nobility  of  the  two  cliar- 
actcrs  must  turn  wholly  upon  one's  conception  of  the  relative  relinement  and 
nolilHty  of  eartldy  selliahncss  an.l  heavenl}'  seUishness. 

Wliat  can  wo  say  then,  if  wo  make  any  pretensions  to  fairness  in  por- 
trayin;;  hiitoiical  personages,  in  excuse  for  Isabella  that  cannot  as  rightfully 
be  s;iid  in  cxcUiC  for  Ferdinand  ?  For  even  he,  whom  sensational  biographers 
amy  in  such  sooty  blackuesa  in  order  that  the  satin  robes  of  Isabella  may 
FJiin"  with  whiter  lustre,  has  been  called  in  Spain  the  mIso  and  prudent,  and 
ia  Italy  tlio  pious.  Of  course  tliero  were  diU'ercnces  in  their  disposiiions  and 
t'leh-  aiubitiijns,  but  not  yueli  wide  ones  as  we  have  been  told.  lie  was  a 
man,  with  a  man's  nature,  cold,  coarse,  stern,  and  artful;  slie  a  voman,  with 
a  woman';!  nature,  warm,  reiined,  gentle,  and  artful.  lie  was  foxlike,  slio 
feline,  Opposing  erafi;  M'itli  craft,  she  jealously  guarded  wliat  !;ho  deemed 
the  intercits  of  her  suljjeets,  and  earnestly  sou::iit  by  encouia uing  literaturo 
and  art,  and  rel'ornung  the  laws,  to  reline  ;ind  elevate  her  realm,  lie  clid 
pieticly  the  same.  In  all  the  ini(]uities  of  his  lovely  consort  Ferdinand  hnt 
alulping  hand;  man  could  do  nothing  worse;  and  all  the  world  agi-eu  that 
Feiili:i:iud  v.as  bad.  And  yet,  in  what  Mas  he  worse  tjian  slie?  Doth  Mere 
tu'ili  of  the  times,  incisive  and  remorseless.  To  the  ecclesiastical  tyranny  of 
whiili  tluy  were  victims  they  added  civil  tyranny  which  they  impo;cd  niou 
tiii-ir  subject?'.  Ferdinand  was  the  greatest  of  Spain's  i-ovei'cigns,  far  greater 
tlianCIiailcs,  whose  fortune  it  was  to  reap  win  ve  his  grandfather  had  planted. 
It  was  Ferdinand  who  consolidated  .dl  the  several  sovenignties  of  the  I'enin- 
Bula,  .save  Portugal,  into  one;  political  Ijody,  M'l  ighty  in  the  all'airs  of  Ivirnpe. 
Ho  v.ajandiitious;  and  to  accomplish  hi.;  endi  sernpleil  at  nothing.  Tliero 
vn:i  no  I  in  he  dared  not  commit,  no  wrong  ho  dared  not  inllict,  provided  tlio 
pro:ciiii:i;o  icoult  should  accord  with  his  de:!ires.  He  was  less  bound  by 
piilK'r.;tiLi  a  than  the  average  of  the  age;  he  was  thonghtfiil,  powerful, 
prill  cly.  lioth  were  persona','es  nia;.'niliccnt,  glorious,  who  aciiieved  mncii 
(!'")d  and  lauch  evil,  the  evil  being  as  fully  chargeable  ti:  tho  times,  whiili 
phucd  princes  above  promi.ses  ami  religiMii,  above  integrity  and  humanity,  as 
t)  any  i^pecial  del'  .  ty  innate  in  either  of  tluni.  And  \,hat  was  tin,'  iiii- 
ia<(I;ate  icoult  of  n,  and  what  the  more  (b^stant  foiic  In.it.i  ;  and  liuw  nuiih 
after  all  were  Spaniards  indebti'd  to  the.-ie  rulers?  First  S[ia;ii  cnwrapi'i  1  in 
8iii[ia.isiag  glories  !  Spain  themistres.s  <;f  the  world,  on  wliose  domiaion  th" 
mu  ixfu.ics  to  go  dii\\  11.  Fortunate  Ferdinand  !  Thrice  amialile  end  virtuou  i 
IniUII.i,!  And  next'^  Do  we  not  see  lliat  the:e  brilliant  sncc.'sscs,  ilieso 
iJiutiiied  covet ings  are  themselves  the  seeds  of  Spain's  abuccment?    Inriiiii..ly 


24G 


COLUMBUS  AT  VERAGUA. 


[i 


better  off  were  Spain  to-daj-,  I  will  not  say  hail  she  not  'Irivcn  out  her  Moors 
and  Jews,  but  had  slic  ^lever  known  the  New  AVorld.  How  much  iiocver  of 
honor  Isabella  may  have  brought  upon  herself  by  her  speculations  in  part- 
nership with  the  Genoese,  for  the  self-same  reason,  resulting  in  tlio  great 
blight  of  gold  and  general  cll'emiuaey  that  followed,  Spain's  posterity  might 
reasonably  anathematize  her  memory  could  they  derive  any  comfort  there- 
from. 

lu  regard  to  that  much-lauded  act  of  Isabella's  in  lending  her  assistance 
to  Columbus  ■when  Ferdinand  would  not,  there  is  this  to  be  said.  First,  no 
speehil  praise  is  due  her  for  assisting  the  Genoese;  and  secondly,  she  never 
assisted  hhn  in  the  manner  or  to  the  extent  represented.  Santiingel  and  tlio 
Pinzons  were  the  real  supporters  of  that  first  voyage.  Isabella  did  nut  pawn 
her  jewels';  she  did  not  sell  her  wardrobe,  or  empty  her  purse.  ])nt  if  slio 
ha<l,  for  what  would  it  have  been?  It  makes  a  pleasing  story  for  children  to 
call  her  patronage  by  pretty  names,  to  say  that  it  was  out  of  pity  Un-  ihe  poor 
sailor,  that  it  was  an  act  of  personal  sacriiice  for  the  puljlie  good,  that  it  v.aa 
for  charity's  sake,  or  from  benevolence,  for  the  extension  of  knowleil^o  or  tlio 
vindication  of  some  great  principle — only  it  is  a  very  stupid  child  that  doc.i  not 
know  better.  Clearly  enougli  the  oljject  was  great  returns  from  a  fiinall  ex- 
penditure; great  returns  in  gohl,  lands,  honors,  rnd  proselytiugs — a.'-pccies  of 
eonnnercial  and  political  gambling  nior"  in  accordance  with  the  charaLicras 
eonnnonly  sicetched  of  the  "cold  and  crafty  Ferdinand,"  whose  mcaLUixle.-a 
avarice  and  insatiable  greed  not  less  tlian  his  subtle  state-craft  an.l  kiiiu'ly 
cunning  wuiild  have  piompted  him  to  secure  so  great  a  prixe  at  so  small  a 
cost,  than  with  the  character  of  an  unsellish,  heavenly-minded  woman.  Ainl 
were  it  not  for  the  danger  of  being  regarded  by  the  tcndcr-mindcd  :;3  ^Ul^'al- 
laut,  I  might  allude  to  the  haggluig  M'hieh  attended  the  bargain,  and  tell  linw 
the  <jueen  at  ilrst  refused  to  pay  the  jailor  his  jiriee,  and  let  l.ini  iro,  tliiu 
called  him  back  and  gave  him  what  ho  lirst  had  asked,  more  like  a  Jiw  th;m 
like  even  the  grasping  Ferdinand. 

In  conclusion,  I  feel  it  almost  unnecessary  to  say  that  Columbus,  liabclla, 
anil  all  those  bright  examples  of  history  whoso  conduct  and  inlluemc  in  tlio 
main  were  on  the  side  of  humanity,  justice,  tho  useful,  and  the  good,  h:ivo 
my  mc;st  profound  admiration,  my  most  intelligent  respect.  All  their  fiiults 
I  freily  forgive,  and  praise  them  for  wliat  they  Mere,  as  among  the  n^ililcst, 
the  l)est,  the  most  benctiiial  to  their  race — though  not  always  so,  n:  r  ah\:iya 
inteniling  it — of  any  who  have  como  and  gone  before  us.  And  I  can  liato 
llobadilla,  Pioldan,  and  olhers  uf  their  sort,  all  historical  eudu  dinient:!  if  i'.ijus- 
tice,  egotism,  tn'achery,  and  beastly  cruelty,  with  a  godly  hatred;  bu',  1  hi'po 
never  to  be  so  blinded  l)y  the  Ijrightness  of  my  sulijcct  as  to  bu  uu.iolc  ti) 
Bce  tlic  truih,  and  seeing  it,  fairly  to  report  it. 


V' 


CHAPTER  V. 

AD^IIXISTRATION  OF  THE  INDIES. 
I492-15-2G. 

rMprs  THE  RiGiiTFrL  RcLER— JcAX  AocADO— Fkancisco  de  Bobadilla 
Xicui^vs  DE  i)vAXDo— Santo  Domingo  the  Capital  or  the  Indies — 
Extension  or  Ouganized  Goveunment  to  Adjacent  Islands  and 
Main-land  —  Eksidencias  — Gold  Mining  at  Esi'anola  —  Hace  and 
Caste  in  Goveunment  —  Indian  and  Is'eguo  Slaveuv  —  Cul'elty  to 
the  Natives  —  Spanish  Sentimentalism  —  Pacification,  not  Con- 
quest— The  Spanish  Monaechs  always  the  Indian's  Ekiends— Bad 
Tkeatment  ece  to  Distance  and  Evil-minded  Agents  —  Infamoi-s 
Doings  of  Ovando  —  Repaiitimientos  and  Encojiiendas  —  The  Sov- 
ei;eigns  Intend  them  as  Puotection  to  thi^  Natives  —  Settlers 
Make    thi'.m    the   Means    of    Indian    Enslavement  —  Las    Casas 

APPEAUS    and    rilOTESTS    AGAINST     INHUMANITIES  —  TlIE     DiU'AULTINO 

Tiii;asciie31— Diego  Cift-oN  Supeusedes  Ovando  as  Goveunoii — And 
Make;;  Mattees  Woese  —  The  Jeuonimite  Eatheus  Sent  Oct  — 
Acdiencia.;  -  -  A  Soveeeign  Tihdcnal  is  Estaelished  at  Santo  Do- 

litNGO  WlUCil  CUADCALLY  AsSEMES  ALL  THi:  ECNCTIONS  OF  AN  AfDI- 
ENCIA,    AMI   A-    SrCH    EiNALLY    GOVEUNS    THE    INDIES  —  LaS   CaSAS  IN 

SpAiy. -The  (   ■n"ejo  de  Indlvs,  and  Casa  de  Contiuvtacion — Legis- 

UTi'^  : ^  :.  T.  n  Indies. 


We  have  ■•c-'  .i  how  it  had  boon  first  of  all  a!]jrccd 
that  Columbus  slioukl  bo  solo  ruler,  under  the  crown, 
(»('  such  lands  and  seas  as  he  might  discover  l\n'  Spain. 
Wo  liavo  seen  how,  under  that  rule,  disruption  and 
rebellion  lullowed  at  tho  heels  of  mism;uiagement, 
until  the  restless  colonists  made  Espanola  an  aiKju.'^ti- 
ai'uii)  ';'svlu  to  tho  worth}'  admiral,  and  until  their 
majosli'  J  thought  they  saw  in  it  decent  excuse  for 
taking  i^  >  reins  from  tho  Genoese,  and  supplanting 
him  by  agents  of  their  own  clioosing.  Tho  iirst  of 
these  agents  was  Juan  Aguado,  who  was  merely  u 

(JIT) 


i  i 


ill 
III 


if 


lll 


248 


ADMINXSTRATIOX  OF  THE  INDIES. 


commissioner  of  inquiry.  With  him,  it  will  be  re- 
membered, Columbus  returned  to  Spain  after  hi:, 
second  vovacce,  leaving;  his  brother  Bartolome  in  com- 
mand.  The  admiral  wis  permitted  to  try  again;  but 
on  reaehin;:^  tlie  seat  of  his  government  he  was  unable 
to  (juiet  the  disturbances  which  had  increased  during 
his  absence,  llebelliou  had  almost  reached  the  dig- 
nity of  revolution,  and  stronger  than  the  government 
were  factions  whose  leaders  openly  defied  the  gov- 
ernor-general, vii'iToy,  and  admiral  of  the  ocean  sea. 
That  their  ]\laje.  1  '  ore  greatly  grieved  at  this,  I 
do  not  say;  or  tlu.  .ey  were  di.- pleased  that  the 
rebels,  or  revolutioniK^uS,  of  Espahola  should  refer 
their  troubles  to  them.  But  this  is  certain,  that 
after  anotlier  fair  trial  Columbus  was  obliijed  to  Liive 
it  U[),  and  to  see  himself  displaced  by  a  i)erson  far 
worse  than  himself.  l*erhaps  it  is  true  that  a  knavo 
was  better  for  the  oiFice  than  nn  honest  man. 

Xot  that  Francisco  do  Bobadilla  may  be  lawful! v 
accused  of  dishonesty;  the  sovereigns  seemed  cunipo 
tent  to  take  care  of  themselves  where  tJieir  revenue 
was  concerned.  And  yet  he  was' certainly  iniluenced 
in  his  conduct  by  no  sense  of  right  or  of  humanity. 
He  was  a  man  of  narrow  mind,  of  ignoble  instincts 
and  mean  prejudices.  Ho  was  popular  for  a  time 
with  the  colonists  because  he  was  like  them,  and  be- 
cause he  reduced  the  royal  share  of  the  product  of  the 
mines  from  a  tliird  to  an  eleventh,  and  permitted  the 
dissolute  to  idle  their  time  and  illtreat  the  natives; 
and  because  he  released  those  whom  the  admiral  had 
imi)ris()ne(l,  and  enabled  Columbus  to  pay  his  debts — 
for  which  last  mentioned  measure  I  have  no  lauU  t^t 
iind  with  him. 

It  was  the  21st  of  ^March,  1  100,  that  Bobadilla  w;w 
nutho]'ized  to  pi'oceed  against  otfenders  at  Espaiiola, 
but  he  did  not  leave  Spain  until  July,  laOO,  roaehiiig 
Santo  Domingo  the  L';!d  of  August.  The  enchain 
in""  of  the  illustrious  discoNi-rer  by  an  infamous  amiit. 
and  for  no  crime,  exeited  universal  disgust  throughout 


NICOLAS  DE  OVAXDO. 


240 


;aii  sea. 


riiristciulom;  and  yet  their  ^[ujestle^  seemed  in  no 
Ijasto  to  depose  him;  for  it  wixh  not  mitil  the  :Ul  of 
September,  1501,  in  answer  to  the  persistent  remon- 
strances of  Columbus,  that  a  change  was  made,  an<l 
the  government  given  to  Nicolas  de  Ovando,  who 
Bailed  from  Spain  the  13th  of  February  following, 
a?id  ari'ivcd  at  Santo  Domingo  the  lath  of  April, 
150:!;  si)  that  Bobadilla  was  in  office  on  the  island 
over  a  year  and  a  half,  long  enough  to  sow  the  seeds 
of  much  iniquity. 

Ovando  was  a  knigi  t  of  the  order  of  Alcantara, 
of  neither  massive  minci  nor  commandiuGf  mien.  But 
his  lirm  and  lluent  speech  lent  strength  to  his  slight 
llgure  and  fair  complexion,  and  a  courteous  manner 
made  amends  for  a  vanity  which  in  him  assumed  tao 
ionn  of  deep  humility.  lie  was  well  known  to  their 
.Majesties,  luivingbecnoncof  the  companions  of  Prince 
Juan,  and  it  was  thought  would  make  a  model  gov- 
ernor. Am]de  instructions,  both  written  and  verbal, 
were  given  him  before  sailing.  The  natives  should 
l)e  converted,  but  their  bodies  should  not  be  enslaved 
or  inhumanly  ti'i^ivted.  They  must  pay  tribute,  and 
gather  gold,  but  for  the  latter  they  should  be  ]xiid 
wages.  There  v/as  to  be  a  complete  change  of  soldiers 
and  officials  at  lOspanola,  that  the  new  government 
might  begin  untainted  by  the  late  disorders.  Neither 
Jews  nor  Moors  miu'lit  go  to  the  Indies,  but  necrro 
slaves,  born  into  the  possession  of  Christians,  were  to 
be  perraitted  passage.  For  an}'  loss  resulting  from 
]  jobadilla's  acts,  full  restitution  nuist  be  made  the  ad- 
iiilral,  and  henceforth  his  rights  of  property  must  bo 
respected.  Coluni!)US  might  always  keep  there  an 
agent  to  collect  his  dues,  and  he  was  to  be  treated 
v.ith  consideration,  'j'ho  idle  and  [)roiligate  were  to 
li>'  returned  to  S[iain.  Exce])t  the  provinces  given  to 
Ojeda  and  i?in;;oii,  Ovando's  jurisdiction  was  made 
ti)  extend  over  all  the  Indies,  that  is  to  say,  over  all 
tlie  New  World  diorainions  of  Sj^aln,  i.lands  juul  lirm 
land,  with  the  capital  at  Santo  Domingo,  and  subor- 


ill 


V-  ^M- 


Itl 


250 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  THE  INDIES. 


tliiiatc  or  municipal  govcrmncuis  in  the  more  impor- 
tant localities.  All  mining  licenses  issued  1  >y  I3obadilla 
were  to  be  revoked;  of  the  gold  thus  far  collected 
one  third  should  be  taken  for  the  crown,  and  of  all 
thereafter  gathered  one  half.  Supjilementing  these 
instructions  with  much  paternal  advice  cons:  ting  of 
minor  moralities  and  Machiavelisms,  their  ]\1  jestios 
bade  their  viceroy  God  speed  and  sent  him  forih  in  a 
truly  royal  fashion. 

There  were  no  less  than  thirty  ships  and  twenty- 
five  hundred  persons  comprising  the  ex[)edition.  Of 
the  company  were  Alonso  IMaldonado,  newly  ap- 
pointed alcalde  mayor,^  and  twelve  Franciscans,  witli 
a  prelate,  Ante^iio  do  Espinal.  Las  Casas  was  pres- 
ent; and  llernan  Cortes  would  have  been  there  but 
for  an  illness  which  prevented  him.  Tliere  were 
seventy-three  respectable  married  women,  who  had 
come  with  their  husbands  and  children,  and  who 
were  to  salt  society  at  their  several  points  of  distri- 
bution. It  was  evident  as  the  new  governor  entered 
his  capital,  elegantly  attired,  vriih  a  bod}' -guard  of 
sixty-two  foot-soldiers  and  ten  horsemen,  and  a  large 
and  briniant  retinue^  that  the  colonization  of  the 
New  World  had  now  been  assumed  in  earnest  by 
the  sovereigns  of  Spain.  Nor  was  Ovando  disposed 
to  b  ^  dilatory  in  his  duty,  lie  at  once  announced  tlie 
resu    nckr  of  Uobadilla,  and  put  lloldan,  cl-dcvant 

'Chief  judge,  or  lii'^hcst  jnuicial  officer  ia  the  colony,  to  talc,  the  iilaco 
of  Uiililan,  will)  way  to  l)orctnni(Hl  to  Spain.  Irvin^r.  < '•i.'iinihii!,  ii.  ;jol,\\ritrs 
crroiicoiK-.ly  ((/'/'"('./'  -luai/or,  evidently  cimfonndiii,'  the  two  olliees.  I'nr  Jvis 
Casa.s,  I/i^f.  Jill/.,  iii.  IS,  says  plainly  cuiuiL.^h:— 'Tnijo  out-ig:)  nor  Alealdo 
mayor  nil  eaballero  do  Salamanca  y  lieenL'iadi),  llamado  Aliin;jo  5.[aldunado.' 
An  alguaeil  maynr  waf)  a  cliief  cnnstablc,  or  hi ;;h  MlicrilF,  a  \-ei-y  dilleiviit 
porpun  frcnwiehivf  jiid;.,'e.  These  terms,  and  the  ollieos  represented  hy  them, 
will  lie  fnlly  i-xplaimd  in  another  iilace. 

•'As  this  ^\ol■d  ^\  ill  often  oeenr  in  these  pnfTcs,  nnd  na  neither  the  term  nnr 
the  in:<titutioa  it  symliolizes  has  any  eijuivalent  in  ]ji;;lish,  I  will  enter  hei'c 
a  full  explanation.  Ji'-i'i/cnrlawiXH  the  examination  or  aceonnt  taken  (if  the 
olHeial  aets  of  an  exeenlive  or  judieial  ollieer  diirin';  the  tefm  of  his  rc-iidcii' r. 
within  t'lc  iirovineo  of  liis  jnri.sdietion.  and  v.liile  in  tlie  exereiso  of  tin) 
functions  (if  Ids  olliee.  Tliia  w;is  done  at  the  e\]iiration  of  tlie  terr.i  of  ofTice, 
or  nt  stated  periods,  or  in  e.ase  (f  mah  t'easanee  at  any  time.  'J"ho  jiei'sna 
inakin;^  the  exaniinalion  was  a]ipointed  liy  the  Icing,  or  in  New  \Vorld  atUiiis 
by  the  Con-ijo  ilr  l.iilin-',  or  by  a  viceroy,  and  vras  called  a  jmz  </.'  ri ->'■ 
dcHcia.     Lcloru   this  judge,  wiihiu  a  given   time,   a  ay  one   mi^lit  appear 


RESIDE^XIAS. 


251 


rubcl,  and  later  chief  judge,  under  arrest.  IIo  built 
in  Iv-^panola  several  towns  to  which  arms  and  other 
privileges  were   given,  founded  a  hospital,  removed 


mid  make  complaint,  and  offer  evidence  against  the  retiring  or  finspcndeil 
oliicial,  Avho  might  refute  and  rebut  as  in  au  ordinary  trilj:ni:il.  Tlic  resi- 
(leni.i;i.  of  any  oliicer  ajipointod  by  the  crown  mu:;t  be  t;iI;ou  by  a  judgo 
appointed  by  the  crown;  tlic  residcncia  of  ollicers  appointed  in  the  luilics 
by  vitcroys,  audicncias,  or  presidont-governora,  ^va3  taken  liy  a  judgo 
appoiutod  by  tlic  same  autliority .  Following  are  some  <  f  the  ch;ai;i;e3  nnii' 
i:)Mi;i  the  subject  by  royal  decrees,  the  better  to  make  it  lit  the  government 
of  the  Indicj.  The  lOtli  of  June,  ].">'J,'i,  and  again  the  17th  cf  November, 
l.JJ(),  Charles  V.  decreed  that  appeal  might  bo  niir.le  from  the  jiid_;e  of  reai- 
deneia  to  the  Council  of  the  Indies,  except  in  private  demand.)  nut  exceeding 
(iUO  ]ic.so:j  de  oro,  when  appeal  was  to  the  audiencia.  In  I.'i'.m)  viceroys  ami 
jirc^ident-govcrnors  were  directed  to  take  the  residcnei;i,  of  r'-iUitil'^n  .1  <(e 
J;c/:o-!  that  wron,';-doing  to  the  nativcis  miglit  not  escape  ])r,nioi'meut ;  and  by 
a  later  law  iiroclamalions  of  residencias  nuist  bo  mi'iie  in  .'iuch  manner  that 
tlio  luidans  might  know  thereof.  The  (inlKiiiiza-i  i!c.Aiiii!ciiC'ii.nA  L'iiilip  II.  of 
]."iii;Jand  l.")ii7,  state  that  in  some  citiej  of  the  Innies  it  vra-i  cujuimary  to 
apiioiut  at  certain  seasons  two  regidorcs,  who,  with  an  al  'abie,  acted  a3 
JO  li.-i  iji  ctilorc<.  At  the  beginning  of  every  year  the  vicrmy.  or  tlie  pre  ident, 
ia  a  city  which  wa.)  the  residence  of  an  aiulicncia,  had  to  anp.;int  an  ni^lor  to 
take  the  residcncia  of  the  liclea  cjecutorcs  of  the  previoni  year.  Tiic  samo 
w.io  to  be  (kino  if  those  oliicc:!  had  been  sold  to  the  city,  ri  I  %  (  r  /r/iir;  but 
in  :jnch  eases  it  wa.)  left  to  the  di.scrction  of  the  viceroy  or  pre.  i.'.ent  to  can.so 
them  to  Iio  ta!;cn  when  necessary,  not  allowing  them  to  l>ccomo  too  connnon- 
p!ace.  Piiilip  II.  in  \'t~',],  an<l  lii.s  successors  as  late  as  lOS;),  directed  tliat  in 
residcncia.'!  of  jiiovcnKirs  and  their  subordinates,  v,  hen  tho  lino  did  nut  exceed 
■  >,tK)J  mar.avcdis,  execution  should  issue  innnediately ;  in  diuniv'c.j  granted 
f;\im  ]>rivato  demands  to  tho  amount  of  'JJJ  diic.its,  the  coudcm.icd  was  to 
give  lionih  to  respond.  W'liile  an  ollicial  wa.i  undergoing  his  residcncia  it 
was  e(pii\alcnt  to  his  being  under  arrest,  as  ho  could  nciilier  e.xerci^jo  otlieo 
nor,  excc]it  in  certain  cases  speeilicd,  leave  tho  ji'.ace.  ThiM  tho  law  of  loliO, 
leiteiatcd  in  \oS\,  stated  that  from  tho  time  (;f  the  proclamation  of  a  resi- 
dcncia till  its  conclusion  (tljuitrih'-i  ntni/on'i  and  their  Icim  iiU.<  should  lie  sus- 
jMuded  from  carrying  tho  Tirn-i,  or  fron;  exercising  any  of  t'.io  finictions  of 
oiiicc.  In  I.kS;},  in  KiJO,  and  in  IGSO.  it  was  oritercd  tliat  fuch  judgcfof  resi- 
duicia  a i  were  aiipointcd  in  tho  Indies  should  lie  sclccLc  1  iiy  a  vicci'oy  and 
c  idicncia,  or  by  a  president  and  audiencia,  acting  in  accord.  Salaries  of 
jucces  de  resid<ncia  wero  ordered  by  Felipe  111.  in  HiiS  to  bo  ]iaid  by  tho 
o.iicial  tried  if  fouu.l  j^uiUy,  if  not  by  tho  audic-ncia  appointiu','.  lieloro  this, 
i.i  liJld,  tho  s:uno  sovereign  had  ordered   notaries  emiiloyeil  in  residcncia:! 


t^kin  by  (■()i-i-i';i'iloir<  to  bo  paid  in  like  ma 


'J'he  next  monarcli  ('.ii'ecLcd 


t'.i.it  s'lii).)'  oliicer.s  should  bo  subject  to  rc.iidcncia  in  Iho  form  of  a  i\-li'i ;  and 
ill  visitas  to  ii'Iniit.i  iu\t\  jlotii-i  none  but  common  sailors,  artillerymen,  and 
soldiers  s'.iould  bo  exempt.  C.irlos  H.  in  ](io7  decreed  tlu.t  the  residcncia 
of  a  vi.'croy  hnist  bo  terminated  within  six  montirj  from  the  pnlilication  of 
the  notic(;  (<f  the  juil'io  taking  it.  Felipo  III.  in  liii!),  and  C.hios  II.  in 
iilSrt,  ordered  that  viccr(n"s  and  president  t  should  icnd  anu",:d!y  to  the  crowu 
li  its  of  persons  suitulile  for  conducting  residencias,  so  that  no  ono  might  Iio 
chosen  to  act  upon  tiio  ollicial  iindci-  whoso  juri  ■diction  ho  resided.  .Sco 
II  rop.  tie  Jiii/!a<,  ii.  17i>-S'.).  Vi  the  report  of  tho  rcsidevici.L  tho  oriv'inal 
Wa  I  sent  to  tho  Council  of  the  Indies,  and  a,  copy  deposited  in  tho  archives 
of  the  audiencia.  80  burdensome  weie  the.;o  trials,  so  corrupt  became  tho 
jad  ;cs,  that  later,  in  America,  tho  residcncia  seemed  rather  to  dcl\'at  than  to 
jii'omoto  j  !s,tice,  and  in  17'JJ  itwas  abolished  so  far  as  the  subordinate  olliocrs 
Were  concerned. 


si:  fill 


*■  Ifif 


!■ 


i  ii 


;.    ! 


252 


ADMIXISTEATIOX  OF  THE  INDIES. 


Santo  Domingo  to  r.  more  licaltliful  site  on  tlio 
otlier  side  of  the  river,  and  estal)liH]ied  a  colony  at 
Puerto  do  Plata,  on  the  north  side  of  Espanoia,  near 
Isal)ela. 

Distant  ci<j:lit  Icacjiics  from  Santo  Domincro  woro 
the  nnncs  whore  the  twenty-five  lunidred  thought 
innnediately  to  enrich  themselves.  For  several  days 
after  landiii'jf  the  road  was  alive  with  eaii^^cr  i^ohi 
hunters  drawn  from  all  classes  of  the  community; 
cavalier,  ludahjo,^  and  laborer,  priest  and  artisan, 
honest  men  and  villains,  whose  cupidity  had  been  fired 
by  the  display  of  precious  metal  lately  gathered,  and 
■who  were  now  hurryini]:  forward  with  hard  breath 
and  anxious  eyes  under  their  bundle  of  necessities. 
Put  there  was  no  happy  fortune  in  store  for  the-o 
new-comers.  The  story  then  new  has  been  oft  re- 
peated since:  expecting  to  fill  their  sacks  quickly  and 
with  ease,  and  finding  that  a  very  little  gold  was  to 
be  obtained  only  by  very  great  labor,  they  were  soon 
on  their  way  back  to  the  cit}',  where  many  of  them 
fell  into  ]ioverty,  half  of  them  dying  of  fever. 

Poor  fools  !  they  did  not  know;  their  countiymcn, 
those  tluit  were  left  from  former  attempts,  did  not  tell 
them,  tliough  Iloldan's  men,  Pobadilla's  men  knew 
well  enough,  and  in  truth  the  remnant  of  Ovando's 
men  were  not  slow  to  learn,  that  the  wise  man,  the  wise 
and  villainous  man  from  Spain,  did  not  work  or  die  \':  v 
gold,  or  ibr  anything  else,  when  there  were  savages 
that  might  be  pricked  to  it  by  the  sword. 

^  Originally  MTittcii  ^/or?rt/'^o,  son  of  somotliin'^.  Later  applied  to  rjrntle- 
mcn,  co^uitry  gentlemen  ])ei''inps  more  partienl.irly.  Ovicilo,  ii.  4i)!>,  c,ii!3 
Dioiio  do  i\  iencsa  '  lioinhro  du  liiupi;'.  iiiugre  do  lii  josdid'rr),'  a  man  of  pure  I'ori'.'.o 
blood.  Coui'rrnin.L;  tlio  ovi'iin  of  llio  word  lil'l'l';/',  .luan  do  la  I'liento  !.lirir< 
that  dnriii^'  tlio  iMoori.sli  -wars,  whenever  a  larj^o  town  was  eaptured  tlio  Ki;i ,' 
kept  it ;  the  vida.^e  i  l.e  pivo  to  eaptains  who  lK:d  distingui.shcd  them  ;elve.;,  and 
who  wero  ealird  at  lir.st  v/'.(h  lomr.i,  and  afterward  (/rainle-i.  To  niiiior  mn  i- 
torious  i)ersoin  sonu'lhiii;,'  les:i  wa.-i  given,  a  portion  of  the  spoils  or  a  grant  of 
land,  hut  alway  t  eoiuetliin,^';  lieneo  their  descendants  wero  ealled  .//;>'■••■'/  "',,'''-. 
hijifliiljiu,  vv /li'ttilija^,  wn.s  of  Koniething.  In  the />;••.  Uii!c.  anthoriUes  a;-o 
quoted  bhowiii'^'  that  the  word  liida/jo  originated  with  tho  Rohian  e.jloni.;l.j 
of  Spain,  calletl  I/uHfo.-',  who  wero  exempt  from  inipoats.  Jleneo  tlio-o 
cnjoyini,'  fiaiilar  l)enelit3  were  culled  Hulko.i,  whicli  word  in  lapse  of  tinio 
bocanio  lialiljo. 


COVERXMENT  OF  THE  NATIVES.  2o3 

During  this  earliest  period  of  Spanish  domination 
in  Anici'ica,  under  successive  viceroys  and  subordinate 
rulers,  Ijy  far  tlie  most  im})ortant  matter  which  arose 
for  consideration  or  action  was  the  treatment  of  the 
aboriii'lnes.  Most  momentous  to  them  it  was,  cer- 
tainlv,  and  of  no  small  consequence  to  Spain.  Unfor- 
tunately, much  damage  was  done  before  the  subject 
was  Ihirly  understood;  and  afterward,  evils  continued 
because  bad  men  were  always  at  hand  ready  to  risk 
future  punishment  for  present  benefits.  Spain  was 
so  far  away,  and  justice  moved  so  slowly,  if  it  moved 
at  all,  that  this  risk  was  seldom  of  the  greatest. 

The  sovereigns  of  Spain  now  found  themselves 
called  upon  to  rule  two  races  in  the  New  World,  the 
white  and  the  red.  And  it  was  not  always  easy  to 
determine  what  should  be  done,  what  should  be  the 
relative  attitude  of  one  toward  the  other.  As  to  the 
superiority  of  the  white  race  there  was  no  question. 
And  among  white  men,  Spaniards  were  the  natural 
masters;  and  among  Spaniards,  v^astilians  possessed 
the  iirst  rights  in  the  new  lands  the  Genoese  had 
found  for  them. 

.VU  was  plain  enough  so  for.  It  M'as  natural  and 
I'iglit  that  Spaniards  should  be  masters  in  America. 
Their  claim  was  twofold;  as  discoverers,  and  as  prop- 
agandists. But  in  just  what  category  t(3  place  the 
wd  man  was  a  question  almost  as  puzzling  as  to  tell 
who  lie  was,  and  wlience  he  came.  Several  times 
tlie  question  arose  as  to  whether  he  had  a  soul,  or 
a  semi-soul,  and  whether  the  Hquid  so  lively  let  by 
the  conquerors  was  brute  blood,  or  of  as  higli  proof 
as  that  which  ran  in  C'astilian  veins.  The  savages 
were  to  be  governed,  of  course;  but  how,  as  sul)- 
jects  or  as  slaves?  Columbus  A\as  strongly  in  fivor 
of  Indian  slavery.  He  had  participated  in  the 
rortuguesc  slave-trade,  and  had  founcl  it  profltaljle. 
Spaniards  enslaved  infidels,  and  why  not  heathens? 
^iahometans  enslaved  Christians,  and  Chiistians 
Mahometans.     Likewise   Christians  enslaved  Chris- 


^1 


I  n 


i  liil 


2.>4 


ADMIXISTRATIOX  OF  THE  INDIES. 


tiaiis,  white  as  well  as  black,  tliougli  it  began  to  bo 
questioned  in  Spain  whether  it  was  (|uito  proper  to 
enslave  white  Christians. 

The  negro  slave-trade  was  at  this  time  compara- 
tively a  new  thing.  It  was  one  f)f  the  proximate 
results  of  lil'teenth-century  maritime  discovery.  The 
Portuguese  were  foremost  in  it,  organizing  for  the 
purpose  a  company  at  Lagos,  and  a  factory  at  Arguin, 
about  the  middle  of  the  century.  Prince  Henry  re- 
ceiving his  fifth.  Europe,  however,  offered  no  profit- 
able lield  for  African  slave  labor,  and  but  for  the 
discovery  of  America  the  traffic  probably  never  would 
have  assumed  large  proportions.  Public  sentiment 
was  not  in  those  days  averse  to  slaver}'',  particularly 
to  the  enslavement  of  the  children  of  Ham.  And 
yet  neither  Isabella  nor  Ferdinand  was  at  all  dis- 
posed, in  regard  to  their  Xew  World  possessions,  to 
follow  the  example  of  Portugal  on  the  coast  of  Africa. 
Though  they  had  scarcely  made  personal  the  appli- 
cation that  the  practice  was  one  of  the  chief  causes 
of  Rome's  ruin,  yet  they  seemed  instinctively  opposed 
to  it  in  this  instance.  They  did  not  want  these 
creatures  in  Spain,  they  had  no  use  for  them.  In 
regard  to  the  ancient  custom  of  enslaving  prisoners  of 
war,  particularly  the  detested  and  chronically  hostile 
]\Ioors,  it  was  different.  This  New  World  had  been 
given  them  for  a  higher  purpose.  Its  natives  were 
not  the  enemies  of  Spain;  they  were  innocent  of  any 
offence  against  Spain.  It  was  better,  it  was  more 
glorious,  there  w;is  higher  and  surer  reward  in  it, 
to  Christianize  than  to  enslave.  This  the  clergy 
constantly  urged;  so  that  in  Spain  the  passion  lor 
jn'opagandism  was  greater  than  the  passion  for  en- 
slaving. 

Columbus  must  have  been  aware  of  this  when  in 
1405  ho  sent  by  Torres,  with  the  four  ship-loads  of 
Indian  slaves,  the  apology  to  their  Majesties  that 
these  were  man-eating  Caribs,  monsters,  the  legitimate 
prey  of  slave-makers  wherever  found.     Pcradveaturc 


SLAVERY. 


pomo  of  them  iniglit  bo  made  Cliri.'^tians,  who  when 
they  had  h\iTiie<l  Citstihau  could  be  scut  back  to 
servo  as  missionaries  and  interpreters  to  aid  in  dchv- 
cring  their  countrymen  from  tho  powers  of  darkness. 
This  was  plausible,  and  thrir  ^[ajesties  seemed  con- 
tciit;  but  when  Columbus  pressed  tho  matter  further, 
untl  requested  that  arrangements  should  bo  made  for 
entering  extensively  into  tho  traffic,  they  hesitated. 
Meanwhile  the  Genocso  launched  boldly  forth  in  tho 
old  way,  not  only  making  slaves  of  cannibals  but  of 
prisoners  of  war;  and  whenever  slaves  were  needed, 
a  })retenco  for  war  was  not  long  wanting.  Thcrc- 
ni)()n,  with  another  shipment,  the  admiral  grows 
jubilant,  and  swears  by  tho  holy  Trinity  that  ho  can 
send  to  Spain  as  many  slaves  as  can  bo  sold,  four 
thousand  if  necessary,  and  enters  upon  the  details 
of  capture,  carriage,  sale,  and  return  cargoes  of  goods, 
with  all  tho  enthusiasm  of  a  sometime  proiitablo 
experience  in  tho  business.  Further  than  this  ho 
permits  enforced  labor  where  there  had  been  failure 
to  pay  trilnite,  and  finally  gives  to  every  one  who 
comes  an  Indian  for  a  slave. 

Then  the  monarchs  were  angry.  "What  authority 
from  mo  has  tho  admiral  to  give  to  any  one  my  vassals !" 
exclaimed  the  queen.  All  who  had  thus  been  stolen 
from  homo  and  country,  among  whom  were  pregnant 
women  and  babes  newly  born,  were  ordered  returned. 
And  from  that  moment  the  sovereigns  of  Spain  wore 
the  friends  of  tho  Indians.  Not  Isabella  alone  but 
I'V'rdinand,  Charles,  and  Philip,  and  their  successors 
for  two  hundred  ^v'oars  with  scarcelv  an  oxcei)tional 
mstanco,  stood  manfully  for  tho  rights  of  tho  sav- 
ages—  always  subordinate  however  to  their  own 
iancied  rights — constantly  and  determinately  inter- 
posing their  royal  authority  between  the  persistent 
wrong-doing  of  their  Spanish  subjects,  and  their 
defenceless  subjects  of  tho  New  World.  Likewise 
liie  Catholic  Church  is  entitled  to  tho  highest  praise 
fur  her  inlluence  in  tho  direction  of  humanity,  and 


^rfi 


1 !:   ii 


206 


AD^UXLSTRATION  OF  THE  INWE.^. 


for  tlio  unwearied  efforts  of  her  ministers  in  ^aiardin^j 
i'rom  cruelty  and  injustiee  these  poor  creatures.  Here 
and  there  in  the  coui'se  of  this  narrative  we  iind  a 
priest  carried  away  by  the  spirit  (jf  i)roselytisni  eonunit 
acts  of  lolly  and  unrighteousness;  and  men  announc- 
ing as  church  measures  proceedings  which  v»hen  known 
in  the  mother  country  received  the  prompt  condem- 
nation of  the  church.  These  men  and  measures  [ 
siiall  not  be  backward  to  condemn.  ]]ut  it  is  with 
no  small  degree  of  pleasure  that  I  record  thus  early 
in  this  history  the  noble  attributes  of  t!ie  self-sacri- 
ticing  Christian  heroes  who  Nvhile  preaching  their  faitli 
to  the  sava.ge  endeavui'ed  to  l)ridle  as  best  they  coul  I 
the  cupidity  and  cruelty  of  the  {Spanish  adventurers 
who  accom])anied  them. 

After  the  first  invasions,  in  various  quarters,  ag- 
gressive warfare  on  the  natives,  even  on  obdurate 
heathen  nations,  was  prohibited.  In  the  extension 
of  dominion  that  followed,  the  very  word  '  conquest ' 
was  forbidden  to  bo  employed,  even  though  it  were  a 
conquest  gained  by  fighting,  and  the  mikler  term 
*  pacification '  was  substituted.*  Likewise,  after  the 
lirst  great  land  robberies  had  boon  committed,  side 
by  side  with  the  minor  seizures  was  in  ])ractico  the 
regulation  that  enough  of  the  ancient  territory  should 
be  left  each  native  community  to  support  it  com- 
fortably in  a  fixed  residence.  The  mo.;t  that  was 
required  of  the  Indians  was  to  abolish  their  ancient 
inhuman  practices,  put  on  the  outward  ap[)arel  of  civ- 
ilization, and  as  fast  as  possible  adapt  themselves  to 
Christian  customs,  paying  a  light  tax,  in  kind,  nomi- 
nally for  protection  and  instruction.  This  doing,  they 
were  to  be  left  free  and  happy.  Such  were  the  wishes 
of  crown  and  clergy;  for  which  both  strove  steadily 

*  'Por  justas  causas,  y  consideraciones  conviene,  que  cu  toilas  las  tapitu- 
laeione^^  que  so  liiciL'i-en  para  nuevoa  duscubrimicntos,  sc  cxcnso  c:it;i  pahilna 
conquijta,  y  on  su  lugar  so  use  do  las  do  pacilioacioii  y  pnl)lii;ion,  puo3  liuM- 
endose  do  liacer  con  toda  paz  y  caridad,  os  nucstra  voluntad,  quo  nun  csto 
uonibre  iutei'pretado  contra  nucstra  iutencion,  no  ocaisionc,  ni  dj  color  il  lo 
capitulado,  para  que  so  pucd  >  haccr  f ucrza  ni  agravio  a  los  Indies. '  Recoi). 
lie  Indian,  ii.  2, 


LAWS  RESrECTIXr.  TIT"  ABOniOIXES. 


207 


tlioir^li  unsuccessfully  until  tlio  object  of  their  solici- 
l;i(K<  cruinblod  into  cartl).'^ 


'T!i(!  best  proof  of  tho  poli -y  of  Spain  in  rocrard  to  tlio  natives  of  tlie 
N'i'W  World  is  found  in  iier  laws  upon  tlio  sul)ji.'i't.  Writers  ni:iy  jiossiMy 
i-dlor  tla'ir  a-iscrtions,  Imt  by  following  tho  royal  dui'i'i'i;H  tliroii.;h  sue- 
fi'ssivo  iriLjns  wo  Ji.ive  wliat  caiuiot  l»o  controverted.  Tho  snlpjert  of  tiio 
t'.ciitincnt  of  tho  Indians  oo('n)iieH  no  injonsideralilo  spaec  in  tlic  J!i  i-o/ii>ifioii 
il''  !.■  iridi:  I  n  /iii/ii.'i.  At  tho  beginning;  of  tit.  x.  lib.  vi.  is  placed  a  elaiise  of 
IsalulUs  will,  S'dennily  injoinini{  her  sneees-sors  to  sio  that  tho  Jnilians  v.f ro 
aluays  cijuitahly  and  kindly  treated;  and  this  was  tho  text  for  future  le:^'is- 
liitiuii.  And  ii"\v  let  lis  fjlani'O  at  tho  laws;  I  cannot  givo  tiie:n  all ;  but  I 
can  a^suro  tiio  reader  they  aro  of  one  tenor.  First  of  all  tho  natives  v.eru 
to  b>^  i)roteet(  d  by  tl.o  ceelesiastieal  and  ci\  il  authorities.  They  mi.^ht  marry 
freely,  bit  always  in  aeeordaiie'e  with  (,'hristian  nsa^'c;  must  not  bo  taki-ii  1.0 
S|iaiii;  iiiiist  lio  civiii/ed,  C'hristiani/.eil,  taught  to  spi  ak  Ni)ani.sh,  iiiid  i  >  lovo 
labor,  if  pos-il'lc;  they  might  so»v  seed,  lined  stock,  keej)  tluir  ami*  nt 
iiiark'^t-days,  buy  and  sell  at  pleasure,  and  even  «lisposo  of  tin  ir  huids, 
Hilly  t'lO  Spaniaiils  vero  not  allowed  to  sell  them  arms  or  ahoholij  liipior.s. 
The  I  ai|uin  lion  could  u' it  touch  tlicni,  for  in  ndigious  matters  they\\(;o:.uliject 
to  tlio  bishop's  jurisdiction,  ami  in  cases  of  witi'hcrat't  to  tho  civd  jiov,  er. 
Tiny  might  Iki>o  their  municipal  oriiani/ations  in  imitation  of  tho  S[iauisli 
t  iwii  goM'rmiieut,  ViitU  their  alcaldes,  tiseales,  and  regidores,  v\r  te<l  from 
iiuioag  themsches  to  servo  for  ono  year,  elections  to  bo  held  in  t'.  ^  jirescnco 
of  tin;  priest.  It  was  nuido  tho  duty  of  priests,  prelates,  all  olhi cis  of  tho 
j;.)ve!nnient,  ami  in  fact  every  Sjianish  subject,  ti>  watch  o\cr  and  ])i(>tcct 
tlie  Indians.  (Jovernors  and  judges  wei'o  charged  nnder  tho  severest  jieu- 
iilties  to  SCO  justico  tlono  them.  Two  olliceitj  wcro  created  at  an  early  day 
for  this  purpose,  tlioso  of  pro'''Ctnr  and  (/'■iiii<nr,  tho  former  having  general 
Hversiglit  of  tho  natives  and  their  interests,  and  tho  latter  ap]Teuring  in  their 
bilialf  ill  court.  After  .1  time,  when  it  was  tlionght  tho  al"'iigines  could 
htaiid  alone,  tho  oflices  vcro  abolished.  IJiit  tho  action  was  preinaiurc,  and 
in  l"i'i;)  I'liilip  11.  ordered  them  revived.  Theso  ollicers  wcro  appointed  by 
t'lC  vi  croys  and  president-govcrnora.  Indians  might  appear  in  courts  of  law 
and  liavo  counsel  assigned  them  free  of  any  cost;  and  even  in  suits  lutweca 
tlio  iititivcs  themselves  tliero  was  to  bo  no  expense,  tho  liseal  appeal  iiigou 
0110  si'lo,  and  the  protector  on  tho  other.  I'liilipalso  gavo  notice  in  !.",',);{ that 
Spaiiia'.d^  who  maltreated  ImliauH  were  to  bo  punished  with  greater  rigor 
taan  for  badly  treating  a  Spanianl.  This  was  a  remarkable  law;  it  is  a 
jiiiy  the  ruritans  ami  their  descendants  hickeil  such  a  ono.  Indians  might 
be  liiieil,  bi;t  they  must  bo  ])aid  promptly.  They  might  work  in  tho  miiuM, 
or  cany  burdens  if  they  chose,  but  it  must  bo  dono  voluntarily.  J'",nt'oretd 
porsdual  sersice,  or  any  apiiroach  to  it,  was  jealously  and  repeate(lly  ])ro- 
liiiiiied.  Indians  under  eighteen  must  not  bo  employed  to  carry  burdens, 
l.i't  tho^o  who  sneer  at  I'hilip  and  Spain  remember  that  two  centuries  after 
this  Knglaud  could  calmly  look  on  and  see  lier  own  littlo  ehildien,  six  yeara 
(if  a.e,  working  with  their  mothers  in  coal-pits.  There  were  many  ways  tho 
S]i.iMianIs  had  of  evading  the  just  and  luimano  laws  of  their  monarelis — 
iiistaueo  tho  triek  of  employers  of  getting  miners  or  other  laborers  in  delit  to 
tliem,  and  keeiiing  thcni  so,  and  if  they  attempted  to  run  away  interpose  tho 
law  for  their  restraint.  It  was  cipiivali'iit  to  slavery.  A  native  might  evea 
Sell  his  labor  for  an  in<letniite  time,  until  Fidipo  III.  in  KibS  decreed  that  no 
Imlian  could  bind  himself  to  work  for  more  than  one  year.  'J'.ho  law  en- 
ileaviued  to  throw  all  severe  labor  upon  the  negro,  -who  was  supposvd  to  bo 
hettrr  iiblo  to  cnduro  it.  Tho  black  man  was  likewise  placed  far  below  the 
ltd  in  tho  social  scale.  It  was  criminal  for  a  negi'o  or  mixcddirced  to  have 
nn  Imlian  work  for  liim,  although  voluntarily  and  for  pay;  nor  might  an 
AtVican  even  go  to  tho  house  of  an  American.  The  law  endeavored  to  guard 
tho  ladiau  in  his  privacy,  as  well  as  in  his  rights.     It  stuUiud  to  muko  the 

Uisi.  0»..:".  .\il.,  V.L.I.     17 


m 


s   ; 


i 


253 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  THE  INDIE?;. 


m  m 


For  the  soldier,  the  sailor,  tlic  cavalier,  tlie  vaga- 
bond, the  governor,  and  all  their  subordinates  and 
associates,  all  the  Xew  World  rabhle  I'roui  viceroy  to 
menial  vrilled  it  otherwise,  the  New  Woi'ld  clergy  too 

lot  of  the  aboriL;inal  r.s  peaceful  ami  comfortable  under  Christian  civilization 
as  under  liciillieii  l);iil):iri.-:ni.  More  it  could  not  do;  it  coulil  not  do  this 
nincli;  after  the  pacifyini;  raid  tln'ough  the  primeval  garden,  all  ]]iiro])o 
could  not  restore  it.  Jhit  Spain's  nionarcha  did  tlieir  best  to  miti;;ato  tiiu 
Bullcriii'is  eauiicd  l)y  Spain's  unruly  hods.  The  cacique  might  hold  liis  plan 
among  his  people,  and  follow  ancient  usage  in  regard  to  hi:j  Kueces.<ion,  but  he; 
must  not  enslave  them,  or  iniliet  upon  them  the  ancient  cruel  customs,  .suih 
as  giving  Indian  girls  in  lieu  ot  tribute,  or  burying  servants  AviUi  tlieir  dead 
masters.  And  these  petty  rulers  must  stay  at  home  and  attend  to  their  alFaiis; 
Indians  coidd  not  leave  one  pueblo  to  take  up  their  i-esidence  in  another,  and 
caciques  could  not  go  to  Spain  without  special  license  from  the  king.  Tlic 
natives  -were  ordered  to  liv  >  in  eonnnunities,  and  have  a  iixcd  n^sidence,  and 
tlieir  landa  were  not  in  coi-scquencc  to  be  taken  from  them.  Thiy  must  not 
ride  on  horseliaek,  for  that  would  make  them  too  nearly  e(iual  to  the  cava'.ii  r 
in  battle;  they  must  not  hold  dances  witliout  p'Tinission.  fei  then  tiiey  miuiit 
plot  conspiracies,  or  gi-.v.  iiiemsclvcs  up  to  servo  iieatlicn  gods  as  of  old; 
tiiey  must  not  work  in  gold  or  silver,  an  illiljcral  restriction  ivhich  lost 
to  the  -world  the  hncst  of  America's  arts.  Spaniard.s  could  not  place  a 
cattle  ranclio  ■within  ]  h  leagues  of  a  native  puciilo;  or  tiwiiie,  sheep,  or  goats 
vithin  half  a  league;  the  Indians  might  lawfully  kill  cattle  trespassing  on 
their  lands.  In  a  pr obloof  Indians  neither  Spaniard,  nor  mulatto,  nor  negr» 
should  live.  Xo  traveller  might  spend  the  night  at  the  house  oi  a  native  it 
an  inn  was  at  hand.  Xo  Spanish  or  mestizo  merchant  might  remain  in  an 
Indian  jiueblo  m  ire  than  three  days,  nor  another  white  man  more  than  two 
days.  IJeside  the  property  of  individuals  each  Indian  pueblo  had  some  com- 
mon pro])erty,  and  a  strongdjox  in  whieli  the  community  money  and  title- 
deeds  were  kept.  Caci((nes  must  not  call  themselvea  lords  of  pueblos,  as 
that  detracted  from  royal  prei'ininenco;  they  must  lie  called  eaciques  .'iiuitly. 
The  caci(pio  must  not  attempt  feudal  fashions;  he  must  not  opjiress  his 
peoiile,  or  take  more  than  the  stipulated  tribute;  and  ho  who  worked  l<v 
the  cacique  must  bo  paid  l)y  the  jaeique.  In  criminal  matters  the  jinisdic- 
tion  of  caei(pies  over  their  people  could  not  extend  to  death  or  nuitilation. 
On  the  other  hand  a  caci(]ue  could  not  bo  tried  by  the  ordinary  Siiani-li  jii.  tii.o 
of  the  ptMce,  but  only  bj'  ♦he:  judge  of  a  district.  The  last  four  laws  v  ire  ma  'e 
liy  Charles  V.  in  l.").'>8.  .iiid  beside  these  were  many  other  edicts  ]ironiulg"'iil 
by  the  Sj)anisli  monarehs  during  two  and  a  half  centuries,  notable  for  tlu  ir 
wisdom,  energy,  and  humanity.  I'y  the  continued  outrages  a:id  excesses  of 
their  subjects  in  the  Xew  W(jrld  the  temper  of  the  crown  was  often  severely 
tried.  Thus  \\a3  fouml  Avritten  by  Felipe  TV.  with  his  own  iian  1,  onadecno 
of  the  council  ordeiing  the  immodiato  su[)prcssi(,:!  of  nil  those  infamous  c\  ils 
practised  inspitcof  lawsagainst  tliem,  a  sentiment  \\uich  was  ■fill.' y  re  it^ratiil 
by  his  son  (Jiirlos  11.  iii  l(iSO:  --'I  will  that  you  give  patisfaction  to  nic  an  1 
to  the  world  eoneevnirii;  tiio  manner  of  treating  those  my  vassals,'  so  rc'ils 
the  writing;  'and  if  this  l)e  not  done,  so  that  as  in  response  t.o  tiiii  Ictiii' 
1  may  see  exemplary  ])unisliment  meted  oficuders,  I  shall  hold  myself  dis- 
obeyed; and  lie  assured  tluit  if  you  do  not  remedy  it,  I  will.  'J'he  Kast  oniis- 
fiionsl  shall  consider  gra  vo  ci'imcsagains'j  Cod  and  against  me;  the  evil  louhut 
tending  as  it  does  to  the  total  ruin  and  destruction  of  those  vealuis  \vlin-e 
natives  I  hold  in  estimation;  and  I  will  that  they  be  treated  as  is  merited  liy 
vassals  who  serve  the  monarchy  so  well,  and  have  so  contributed  to  itsgiandiar 
and  enlightenment.'  See  further,  'I'ajiia,  Hist.  ("to.  Kap'ino'a,  jiassiin;  Cojo!- 
Iirlo,  J/i.^t.  Yiinit/Kiii,  71-11 ;  lituninz,  Vida  MoioUiiki,  in  IcdrJiakct'i,  ( 'ol.  I >(>■'■,  i. 
:l>vi.;  Las  Citvan,  Carta,  in  /'at/ttco aud  Jurdcnas,  Col.  Doc,  vii.  'J'J0-3oS. 


DAST^^vDLY  DOIXGS  OF  OVAXDO. 


259 


(ulcn  winkinv*;  assent.  However  omnipotent  in  Spain, 
there  were  some  things  in  America  that  the  sover- 
eiL^ns  and  their  confessors  could  not  do.  They  could 
nut  control  the  bad  passions  of  their  subjects  when 
l)oyond  the  reach  of  rope  and  dungeon.  That  these 
evil  proclivities  were  of  home  engendering,  having 
for  their  sanction  innumerable  examples  from  cliurch 
and  state,  statesmen  and  prelates  would  hardly  admit, 
but  it  is  in  truth  a  i)lausible  excuse  for  the  excesses 
committed.  The  fact  is  that  for  every  outrage  by  a 
subject  in  the  far  away  Indies,  there  were  ten,  eoch 
of  magnitude  tenfold  for  evil,  committed  l.»y  tlie  sov- 
ereigns in  Spain;  so  that  it  is  by  no  means  wonderful 
that  the  Spaniards  determined  here  to  practise  o,  little 
f^iufulness  for  their  own  gratification,  oven  though  their 
preceptors  did  oppose  wickedness  Vv'hieh  by  reason  of 
their  absence  tiiey  themselves  could  not  eiijcy. 

Though  the  monarchs  protested  earnestly,  honestly, 
and  at  the  length  of  centuries,  their  sulijects  went 
their  May  and  executed  tlieir  will  with  the  natives. 
Were  I  to  tell  a  tenth  of  the  atrocities  perpetrated  by 
nation 


'  i> 


could  tell  nothing  else.  The  cat:dogue  of  Eurojiean 
crime,  Spanish,  J:]nglish,  French,  is  as  long  as  it  is 
revolting.  Therefoio,  whenever  I  am  forced  to  touch 
upon  this  most  distasteful  subject,  I  shall  be  as  brief 


us  possi 


bk 


I'assing  the  crimes  of  Columbus  and  l)ol)adilla,  tiic 
sins  of  the  two  being,  ibr  biographical  effect,  usually 
l)laccd  upon  the  lattei",  let  us  look  at  the  conduct 
of  Ovando,  who,  as   Spanish  provincial  rulers  went 


in  til 


lose  da3's,  Avas  an  a\'erago  m 


[in.     lie  I'uled  with 


vigor;  and  as  if  to  oflsot  his  ;;triet  dealings  with 
oU'ending  Spaniards,  unoll'ending  Indians  were  treated 
with  treachery  and  merciless  brutality. 

Ivumor  reaching  him  that  Anacaona,  (pieen  of  .Fa- 
rngua,  meditated  I'evolt,  he  inarched  thither  at  the 
head  of  tv.'o  liundred  foot-soldiers  and  seventy  liorso- 
iiieii.     The  (j[ueen  came  out  to  meet  him,  and  esci^vfcxl 


ii! 

I 


IS 


.5     'it 


200 


AD^illXISTRATIOX  OF  THE  INDIES. 


him  with  music  and  dancing  to  the  great  banquet! hq;- 
hall,  and  entertained  him  there  for  several  da^'.s.  Still 
assured  by  evil  tongues  that  his  hostess  intended 
treachery,  he  determined  to  forestall  her.  On  a 
Sunday  afternoon,  while  a  tilting-match  was  in  prog- 
ress, Ovando  gave  the  signal.  Pic  raised  his  hand 
and  touched  his  Alcantara  cross — a  bado'e  of  honor 
it  was  called,  which,  had  it  been  real,  should  have 
.shrivelled  the  hand  that  for  such  a  purpose  touched  it. 
On  the  instant  Anacaona  and  her  caciques  were  seized 
and  a  mock  trial  given  them;  after  which  the  queen 
was  hanged,  the  caciques  tortured  and  burned,  and  the 
people  of  the  province,  men,  women,  and  children, 
ruthlessly  and  indiscriminately  butchered.  Those  who 
esca]ied  the  massacre  were  afterward  enslaved.  For 
intelligence,  grace,  and  beauty  Anacaona  was  the  Isa- 
bella of  the  Indies,  and  there  was  no  valid  proof  that 
she  meditated  the  slightest  injury  to  the  Spaniards. 
The  natives  of  Saona  and  iliguey,  in  revenge  i'or 
the  death  of  a  chief  torn  in  pieces  by  a  Spanish  blood- 
hound, rose  to  arms,  and  slew  a  boat's  crew  of  eight 
Spaniards.  Juan  de  Esquivel  with  four  hundred  men 
w^as  sent  ai^jainst  them,  and  the  usual  indiscriminate 
hanixincr  and  burninu:  followed.  It  is  stated  that  over 
six  hundred  were  slauixhtered  atone  time  in  one  house. 
A  peace  was  conquered,  a  fort  built;  fresh  outrages 
provoked  a  fresh  outbreak;  and  the  horrors  of  the 
extermination  that  followed  LasCasas  confessed  him- 
self unable  to  describe.  A  passion  arose  for  mutila- 
tion, and  for  prolonging  agony  by  new  inventions  f  u- 
reliniiig  cruelty.  Antl  the  irony  of  Christianity  \\as 
reacheti  when  thirteen  men  were  hanged  side  by  side 
in  honor  of  Christ  and  his  apostles.  Cotubano,  the 
last  of  iho  live  native  kings  of  Espanola,  was  taken 
to  Santo  Domingo,  and  hanged  by  ortler  of  Ovando. 
In  Iliguey  were  then  formeil  two  settlements,  Sal- 
valeon  and  Santa  Cruz.  To  take  the  places  in  tlio 
Spanijjh  service  of  the  Indians  thus  slain  in  Espanola, 
forty  thousand  natives  of  the  Lucayas  Islands  were 


THE  L.\BOR  QUESTION. 


261 


enticed  thitlior  upon  the  pretext  of  tlio  captors  that 
Ihcy  were  the  Indians'  dead  ancestors  come  from 
heaven  to  take  their  loved  ones  back  with  them, 
Espanola  was  indeed  tlicir  shortest  way  to  lieaven, 
though  not  the  way  they  had  been  led  to  su]iposo. 
"When  tidings  of  Ovando's  doings  reached  JSiiain, 
notably  of  his  treatment  of  Anacaona,  Queen  Isabella 
was  on  her  death-bed;  but  raising  herself  as  best  she 
was  a1)lo,  she  exclaimed  to  the  president  of  the  council, 
"  I  will  have  you  take  of  him  such  a  residencia  as  was 
never  taken." 


IJoth  the  Spaniards  and  the  Indians,  as  we  have 
seen,  were  averse  to  labor.  To  both  it  was  degrading; 
to  the  latter,  killing.  And  yet  it  was  ncccssaiy  that 
mines  should  bo  worked,  lands  cultivated,  and  cattle 
raised.     Jiho  of  what  avail  was  the  New  World? 

'.riie  colonists  clamored,  and  the  crown  was  at  a  loss 
what  to  do.  In  her  dilemma  there  is  no  wonder  the 
queen  appeared  to  equivocate;  but  when  in  ])ecom- 
1)or,  loOi),  she  permitted  Ovando  to  use  force  in  bring- 
ing the  natives  to  a  sense  of  their  duty,  though  thi-y 
iim>.t  bo  paid  fair  wages  and  made  to  work  "as  free 
jiersor  ^,  for  so  they  are,"  she  committed  a  fatal  error. 
The  least  latitude  was  sure  to  be  abused.  Under 
royal  permission  of  1501  a  few  negro  slaves  from  time 
ti)  time  were  taken  to  the  Indies.  Las  C'asas  uru'cd 
tlie  extension  of  this  trallie  in  order  to  save  tlie  Jn- 
(lian>.  Ovando  '.omjuuiiicd  that  the  negroes  iled  and 
hill  themselves  ;5mong  the  natives,  over  whom  thoy 
oxcrcisoil  an  unwholesome  inlluence;  nc^vertholess  in 
So])tenil)er,  1  jOj,  we  hud  tlie  king'  sending  over  more 
Afii'an  slaves  to  work  in  the  mines,  this  time  about 
oiu!  hundred.  From  lolT,  when  imj)ortations  iVoni 
the  I'ortugueso  est  LblishnuMtts  on  tlio  (Jnintvi  coast 
^vti•o  authorized  by  Charles  V.,  tlio  trallli,^  iiU'i'easeJ, 
and  under  the  J'higlish,  particularly,  assumed  enormons 
1  roportions.  This  unhappy  I'onl'usion  of  races  led  to 
a  negro  insurrection  at  Espanola  in  lj'2'2. 


■-:\\ 


'■'■*?{ 


m 


2«2 


AP^^INISTRATIOX  OF  THE  IXDIKS. 


Wo  conid  now  to  sonic  of  ilio  results  of  [lio  tein- 
porlziiiL?  policy  of  Si)aiii — always  a  bad  one  when  the 
suhjoct  is  boyond  the  roach  of  t!io  rulinij  arm — in 
ro;j;'ar(l  to  the  Indians.  For  out  of  a  desire  to  avoid 
tlu!  odium  of  Indian  slavery,  and  yet  fjccurc  the  bene- 
fits thereof,  j^rew  a  system  of  servitude  embodying  all 
the  worst  I'eatures  of  absolute  bondage,  with  none  of 
its  mitigations. 

It  will  bo  remembered  that  during  his  second  voy- 
age Colund>us  made  war  on  t'lo  natives  of  Es})ano]a, 
and  after  sending  some  as  slaves  to  Spain,  imposed  a 
tribute  on  the  rest;  on  some  a  bell-measure  of  gold, 
and  on  others  an  arroha^  of  cotton,  every  three  months. 
So  severe  was  this  tax  that  many  could  not  meet  it, 
and  in  l-lDd  service  was  acce])ted  in  place  of  tribute. 
This  was  the  beginning  in  the  Xew  World  of  the 
rcjxirliiiucnfo,''  or  as  it  shor'.ly  afterward  became  the 

'•  Twenty- Civo  iioiiiids.  Tlio  Spanish  pound  i^i  a  KlUo  laoie  tlian  the  ]'ji- 
glisli  ])oiuiil.     Tlu'i'o  aio  four  nn'obas  in  a  i|tiinla!. 

'  /''  /iitr/iiii!nif:),  a,  (listiMlmlion ;  rr/nniir,  it  ilivido;  vnrnmiciKl'i,  a  cliaru'f, 
a  couiniaiuli'iy  ;  fiiconiniilur,  to  give  in  clia'i;o ;  i)ii'iiiiiciiili'rn,  lio  wlio 
liolils  an  ciiconiiinila.  In  Spain  an  ciieiiiMiniila,  a:^  luTo  umliivitoul,  >vas 
a  ili,'nity  in  tlio  four  military  o-.lcf.-^,  cadowt'il  with  a  ii'nlal,  and  held 
1>V  (.'(Ttain  mi'inlKT.s  of  llio  ordcf.  it  was  acipiiivd  through  tho  lilicr.dity 
ot  ilio  ciowu  as  a  rcwai'd  I'c.r  luTviccs  in  tlio  wais  nLrainsl  t!io  Moois. 
'rh(^  lands  taken  from  tlio  Iinidils  wcro  dividid  among  ('hri:slian  ooiii- 
inandors;  tlio  inhahitants  of  tlioso  lauds  won^  crown  toiinnts,  mid  lilL- 
riulits  to  th(ir  sorvicoM  wcio  givou  thoso  commaiidiTs.  In  tho  Ic  jislalioii 
of  tho  Indii'.s,  I'lU'oMiii'nda  was  tho  jtatrona^'o  oonfcrrod  by  royal  I'.ivoi' ovii- 
!i  portion  of  tiio  iiativi:^  cfiuplcd  with  tho  (il)li>;ation  to  toaili  tlicin  tho 
(huti'ini's  of  tin)  ("iuurli,  and  to  dofcnd  tlioir  ihmsous  and  jiroporty.  It  Mas 
oi'iu'inally  intended  tluit  tho  reeipients  of  thi'so  favors  wero  to  lio  tho  di.  cov- 
ei'ers,  eonipienirs,  meiitorious  .settlers,  and  their  desecnidants;  luiL  ill  tliis  ;;i 
ill  many  other  respc'ts  tho  wishes  of  tlio  nionarelis  and  tiieir  advisers  ihd  net 
always  reaeli  tho  mark.  Tho  system  lie.^'im  in  the  New  Worhl  hy  ('oluinlnis, 
r>oliadilla,  aiiil  Owindo  was  eoiitinnetl  liy  Va^eo  Xnfie/,  I'edrarias,  Cutis, 
aiiii  I'i/arro,  and  linally  heeaino  general.  ]{oyal  deerees  upon  tho  .siilijeet, 
w'lieh  .seemed  to  grow  more  and  mo.'o  iiitrii'ato  as  new  i)OMses.;iiiiis  were  piei- 
lied,  l>e;;an  with  a  law  liy  Ferdinand  tho  ( 'atliolio  in  l.'ulti,  leiterati'd  hy  I'liihi) 
ir.  in  l.'iSO,  to  tho  ell'eet  that  iininedi.-itely  n[)oii  llui  paeilieatiou  of  a  pro\i:M'i.! 
tho  g'overnor  ^lhonl^l  ilis-ido  tho  natives  anioii'^'  tho  Helik'i's,  Tlio  ii.-itivei 
thus  distriliiited  were  held  h.r  a  term  of  years,  or  dnrin;.;  tlio  lif<!  of  tlio 
holder,  or  for  two  (M' more  livtw— that  is,  during  the  lifo  of  tho  Ih'st  liolJer, 
and  that  of  his  heir,  and  perhajis  that  of  his  heii''s  heir,  or  until  tho  king 
shonld  otherwise  deeree.  Siilor.inin,  /'('//((//(;•«///./»;•(',  ii.  lih.  ii.  e;ip.  i. ;  .!('">'". 
J><<  I'fiK'iir.  liiiL,  iii.  cap.  x.  ^^'hen  hy  this  eourso  three  i'ourtlis  of  covlaiii 
jvijiulatiiins  had  heeu  'l-eeoimiieiided  '  to  tlu'ir  death,  at  tho  represeiitatinil 
of  l,as  Casas,  the  Iving  in  lo'JH  dei'reed  that  'as  (iod  onr  lord  had  iiiado 
the  Indians  free,"  they  must  not  ho  enslaved  on  this  or  any  oilier  pri!e\ti 
'uiid    tliei'efoi'u    \vu   coniuiuiKl   that   it  Lu  duiiu   uu  moi'o,   ui.id   that  tliosd 


RErARTIMIENTOS  AND  EXCOMIKNDAS. 


2G3 


ou'omicn'JK,  system,  under  Avliicli  ilio  initives  of  a  cou- 
(jucred  eoiiutry  were  divided  anions?  the  coiKiuerors, 
i\(;()iainendud  to  tlieir  cure,  and  made  tributary  to 
tliem. 

!iliv;iily  (listi'il)iitc(l  Ik;  sot  at  liLerty.'  /?•»)''.■<"/,  l/l^f.  ^/ii/njif',  10.  lint  liy 
t!iis  ahitli'a'iu  the  ikstructiou  of  tiic  I'oldiiic.s  wa.i  tliicktcni'il.  rctitimi 
f..lli.\Mjil  ])i;tiUi)u  for  tlio  lestoralioii  of  tlic  system,  until  tin;  kiiii;  liiially 
yiiMiil.  Si'loi-zmin,  PdHtird  hidiaifi,  i.  'J2.").  In  \7yVl  enuomicmlas  wcio  iijain 
;iliiilislifil,  and  a^aiii  tlio  Uin;j;  was  oMii^fil  to  rcstoi-u  tlicm.  Mi'anw  liilu 
iviry  cllort  jiossililo  was  niaslo  hy  tlio  crown  to  jirexiut  almM.J.  'I'lio  tnico- 
ininil(.'i(j  must  fiiliil  in  jicrs.in  tlio  intention  of  tlio  law.  lio  must  n^)t  Ifavo 
MilliMut  i)i.'iinis<>'ion  fioin  the  {,'ov(.'nior,  anil  tiifii  his  dutifs  must  \n:  ilolo- 
;.';it((l  to  a  ies[)on:?il)lt!  iii^'iMit.  Jf  away  for  four  months  without  ]Krniis;uon, 
hii  iMioniii'mla  Ma.i  to  ho  declared  vacant.  'J'lio  enconiindoro  must  not  hire 
out  any  natives,  or  [iIciIlic  them  to  creditors,  under  jienalty  of  loss  of  Jndians 
and  a  line  of  50,0150  maravcdis.  No  oneeouM  ap)iro[iriate  anj' natives  excejit 
tliose  lc;;ally  assigiicil,  When  it  was  seen  how  thost-  in  oliico  misused  tlieir 
]iii\vcr,  in  ITiliO,  in  l.")."V2,  in  lot'i,  in  iool,  and  in  l."i(»;{  idl  civil  and  iirleNias- 
tiial  Junitionarics  were  forliiddeii  to  hold  encoiniemlas;  hut  in  1  ">14  Philip  11. 
c\cc[)lcd  from  this  ]>rohil)itiou  /enicii'tf.i  ilc  </o',eniit(/iirr.i,  rnrrri/i'lori--',  and  <(/• 
add-i  iiiiriiirct  it<i  pin  liloi.  Indians  shouhl  not  be  j,'iven  in  cneouiicniia  lo  tho 
ila'iL'htersof  royal  (jliicials,  or  to  sons  unless  married.  It  was  just  and  rcason- 
ali!e  lliat  the  savaLjes  should  pay  the  Spaniards  tribute,  for  so  (Jod  l::i:l  iip- 
j.MJiitid,  ."o  tho  popo  had  ordaineil,  and  the  kini;  iiail  eunimanihd;  but  it 
Mas  the  collection  (if  this  tribute  only,  and  not  the  deprivation  <if  lihevty,  or 
of  any  personal  rii^lits,  that  tho  enconiiemla  was  intended  to  cover.  And  for 
this  tax,  which  whv)soever  enjoys  the  i)oon  of  civilization  must  surely  pay, 
t!ie  \a.-sal  was  to  receive  protection,  and  tlu!  still  more  lilesscd  Imum  of 
( 'liristianity.  Nor  must  this  impost  under  any  eonsideratiun  be  made  burden- 
sjnie. 

The  manner  of  maUinc;  assessments  was  minutely  dclined  by  eiliets  of 
diaries  V.  at  divers  dales  i'rom  l.'j'JS  to  loao,  and  of  j'hilip  11.  fiMin  tho  lie- 
}jiiiiiiii:^  to  tho  end  of  his  reiL'!i.  In  substance  they  were  as  follows.  'i"ho 
Kin,'  made  responsible  to  liiin  the  viceroys,  anil  the  |ircsidentsand  auifenciaa, 
who,  by  tlieaidof  a  connnissioner  and  assessors,  lixeil  the  rates  in  their  le- 
Hpcctive  districts,  Th(!  assessors  liaviii'j;  first  heard  a  solemn  mass  of  the  Holy 
(Ihost,  in  order  toenliuditen  their  understaiidin;^'  tliat  they  nii^dit  justly  reijanl 
the  value  of  the  rental  and  equitably  deterniine  the  rate,  they  were  to  swear 
M  illi  all  soh'innity  before  the  jjriest  this  to  do  without  bias,  'i'hey  \\ero  jier- 
soiiallyto  inspectall  Uie  ]iueblosof  the  ]>i'ovinci',  notiie,'  the  iiunibcr  of  settlers 
.'i!id  iiaiives  in  each  [mebio,  anil  the  (|Uiility  of  the  land,  'i'hey  '.veie  to  ascer- 
tain what  the  native. i  had  o'i;,'inally  ii.iid  to  their  eaciipies  as  tribute,  and 
ncvtrniako  tho  nnv  rate  higher,  but  alwilys  lower,  than  the  old  one.  For 
surely  lliey  s'louhl  not  be  worse  oil'  in  sir\  ini,'  Spain  than  in  serving'  their 
licatlien  lords.  After  thus  carefully  exatuiiiiiiL,'  the  resources  ami  capa- 
bilities of  tho  tributaries,  and  never  infrini;iii','  on  the  comfort  of  the  women 
liiid  children,  the  assessors  should  lix  the  rale  aceor'^linj,'  to  (lol  and  their 
c'.iisrieiice.  'I'ho  natives  mi^lit  ]i:iy  in  money  if  they  ]ircfeiri"l,  but  ]iay- 
nii  lit  should  be  I'cipiired  only  in  kind,  in  \\liate\ir  |iroiluce  f^rew  on  their 
laiid-i.  'J'liey  must  not  be  i'ei|uirecl  to  rai^e  auylliiiiL;  specially  for  this  pin-- 
I'osc;  and  fniin  not  over  two  or  three  kinds  cf  proiluc(>  should  tribute  lie 
taken;  a  few  chickens,  or  a  )ii^  or  two,  need  not  lio  eoimti'd  at  all.  It  was 
the  iulrntion  of  the  monarchs  that  from  a  tenth  to  ii  liflh  miuht  in  this  way 
b"  taken,  tlloUL;h  the  enci  niendero  too  often  manaved  to  |,'et  twice  or  thrice  as 
iiiiicli,  or  all  the  natives  had.  'J  he  Indians  must  be  made  to  nndei>tand  how 
the  ap]iiaisement  was  I'.iade,  and  that  it  was  not  done  in  the  interets  of  tho 
S|ia  Ilia  Ills  alone.  Then  the  assessor  must  ]iut  i..  writiie,' what  each  had  to  ]iay, 
and  Lave  the  orij^inal  with  the  eaciipie,  giving  one  copy  to  tiio  encoinenduro, 


I 


m 


t 


:.:i 


il 


I  ■  ■! 


2G4 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  THE  INDIES. 


I  ;.i 


L  i'! 


The  tlicoiy  was  that  the  Indians  were  the  vassals 
of  Spain,  no  more  to  be  imposed  upon  than  other 
Spanish  subjects.  The  sovereigns  wishing  to  stiuui- 
late  discovery,  pacification, and  settlement,  were  wiUing 
to  waive  their  right  to  the  tribute  due  the  ci'own  in 
favor  of  enterprising  and  meritorious  persons,  wlio  hatl 
taken  upon  themselves  the  hardships  incident  to  life  in 

and  scmlinc;  one  to  tlio  Council  of  the  Indies,  or  to  the  viceroy,  or  to  the  au- 
ilieiu'ia.  l-Vir  t!io  cnconiunilcio  to  juvictiso  extortion,  or  <leni;inil  more  than 
the  RcliciTulc  lalU'il  f.tr,  tlicre  were  i)roiiounccil  tlie  severest  iJiualties,  even  to 
thelosHof  tho  eni'oiuieii'hi  and  liaU'  his  goods.  Natives  vohmtarily  eoniiii.; 
forward  and  entering  in  enconiienda  wereexcii.sed  from  paying  tribute  fur  t.ii 
years;  an<l,  in  any  event,  for  tlio  lirst  two  years  after  eongreL'ating  in  puel)lMS 
Lut  one  half  tlio  usual  tribute  emdd  lie  legally  exacted.  Males  were  ta>;r.l 
after  the.  eighteenth  year;  caci(|U'js,  elder  sons,  women,  and  alcaldes  in  oliiio 
Were  eAi'mjit.  After  the  gift,  tlie  encoiuienda  was  the  property  of  the  euco- 
meiiilero,  nut  to  Ijj  taken  from  him  Ijcfore  the  expiration  of  his  term  without 
cause.  In  every  encouiienda  there  must  be  a,  elnu'ch,  and  where  there  was 
none,  the  native  i  nuist  be  stimulated  to  liuild  one,  the  priest  to  be  paid  out 
of  tlie  i-i'ntal.  In  every  jiaeblo  of  lOt)  or  more  natives,  two  or  three  must  lie 
tauglit  to  sin;;,  s  j  that  they  might  act  as  choristers;  also  a  native  sacristan  — 
these  to  be  exempt  from  tribute.  In  !."){iS  I'hilip  II.  ordered  that  noenuMUi'n- 
dero  should  recoix  ea  ri'ulal  of  over  'JJ'JO  pesos;  any  excess  was  to  Iwreturiird 
to  the  crown  and  enipl  lyed  as  pensions.  The  same  monarch  directed  in  \.'>~\i 
that  Mhen  II  neucomienda  fell  vacant,  a  viceroy  orgoveruurmiglit,  if  he  decniid 
best,  appropriate  the  rental  to  benevolent  objects,  and  defer  granting  it  again 
till  the  king's  jileasure  sliouhl  be  l;nown.  And  again,  in  lo^SI?,  tliat  the  eu- 
eomendero  nuist  have  a  house  of  his  own,  l)nilt  of  stone  for  jinrpjses  i.f  <le- 
fence,  in  the  city  of  his  residence;  and  he  must  keep  lu.j  family  there,  llo 
shonld  maintain  no  house  in  the  town  of  the  In<lian.s,  nor  should  he  liave  a  \y 
Luilding  tliere  except  a  granarj'.  In  l.")!)2  it  was  decreed  that  Indians  in  en- 
coniicnda  eoidd  be  given  to  none  ])\\t  residents  in  the  Indies.  ^Vhen  an  em  o- 
inienda  became  vacant,  so  it  was  decreed  in  lol)  t  and  subseipiently,  the  fact  \\,i  < 
advertised  for  from  twenty  to  thirty  day:i,  during  which  time  a[)plieants  mig!it 
prefertheir  respective  claims,  and  recite  services  rendered  the  crown  by  t'lcai- 
selves  or  their  ancestors,  rreference  was  alw.iys  to  be  given  to  tlio  descendants 
of  tliseovercrs  and  settlers.  Two  or  three  small  encomicn<las  might  sometiiius 
be  joined  in  one.  And  never  might  religion -i  training  be  foi'gotteii;  when  t'.ie 
rental  was  not  sulllcicnt  for  the  support  of  the  eneomcn'lero  an  1  the  instruc- 
tor, the  latter  must  have  the  revenue.  Feli[)ell[.  in  Uiiy,  liJll,  hlKi.  lilis, 
and  Ht'JO,  decreed  tiiat  as  a  rule  but  one  encomienda  cndd  beheld  by  nae 
person;  still  more  seldom  could  one  be  given  up  and  another  taken.  Tlure 
was  to  lie  n>  such  tlnng  as  connui'ree  in  thi'm.  Tiiey  wi'rc  a  ti'ust.  Much 
evil  ha<l  arisen  from  dividing  encomieudas,  and  it  slhiuld  lie  done  no  more. 
Felipe  1\'.  in  loo.")  ordered  that  governors  iinU'r  royal  coinmis-;ii)u  and  those 
nanu'd  by  the  viceroys  /  In/i  rim  might  give  Indians  in  encomien  la,  but  ((''■'(''/•  ■! 
ord  iiiiriii.-i  holding  tem]iorarily  tlie  otliee  of  governor  wnx:  not  allowel  this 
p\'ivilego.  lit'i-op.ili' liitli'iK,  ii,  'Jtll-'J.Sl  and  ])assim.  Finally,  towaril  the  chi.o 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  the  monari'hs,  becoming  innre  and  more?  straiteur  \ 
in  their  iK'ed  of  money,  ordei'cd  that  encomenderos  sliould  ])ay  a,  ]iiirtion()f  fin  i 
re\enue  to  the  cnwn;  then  a  larger  portion  wasilemanded;  and  then  the  wh'il  > 
of  it.  In  17-1  tlie  system  came  to  an  end.  ]>ut  after  entleavnring  fir  tw  . 
hundred  years  to  get  back  what  they  had  given  away,  the  mouaivlis  f.nni. 
there  was  nothing  left  of  it,  the  natives  having  by  tliis  time  merged  wil  ,1 
bomctiuies  slightly  whitened  skius  into  the  civilized  pueblos. 


THE  r.UlTITION  SYSTEM. 


ms 


0  new  country.  At  first  In  certain  instances,  but  later 
to  an  extent  which  became  general,  they  settled  this 
tribute  upon  worthy  individuals  among  the  concjuerors 
a;ul  coloiiiots  and  their  descendants,  on  condition  that 
those  who  thus  directly  received  a  portion  of  tho 
royal  revenue  should  act  the  part  of  ro3'alty  to  tho 
people  i)laccd  temporarily  in  their  care.  They  were 
to  be  as  a  sovereign  lord  and  father,  and  not  as  a 
racrcilcss  or  unjust  taskmaster.  They  were  to  teach 
their  wards  the  arts  of  civilization,  instruct  them  in 
the  Christian  doctrine,  watch  over  and  guide  and 
U'uard  them,  and  never  to  restrict  them  in  the  use 
of  their  liberties,  nor  impose  burdens  on  them,  nor 
ill  any  way  to  injure  or  permit  injury  to  befall  them. 
And  for  tills  protection  they  were  neither  to  demand 
nor  receive  more  than  the  legal  tribute  fixed  by  the 
r()yal  ellicers,  and  always  such  as  the  natives  could 
without  distress  or  discomfort  pay.  What  the  system 
Wiis  ill  ])ractice  wo  shall  have  ample  opportunity  of 
juvlgliig  as  we  proceed  in  this  history.  Suhice  it  to 
say  here  that  to  the  fatherly-]irotection  part  of  their 
compact  the  colonists  paid  little  heed,  but  evaded  the 
law  in  many  ways,  and  ground  the  poor  savages  under 
Ihcir  iron  heel,  while  the  crown  by  ordering,  and 
tlireatening,  earnestly  bat  vainly  sought  to  carry 
out  in  gooel  faith  ami  humanity  what  they  deemed  a 
isaere;!  trust. 

First,  repartimientos  of  lands  were  authorized  by 
tlie  sovereigns.  This  was  in  1497,  a'.id  nothing  was 
l!uii  said  al)Out  the  natives.  ]:>ut  after  dividing  tho 
laud  it  Vwis  but  a  sto[)  to  the  dividing  of  tlie  inluib- 
ilauts.  With  the  shii)ment  of  six  hundretl  sl;tves  iu 
ItDS,  auvl  an  olfer  tollieir  Ma_iesties  of  as  many  more 
as  tlicy  could  find  sale  for,  Columl)US  wrote  asking 
licrniission  to  enforce  the  services  of  tho  nativL'S  until 
settlement  shordd  be  fairly  liegun,  '■•"■  for  a  vear 
or  two;  but  without  waiting  for  a  reply  he  at  once 
1)0L;'an  the  jiractice,  which  introduced  a  new  iealiu'o 
into  repartimientos.     Then  to  all  who  chose  to  take 


Ul 


i 


266 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  THE  INDIES. 


tlicm,  to  Roklaii  and  his  followers,  to  the  v.-orst  t'har- 
actcrs  on  the  inland,  among  wlioni  were  the  late 
occupants  of  Spanish  prisons,  the  vilest  of  human- 
kind, was  given  absolute  dominion  over  these  helpless 
and  innocent  creatures.  HaviniT:  i>aid  notliin;''  for 
them,  having  no  pecuniary  interest  in  them,  they  had 
no  object  in  caring  whether  they  were  fed  or  starved, 
whether  they  lived  or  died,  for  if  they  died  there  were 
more  at  hand  upon  the  original  terms. 

Under  Bobadilla  the  infamy  assumed  bolder  pro- 
portions. Columbus  had  apportioned  to  certain  lands 
certain  natives  to  labor  for  the  benefit  of  Spaniards, 
but  they  worked  under  their  cacique.  Natives  were 
forced  by  Spaniards  to  work  mines,  but  only  under 
special  monthly  license.  Bobadilla  not  only  per- 
mitted tho  exaction  from  the  natives  of  mining  and 
farming  labor,  but  all  restrictions  were  laid  aside,  and 
from  workinnf  their  own  soil  thev  became  mere  labor- 
gangs  to  be  driven  anywhere.  Before  sailing  for  tho 
New  World  Ovando  had  been  charged  by  tho  sov- 
ereigns with  the  exercise  of  extreme  moderation  iu 
levying  tributes  and  making  rcpartimicntos.  Those 
who  camo  with  him  not  only  failed  in  mining,  but 
neglected  to  plant,  as  did  likewise  the  natives,  think- 
ing thereby  the  quicker  to  rid  themselves  of  tho 
invaders.  Hence  famine,  cnGfenderin;''  new  diseases, 
was  at  hand  for  both  wliite  men  and  red.  Then  the 
Indians  were  systematically  parcelled  aniong  tlie  Span- 
iards, to  one  fifty,  to  another  one  hundi'od,  and  ihc  vr- 
partimiento  unfolded  into  the  eneomienda.  Columbus 
and  Bobadilla  had  each  endeavored  to  iasten  .ln(ii;in 
'■lavery  upon  the  New  World,  but  this  legalizing  by 
Ovando  Vvhat  had  been  illegally  done  by  tlu'in,  was 
the  heaviest  Mow  in  that  direction.  "To  you  is  li-ivm 
an  eneomienda  of  Indians  with  their  chief;  ami  you 
ai'o  to  toach  them  the  things  of  our  holy  C;itlii»lic 
iaith,"  was  the  thin  subterfuge  by  whidi  this  ford  act 
was  a ceou) pi isl i ed. 

In  iaOS  was  sent  to  Santo  Domiu'jfo  as  treasurer- 


THE  KING'S  SXrwONG  BOX. 


267 


ponoral  ^ligucl  do  Pasamonte  to  supersede  Bernar- 
dino do  Santa  Clara,  who  had  received  the  oliice  of 
Ircasuver  I'rom  Ovando.  Santa  Clara  loved  display 
aud  licked  honesty.  Using  treely  the  king's  money 
ho  Iwught  estates,  and  gave  feasts,  in  one  of  which 
t!io  salt-cellars  were  filled  with  gold-dust.  This  folly 
ivaehing  the  king's  ears,  Gil  (ionzalez  Davila,  of  whom 
MO  shall  know  more  presently,  was  sent  to  investi- 
g:ito  the  matter,  and  found  Santa  Clara  a  delaulter 
to  the  extent  of  eighty  thousand  pesos  de  oro.  His 
pi'oporty  was  seized  and  oli'ered  at  auction.  Ovando, 
\\ilh  whom  Santa  Clara  was  a  favorite,  stood  hy  at 
tho  sale,  and  holding  up  a  pineap])lo  ollereil  it  to  the 
most  liberal  bidder,  which  [)leasantry  was  so  stimulat- 
ing that  the  estate  brought  ninety-six  thousand  pesos 
do  oro,  more  than  twice  its  value.  Afterward  tho 
l>lan  was  adopted  of  having  three  locks  upon  the  gov- 
oniuient's  strong-box,  the  keys  to  whicli  wei'c  carried 
by  the  three  chief  treasury  ollicials.*  Pasamonte  was 
an  Aragonese,  in  the  immediate  service  of  Ferdinand, 
with  whom  he  corresponded  in  cipher  during  his 
I'ositlence  in  the  Indies.  A  very  good  reparlimionto 
of  ln(Hans  was  ordered  by  the  king  to  bo  givmi  tho 
fiithful  Pasamonte.  In  1511  Gil  Gonzalez  IJavila 
was  made  contador  of  Espanola,  and  Juan  de  Am- 
])iios  factor;  to  each  were  given  two  hundretl  Indians, 
and  they  were  ordered  to  examine  the  accounts  t)f  tho 
treasurer,  Pasamonte.  For  tho  faithful  must  be  ke})t 
faithful  by  tho  strictest  watching;  such  was  S})anish 

^  Tt  was  (loorced  by  tho  cmpcrcir  in  \')')')  that  the  <'asn  <'r  ('oiitra'ncinii 
bIiouM  have  an  (Htk  iIi'  trc-i  //(((•<.<,  a  clicst  of  thivo  keys;  after  whuh  (!ic  pov- 
ci'ununt  striing-liox  became  ccmniion  in  Spanish  AuiiTica.  It  was  u  ually  in 
tho  foi'in  vi  ;i  sailor's  chest,  of  lieavy  wimxI  Loinul  with  brass  or  i;on,  and 
liaving  three  hu'lvS  fastening;  the  lid  by  ha'^ps.  The  stroii;:;-liox  of  the  Iinliii 
House,  the  law  tjocs  on  to  say,  must  remain  in  tlie  custody  of  tlie  treasurer, 
vlio  was  responsiiilo  for  its  safe  keejiiu,'.  One  of  the  keys  was  held  l)y  tho 
tivori'ro,  one  by  the  cmU't'for,  and  one  by  the  /iictcir.  Out  of  ♦'  .  haml  of  any 
one  of  these  three  royal  ollicers  his  hey  could  not  lawfully  go;  an  I  no  one 
but  tliey  nii';ht  put  into  the  chest  or  take  out  of  it  any  thin;.',  under  ;-.iialty, 
on  t!ie  oliicial  ))eriiutting  it,  of  four  times  ti\e  value  of  the  things  yi  hamlle.' 
la  tliis  box  were  kept,  temitorarily,  all  t-'old,  silver,  pearls,  aiid  ]ireeiou.s 
.slouet  tliat  came  from  the  Indies  un  the  king's  account,  <n-  were  n'eo\cred  for 
liini  by  suits  at  law  brought  uciuie  the  In.lia  lloubo  in  Spain.  Iitcop.  de 
Iduku,  id.  17.  . 


!     ;  in' 


M 


I;  iir 

...  M ' 


fn 


2C8 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  THE  INDIES. 


discretion,  whether  in   the   management  of  men  or 
women. 

Tlic  removal  of  Ovando  was  delayed  by  the  doalli 
of  Isabella  in  1504,  and  of  Colmnbus  in  150G.  After 
persistent  importunities  Diego  Colon,  son  of  the  ad- 
miral, was  permitted  in  1508  to  plead  in  the  courts 
of  Spain  his  claim,  as  his  ftxther's  successor,  to  the 
viceroyalty  of  the  Indies.  His  marriage,  meanwhile, 
with  Maria  do  Toledo,  a  lady  of  high  birth  and  con- 
nection, assisted  in  opening  the  eyes  of  the  law  to 
the  justness  of  his  demands,  fully  as  mucli  as  did 
any  argument  of  counsel.  Ovando  was  recalled  and 
Diego  authorized  to  take  his  place. 

The  new  governor,  accompanied  by  his  wife,  his 
brother  Fernando,  his  uncles  Bartolome  and  Diego, 
and  a  retinue  brilliant  with  ranlc  and  beauty,  landed 
at  Santo  Domingo  in  July,  1509.  Although  F^nli- 
nand  had  withheld  the  title  of  viceroy,  Diego  evi- 
dently regarded  his  appointment  nothing  less  than  a 
vicero3'alty,  altliougli  the  two  mainland  governors, 
Alonso  do  Ojeda  and  Diego  de  Nicuesa,  for  the  pro\- 
inces  oast  and  west  of  Ui'abii,  remained  independent 
of  him. 

Dioijo's  administration  was  but  little  if  any  ini- 
provement  on  those  of  his  predecessors.  He  possessed 
neither  the  ability  nor  the  prudence  of  Ovando.  1  lo 
had  intended  equity  and  honesty  in  his  rulings,  and 
exceptional  kindness  to  the  natives;  notwithstanding 
which  he  began  by  granting  repartimientos  to  Jiim- 
self,  his  wife,  and  kindred,  and  giving  the  best  of  llio 
remainder  to  his  favorites.  So  that  the  now  standard 
evils  of  favoritism  and  cruelty  were  in  no  wise  miti- 
gated. Not  only  were  the  Indians  no  better  used 
tlic.n  formerly,  but  falling  into  the  errors  of  his  fatlur 
in  the  manaixement  of  men  Diego's  weak  government 
soon  found  oj^posed  to  it  a  faction  at  whose  head  \\'as 
the  powerful  Pasamonte.  Chargos  of  a  serious  natures 
against  the  son  of  the  Genoese  so  frequently  reached 


THE  SOVEREIGN  TRIBUNAL. 


Spain  tliat  ill  1511  the  king  found  it  necessary  to  estab- 
li>li  at  Santo  ])omingo  a  sovereign  trilmnal  to  which 
iiji})eal.s  might  be  made  from  the  decisions  of  the  gov- 
ernor. This  tribunal  which  at  first  was  only  a  royal 
cDurt  of  law,  superior  to  any  other  colonial  power,  was 
ho  LTcrm  of  the  Real  Audiencia  of  Santo  DominGfo 

•  •  •     t 

li,'  wliicli  the  greater  part  of  the  Indies,  islands  and 
lirni  land,  were  governed  for  a  period  subsequent 
to  J  521.  It  was  at  first  comjiosed  of  three  jneccs  de 
I'l'cldcion,  or  judges  of  appeal,  ^larcelo  do  Villalobos, 
.Juan  Ortiz  de  ^laticnzo,  and  Liicas  A'az(iuez  do  Ai- 
l'<m.  These  liccnciado^t,  liaving  brought  with  them 
iiisti'uctions  from  Spain,  and  also  cn-ders  on  Diego 
Colon  for  partitions  of  land  and  two  hundred  Indians 
each,  in  1511  were  ready  to  rule.  They  were  em- 
powered to  hear  and  determine  appeals  from  the  gov- 
cnior,  his  tenicittcs  and  afcaltlcs  mai/ores,  and  from  any 
other  judges  that  had  been  or  should  be  appointed 
(iilier  by  the  colonial  governor  or  by  tlie  crown, 
appeal  from  their  decision  being  only  to  the  Council 
of  the  Indies  in  Spain,  Although  i'rom  its  creation 
clothed  with  many  of  the  powers  of  an  audiencia,  it 
chd  not  all  at  once  possess  that  title,  but  gradually 
assumed  it.**  By  decree  of  September  14,  152(),  wo 
lint  I  the  emperor  ordering  that  in  the  city  of  Santo 
Domingo  there  should  reside  the  Audiencia  y  C/uui- 
ci/lcria  Real,  "  como  estii  fundada,"  as  at  present 
constituted.  It  was  to  consist  of  a  president;  four 
oiihires,  w.ho  were  also  alctddes  del  eriuien,  or  criminal 

'Ovicilo,  i.  103,  says  that  vrhcn  the  Jcronimitc  friavs  arrived  a  few  days 
lic'foio  Christmas,  15l6,  the  jiiercn  (li>  (rpr/nrinn  ' ya  so  Ilamaban  oydoics,  0  sii 
iiiiiliiiuio  ya  se  de(,'ia  audieni,'ia  liciil.'  Hi'ititm,  ii.  ii.  iv.,  treating  of  tho 
iiiNtriKtiona  given  the  Jeroniinitos  reinarUs,  that  it  was  (mhM'cd  also  that  tho 
juiri's  do  apehicion  slicuhl  bo  submitted  to  iv^idoneia.  After  that  lie  writes 
jiu'ces  do  apoLicion,  and  audiencia  indili'eiently.  J.as  Cnsa.s,  /H.^f.  IiuL,  v.  4.1, 
tivatiiiL,'  of  events  in  l.")18-'20,  says  'jiieees  <h.'  apolaeion;'  rehitin.;  tho  oeonr- 
ii'inesof  1.V21,  105,  177,  ho  writes  'audiencia,' and  'euatrooidores.'  AVriting 
the  kin,;,' August  30,  liVJO,  Ai<7(Cco  and  Ctinli'ihh-i,  <'vl.  Dor.,  xiii.  X'.-J-IS,  tho 
L'ljurt  styles  itself  lical  Andkia-in,  tlio  nien\hers  signiui,'  tho  eoniiiiunieation. 
Ill  I'liclii'i'o  and  ( 'itrdenox,  ( 'ol.  Due ,  xiv.  5llS,  the  iii'esi<lents  of  this  andieneia 
flic  given  as  Luis  do  Figueroa,  l'f23;  Sebastian  liamirez  in  l.")27;  Fnento 
Mayor  in  1533;  Maldonado  in  155'J;  Alonso  Arias  de  Herrera  in  1500;  ami 
ill  bilii!  l)icgo  do  Vera,  wlio  was  sent  to  I'ananu'i  as  president  when  ho  waa 
6U0Lued,Hl  by  Doctor  Mejia. 


fiill 

!4  111 


t'vJ 


I  IT 

115 


270 


ADMINISTRATIOX  OF  THE  INDIES. 


judges;  a  fiscal,  a  prosecuting  officer  in  tliis  case;  an 
al(/uacil  maijor,  or  higli  slicrill";  a  tenierte  de  (jran  cau- 
ci(l('r,ov  (lenuty  grand  chancellor,  and  other  necessary 
officers.  Indeed,  beside  some  of  the  other  oificers-,  a 
president  had  already  been  provided  in  1521,  in  I'lu 
person  of  Jjuis  de  Figueroa,  bishop  of  Concepcion. 
Francisco  do  Prado  was  appointed  liscal  in  1523,  at 
^vhich  time  the  salaries  of  the  oidorcs  were  raised, 
as  they  had  been  deprived  of  the  right  of  holding 
Indians.  All  appeals  from  the  jiicccs  de  rcsidcndd, 
wliere  the  amount  involved  was  less  than  six  hundred 
pesos  de  oro,  were  tliereafter  referred  to  this  tribunal. 
Alonso  de  Zuazo  took  his  seat  among  the  oidorcs 
in  1520.  To  the  audiencia  of  Santo  IJomingo  was 
given  lor  its  district  the  West  India  Islands;  and  on 
the  mairdand  the  governments  of  Venezuela,  Xufva 
Andalucia,  Ilio  de  llacha,  and  Guayana,  or  el  Dorado, 
this  district  being  bounded  by  those  of  the  audiencias 
of  the  Xuevo  Keino  de  Granada,  Tier"a  Firme,  (^^la- 
temala,  Xueva  Espana,  and  the  provinces  of  Florid.a. 
The  }iresident  was  empowered  to  n.akc  such  ordi- 
nances as  he  should  deem  essential  to  the  good  gov- 
ernment and  defence  of  the  island,  just  as  was  done, 
within  their  jurisdiction,  by  other  governors  of  Indian 
provinces.  He  might  lill  vacancies  in  the  various 
subordinate  offices  until  the  pleasure  of  the  king 
should  be  known,  and  he  might  do  generally  all 
tilings  pertaining  to  the  executive  power.  In  these 
matters  the  oidores  were  forbidden  to  mterfere;  nor 
could  the  president  exercise  judicial  functions,  but 
must  nevertheless  sign  with  the  judges  all  sentcnf^os. 
In  other  respects  this  tribunal  was  on  an  equal  footing 
with  others  of  its  class.^" 

'"Tlio  wonl  awli'iicin,  from  awlire,  to  hear,  has  a  variety  of  sij: 
in  Spiinisli;  iiiciiniug,  iiaincly,  the  act  of  licarins,  the  tribunal, 
room  ami  l)nildiii,L;,  and  iinally,  jurisdiction.  Uulor,  he  who  hcii.  .•.mcs 
from  the  f-aiiie  i-out,  hut  is  now  applied  only  to  the  matjistrate  of  nil  ■  'di- 
cncia.  The  more  important  general  laws  governing  andiencias  in  tlii'  vi-^v 
World  were  tlii!  following.  In  1,3:28  the  emperor  ordered,  and  the  decree  \va3 
reiterated  in  l.")48,  l.')(iO,  IoTj,  and  l.'iSl),  that  each  audiencia  shonlil  make  a 
taritf  of  fees  of  notaries  and  other  oflicers,  which  must  not  exceed  live  tmns 
those  ill  Spain.     In  loSO  the  mandates  of  this  tribunal  were  made  of  i;(|U;il 


AUDIENCIAS. 


271 


^Mcainvliilc  tlio  most  dlsturbint^j  question  in  the  col- 
ony was  that  of  lal)()r.  To  i;-ovcrn  the  lew  Spaniards 
at  ICspanola,  unilcr  the  arl)Itrary  .system  of  Spain,  was 


li- 

tllO      v^'W 

QeciTf  was 
|,l  inalxoii 
[liv>!  tiiii''3 

of    L'tl'ull 


fiirpc  with  thoso  of  the  kiii','  Iiiinsclf.  ShrmM  any  one  (leinand  it,  ilcoisions  in 
civil  suits  were  to  I'O  rumierod  in  ono  caso  buforo  i  uctlior  was  lio^ruu;  suits 
(if  iioor  pcrsijin  always  to  have  iircftTciice  in  tiino  (jf  liearinj;.  iOvi'ii  dis- 
Ht'iiliui;  jiiil;,'i-i  must  sii^u  tliu  (locision,  inakinn  it  unanimous.  On  tlio  first 
business  (lay  of  oadi  y(.ar,  all  the  members  and  ollieer.)  beinj^  present,  the  liws 
(.'Dverning  audiemiin  should  be  read.  In  ir)41  the  emperor  oidered  tiiat  in 
Mir.-t  instance'  alealdes,  re;.'idores,  aljjuaciles  mayores,  and  escribanos  should 
nut  lie  brou<,'iit  before  the  audieneia;  in  eaeh  pueblo  one  aleahU;  sIio;ild  have 
eii'.'nizancu  of  what  allected  tiie  other,  and  botli  of  matters  eosirerning  its 
otiier  (illicers.  la  l,")tO,  and  many  times  thereafter,  the  andiencia  was 
fliarged  to  look  to  the  welfare  of  the  natives,  to  wateh  narrowly  liie  con- 
duet  of  governoi-s  and  other  otlieials,  and  to  punidi  excesses.  AVhile  in  Octo- 
ber, l.")!."),  the  cm]ieror  was  at  Malines,  hence  known  as  tiic  law  of  .Maliiias, 
directions  were  given  for  j'"oce(luro  in  cases  (jf  claims  (jf  Indians.  Minor 
cwniti't  in  suits  was  tixed  rt  .?()0,0{)0  maravedis;  not  exceeding  this  amount 
two  oidores  might  decide;  also  in  suits  of  vi'ii/nr  ritmifit,  except  at  Lima  and 
Mexico  wl'.cre  three  votes  were  necessary  as  in  S[iani>h  law.  It  was  ordercil 
ia  b")4S  that  andiencias  must  not  meddle  witli  (piestions  of  rank  and  pre- 
ctdcncc.  In  l."i."l,  Saturdays  and  two  other  days  in  the  week  were  set  aside, 
tlier(!  being  no  suits  of  poor  persons,  for  hearing  disputes  between  Imlians, 
and  between  Indians  anil  Sjianiards.  More  (■(t^o^' </(,' co/'^'',  that  is  important 
suits  taken  .''oni  lower  courts,  were  not  to  lie  admitted  by  an  audieucia  of 
the  Indies  than  was  customary  in  Spain.  This  was  in  l.lo'J,  and  repeated  in 
1"7-  In  l.V):{  it  was  ordered  tiiat  any  person  having  a  grievance  against  a 
\nvM  lent  or  vie.Toy  might  appeal  to  the  audiencia,  the  accused  ollicer  being 
f  '.'•  Iden  to  preside  at  such  ti;iic.s.  If  the  president  was  a  bishop  he  was  not 
jicrniitted  to  adjudicate  in  matters  ecclesiastic.  Six  years  later  all  jwtitions 
presented  Were  to  be  admitted.  Philip  II.  in  l.'jGI  ordcreil  that  sails  of  tiic 
royal  treasury  shouM  have  precedence  over  all  others.  The  year  l.'id.'?  was 
proliiie  in  regulations  for  the  audiencia.  Where  the  president  of  an  audiencia 
Mas  governor  and  captain-general,  the  tribunal  should  not  meddle  in  matteis 
(if  war,  unless  the  president  was  absent,  or  unless  specially  directed  by  the 
Clown.  In  tlie  city  wjicre  the  audiencia  is  held  there  must  be  an  Audiencia 
House,  and  the  president  must  live  there,  and  keep  there  the  royal  seal,  tlie 
rcgi.>try,  the  jail,  and  the  mint;  in  this  house  must  bo  a  striking  clock: 
and  if  there  be  no  such  building  provided,  the  residence  of  the  president 
shall  in  the  mean  time  be  so  used.  On  every  day  not  a  feast-day  the 
iiudicucia  r.iutt  sit  at  least  three  hours,  beginning  at  7  A.  M.  in  summer,  and 
!S  A.  M.  in  winter,  and  at  least  three  oidores  must  be  present.  Andiencias 
must  not  annul  sentences  of  exile;  or,  unless  bonds  for  payment  are  given, 
giant  letters  of  delay  to  conilemned  ti'casury  delitors.  Tlie  majority  decide. 
The  governor,  alcalde  maj'or,  or  other  person  refusing  obedience  to  any  mau<late 
iif  tlio  tribunal  nmst  bo  visited  by  a  judge  and  punished.  In  exceotior.al 
c:i  :(s  only  the  audiencia  miglit  touch  t!ie  royal  treasury.  I'ach  audiencia  must 
kci-p  a  biiok  in  which  was  to  be  recorded  —where  the  amount  in  (|nestiiin  was 
(i\rr  1();).()U0  niaraxcdis,  or,  in  other  important  cases — the  verdict  fif  e;icli 
cidiir;  and  the  )iresident  must  swear  to  keep  secret  the  contents  of  this  book 
uiih'sf  ordered  by  the  king  to  divulge  the  same.  A  book  should  also  be  keiit 
ill  whi.h  was  to  be  entered  anything  alVecting  tlu;  treasury;  and  another  tlie 
tiius  imposed.  Andiencias  could  appoint  only  to  certain  (jllices.  I'hilip  II. 
further  ordered  during  the  .subseipient  years  of  his  reign,  that  andiencias 
must  kee;  'cret  the  instructions  from  the  crown;  that  they  nmst  not  in- 
terfere wiih  the  lower  courts,  or  with  the  courts  of  ecclesiastics,  e\i'ept  in 
cases  provided  J)y  law,  but  rather  aid  them;   that  they  should  register  the 


11 


■A 


>v 


i  m  ! 


272  ADMIXISTR.N1I0X  OF  THE  INDIi:S. 

a  rtunll  matter;  but  to  divide  among  them  lanc^.s,  agri- 
cultural and  uiincral,  and  laborers  in  such  a  wa}^  as  to 
satisij  at  once  the  colonists  and  the  many  tender  and 


i'  ■  1 


1li 


names  of  persons  coming  from  SptIu,  with  their  New  Worlil  address ;  tlwt 
with  suoh  matters  as  rcsidcucias,  compelling  married  incn  to  live  wiih 
their  wives,  .and  the  estates  of  deceased  persons,  presidents  and  viceroys 
should  not  intonneddle,  Imt  leave  tlieni  to  the  other  menihers;  tliat  tluy 
should  use  no  funds  resulting  from  their  judgments,  Init  draw  on  the  treasuiy 
for  expiiiscs  ;  that  when  an  audicnci;.  was  to  be  closed,  a  governor  slionhl  ho 
appointee  with  power  to  continue  and  determine  pending  suits,  but  ho 
should  institute  no  new  suits,  and  anpcals  lie  to  tlio  neairst  audieu'^ia;  tliat 
theysliould  not  make  public  the  fradties  of  ecclesiastics,  but  examine  clinrirrs 
against  them  in  secret;  that  royal  despatches  for  the  audiencia  must  not  lie 
opened  by  the  president  alone,  but  at  iin  ariieri/o,  and  in  presence  of  the 
oidorcs  anil  fiscal,  an<l  if  thought  necessary  the  csrriliaiii)  <!c  caiu  ini  must  liu 
present;  and  that  they  must  not  remit  to  the  Council  of  tlio  Indies  trivial 
matters  for  decision.  In  sui)scriuent  reigns  during  the  seventeenth  century 
it  was  at  various  times  decreed  that  a  president  might  impeach  an  oid.ir 
before  the  Council  of  the  Indies,  though  he  could  not  send  him  to  Sjtain,  but 
no  oidor  miglit  impeacli  his  president  except  by  royal  comimind;  tliatauili- 
oncias  should  exercise  their  functions  in  love  and  temiicrance.  espiH'ially 
dui'ing  a  vacancy  in  the  oiliee  of  president  or  vicergy ;  that  in  their  visits  t  j 
the  jail  the  oidores  should  not  entertain  petitions  of  those  condemned  to 
death  liy  the  ordinary  justices  in  consultation  with  the  criminal  secti'in 
of  the  audienc;ia,  nor  should  tlicy  on  sucii  visits  taUe  cogni/anco  of  anytliin ,' 
not  specially  conlided  to  them  ;  tliat  they  should  not  li'gitimi,;o  natural 
children,  bu^.  refer  such  eases  to  the  Council  of  the  Indies;  tliat  each  year 
the  rrcsidcnt  should  designate  an  oidor  to  oversee  the  ollicers  and  attacli'S 
and  punish  their  faults;  that  no  favoritism  should  bo  shown  ajipijintiv's  of 
viceroys  or  presidents;  one  oidor  might  transact  business,  if  the  aiiilicii'i.i 
Mere  reduced  to  that  extremity;  in  arriving  at  a  decision  the  junior  miinln  r 
should  vote  lirst,  then  the  next  youngest,  and  so  on  up  to  the  senior  mcuilnr. 
This  from  the  IJcrojiilarion  ilc.  (an  Iiilhu,  i.  3215-70.  In  the  /'o^'i/irii  Iii'/id  ■■!, 
of  Solorzano,  ii.  271-82,  may  bo  found  how  the  audiencias  of  Amirica  dif- 
fered from  those  of  Spain.  Larger  powers  were  given  the  former  by  reasmi 
of  their  di-<tancc  from  the  throne.  They  were  given  jurisdiction  in  the 
I'csideiicias  of  the  inferior  judiciary;  they  could  eommiisinn  jicsijiii.s!i/"r<<,  nr 
special  judges,  and  onler  execution  to  issue  where  an  iidVrior  judge  had  neg- 
lected to  do  so.  They  had  cognizance  in  matters  of  tithi'S,  of  rnyal  patron- 
age, patrimony,  treasury  matters,  and  jurisdiction;  they  could  even  lix  t!io 
fee-bill  of  the  ecclesiastical  tribunals,  settle  the  estates  of  liisliops,  retain 
apostolic  bulls  which  they  deemed  prejudicial  to  the  royal  ]iatroiiagc,  and 
tliey  could  watch  and  regulate  the  conduct '.if  all  ecclesiastical  ollicials.  In 
making  iippoiiitments  the  viceroy  was  obliged  to  take  the  opinion  of  the 
nudiencia.  j'ersoas  iiggrieved  might  appeal  from  the  viceroy  to  the  midi- 
encia.  On  the  death,  absence,  or  inability  of  the  viceroy  the  senior  oidur 
stood  in  his  jilace.  Kone  of  these  powers  were  given  audiencias  in  Spain. 
This  and  kindred  subjects  are  treated  at  great  length  by  Sul  nv.iino  y  Pevciia, 
wh.o  was  a  noted  Sjianish  jurist,  lioru  at  Madrid  in  ir)7').  lie  stiulied  :'t 
Salamanca,  and  in  Kit)!)  was  apj  linted  liy  Felipe  III.  oidor  of  the  airii- 
enciii.  of  J..iiua.  Later  he  l)ccainc  liscal  and  councillor  in  the  '  '"/(>■'  /o  (/•'  //<''- 
iiii/ii,  the  Ciiy/.sr/o  il('  Iiididt,  and  the  Coiim  Jo  (/••  Cii<tilln.  lie  ])ublishi'!l  siv- 
erai  works  on  jurisprudence,  the  most  conspicuous  being  l>.',''(iiii<ii'i"iirx  I'e 
lihlhinim  jure,  2  vols,  folio,  Madrid,  U12r.-Ii!).  It  was  reprinted  in  1777,  iui 
edition  meanwhile  appearing  in  Lyons  in  1072.  A  Spanish  Iranslatinn  ly 
Valeiizuela  was  inililisiied  at  Madrid  in  1(!48,  anil  repiinteil  in  I77'i.  I  lri\ii 
Used  both  the  Latin  cditioi.  and  the  Spanish,  but  tho  latter  is  preferable. 


EXD  OF  DIEGO  COLON. 


273 


ftiliu'litcncd  conscioiicos  in  Spain,  in  such  a  way  as  ro 
jiivvcnt  the  utter  ruin  either  of  colonial  enterprise  or 
(it"  the  natives  themselves,  was  indeed  a  tliliicult  task. 
Ill  1509  possession  had  been  taken  of  Jamaica  by 
Juan  do  Esquivel,  and  toward  the  end  of  loll"  the 
u'Dvernor  of  Espaiiola  had  sent  ])iogo  Velazquez  to 
occupy  Cuba,  wlii(  h  was  done  without  the  loss  of  a 
Spaniard.  Ojcda  and  Nicuesa  having  failed  in  col- 
oiiizin*^  Darien,  the  mainland  in  that  vi'.'inity  was 
offered  by  the  king  in  1 J14  to  the  adolantado,  Barto- 
lomc  Colon,  but  he  was  then  too  ill  to  accept  the 
cliargo,  and  died  not  long  after.  In  April,  1515, 
])icuo  Colon  embarked  for  Spain;  and  wo  find  him 
iiltruipting  his  vindication  at  court,  when  Ferdinand 
dietl,  the  23d  of  January,  151G.  Cardinal  Jimenez, 
who  hold  tlic  reins  of  Spanish  government  for  a  time, 
refused  to  decide  between  the  governor  and  treasurer; 
l:!it  in  1520  the  emperor  directetl  Pasamonte  to  molest 
Diego  no  move.  Then  aifairs  at  Espahola  became 
more  intolerable  than  ever,  and  in  1523  Diego  was 
divested  of  authority  by  the  Council  of  the  indies, 
tlio  soverei^'n  tribunal  at  Santo  Dominu'o  furnishing 

1  i..  "'.irlc  is  a  commentni'y  on  the  Ii.w:,  nf  tlio  Tndics,  wonilcrfully  eonciso  for 
ii  S|ia!ii~li  liiwji.  of  that  periocl,  .uul  ■\vas  of  great  utility  at  a  time  wlien 
tli(..-c  liLW.s  wcri!  in  chaotic  coiulition. 

Til  ciiucliulu  my  ivmaiks  on  niulicnciaa  in  America  I  will  only  say  tliat 
ultiiiiaiily  their  niimlicr  was  eleven;  and  one  at  Manila,  which,  liivc  that  of 
Nanti)  l)(imiiiL'o,  had  a  iiresident,  oidores,  and  (oliscal,  and  exei'cised  executive 
as  Well  ;'s  judicial  functions.  The  eleven,  inchidii^i;  that  of  S.'.nto  l)omingo, 
Mere  tliose  of  Mexico  and  Lima,  cacli  being  presided  over  hy  .i  viceroy,  nu<l 
lia'iiii,' H  oidores,  4  alcaldes  del  crimen,  and  '2  fiscales;  and  those  of  Oiuitc- 
laala,  <  Inadalajara,  I'ananiii,  Chile,  La  I'lata,  (^tiiito  Santa  Fc,  and  15neno3 
Ayics.  Tiieso  several  aiidiencias  were  formed  at  diflerent  times  anon  after 
tlie  e-^tal)lishing  of  government  in  the  respective  ],laces.  Sec  furthe  •,  .Minute- 
Vi'ii/nr.  S'-iwiriiin,  1 10-1 1  ;  I'lrui'  Aiiii'r!(iiiiic,  i.  \i-',i2;  iii'.mori>  y  t'oromido,  Bil>' 
l,iili_i-(i  ,li>  ijtif.'iilitcion  UUrnvHtrina,  passim. 

"  Irving  saya  l.")10.  I  cannot  umlertake  to  correct  nil  the  minor  errors 
ef  pniiiilr.r  wiiters,  having  neither  the  s;5.ice  nor  the  inclination.  It  would 
•^  ■'  111  t!iat  in  tlie  ]iresent,  and  like  instances,  of  which  there  arc  many,  tlio 
iiiitaiie  springs  from  an  easy  carelessness  vhich  regards  the  diih  reiue  <'f  a 
,>iar  or  two  in  the  <late  of  the  settlement  of  an  island  as  of  no  eonseiiucnee; 
''ir  Las  Casas,  and  other  authorities  who  agree  hctter  than  usual  in  this  case, 
vore  liifore  Mr  Irving  at  the  time  he  entereil  in  his  mamuH'iipt  tlii>  wnmcr 
lUte.  Important  and  s.rnictimes  even  unimportant  discie[)ancies  of  ori'^inal 
•i'  ^laiii'.ard  authorities  will  always  he  earcfully  n.te  1  in  these  pa,'es.  What 
1  -iiall  endeavor  to  avoid  is  captious  criticism,  and  the  jiointing  out  of  insijj- 
iiilicaiit  eriois  merely  for  the  satisfaction  of  pro\ing  otliers  iu  tlie  wronj^. 
llisr.  <,'iiN   Am,,  Vol.  I.    18 


ill 


V'\ 


•274 


ADMIXISTRATIOX  OF  THE  IXDIES. 


ample  infonnation  of  a  conclGmiuxtory  character.  Diego 
succeeded,  however,  in  having  a  coiiuui.ssion  appointed 
to  examine  the  matter  more  carefully,  but  tliis  tended 
only  to  further  complications;  and  the  last  days  of  tJic 
son,  which  ended  in  152G,  were  not  more  happy  than 
those  of  the  father  had  been.^^ 


A  steadily  growing  character,  impressing  itself  more 
and  more  upon  the  aflairs  of  the  Indies  as  time  went 
by,  was  that  of  Bartolomu  do  las  Casas.  Born  at 
Seville  in  14V4,  he  conned  his  humanities  at  Salamanca, 
making  little  stir  among  the  Gamaliels  there,  but 
takiuGf  the  bachelor's  degree  in  his  c;i<>-liteenth  venr. 
After  a  residence  of  about  eight  years  in  the  Indies, 
liavinix  come  with  Ovando  in  1502,  he  was  admitted 
to  priestly  orders,  from  which  time  he  takes  his  jilace 
in  history.  lie  was  a  man  of  very  pronounced  tem- 
perament and  faculties,  as  nuich  man  of  business  as 
ecclesiastic,  but  luore  philanthro})ist  than  eitlicr;  pos- 
sessed of  a  burning  enthusiasm,  when  once  tlie  iire  of 
his  conviction  was  i'airly  kindled,  ho  gave  rest  neither 
to  liimself  nor  to  his  enemies.  For  every  evil-minded 
man  who  came  hither  >vas  his  enemy,  l>etwecn  v.  horn 
and  hnnself  was  a  death-struggle.  Tlie  iVpostlc  oi' 
the  Indies  lie  was  sonu;times  called,  and  the  mission 
lie  took  upon  himself  was  to  stand  between  the  naked 
natives  and  their  steel-clad  tormentors.     In  this  woik 

'- !Man'a,  wiilow  of  Dicj^o,  dcmauilod  of  tlic  Jiudiineia of  Santo  Domiiiqo  fur 
hor  son  Luis,  Uien  six  years  of  ai^o,  tlie  \  ieoroyalty  of  Vc'fa;:.ia,  which  was 
rcfiisoil.  Shu  tlu'n  carrii'd  licr  (.'laini  to  Spain,  where  the  title  of  ailiniral  was 
eonferret]  on  Iaw,  and  many  otlu'r  liene!it.s  wei-o  extended  liy  the  eniiiernr  to 
the  family,  'out  tlie  title  of  vieeroy  wa.f  withheld.  Suli.-eijuently  J^nis,  having 
instituted  eouit  inoeeediiigs  whieii  were  referred  to  an  arliitration,  sueixeded 
in  having;  iuiuself  deelared  eai)tain-,L,'eiieral  of  I'^spanola.  Sliortly  iM'foro  his 
death  he  relill(|ni^:h(Ml  the  elaini  to  the  vieeroyalty  <if  the  Xew  World  fortlio 
titli'sof  dnk(!  of  \''.'ra;j;naHand  niai'ijuis  of  Jauiaiea,  andj^'ave  hi.-i  ri^ht  to  a  tentli 
of  the  jirodiiee  of  the  Indies  I'ora  ].ension  "f  a  tiiousaiid  donliloons.  Luisuai 
Rueeeeded  l>y  a  nephew,  DicLjo,  hy  wlmso  d(>atli  the  lej:itiniate  male  line  ua.s 
pxtinnuishecl.  Then  inUowed  more  litigation,  female  ehiimants  now  hiiait 
eonspieuoiis,  uidil  in  the  lieginidng  of  llie  seventeenfn  eeidmy  we  tin  1  in  tho 
I'ortugiieso  house  of  Jirauan/a  the  titles  tlie  diseoverer  onee  so  e(^veted,  they 
l)einjj;  then  eonfei''ei'  on  Nuno  (Je'.ves,  ;,'raiidson  of  tho  third  dauLrhtei- if 
l>iei;o,  son  of  t'hristopher  Columhus,  and  who  then  ndi^ht  write  his  iiaaio 
l)e  I'ortuijallo  Colon,  dui^ue  do  Vcraguim,  niart|U(js  du  la  Janiaiea,  y  almiiiuito 
do  las  Inilias. 


BARTOLOMi:  DE  LAS  CAS  AS. 


275 


p[)olutcd 
is  tciKlod 
ys  ot"  tlio 
ppy  than 


self  more 
line  wont 
Born  at 
alamanca, 
UlTC,  but 
ntli  vcar. 
10  Iiulios, 
,  admitted 
5  his  plaec 
need  tcni- 
lusincss  as 
thcr;  pos- 
tlio  lire  of 
st  neither 
il- minded 
cu  v.honi 
tostle  ot 
le  mission 
llie  naked 
this  work 


\p 


y 


o  Domingo  for 
,111,  ^\  liicli  wus 
f  iiil!nir;il  \v:n 
tUo  cuiinTiir  to 
Luis,  haviiiL; 
ion,  sin'i'L'C.li'.l 
tly  tn-'fol'O  lii^ 
\Voiia  for  tlio 
•i-httoiitonH 
iiis.     l-uis\\.n 

tlUllo  lillf  «:i^ 

lis  now  l"'iii'^ 
\vc  liiiil  ii>  lli>J 

O'V.'tl'.l,    tlK'.V 

1,1  (Uui.uliU'i'  ''f 
vitc  lii-i  >i''ii'" 


ho  was  ardent,  ofttinics  imprudent,  always  eloquent 
and  truthful,  and  as  impudently  l)old  and  brazen  as 
nn :  cavalier  amou'jj  them  all.  Nor  was  he  by  anv 
nieuis  a  discontented  man.  Ho  souo-ht  nothinu:  for 
liiraself ;  ho  had  nothins^  that  man  could  take  from 
l:iin.  except  life,  upon  which  ]io  set  no  A-alue,  or  except 
Some  of  its  comforts,  which  were  too  poor  at  best  to 
trouble  lo'  iself  about.  His  cause,  which  was  the 
ri::^ht,  gave  breadth  and  volume  to  liis  boldness,  besido 
v.-hieh  the  courage  of  the  hare-brained  babbler  was 
sounding  brass. 

When  the  attention  of  the  church  was  first  seri- 
ously drawn  toward  the  amelioration  of  the  condition 
of  the  Indians,  which  was  in  1511,  there  were  at 
ICspahola  some  thirteen  Dominicans,  living  with  their 
vicar,  Pc  ro  de  Cordoba,  according  to  the  strictest 
rules  of  the  order,  and  likewise  several  Franciscans, 
among  whom  was  Antonio  de  Espinal.  The  IJomini- 
oans  began  their  protest  by  a  sermon  denouncing  the 
course  of  the  colonists,  and  when  ordered  to  retract, 
they  repeated  their  charges  with  still  greater  empha- 
sis. The  colonists  sent  agents  to  Spain  to  have  the 
contumacious  monks  displaced,  and  among  them  l']s- 
}iin;d;  for  the  Franciscans,  as  much  in  a  spirit  of 
opposition  to  the  Dominicans  as  to  find  favor  wiih 
the  laity,  showed  a  leaning  toward  the  repartimiento 
system,  thouo-h  they  could  not  decently  dolond  it. 
The  Dominicans  sent  Antonio  Montesino,  he  who 
had  preached  the  distasteful  sermon,  all  the  Di)niini- 
cans  present  having  signed  approval  of  it.  To  con- 
sider (he  matter,  a  junta  was  summoned  in  Spain, 
which  ])ronounced  the  Indians  a  I'ree  peoj)le,  a  jtoo-plo 
to  be  C'ln-istianizcd,  and  not  enslavi^d;  llieywerein- 
iiocont  heathen,  not  iniidol  tMiennes  like  Iho  .Moors,  or 
luitural-born  slaves  like  the  negroes.  h'erdin;ind  and 
I'onseca  wore  both  earnest  in  oblahiing  this  verdict, 
for  so  had  said  the  king's  preachers.  JMeanwhilo 
^[ontesino  encountering  h]sjiinal  in  Spain,  won  liini 
over  to  the  side  of  humanity.     Dut  all  the  same  tho 


in 


H 


IV 


•fTr 


1' 


270 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  THE  INDIES. 


rcpartimiuiifcos  wore  continued,  for  they  were  fallioily 
protection  only  in  theory,  and  the  colonists  went  on 
scourging  the  [)()or  red  men. 

In  the  occupation  of  Cuba,  Piinfilo  de  Narvaoz  was 
named  by  Velazquez  his  lieutenant,  and  sent  forth  ti) 
subjugate  other  jjarts  of  the  island.  With  Narvae/. 
went  Las  Casas,  who  put  fcrth  almost  superhuman 
exertions  in  vain  to  stay  the  merciless  slaughter  ot" 
the  helpless  and  innocent.  A  warm  friend  of  Ijas 
Casas  was  Velazquez'  alcalde,  Pedro  de  Renton';i, 
who  in  the  division  of  the  spoils  joined  Las  Casas 
in  accepting  a  largo  tract  of  land,  and  a  pro])or- 
tionate  repartimiento  of  Indians.  This  was  before 
Las  Casas  had  seriously  considered  the  matter,  and 
he  was  at  iirst  quite  delighted  with  his  acquisition. 
But  the  enormity  of  the  wrong  coming  ujion  him,  liis 
conversion  was  as  decisive  as  that  of  St  Paul.  Like 
the  Dominicans  of  Espahola,  Las  Casas  began  l>y 
jireaching  against  repcirtimientos.  In  1515  he  sailed 
for  Spain  in  company  with  Montesino,  leaving  liis 
charge  with  certain  monks  sent  over  from  Espanola 
by  the  prelate  Cordoba.  These  Dominican  brothers 
did  what  they  could,  but  to  such  straits  were  the  sav- 
ages driven  after  the  departure  of  Las  Casas  tliat  to 
escape  the  bloodhounds  and  other  evils  set  upon  thciii 
by  the  S|)aniards  thousands  of  them  took  i-efugi;  in 
suicide.  When  Dieixo  Colon  arrived  in  1509  tlicro 
were  left  in  Espaiiola  forty  thousand  natives.  A  re- 
partidor  was  appointed  in  the  person  of  Rodrigo  do 
Alburquerque  to  repartition  tlio  Indians,  Init  when  In; 
arrived  in  1514  there  wore  but  thirteen  thousand  lift 
to  divide.  After  proclaiming  himself  with  great  jioniji, 
Alburquerque  })lainly  intimated  that  bribery  was  in 
order,  tliat  he  wlio  paid  the  most  money  slionld  Ikuc 
the  best  repartimiento.  Afterward  the  Jjicential-: 
lljarra,  sent  to  iCsjiahola  to  take  the  residencia  of  tin; 
alcalde  Aguilar,  was  authorized  to  make  a  new  jiai- 
tition.  Jjarije  mnubers  of  natives  were  given  to  tlio 
king's  favorites  in   Spain,  and  the  evil  grew  a^iiKe. 


THE  JEROXIMITE  FATHERS. 


277 


Xor  wore  affiiirs  at  Espanola  moiulccl  bv  sciKHnof  out 
so  i'ro(]UCiitly  now  oliicials  with  new  and  conllicting 

pi)W(M'.S. 

Whatever  hopes  the  monies  may  have  derived  from 
Ferdinand's  benign  reception,  deatli  cut  sliort  the 
proposed  rchet".  Fonseca,  now  bishop  of  Burn'os, 
with  coarse  ribahhy  dismissed  the  subject;  but  wIumi 
].as  Casas  ap})Hed  to  tlie  regent,  Cardiiial  dimenez, 
an  earnest  and  active  interest  was  manifest.  IjHS 
("asas,  !Montesino,  and  l^iUicios  Ilubios  were  (H- 
rocted  to  present  a  plan  for  the  government  of  the 
Indies,  which  resulted  in  sending  thither  three  Jero- 
nimite  Fathers,  Luis  do  Figueroa,  Alonso  do  Santo 
J)()iuingo,  and  Bernardino  Manzanedo,  moidcs  of  the 
ci'der  ot"  St  Jerome,  being  selected  because  they  were 
iVoe  from  the  complications  in  which  those  (jf  St 
Francis  and  S^  Dominic  already  found  themselves 
iii\olved  in  the  Xow  AVorld.  The  Jeronimites  were 
di'dcred  to  visit  the  several  islands  and  inform  theni- 
s  Ives  ro<'-ardinLii:  the  condition  of  the  Jn(hans,  and 
ailopt  measures  for  the  formation  of  native  settle- 
iiu'uts.  These  settlements  or  connnunities  were  to 
1m'  governed  each  by  a  caci(pio,  together  with  an 
cc -lusiastic;  and  for  every  two  or  three  settlomtnits 
;i  civil  odicer,  called  an  administrator,  having  su[)rcnuj 
\n>\w\'  in  the  settlements,  was  to  be  appointed.  The 
(•;ici!|U(',  after  obtaining  the  consent  of  the  ecclesiastic, 
sliDuld  indict  no  higlier  punishment  on  his  sul>jects 
than  stripes;  none  should  be  (.'apitally  ]»unished  except 
indcf  r(\gular  jirocess  of  law.  'JMie  in;i1lrrs  of  ednca- 
ti'Mi,  Itbor,  trihuto,  mining,  and  firming  wei'e  then 
ti'r;i(i'.!,  in  all  which  the  welfare  of  tht>  natives  was 
(Mi'i'fuUy  consideretl,  althougli  the  I'epariimiiMito  sys- 
\v]\\  r(>niained.  I^as  Casas  M'as  named  .Pi'otectoi'  of 
tin  Indians  with  a  salary  of  one  hundred  pesos  <K',  oro. 
Zua/.o,  a  lawyer  of  i'i'[>ute,  was  sent  w'<  h  the  most 
!»;n|>le  powers  to  talce  a  residencia  of  all  the  judges 
in  I  lie  New  World,  and  against  his  decisions  there 
^vas  to  he  no  ap[)eal. 


1': 


278 


ADMINISTRATIOX  OF  THE  IXDIES. 


i  v^! 


The  Jorouiinitcs  set  out  wrappcl  in  mighty  deter- 
minations. Tliey  would  not  even  sail  in  the  same 
sliip  with  Las  Casas,  wishing  to  bo  wholly  free.  In 
this  they  wore  riglit;  but  UDfortunatcly,  on  arriv- 
insjf  amon<2f  the  wran<»'lin<jf  coloniolo,  and  having  the 
actual  issues  thrust  U[)on  them,  they  found  them- 
selves by  no  means  infallible.  Their  measures  were 
tame,  and  they  soon  found  the  Protector  arrayed 
against  them.  Tlie  result  was  their  open  defence  of 
the  repartimiento  system,  as  the  only  one  by  whicii 
Spain  could  colonize  the  Indies.  The  burden  should 
be  laid  as  lightly  as  possible  on  the  shoulders  cf  tlio 
natives,  but  they  must  be  made  to  work.  Las  Casas 
set  out  in  1517  to  enter  his  complaints  at  court, 
closely  followed  by  an  emissary  of  the  Jeronimitcs  to 
represent  their  side  of  the  question;  but  tlicy  uvri\'cd 
in  Spain  only  to  lind  the  regent  d^'ing.  Had  Charles 
V.  remaineti  in  Flanders,  and  had  the  life  of  Cardiiud 
Jimenez  been  spared  to  Spain  and  tlie  New  WorM  a 
few  years  longer,  it  is  certain  that  the  crueltie.:;  to  tho 
Indians  would  many  of  them  have  been  prevented, 
and  it  is  doubtful  if  nesrro  slavery  would  e\er  Iku o 
been  introduced  into  America. 


ThouiTfh  the  chanijo  of  rulers  which  now  occurreil 
seriously  clogged  the  v.'licels  of  government  in  Spain, 
the  affairs  of  the  Indies  seemed  directly  to  sulivr 
little  inconvenience  therefrom.  It  was  indeed  a  <jfre;it 
change,  Isabella  and  I'evdinand  gone,  Columbus  and 
Jimenez  also;  and  tlic  ])resence  oi'  this  young  Cliarlrs, 
undemonstrative,  thoughtful,  cautious,  even  when  a 
boy,  and  enveloped  in  a  Flemish  atmos])l)ore  that 
sliut  out  all  that  was  most  beautiful  in  Spain,  eviii 
Castile's  liquid  language,  made  it  seem  strange  tlicro 
even  to  Spaniards,  made  it  seem  a  long,  long  tiim! 
since  the  ]\[oors  were  beaten  and  America  discoverr; I. 
The  Indies,  however,  were  far  away,  and  so  liiilo 
understood  by  the  Flemings  that  they  did  not  trouI)lc 
themselves  nmcli  about  them. 


DIVERS  RULES  AND  RULERS. 


279 


Las  Casas  Avas  fortunate  in  winuinu^  the  favor  r»f 
the  Flemish  chancellor,  Selvagkis,  but  as  iu  the  two 
previous  cases,  scarcely  was  the  friendly  footing  estah- 
lifthed  when  the  great  man  died,  and  the  bishop  of 
])ingos,  whoso  inllueuce  in  the  government  of  the 
]ii(]ios  liad  fallen  low  of  late,  was  again  elevated. 
.Vll  the  measures  that  Las  Casas  had  proposed  to 
Selvagius  fell  to  the  ground — all  save  one,  tlie  only 
bad  one,  and  one  concerning  which  Las  Casas  after- 
ward asserted  that  he  would  give  all  he  possessed 
on  earth  to  recall  it;  it  was  the  introduction  of  negro 
slaves  to  relieve  the  Indians. 

If  the  Jeronimitc  Fathers  accom})lis]ied  no  great 
thinu's  in  the  Indies,  thev  at  least  did  little  harm. 
Siiiall-pox.  attended  tlie  herding  of  the  natives  in 
setilenients,  but  it  never  prevailed  to  tlie  extent 
reprcseuLcd.  The  fact  that  Fonseca  hehl  an  cnco- 
niieiiila  of  eight  himdretl  Indians,  the  Comendador 
Couchillos  one  of  eleven  hundred,  Vega  one  of  two 
liuudred,  and  other  inih;ential  men  at  court  other 
numbers,  may  have  had  something  to  do  with  the 
hostility  manifested  in  that  quarter  toward  Las  Casas, 
who  was  unllip.ching  to  the  end  in  denouncing  the 
.system  as  unjust,  unchristian,  and  inhuman. 

The  office  of  Indian  distributor  was  most  impor- 
tant, and  one  in  which  the  vital  interests  of  the 
colonists  were  involved.  It  should  have  been  fdled 
by  one  of  high  integrity  who  would  hold  aloof  from 
I'oiitaminating  inlluences.  Such  was  nijt  Ibarra,  who 
became  offensively  meddlesome  in  the  allliirs  of  the 
coiinuon  council,  and  died  under  sus])ici(jus  circum- 
sta;ices  not  lon<x  after,  Lebron  l)eing  sent  out  to  take 
his  place.  When  the  Jeronimites  countenanced  negro 
shivery  to  ivlieve  the  Indians,  the  c(jlunisis  were  be- 
nignant; when  they  undertook  civil  service  reform, 
SOI  no  of  them  became  furi(jus,  especially  Pasamonte, 
\\lii»  had  been  enriching  himself  as  fast  as  possible 
A\hlle  his  patron  lived,  but  who  had  now  sunk  into 


13: 


HI 


280 


ADMIXISTRATIOX  OF  THE  IXBIFS. 


insignificance.  The  fiivoritcs  of  the  Fleniisli  min- 
isters, such  as  liodrigo  dc  Figueroa,  to  whom  was 
given  charge  of  the  Indian  settlements,  were  now  the 
recipients  of  the  fat  offices;  and  the  fact  of  thoir 
beinL!"  Flemish  favorites  was  sufficient  to  array  the 
colonists  asT^ainst  them.  It  was  not  long  before  they 
succeeded  in  having  the  residencia  of  Figueroa  or- 
dered, and  Lebron  installed  as  overseer  of  Indians  in 
his  place.  In  1518,  Jimenez  who  sent  the  Jeroni- 
mites  being  dead  and  Fonseca  once  more  manager, 
the  monks  were  recalled  to  Spain,  and  tlie  ailau's  of 
Espahola  and  of  the  Indies  were  left  with  the  audi- 
en(;ia  of  Santo  Domingo,  acting  in  conjunction  witli 
the  Conscjo  de  Indias^^  in  Spain,  the  Cdsa  tie  Con- 

'^Tlie  (!i)iisf)o  Supremo  dc  Indku,  Supreme  Council  of  tlio  Imlic?!,  poiiio- 
tinica  teniiud  tlio  (Jintscjii  ilc  lii(liui<,  or  India  (Ji)uuc'il,  was  a  hody  jiossc^^in',' 
oxocutivo  Hi  wfU  as  jiuiicial  powers,  in  permanent  session  at  Mudiid,  ;ir.  I 
liavin;:;  the  same  juri^tliclion  over  Spanish  colonies  in  America  that  was  h'  1(1 
in  Spain  by  tlio  other  supreme  r,  'neils,  especially  the  ('o.i^ijo  tic  ('ax'illiK 
Immediately  after  its  discovery  tiio  American  ]iorti(>n  of  tiic  Spanish  reahu 
v/as  auperin tended  hy  the  Council  of  Castile,  or  l)y  councillors  selected  there- 
from,  liut  with  the  constantly  increasing  hurdeii  of  l)u:uaess  the  creation 
of  a  scparato  supreme  triitunal  l)ecamc  necessary.  Thus  the  machiiie:'y  sit 
in  motion  l>y  I'Vrdinand  was  auu'mcnteil  liy  Charles,  and  furllicr  imiiroved  \>y 
I'hilip,  until  these  vast  western  interests  were  watched  over  with  undeviatin;^ 
care.  Theiieo  all  measures  for  the  gcjvernmcnt  and  commerce  of  Sp:ini-Ii 
America  issued;  it  was  the  trihunal  liUcwise  of  ultimate  resort  where  all 
questions  rel;iting  then  !o  were  adjudicated.  For  many  years,  liowever,  the 
India  Council  luul  no  foimal  existence.  Fonseca;  Hernando  de  \'e^a,  co///'^- 
dailor  inivior  ul  Leon;  Mercurino  tiatinara,  afterward  superintendent  of  v.'\ 
tlio  councils;  a  gentleman  of  the  emperor's  bedchamber  called  ])e.  L;issai; 
Francisco  de  ^'argas,  treasurer-general  of  Ciistile,  and  others,  acti'il  speci.illy 
at  the  rei[uest  of  their  sovereign.  1'lils  fact  gave  rise  to  errors  of  date  into 
which  several  historinus  fell.  Thus  I'rescott,  Fvrd.  aihl  ItiUicU'i,  iii.  A'fl,  s;iys, 
copying  itol)ertson,  llisi.  Am.,  ii.  ;>.")S,  that  the  Council  of  the  Indies  was  lir.  t 
established  by  Ferilimind  in  l.")ll.  lli'lps,  S]ittn.  ('onq.,  ii.  'l>i — drawinga  iaKe 
inference  from  a  false  inference  drawn  by  Herrera,  ii.  ii.  xx..  mIio  makes  the 
date  1.")I7 — goes  on  to  describe  a  council  for  Indian  allhiis.  d.itiiig  its  orLrani- 
zation  1.11  S,  and  of  wliieli  I'onseca  was  president,  and  \'ega,  Zapata,  I'etcr 
Martyr,  anil  I'adilla  were  nu'uibers. 

It  WMs  the  first  of  August,  l.'>21,  that  the  ofTico  proper  of  the  Coiineil  of 
the  Indies  was  crciited.  See  So'or.diio,  I'o'i'iyd  Jiidiaiid,  ii.  'AM,  The  de- 
cree of  linal  organi.:ation  miiy  be  found  in  the  Rrcop.  di  /ii'!iii<,  i.  --^. 
It  sets  forth  that  in  view  of  the  great  benelits,  inidt'r  divine  favor,  the 
crown  daily  receives  by  the  enlargement  of  the  realm,  the  monarch  by  i!ie 
grace  of  (lod  feiding  his  obligation  to  govern  these  Uiugdoms  well,  f<.ir  t!i') 
better  service  of  Cod  and  the  well-iieing  of  those  lands,  it  was  ordeiv  1 
tliiit  there  should  always  resi.le  at  court  this  tribunal.  It  slit)uld  lia\e 
a  president;  the  grand  ch.'iucellor  of  the  Indies  should  also  be  a  coiia- 
cillor;  its  members,  whose  number  must  lie  eight,  should  lie  k/rn'/o-<,  men 
learned  in  the  law.  'i'liere  wire  to  be  a  lisial,  two  secretaries,  and  a  lUpurv 
grand  chancellor,  all  of  iioblc  birth,  upright  in  morale,  prudent,  and  Cod- 


COUNCIL  OF  THE  IXBIES. 


2S1 


date  into 


frafacion  having  more  especial  charge  of  commercial 

laattei'S. 

flaring  men.  There  must  be,  also,  tlirco  vchUnrc.^,  or  reader?:,  ni'd  a  notary, 
all  tit  experience,  diligence,  and  lidelity;  i\mr  expert  roii'i'-Zorcf  d'  cnrntiM, 
aci.'iiuntauts  and  auditors;  a  trea-:'.irer-gcnera! ;  two  K'llh'iiadonn  jiMcalc-i, 
cntwa  attorneys;  a  eliiof  chronicler  an<l  eosniographer ;  a  professor  of 
lii.itlicinatics;  a  Awi(/or  to  tax  cost.^  of  snits;  a  lawyer  and  a  prn-ifadar  ["V 
piM.r  suitors;  a  chaplain  to  say  mass  on  cr)uncil  days;  four  door-keepers,  aiid 
a  haili!!',  all  taking  oath  on  assumin.,'  daty  to  keep  .secret  the  acts  of  t!;o 
eouncil.  The  lirsb  presi.lent  appointcil  was  Fray  (lareia  do  Loay.sa,  at  tlio 
time  general  of  the  l^ominicanj,  confessor  of  the  eaipcror,  and  bishop  of 
Osniii.  .'ind  later  carilinal  and  arclihisliopof  Seville.  The  lirst  oouncillor.s  wero 
l.uis  Vaca,  bishop  of  tlie  Canary  Ishmds;  (ionzalo  Maldonado,  later  bishop 
of  Ciudail  Itodrigo;  Diego  ISclti-an;  the  prothonotary,  I'eilro  Martyr  do  An- 
{,'lerui,  abbot  of  .Jamaica,  and  Lorenxo  (talindc/  do  <  'arljajal.  I'rado  was  t!io 
lirst  tiscal.  A  list  of  the  earlier  presidents,  councillors,  and  ollicials  may  bo 
found  at  the  end  of  De^cr'qi'iun  de  lu.i  Iiidlts  Ocridi  iii(d.  s,  in  vol.  i.  Jju,rcia".s 
cditiiin  of  Ilerrcra. 

The  jnri;;iliction  of  the  council  extended  to  every  department,  civil,  mili- 
tary, ecclesiastical,  andconnncrcial,  and  noother  council  in  Spain  might  liavo 
co;:ni:'anco  of  any  atlairs  appertaining  to  the  Xev/ World.  Two  thii'ds  of  tho 
nicinliers  must  ajiprovoof  any  law  or  oniinanco  before  it  was  presented  to  t.'io 
kin,'  for  his  signaUirc.  In  the  /I'-'coj^'arion  'fc  /((■.■  Indi'is,  i.  "J^.S-.'SJ:!,  is  given  tho 
legislation  on  tiie  council  to  ItisO.  Philip  II.  ordered  the  council  to  be  obeyed 
c  pially  in  Spain  and  in  tho  In:lie3.  Tlnvc  memliers  wcro  to  constitute  a 
i|;iorum,  and  sit  from  three  to  live  hours  every  day  except  holi  lays.  Tor 
liurposcs  of  temporal  government  the  New  W'orld  was  to  be  divitlc;!  into 
viccroya.lties,  provinces  of  andiencias,  and  rhaiicil'o'iiw  r'a!i:.<,  or  sovei'eigii 
tribunals  of  lesser  weight  than  audiencias,  and  provinces  of  tlic  otiicials  <jf 
tiie  royal  exchetiuer,  (K/clnnt'fiiiii ii/o--),  or  t!ic  government  of  an  adclanta  lo, 
ijoh( riiiicloiic^^  or  governmcntsliips,  dlcaldiin mniiore^y  ri,rri''jiiiih:n'oi,  ulcaldrii 
crd'iuarl'i^,  and  of  the  /ifn/inndit  I,  citni'iy).^  do  E'^i'iiDo'ci  n  d'  Indian;  and  for 
Rpiriuud  government  into  areh!jisho]n'ics  and  KutiVa_ran  bishoiirics,  abbeys, 
parishes,  and  d!i  -hiiria.^,  or  tithing  districts,  and  provinces  of  tho  religious 
orders.  The  division  for  temporal  matter.}  ^vas  to  confirm  as  nearly  a  i  po-,- 
sihlo  to  that  for  spiritual  all'airs.  The  council  was  conunanded  to  have  for  its 
chief  care  the  conversion  and  good  tri^atmentof  t!ie  Indians.  Tlie  l.iws  made 
by  the  Council  for  tlic  Indies  Khould  conform  as  ricarly  as  possible  to  tho  cx- 
i.iting  lawsof  Spain.  luRelectingeccle^iasticsand  civil  olllcer.s  for  tho  Indies, 
the  greatest  care  should  bo  exercised  that  none  but  good  men  wei-e  seat,  an.l 
their  tinal  nomination  must  rest  with  the  kiu'g.  Nepotism  was  utricLly  pro- 
hibited, and  oliiees  were  n!>t  to  be  sold,  lu  lOO'J  Felipe  III.  ordered  that 
twice  a  week  should  be  held  a  council  of  war,  compose  I  of  eight  mcnilicrs, 
f"\u'or  whom  were  councillors  of  the  Indies,  and  fourspeeially  selected  by  tho 
kill','.  It  was  decreed  in  loSl  that  tiie  oliiees  of  governors,  eorrcgidorc  ;, 
an.l  alcald(^s  mayorcs  of  tho  Indies,  when  bestowed  on  persons  resi^iing  in 
Sjiaiii,  sli'iuld  be  for  live  years;  wlicn  residents  in  tho  Indies  were  appiiiite  I, 
it  should  be  for  three  years.  Felipe  IV.  in  lO.'ili  ordered  that  in  t!io  a;  hiv'i 
of  the  council,  bosido  reeonls,  should  be  kept  manuscript  i  and  printe  .  iionks 
trcatin;,'  on  matter.;  moral,  religious,  historieal,  political,  and  fjcieutidc,  touch- 
in,'  tlie  Iniiies,  all  that  had  been  or  should  be  issued;  and  \)ubli.-hers  of  book.< 
<'l  thii  class  wero  reipurcd  by  law  to  clejiosit  one  copy  each  in  these  archive*. 
Two  keys  wero  ordered  kc[)t,  one  by  the  councillor  appointcil  by  the  ]ircsi- 
ih'ut,  anil  the  other  by  the  senior  secretary.  And  whvn  t!ie  arcliivcs  nf  tho 
ciiuicil  bci'amo  too  full,  a  portion  migiit  be  sent  to  Simancas.  It  was 
early  orilcrcd  that  the  chronicler  of  the  c'ouncil  shoidd  write  a  history,  natu- 
ral an  1  jiolitica  I,  of  the  luilic.!,  every  facility  bciiij;  aii'oi'ded  him;  and  befm-o 
(hawing  his  last  ([uarter's  salai'v  eacli  year,  ho  mu  -t  jire-enL  wliat  ho  had 
'.vntteii.     So  it  was  with  tho  cosmographer,  who  was  to  calculate  eclipse.i,  com- 


I 


I 


M 


h. 


^ 


'J! 


,! 


282 


ADMINISTRATIOX  OF  THE  IXDIES. 


Many  schemes  for  the  benefit  of  the  Indians  filled 
the  mind  of  Las  Casas,  who  continued  to  labor  for 

pile  guide-books,  prepare  tables  and  descriptions,  and  give  nn  iinnual  lecture. 
I'lio  1  fL,'ul;ition3  governing  this  august  body  were  most  wise,  and  it  \v;i.s  the  con- 
s'tiint  aim  of  the  S[ianisii  numarclis  to  increase  its  power  and  sustain  its  author- 
ity. Its  jurisdiction  extended  over  lialf  the  world,  Ixing  al)solute  on  sea  and 
land.  Jjy  it  viceroys  were  made  and  unmade,  also  presidents  and  governors; 
and,  in  ecclesiastical  rule,  patriarchs,  arcidjisliops,  bishops,  and  lesser  spiritual 
dignitaries.  His  Holiness  himself  was  second  here.  All  bulls  or  briefs  of  in- 
dulgences issued  by  the  ]iopo  nuist  be  laid  before  the  ('iin.si/o  <fc  I'rir.aila,  and 
pass  through  the  Council  of  the  Inilies.  The  Consejo  dc  Indias  continued  in 
.Spain  till  liy  a  law  of  the  Cortes,  March  '-'I,  KS.'il,  it  was  abolished,  as  indet  1 
Avas  the  '  'o  larj'i  dc  t'a.-ilil/d.  The  judicial  fun',  ions  of  the  two  were  vested  ni 
the  Tr'ihu:i'd  Siqtrcmo  dr  IJ.-tpaiin  v  Ind'avi ;  their  executive  powers  in  the  Con- 
svji)  Hal  dc  JJ-'/iuila  c  Jiidiiu,  both  being  created  by  the  same  law. 

The  next  riiost  important  agency  in  tiie  management  of  Xew  \Vorld  afTairs 
Was  the  CamtL'  C<>ntritt<h'io!i,  house  or  board  of  tragic,  supreme  in  commeri  ial 
matters,  save  only  in  its  subordination  to  the  Consejo  de  Indias,  in  connunii 
with  every  otlier  power  lielow  absolute  royalty.  As  l)efore  stated,  on  the  r<- 
turn  of  Columbus  from  his  lirst  voyage,  l''onseca,  with  two  or  tiirce  assistants, 
was  appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  business  appertaining  to  the  discov- 
crj-,  the  nature  or  importance  of  wlii('li  was  then  but  faintly  conceived. 
'J'iiis  Indian  oliice  or  agency  was  cstablislied  at  .Seville,  with  a  branch  olliee  in 
the  form  of  a  custom-liouse  at  Ciiiiiz.  JJut  before  tlii^  expiration  of  tiie  lir.--t 
decade  the  Xew  World  business  had  so  increased,  and  the  New  World  dimen- 
sions were  so  rapidly  e.^panding,  tliat  it  was  found  necu'ssary  to  enlarge  the 
capabilities  and  powers  of  tlic  India  Oliiee;  hence  by  decrees  of  January  L'O, 
anil  June  .">,  loO.'J,  was  onlered  established  at  Seville  the  dind  dc  ('oninU  nimi 
di'  /fx  Indhtft,  or  India  house  of  trade,  that  :ommercc  between  the  mother 
country  and  the  Indian  colonies  might  be  promoted.  1'he  lirst  cHlula  orderel 
the  oUicc  placed  in  the  arsenal,  the  second  in  a  building  known  as  the  .;'- 
ci'iZ'ir  vlrjo,  and  in  that  part  of  it  called  iha  C'(iir,'o  d<'  /o-.-  aliniraHl'jx,  or  admi- 
rals' fjuartcrs.  The  board  consisted  of  a  president,  three  royal  oliicers,  or 
judges,  to  wit,  treasurer,  auditor,  nuil  factor;  also  th/.?o  judges  bred  to  the 
law;  one  fiscal,  and  other  lesser  oilicers  and  attendants.  Among  the  lirst  t.) 
serve,  beside  Fonseea,  were  .Sanclio  dc  Maticnzo,  a  <'anon  of  Seville,  treasurer: 
Francisco  I'inelo,  factor,  or  general  agent ;  and .]  imeno  dc  Bcrvicsca,  contail.ir, 
or  auditor.  V>y  law  those  three  oliicers  were  to  resi.le  in  the  building;  and  were 
to  despatch  all  ships  gfiiug  to  tlic  Indies,  and  receive  all  merchandise  coming 
thence.  In  all  which  they  were  scrupulously  to  respect  the  ogrcenient  made 
with  Colundnis  by  the  sovereigns.  They  were,  moreover,  to  proclaim  that 
licenses  for  discovery  and  trade  would  be  given,  under  just  conditions,  to  all 
seeking  them  and  liling  commensurate  bonds.  See  Nwr.i  E-ii'dila,  Jlrc: 
I'm.  M.S.;  I'cUii  Ltiiaje,  Xorlc  dc  la  Voii/rata'-inii;  Ihchp.  </.■  Iit'lini; 
iSo'onnw,  Pol.  Iivl.;  Zainora  ;'/  Coronailo,  liih.  Lv<i.  Ult.;  Yo'inj'.i  Ul^l. 
Mcc,  40-0;  Dcniocmtk  llcvkw,  i.  '2(il-9;  ii'al/oii'.i  Exiio^i',  '21;  ^Ye'/,' 
S.  Atii.  niid  .Mc.i\,  (i.VS;  Ihvolnllon  in  Sp.  Am.,  ;")-();  Piurlias,  ItU  I'll- 
Hi-iiiii--,  iv.  910-17.  An  ollicer  appointed  by  the  king  resided  at  C:iili/, 
to  di'spatch  vessels  under  the  sujicrvision  of  the  Casa  de  C(jniratacioii. 
The  India  House  was  a  court  of  ju'licatnre  no  less  than  a  lioard  of  tra.le:  it 
liad  cogni.'ance  in  all  civil,  criminal,  and  commercial  (juestions  ari-^ing  fr.iia 
the  trallic  of  Spain  with  the  Indies,  appeal  i)eiug  to  the  Council  of  the  Indies. 
I  will  mention  a  few  only  of  the  more  important  of  the  many  minor  onlers 
rcgulatin;,'  this  board.  The  v<ilumc  and  variety  of  its  business  rajiidly  in- 
creased from  year  to  year.  In  l."dO  Diego  Colon  was  instructed  to  iul'i.ni 
its  oliicers  concerning  all  that  he  should  write  to  the  king.  The  board  w:i-i 
oljli;,'ed  to  possess  itself  of  the  minutest  knowledge  concerning  Xew\V..iIl 
ali'airs,  aud  of  persons  uskiny  permission  to  go  thitlicr,  and  iii  the  execution  el 


CASA  DK  COXTRATACIOX. 


2S3 


.•rs,  (.V 
t!io 
ir.st  to 

itailor. 

(1  WL'IO 

joiiiin.; 

iiiaclL! 

thiit 

t..ull 

J!ro: 

.-/;".,■ 

Ilisl. 

U  I'll- 
(Villi/. 

t:K'iou. 

:  it 
,'  trnia 
In-lii's. 

illy  in- 
iulDi'iii 

lion  vi 


the  u  iiu1efatigal)ly.  One,  original liijjf  with  Pedro  do 
Cordoba,  was  to  set  apart  on  tlie  mainland  one  hun- 
dred leai^aes  as  a  place  of  reiliiio  for  the  savai^es,  into 
^vhieh  no  Spaniards  but  priests  might  enter.     This 

its  (lutirs  it  \vas  not  to  be  interfered  with  even  by  royal  ofTicera  of  lii;,'h  rank. 
I'lu' actual  iinversconfeneil  on  the  three  ollicials  lirst  namul  i)y  (Jiieeii  .JuaiKi 
are  not  j.ivcn  by  any  of  the  chronicles,  or  col'eetions  of  laws,  wliicli  I  have 
cxaniinccl.  Imleed,  the  jiowcrs  ami  jurisdiction  of  the  board  were  never 
cliarly  ilelincd  until  tile  i^^sning  of  the  ordinances  of  the  '2',]i\  of  August.  I  l.'i, 
j;uov,n  as  the  ordiiiititjisd'  I'l  (■((■■.'(,  and  which  should  not  Ik;  conlounilc.l  v.  illi 
V.M  onl  ii<iiiy(i  of  other  years,  livery  day  but  fcast-(lays  the  board  sshouhl 
Meet  for  business,  and  remain  in  KcsiiMi  for  thi'ce  hours  in  t!ie  forenoon,  ami 
(lU  the  afternoons  of  Mondays,  \Vednesdays,  antl  Fridays  for  the  desjiatch  of 
ti!ii[n.  Absence  involved  luinuirily  loss  of  pay,  and  tinally  loss  of  oliicc.  If 
tiii*  be  not  tinii;  suUicient  for  the  business,  Ihej'  must  take  more  time.  The 
jiri  sident  and  judges  together  siiould  transact  t!ie  business;  a  judge  miglit 
iioL  act  •  iugly  except  upon  a  matter  i-eferred  to  him  by  all.  Tlie  notary  should 
licep  in  his  b(X>k  auaccount  of  the  hoursof  aiisence  among  tlieoiiiciTS.  Det'oie 
the  platform  on  which  .sat  the  judges,  iienclies  were  ordered  placed  for  the  eon- 
vruieuce  of  the  vi-il  nion  ■■<,  ov  ins[iectors  of  Kliips,  and  Kuch  otiier  honorable 
jier  oiu  having  business  there  as  should  lie  invited  by  tiu;  tribunal  lo.sit.  The 
ii',!  Jiorities  of  I^ieviUe  should  not  interfere  in  the  trial  and  puni  ihnicnt  of 
crimes  conmiittcd  on  )x)ard  .shijis  sailing  to  and  from  the  Indies.  If  the  pen- 
ahy  was  deaili  or  nnitilation,  the  oii'endcr  was  to  be  tried  by  the  three  juilges, 
members  of  the  boanl,  learned  in  the  law.  In  tiie  civil  suits  of  private  per- 
sons, ajipertaining  to  the  Indies,  litigants  were  nivcn  the  option  of  bringing 
t'.ieir  (li  putes  before  the  judges  of  the  India  House,  or  beloi'e  tlu;  on'.iuar/ 
jnsiiocof  Seville.  Disputes  arising'  from  siiipwreciv,  loss  of  cargo,  and  frauds 
connected  therewith,  were  all  brought  lietore  the  India  House.  Traders  to 
the  luilies  residing  in  Seville  M'ere  autiiori/ed  to  meet  and  (  leet  a  ]irior  and 
consul,  or  consuls,  which  consulate  .should  be  called  the  Uinirr-^iilii.il  tic  lus 
( ''irj'ulo'cs  d  /■in  liidht.t,  and  hold  their  meetings  in  the  Casa  de  (Jontratacion. 
Xo  forei  ;n;'r,  his  son  or  framlson  couKl  so  hold  ollice.  Tliij  consulate  had 
c(i'.'ui.<;iuce  in  disputes  between  these  nierehants  and  f;ietors  iu  matters  relative 
to  purcliases,  sales,  freight;,  insurance,  and  bankruiitey,  all  bein;,' faibor.linato 
to  t!ie  regular  ti'ibiuial  of  t!ic  India  House.  Ajipeals  were  frc^ni  t!ie  consulate 
t  1  one  ot  the  regular  judges  selected  a.nnnally  to  that  duty.  The  eonsulare 
c'uld  aildress  the  king  only  through  the  (.'asa  de  Contratacion,  and  ijovernment 
rlespiitche.i  from  the  In. lies  nuist  be  forwarded  by  the  board.  As  jusucealono 
wai  the  object  of  these  nierehants,  and  not  chicanery,  or  the  distortion  of 
(vi  leuce,  parties  to  suits  before  the  consulate  were  not  allowe  I  lawyers. 
'Hint  harmony  migiit  be  maintained,  the  Ca^ade  Coutiatacion  should  carry 
o';t  the  orders  of  the  aiid'enciiKh'  ijrudn.i  of  Seville,  if  deemeil  eor.iorniable  to 
hw,  and  to  exiiting  regulations  of  the  board.  Comnninications  from  the 
board  to  the  king  nuist  be  signed  by  the  jiresident  and  judges  conjointly,  a.ml 
in  letter  muijt  treat  of  more  than  a  sin;.'le  suijject.  All  gold,  silver,  ]K:arls, 
and  precious  stonc!  comin;,'  from  the  Indies  were  lirst  to  bj  deposited  in  tlic 
la  .i.i  House,  and  thence  distributed  to  t!ie  owners.  T!ie  king's  share  was  to 
b  ■  placeil  iu  a  safe  with  three  ki'VS,  or  if  this  was  too  small,  then  in  a  room 
having  three  keys.  Other  .safes  were  to  bi;  kept,  one  for  eacli  kind  of  jirop- 
orty.  Account'?  of  receipts  at  the  lu'li.i,  House  were  to  be  rcn'ler<'d  i';e  kiu,' 
cvi'ry  year.  The  bfiard  must  render  an  aiuuial  statement  of  iis  expenditui'es 
ou  /■'■/■ /,"o<o<;-.eut  to  the  Indies.  Felipe  IV.  ordered  that  the  board  should  eid- 
Icct  from  all  ships  and  merchamlise,  including  a  jiro  nU  i  on  t!ie  kiu'^'s  share, 
tile  CO  ;t  f  irconv  jying  them  forth  and  back.  Sucli  was  the  famous  li.dia  House 
.•;t  ^v.y-llo,  modest  i;i  its  begduning,  miglity  in  its  aceompli.--'r.ue;i;s.  tlirough 
which  passed  into  Spain  the  almost  fabulous  wealth  of  Spanish  America. 


:s4 


ADMIXISTn.VTIOX  OF  THE  INDIES. 


El? 


luoasure  was  ojiposcd  1)\'  Fon.seoa,  who  said:  "Tlio 
kiiiLj  would  do  well,  indco.l,  to  jj^ivo  away  a  hundred 
leaL^ues  without  any  i>ro1it  to  himself."  Alter  this 
Las  Casas  spent  some  time  travelling  througli  Spain 
and  inducing  Spaniards  to  emigrate  to  the  Indies, 
but  little  that  was  henelieial  came  <»f  it.  Succeeding 
linally  in  enlistinij:  the  svmi)athios  of  t!io  kinix'-"'  l>reaeh- 
crs  in  behalf  of  the  Indians,  a  plan  for  founding  a 
colony  on  the  Pearl  Coast  was  carried,  and  notwith- 
standing Oviedo  a]i[K'ared  in  opposition  to  his  brotlier 
chronieler  by  t)ireringa  larger  royalty,  a  grant  of  two 
hundred  and  sixty  leagues  was  signed  in  ^lay,  IfrJO. 
I'ailing  as  a  colonist,  Las  Casas  retired  for  a  time  to 
the  Dominican  convent  at  Santo  Domingo.  After 
many  years  spent  as  missionary  and  preacher  in  Xica- 
ragua,  ( Juatemala,  ^Mexico,  and  Peru,  ho  was  ajipoinli'  I 
bishop  of  Chiapas,  whei'e  in  theprogress  of  this  history 
we  shall  again  meet  him. 

Certain  attention  which  the  Indies  were  now  receiv- 
ing may  be  mentioned  here.  Some  littlo  att(;ntion 
was  ixiid  bv  the  ever-waichfui  o-ovcrnmont  to  the 
welfare  of  society  in  these  distant  parts.  The  weaving 
of  rich  ap})arcl  in  Espanola  was  forbidden  by  the  kin;* 
in  lo2;j.  The  appellations  of  certain  of  the  islands 
were  undergoing  change,  so  that  in  duo  time  their 
aboriginal  names  were  restored  to  Cuba  and  Jamaic;), 
the  authorities  thereby  evincing  a  good  taste  whidi 
rulers  and  explorers  of  other  nations  might  well  have 
profited  l)y  at  a  later  j^eriod.  In  1515  six  loaves  of 
sugar  and  twenty  cassi<tjl.'<(itla  were  taken  by  Oviedo 
to  Spain.  In  1517  the  pope  made  bishops  in  tlu 
Indies  inquisitors;  and  when  in  15J!-"J  the  bulls  of 
Leo  X.  and  Adrian  VI.  ordered  the  Franciscans  to 
prei)are  for  mission  work  in  the  Xew  World,  libend 
concessions  were  made  to  friars  going  thence.  Aftt.ir 
the  death  of  Petlro  de  Cordoba,  who  had  boen  ap- 
pointed in(|uisitor  of  the  Indies,  authority  became, 
vcshod  in  the  audiencia  of  Santo  Domingo.  Desirous 
ot  stnnulating  emigration,  the  emperor  in  1522  grantoJ 


SUNDPA"  rnovisioNS. 


2S5 


further  privileges  to  settlers  in  the  Indies.  Colonists 
V,  ci'e  ordered  to  take  their  t'aniilies  to  ilio  Xew  World 
iMiilcr  sev(!re  penalties  lor  neujloct.  Licenses  were  re- 
\  i  M'd,  and  reii'ulations  conr'crnin«';  the  -jfoinjjf  to  the  Xew 
V\'iirld  of  the  religious  orders  as  well  as  of  all  others 
wvvo  made  to  the  utmost  extent  favorable,  but  friars 
fnuud  in  the  Xew  World  without  a  license  must  bo 
sent  I'orthwith  to  Spain.  Tiien  laws  Avere  made  at- 
tempting to  regidato  the  method  of  malting  war  on 
Indians;  and  in  1523  it  was  decreed  that  idols  should 
lio  destroyed  and  cannibalism  prevented.  Provision 
v,;is  made  for  the  annual  payment  of  thirty  thousand 
iiiaravedis  for  the  support  of  a  })reccptor  of  grannnar. 
And  because  of  the  heavy  expenses  of  living,  the 
euijieror  permitted  the  salaries  of  New  World  oUicials 
to  be  increased.  The  tribunals  were  likewise  rcor- 
L'-anlzed  to  lit  the  emergency  and  facilitate  business. 
])iivi'tions  were  issued  how  gold  chains  should  be  made 
aiul  dye-woods  cut.  It  seemed  to  the  emperor  neces- 
sary in  152G  to  issue  orders  facilitating  the  arrest  of 
dishonest  mercantile  agents  in  the  Indies,  and  to  send 
I'adre  d\i  Bobadilla,  a  provincial  of  the  order  of  La 
^.Icreed,  to  look  after  the  baptism  of  the  Indians. 
And  as  to  the  question  of  negroes,  vexatious  from  the 
beginning,  the  emperor  in  1523  revoked  for  a  time 
the  perniission  given  in  1511  to  send  negroes  as  slaves 
to  the  Indies;  and  it  was  again  ordered  in  152G  that 
liichaii  slaves  then  in  Spain  should  be  returned  to 
their  country  and  treated  as  vassals.''* 

^^  Recopiliicion  de Lci/es  de  los  Hr^inofi  dr  ln.i  fitdidj^,  of  wliicli  I  make  general 
u?c  iu  iCi'nriii','  to  the  laws  passed  in  Spain  for  the  legiihition  of  the  alVairs 
of  tlie  New  World,  is  the  result  of  several  previous  ell'orts  iu  the  dircetion  of 
eoiiipilation.  It  was  published  at  Madrid,  the  first  edition  iu  four  voluuu's, 
liy  Older  of  C;irlo3  II.  iu  UlSl,  and  the  fourth  edition  iu  three  volumes, 
iHider  the  direetion  of  the  Royal  and  Supremo  Council  of  tiie  Indies,  iu  171M. 
Tlie  worl;  aimed  to  enihody  all  laws  iu  foree  at  the  date  of  the  respective 
editions  relative  to  the  Spanish  Aniei'iean  colonies.  The  three  voliiuies  arc 
ilivi  led  into  nine  hooks,  an<l  each  book  into  from  ci;,'ht  to  forty-sis:  titles. 
Tlie  Ih'st  title  of  the  first  book  is  J)e  li  Snnln  Fc  CiUOlicit,  a  subject  then 
(•I'coud  to  none  iu  grave  importance.  In  fact  the  whole  of  the  lirst  book  is 
divoted  to  ecclesiastical  and  kindred  matters.  The  second  book  refers  iu 
the  main  to  tribunals  and  oliicials;  the  third  in  a  great  niea.sure  to  the  army; 
the  fdurih  to  discoveries  and  settlements;  the  fifth  to  executive  and  judicial 
>^lliiis;  tlie  sixth  to  Indians,  iueludiug  treatnicut,  rcpartiniieutos  uud  cnco- 


;  ;:'i- 


W't 


2SG 


ADMIXISTRATIOr  OF  THE  INDIES. 


\    :4 


mioii'ln'^;  llic  srvonth  to  Crimea  anil  punhlimonts ;  tlio  cicrhtli  to  t'lo  nianaf^c- 
iiiciit  <if  llie  royal  -^ruasiiry;  and  tliu  iiiiitli  to  tlii!  fmlia  Hmso  and  the  oom- 
mcrco  of  llio  '.alio.s.  ])y  a  docrec  of  tiic  cinpcror  in  I.'mO,  ■wliicli  v:a.3 
tinliodicd  in  fl  .'  onlinancos  of  andicnciaa  in  l.")(!,'{,  by  Philip  II.,  it  was  ordcrcil 
tliat  all  (•'■(//iltt.-t  anil  prnrl.'^ioncs  should  he  eopi;  d  in  c.rlcii.'i')  in  a  hooU  5;et  apart 
fnr  that  nn-vioe,  and  of  wliich  great  care  should  1)0  taken,  and  that  t!io  said 
clocuiuents  were  to  l)o  filed  chronologically  in  tiie  archives  of  each  audiencia. 
In  I.")71,  hy  Philip  IT.,  it  was  dcci'eed,  and  the  decree  embodied  in  the  /i'"'>- 
]ii''irin:)  of  li'iSO,  that  ci'diUas  and  provisiones  coneerning  the  royal  treasury 
sliould  lie  kept  in  a  separate  hook. 

'J'hc  carlii'.-it  printed  collection  of  laws  rclatiiv:;  solely  to  the  Indies  is  that 
f>f  the  nrifcii'iiiz  i.'i  for  the  povernment  of  the  andieniiii  of  ^Icxico.  This  wai 
issued  in  l.')J.'-».  In  1.mi2  asimilar  collection  was  made  hy  onlrr  nf  the  vicen.y  of 
Peru,  Anlonio  do  .Mendoza,  for  the  government  of  tlio  r.udiencia  of  Li'in, 
Imt  was  n'lt  printed  at  that  time.  Later  the  fiscal  of  ^lexico,  Antonio  Mai- 
<lonailo,  hcf^an  a  compilation  to  which  he  g:ivi'  the  nami;  /,'< prrtorin  J.'  Iii.<> 
('('(////(W,  /'/•  ■(•'.s/o/i'.i',  i  ()rdrnnn::a-<  J'ca'ca,  Imt  it  does  not  apjier.i'  that  he  cvn- 
completed  his  task,  although  a  royal  ci'dula  in  !.").")'!  authorized  him  to  do  so. 
Upon  tiie  re|)resentation  in  I.m'J  l)y  Francisco  Hernandez  de  Li  bana,  fiscal 
of  the  (,'ouncil  of  the  Indies,  of  the  urgent  necessity  of  such  a  work,  a  royal 
ci  dula  was  issued  in  15(i0,  directing  the  viceroy  of  Xew  Spain,  Juis  ih; 
\'elasco,  to  hv-'vc  prepared  and  printed  .such  regulationd  as  were  in  forcts 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  audiencia  of  Mexico,  which  was  done  in  I'lii'] 
under  t!ie  direction  of  \'asco  ile  Puga,  oidor  of  the  audiencia.  Francisco  ih 
I'oledo,  scut  from  Spain  in  l.")o!)  as  viceroy  of  Pern,  was  oi'dcred  to  )Via!;e  a 
similar  compilation  covering  the  limits  of  his  viceroyalty,  but  i'  was  after- 
ward tliiiu;;ht  better  the  work  should  be  done  in  Spain.  IFcnco  in  l."7i) 
I'hilip  n.  ordered  made  a  general  compilation  o:  laws  and  provisions  for  tlio 
piAcrnnient  of  the  Indies,  whicli  was  intended  as  a  code,  obsolete  laws  beiiig 
omitted,  new  fnies  provided  MJiere  necessary,  and  those  in  conflict  rccoacilcd. 
Of  this  work,  from  some  canso  not  satisfactorily  explained,  probably  from 
the  death  of  the  author,  only  tlio  title  relating  to  the  Consejo  de  Indias  and 
its  ordcuanzas  was  printed,  although  the  whole  of  the  first  book  had  been 
prepared. 

In  l.")Sl  some  ordinances  relative  to  the  Casa  dc  Contratacion  and  it^i 
judges  were  ])rint(xl  at  Madrid;  and  moiv  of  a  similar  nature  in  1,')8."),  besi  lo 
tiie  J,ri/,i  ji  Ordi'Diiirjf  for  the  government  of  the  Indies,  and  the  orJ.inances 
of  l.")S'J  concerning  the  despatch  of  fleets  for  New  Spain  and  Tierra  Firmc, 
printed  at  Madrid;  and  in  tJnatemala  the  oril'  ihtir.iii  of  July  It,  l.loii,  rel.it- 
ing  to  the  Uninrmlvl  ilc  lof  M-mulcrcs  ili'  Si'i-illn.  In  loOi  the  marques  do 
t'auete,  vieerny  of  Peru,  published  at  Lima  a  small  volume  of  ordinances  rel- 
ative to  the  ;;ood  treatment  of  the  Indians.  IJut  thi^  want  of  a  j.'cneral  coia- 
jiilation  becoming  more  and  more  anpai'cnt,  iMego  do  Encinas,  a  clerk  in  the 
oflicc  of  the  king's  secretaiy,  was  ovdered  to  prepare  a  copy  of  all  /irnr'.^innr.^, 
riiliihis,  ck/Vkv,  ord'  nniiyi.<,  and  //(f'r  ( ■'•'o^c.v  ilespatehed  prior  to  l,V.Kl,  whicii 
work  was  printed  at  Madri  1,  in  foui'  folio  volumes,  the  same  year.  Ha:  rissu 
IS  mistaken  when  he  says  these  volumes  were  suppressed,  no  having  i>eeu 
authorizcil;  for  not  only  is  their  authorization  distinctly  stated  '  verthe  iiin  r'.i 
own  hand  in  the  enacting  el  luse  of  the  llcnjutwion  df  An  /  iZ/k-i.  May  l'^, 
l(ISl),  win  I'e  it  says  that  Philip  If.  ordered  Ihieinas  to  do  this  'ork,  lint  tied 
owing  to  llu'ir  faulty  arrangement  the  volumes  'aun  no  han  s  tisfec'i  i  el  la- 
tento  de  reco]iiIar  en  forma  coivenienle,' whieii  dearly  showi  Jiem  to  havi' 
been  in  u  ;e  \\[^  (o  that  time.  Shortly  after  this,  Alvar  (loniez  de  Aljaunza, 
oidor  of  the  audiencia  of  (luatemala,  ancl  subsequrntly  (I'cif'i/^' i/c/  rrhin'ii  et 
the  aiulienciaof  Mexico,  eom|iiled  two  large  vnlnnies  under  tiie  title  of  Ri'ifr- 
tarin  dc  I  'nlit'd.^  /'ca/cs,  which  wci'e  not  ]irinted.  And  in  Spain.  l)ie';o  de  '/."V 
rilla  made  an  atteni]it  to  revive  the  project  of  the  ri'<Ti)nla(\n:\  df  l<'>ir-\  by 
making  extr.acts  from  Mneinas  and  adding  laws  of  later  date;  but  havin.'  re- 
ceived an  apjiointment  as  oidor  of  the  aiidieuida  of  (^Hiito,  he  left  the  wnilc 
iucomplclc  and  in  manuscript.     Others  madu  similar  attempts;  I  shall  not  he 


RECOriLACIOX  DE  LAS  IXDIAS. 


287 


nlilc  to  cmimornto  them  all,  m-  jnvc  n  full  list  wen  of  tlio  printoil  colloctions. 
]'(ir  (.■xaninlo,  iii  llil).'!  \va  ;  puhlinlied  at  \'alLi(li)liil  a  fnlio  ciititlccl  ()rt(<  iidiirn-i 
J<'i(il(H  i/ct  ('(iii.'fjo  til'  Iiii/iax,  and  a.iiothrr  thin  lulii)  called  Liiiisij  (h-dcuanriu 
y  w  roi.riitc  hi'ii.u.--  jior  sii  M'njrstO'l,  jiarii  li  ijniii'niariu  t/i-  Ints  liiiltux:  later 
ai'peared  a  fwlio  cntiilcd  Ordiuniirdmlc  In  Vnxn  ile  In  ('iiiitf'tivioii  ili'  Si'rilln, 
nn  I  allot  her,  (ir<l'  inmr'i.-i  Uiiilin  /hira  1 1  'tn'i'n  nindr  Ion  7'riliiiiinh  t  tl^-  ('iniUi'luna 
M<\il'ircn  h'.i  /I'l  i/iiiis  (/<;  lit.i  Ii.ifnia.  In  1(10(1  Jlernaiido  do  Viila,i.'(inu'z  lieL;.i'.i 
t'l  arian,i,'o  etjduhirf  and  utlier  laws  I'eLitiiiL;  to  th(!  Indies  :  pnd  two  years  after, 
the.  celebrated  eonde  dc  Leinos  lieinLT  ])iesiileiit  of  the  Council,  \"illat,'oiue/', 
i  nd  liodriL'odc  Ai;iiiary  Aciina,  nieniherof  the  C'onneilof  the  Indies,  wen;  ap- 
jiointedaeounnitteo  toeoni])ile  the  laws  ;  Imt  nothinijcameof  it,  even  Fern.'mdo 
C'arrdlo  lailin^;  to  conndete  their  imlinislied  task.  .1  nan  de  Sclorzano  y  I'ereii'a, 
cidorut  the  andieneia  of  Lima,  also  hotjau  a  collection  ot  (I'nlas,  and  sent 
to  the  Council  of  tho  Indies  tiio  lirst  Imok  of  his  content ;.i,ited  work,  witii 
t!ie  titles  of  the  other  live  hooks  which  he  inteieled  to  compile.  In  a  crtrfn 
V  III  he  was  thanked  for  what  he  had  <lone.  and  charged  to  continue  his  labors, 
Krudimi  each  hook  as  prepared  to  the  Council.  I  have  no  evidence  that  ho 
did  so. 

All  this  time  our  hook  was  a-hnildin'r,  and  indeed  for  170  years  more.  A 
c'lniplete  history  of  thi.,  one  woik  would  till  a  volume  ;  obviously  in  a  biblio- 
f.'ia|iliical  note,  even  of  undue  length,  only  tho  more  prominent  agencies  and 
iiiiideiits  of  iti  beini,'  can  be  toucheil  upon. 

\Vc  come  now  to  the  time  wiieu  Antonio  de  i.,eon  Pinelo,  judu'e  in  the 
li.dia  liuuse,  presented  to  the  Council  of  thf  Indies  the  lirst  and  second 
books,  nearly  complete,  of  his  JJisrurKo  fihre  Id  iinjio/ianriii,  Jnrnia,  ;/  iii<pij- 
fir'^Oii  lie  la  l,'('i-oi>ilnr'ioa  ili'  L'in  i/r  /iidhi.-i,  which  was  printed  in  one  volume, 
fnlio,  in  \(t'2'.i.  This  was  in  leality  J'hicin;is'  work  v.  ith  .some  ccdc.ias  addeil. 
Meanwhile  it  appears  that  some  direct  »!licial  work  was  done  on  a  >'.i|iila- 
tinii,  liiriu  l(i_'t  wo  liiul  the  I'onneil  instruetiii .'  rinelo  to  enter  into  i-cijitions 
Mith  ilie  custodian  of  the  material  for  tin;  compilation.  I'inelo  was  likewise 
aiith<ii>iztd  to  examine  the  archives  of  the  (Council;  and  for  two  years  ho 
iniployed  himself  continuously  in  cxamininLrsome.VlO  MS.  voluniesof  ecdulas, 
coataiiiiii:.;  o\i'r  .'nK),(l;l;)  documents.  In  the  law  *uthorizin,Lr  the  Iiiio/iil'i- 
ciifii  ilr  1,1.1  li(diu-<  of  i(iSI),  it  is  said  that  in  l(i'2"i  tiie  task  had  been  entrusted 
to  Iw.driu'o  de  A'.niiar  y  Acuua,  jirobably  the  cu-todian  referred  to.  In  Ui'J.S 
it  waii  thouTliit  best  to  jiriut  for  tiic  use  of  tiie  Council  an  epitrmie  of  the  part 
dinpleted;  i«:nee  appeared  the. V»»((n'/o.S(/('  /'(  /icri'jjilarioii  U'lit  ml  ilc  liu  Lii'» 
ilfliix  {mUih;.  Aguiary  Aeunadyin'-r.  I'inelo  worked  onalone  until  Itil!!,  when 
the  Council  approved  of  what  had  i  ■  'W  done;  and  in  the  year  lollowin.i,'  Ihi* 
iadefatigahle  anil  Iciirned  man  nait  the  itisfactinn  of  jireseiiting  tlKMumpletecl 
l'i''i>j,ilii,'/on  iff  liiK  li.iliiis.  To  one  of  the  member'-,  .fuan  d"  Soh'iri'auo  y  I*e- 
rciva,  r.ke  work  was  n^ferrcl,  and  receiveil  his  appinliation  in  KlUd.  More  than 
liidf  a,  million  of  oedulas  had  been  e.\-amimd  and  <  lussilieil  during  t'.e  [irogre.ss 
ol  this  eoiiipilation.  And  yet  it  was  not  published  :  and  durin /  ;  lie  <lelay  it 
was  iM'eomiiig  obsolete,  and  new  material  and  partial  enmj/ilations  were  beini; 
iiiiide  both  ill  Spain  and  ill  Ana'rica,  some  of  vhicli  were  jn'inted  in  separate 
jiieci'S.  Jn  li;;ll  V.w  'Ji-/(  iitiir.it'i  i/''  III  .IhiiI'I  iI  (I'licrrn  i/r  //)»/'('i',s  were  pnb- 
li  lieij ;  in  llib)  Jtiar.  I)ie/  do  la  Calh-  coinpiieil  and  publislied  for  the  ( 'ouiieil 
of  tiie  Indies  in  small  <|'iarto  a  ni' iiiorial  eoirtaining  sunuMif  the  ci'dulas  .if 
til'-  A',  ciij  ilf''li)ii.  A  Useful  ;ud  for  the  study  of  .-tati  .tie  geography  in  .Ainerii  ;i. 
i*  t.i  be  found  ill  the  exceediimly  rare  Mi  ninrinf  ii  Xuiifi'tn  .sVoc.iv  //  /x'kiIis  id  I 
Jiii/iiri'i  ill-  1,11  Jmlin.i  itiTiil,  iitii!<».  Iiy  liiali  I  »ir/  de  Iji  Calle.  Id'ili,  .s|ii,  Ito, 
I'^H  folios,  A  I'egi.fter  for  the  Spanisii  coloni.-.  chielly  of  state  ;iiul  char,  li 
ollicials,  (if  towns,  their  wealtli  and  notable  ol)jec  .  i''olios  41  l.'VJ  refer  to 
tile  jurisdictions  of  the  audicneias  of  Mi'xico,  ( Inadalajaia,  and  (iiiat-niala. 
Calle  had  ill  the  ]n'evions  yea.',  lis  assistant  chief  clerk  to  the  secretary  of  vliir 
L.iyal  C  iiiiicil  of  the  Indies,  pifciited  tlu;  v.'ork  to  the  king  a«  M<mrif',d 
]i,iii,-jiialnr!i)iil  Hiji,  and  in  accordance  with  liisapproval  it  had  beei.  re|irinteil 
with  additions  as  above,  luicouraged  hereby  li.'  wrote  at  gicitcr  Iciiu'tli  tho 
^'liki'inSanm.i  i  /icuL.s  in  twelve  libros,  the  pnlilicatioii  (jf  which  was  be^un, 


i, 


2S8 


AD)*IINISTRATIOX  OF  THE  INDIES. 


Imt  never  flai  hed.  PhlmV,  work  was  coiitiiineil  in  the  fomi  f>f  nn  fiir'-ifar'i>  of 
the  CL'(liila.4  iclalin;,'  lo  New  ,'<paiii  is.stie(l  from  I.KJT-l'i--',  tlie  niamiscript  In- 
ill;.;  [ircseiiti'il  to  tlio  weeretavy  of  tlie  >ik\v  Spain  (k'pa.r'tnient  of  the  Council 
of  the  Indies  liy  Franeiseo  do  IV\ira','a.  afterward  f^rniin;,'  part  of  tlio  liareia 
colIeeti(jn.  In  I(i47  apjjeared  at  .Seville  the  On/r/imiran  Ji'cal'S,  purd  In  ('umi  iL- 
(  o)ilr<U("'Oi!  (k  Siriila,  y  jxira  oirci  dinan  dc  /««•  Jiidki,i;  in  Ui.'iS  I'inelo  puh- 
li:ihcd  at  Madrid  the  .1  »/«.■*,  (iriinrdux  y  dccrplo"  de  (/o'ii>r)io  did  r<id  y  siiprciii't 
c  itsijodc  lii,i  [iidiiiH.  Ill  UJUl  there  was  printed  at  Madrid  a  folio  entitled 
(Irdi  nniir  '.s'  /I'ini  rr/indio  da  la.i  dnuo'f,  f  i:iriii>.-f,!''iili:'<  ijiiv  hc  niiini  ii  dr  Ich  da- 
rrmiiiOH  i  nrrihtidns  titnlirio'oia  dc  h^  Nnvlna  </tie  tidvciinn  dc  hi.i  I  ndhm  Drciden- 
t'tk.-t;  and  in  107-  the  A'orfc  i/c  la  Vuutrat'irlon  dc.  lira  lihlhin  Orridetdn/rn  of 
loscpli  de  X'liliu  J^ina'.;e  was  published  at  Seville.  J.  Stevens  translated  this 
lust  work  into  Jlii.dish  ar.d  published  it  in  London  in  ITO'J. 

The  many  iind  Ioiil;  periods  of  suspended  aiiiniaiion  of  the  Iiccopilanon  do. 
Jiidiii^,  between  its  iueeiition  and  its  liirth,  i.s  no  les3  remarkable  a  feature  in 
the  history  of  the  work  than  its  nuiUiplieity  of  oriLrins  and  eollateral  alllu- 
ents.  In  lOCIU  the  ease  was  brou;;ht  before  the  king,  and  tlu'ii  referred  to 
suecessive  eommittee.s,  in  eaeh  of  wliieli  \\i're  si'Veral  members  of  the 
Couneil,  the  whole  beiiiL;  uiu'.er  the  supervision  of  their  sueeessivc  presi- 
dents, until  liually,  on  the  ISth  of  May.  1080,  a  royal  deeree  made  tlio 
J,'('ro}<ilaiuo:i.  dc  Imlai.f  law,  and  all  ordinanees  eoullietui;,'  therev.i'Ji  null. 
I'^ven  iiov,- prinlin;,' did  not  ;  eem  to  beat  lir.  t.  thought  of.  'J'woautlientieated 
copies  were  ordered  Uiade,  one  to  be  kept  in  the  arehivos  cif  the  Couneil,  and 
the  otiier  at  Siniaiieas.  It  was  soon  .seen,  however,  that  this  was  uipt  suUi- 
eient,  anil,  in  lUol  the  kin;;  oi<kred  the  book  jirintetl  under  tho  .supeiiiitcnil- 
ence  of  tiio  Couneil  (if  the  Indies,  whieli  wa  i  ilnnt'.  Although  tho  /'crojt'dd- 
(\0!i  de  /.,diai  was  several  times  revised,  and  widl  fulfilled  its  mission  for  over 
a  hundred  years,  in  faet  to  the  end  of  Spain's  d(jnuiiion  in  America,  several 
jiartial  eolloelions  appearetl  from  time  to  time  in  Spain  and  in  Anieriea, 
Among  the;;e  were  Suiiiario,i  i-i:  /a-"  ( 'rdidns. . .  .i/iic  nc  linn  dspuchado. . .  .desde 
cl  (lint  Ji:  :S . . .  .haali . . .  .liJl'i,  printed  in  Me.xieo  ia  ItJTS;  Ordrnanm'i  dii 
Peril,  Lima,  KiS,");  also  the  Onh'naidia'<  dc  ('nwndd,  ynra  lo.<  Suhdcliiindof  dii 
J\'rii ;  I'l-j/iiiiHiilo  y  Amnciks  Rcaivs  ynra  el  Conicirlo  LUire  il>'  L'sjuiiia  a 
Jinliiu^,  1778;  Tiatro  de  lii  leij!i<liieion  laiireivnl  de  L'-i/ntna  c  liid'nis,  by  An- 
tonio Javier  Perez  y  Lopez,  L'S  vols.  4to,  Madrid,  l7'.H-8.  In  the  various 
publie  and  inivate  archives  of  Spain  and  Spanish  .America  are  nianuseript 
collections  of  cedulas  aud  compilations  oa  special  subjects. 


CHAPTER  YI. 


THE  go\t:rx:\ients  of  xn:vA  axdalucIa  and  castilla 

DEL  OHO. 

IdOG-lolO. 

Tii:i;i;.v  FtRME  Thrown  open  to  Colonization  —  Rival  Aim'lications  — 

ALONSO   IJE   O.IEDA   ArrOINTEI)   CJoVKRNOU   of  XiEVA   ANUALrciA,    ANI1 

Diego  de  Xiccesa  of  Castilla  del  Oro  —  Hostile  Attiti'des  of 
THE  Rivals  at  Santo  Do.mingo—  Ojeda  Emiurks  for  Caktaufna  — 
!.i  I'.DS  the  Fortress  of  San  Seeastmn  —  Failire  anh  Death  — 
Xu  >ESA  Sails  for  VERAorA— Parts  Company  with  his  Fleet — His 
Vessel  is  Wrecked — Passes  Veragta — Confined  with  his  Starv- 
iNii  Cri:w  on  an  Island— Srccou — Failure  at  VERAcrA— Attf.mpts 
Settlement  at  Xomf.re  vi:  Dios — Loss  of  Ship  Sent  to  Espanola 
FOR  Relief — Horrible  SrFFiniixiis— Bibliographical  X'otices  dP 
Las  Casas,  Oviedo,  Peter  ^LvRTYR,  GosiaEwV,  and  Herrera — Char- 
acter OF  THE  Early  CiiiaiNicLrRs  for  Veracity. 

The  voj^igcs  of  Bastidtis  and  Columbus  coinplotod 
tlie  discovery  of  a  continuous  coast  line  from  the  jL>'ulf 
el'  Paria  to  Cape  Honduras.  In  1500  Juan  D'nvA  do 
Si'lis,  a  native  of  Lebrija,  and  ^'icont(^  Vafu;/.  J'inzon 
ti)()k  u[)  the  line  of  discovery  at  the  island  of  Cuanaja, 
\v!i(>re  the  admiral  had  i'lrst  touched,  and  proceodinijj 
in  iln>  opposite  direction  sailed  alon;^'  tlie  coast  of  ^  lon- 
(Uir;)s  to  the  westward,  surveyed  the  iL^ulf  of  ]  londuras 
and  discovered  Aniatique  Hay,  but  passed  by  witliout 
iKTccivin;/  the  Goli'o  JJulce  wJiicli  lies  hidden  from 
llio  sea.  Tlio  o])ject  still  was  to  fin<l  the  nuich-de- 
.•'i'vd  paBsn<:!,'e  by  water  to  the  wostwaivl.  ContimiiiiLj 
iici'therly  aloni,'  Yucatan,  and  iindin^^^  tlie  coast  trend- 
i;).;-  rast  ratiier  tlian  west,  tliey  abaiuloned  the  under- 
li.kin'i;"  and  I'l'turned  to  S]»;nn.  .^T<  anwhile  Juan 
Peace  de  JiOon  was  cnrichin;^'  liini'^<;ll"  »//  tl)e  })acili- 

][18T.   CKN.   AM.,  ViPL.   /.      10  ,':^S) 


SfiiS 


290 


COLONIZATION  OF  TIETtP.A  FIRIME. 


■  '".i 


cation  of  Puerto  TJieo,  proparatoiT  to  invadinc!;  iho 
mainland  to  the  nortlnvard  in  search  of  the  fountain 
of  youth;  in  which  sapient  attempt  lie  lost  lii^; 
money,  and  not  long  afterward  his  life,  unfortunately 
never  finding  the  li(|uid  immortality  that  bubble  I 
somewhere  in  the  jungles  of  l-lorida. 

And  now  ten  yeai's  had  elapsed  since  Cabot  and 
Columbus  hrst  saw  the  western  continent,  the  fornicr 
in  1 4!)7,  the  latter  in  1408,  and  although  sever;.! 
attempts  had  been  made,  as  yet  there  was  no  Euru- 
])ean  settlement  f)n  any  part  of  it.  It  v/as  not  that 
the  thirst  for  western  S[)oils  was  by  any  means  a->- 
suaged;  but  Ferdinand  ^',•as  busy,  and  the  experien''(s 
of  Ojeda  and  Columbus  on  the  mainland  were  n'lt 
encouraging  to  the  most  chivalrous  cupidity.  ]u- 
turned,  however,  from  his  Neapolitan  wars  in  1.307, 
his  disaffected  nobles  somewhat  ([uieted,  and  the  dis- 
putes attending  Isabella's  succession  allayed,  Ihe  king 
began  to  look  about  him.  l»y  tlie  queen's  tostauK^'it 
he  inlierited  one  half  the  I'cvenues  of  the  Castiliaii 
colonies.  And  the  kin<j^  wanted  ukmicv.  It  is  a  rov;il 
weakness.  Then  he  rememl)ered  what  Cohimbus  lui  I 
repoi'ted  of  the  rich  coast  of  Yeragua;  and  allhoug'i 
the  licenses  hitherto  granted  for  private  voyages  h,i  I 
lu'-'c  proved  very  lucrative,  an<l  expenditures  at  Santo 
Domingo  were  too  near  recei[)ts  to  be  satisfactory,  ;m 
better  way  seemcnl  feasible  than  to  throw  ojien  to  col- 
*)nization  the  mainland,  or  ft'o'i-a  Jirmc,  as  the  (lisco\- 
cred  portion  of  the  continent  now  began  to  be  called.^ 

'  The  M-oil',1  vaa  nt  a  loss  nt  first  whnt  tn  call  tlu>  newly  foniul  I'c'rinii  Id 
t!ic  wcstwiinl.  It  \v;i:i  i'a:iy  t'iimi','!i  to  iiaiiio  tlio  ishimls,  one  after  aiioii;'  ■, 
n^  tlic",  v.cvo  tliseovcved,  lir.t  \vlu'u  the  Sji'iniai-iN  reaelied  thi,'  eontiiieiit  i\'  y 
were  ')aeU\Viiril  about  Kivin;,'  it  a  ^^enei'al  iiami!.  l^verytliin;;;  was  so  il  Ic 
ami  it'ieevtain  J  i slaiuls  were  iiiisiakeii  ftir  eoiithieiit,  ainl  c'diiiiiuiit  1  i' 
isliiiu''^  'l'':<'  siiir,>lo  <'\iive'-si(in  New  "WovM  tlia.t  fell  with  tlie  lir-t  >  \- 
clamaiions  of  woinler  from  tiie  lipri  of  lairopi'aii.t  on  learning  of  the  ■■:•  • 
'(•s;^  of  ColiunliU'i  Millie'eil  for  a  time  a-i  a  .u'eiiei-al  aii|iellatioii,  Moi'o  jreii' m1 
pi.'l  iiioi'e  ]iennaneiit  wan  the  name  Imlia,  ai'isiii;4  from  the  ini  taU''  tli.t 
thin  \\."<  tlie  further  siilo  or  oa<tern  shore  of  India,  ajijilieil  at  lir:<t  to  V.w. 
eilitilient  a:i  Veil  as  to  the  island  <,  and  whieli  fastened  il^e!f  [lermaiieiitly  ■  ll 
th(>  |ieoi).e  a-i  well  at  on  tho  country.  'Se,L,'nn  hi  opinion  nris  prohaMe,  i\w 
)ienetro  ha.it.i  anuelloH  para  ,'e>J,  y  tamliien  mas  eomiuimente  so  d:i.  a  este  lua  v  > 
iiiiiado  dc'iouhierto,  cl  Uomoru  do  India.s  Ocjidentale.^,  para  di.itin;;uirlu.  do 


THE  XAME  AMERICA. 


231 


Vjr    (lie 

uutaiii 

uiatclv 
.ubblr"! 

»ot    IVll'l 

fornuT 
sever;.! 
-)  Tau'ii- 
lot  that 

orienccs 
•ore  11' it 

y.     1^*^'" 

in  1507, 
the  (li>- 
Ihe  kin;;' 
}stam'^nt 
:;astilia!i 
a  royal 
us  had 
l'Lhou;.;h 
o'cs  had 
t  Saiito 
tory,-.^' 

V  to  Col- 

..,  eallrl/ 


It'V  aiioilii  1', 
|niui'i>t  I'l'  y 

luiiiu'iit   !  'I' 

lof  thu  ■^••"■; 
lore  {.'I'll'  '1 
V.tak-'  tli:t 

[lilVit  t"  tU'i 

Mu'Utly  ■  II 

.   rjtOlllI'  V  ' 

|;r'u'u-la-  u^i 


lltl 


Further  tlian  this,  Ferdhiaud  was  well  aware  that  if  he 
\\uuld  retain  his  western  jiossessions  lie  must  oeeu}\v 
llicni;  for  f^tinudaled  hv  the  success  oi'  Portuu,'al  and 

lis  vordailcras  quo  cstan  situadas  on  l:i  Asia  a  nncstro  Oriontc  ciitve  d  IihId, 
y  il  tiaiiscij.'  Xifvi  lU^tiii'i'i,  llnr.  /,'.,■.,  ,MS.  i.  W.  An  tho  coast  lino  of  t!.j 
continont  cxtcndi'il  itself  and  hccamo  known  aa  sucli  it  was  very  natnraily 
called  by  navigator.!  tarni  j<rii«\  lirni  land,  in  enntradinliiietinn  to  tlic  islands 
M'liic'.i  vero  suppiiseil  to  lie  less  linn.  An  1,  indeed,  not  tin  i  landj  only,  In  t 
the  people  of  the  island.')  arc  inconstant,  the  iiiuon  I'ein;^  niistrcs.i  of  llie 
waters.  A3  La;)  Cut^a'i,  Hi<t.  ludhi-^,  iii.  :).).'),  puts  it,  'J.,:i  naLurale;:a  dell. ..i 
no  les  consiontc  tener  pei';;everaneia  en  la  viitnd,  ipiier  jior  .ser  insr.Inrfs, 
ijuc  naturalniente  ti^Mien  nn'nos  eonslaneia,  por  ser  la  lun:i  scfioia  ilc  l.i.j 
,T  ,;'a;.'  Tiie  name  Ticrra  I'irnie,  thai  gener.d  at  lirst,  in  tinie  lieoanic  par- 
ti ',;!ai-.  A;;  a.  desi'rnation  fm'  an  nnlcnown  slioic  it  ;it  first  inijiiii'd  oidy  i.-e 
CoiiUnent.  Au  discovery  nnfolded,  and  the  ina;initude  of  this  Firm  i.,and  1m'- 
(■:uKc  li<  ttcr  known,  new  parts  of  it  ■were  desi_iiateil  hy  new  names,  and 
'lierra  Firnic  Ijceamc  a  local  apjX'llation  in  place  fif  a  generiil  t'Man.  IV'.rii 
li.iir^'  lirsi,  discovered,  it  i'asteneil  itself  there;  also  alon^'  the  shore  loJ)arien. 
\'"'V!_;'.!;>.,  and  en  to  e'j;;la  Jlica,  v.-hero  at  no  well  delineil  ]V)int  it  .s'.oj.petl,  > 
far  a-T  the  northern  scalioard  was  concerned,  and  in  due  time  struck  across  to 


t!ie  .Sou 


h  Sea,  M'hero  the 


name  marked  oil'  an  (Mjuiv.ilent  coast  line.     Ivipez 

\-A7.  in  I*!!rr]i"^,  Ji:<  Pi! iriiiir!,\\.  \\'X,\,  says,  'From  this  L  Midof  Verapua  v.iLo 

till!  [land  of  Margereta,  the  Coast  along  is  called  i\\'i  jlr.iic  J.rinl,  not  foi-  liiat 

t!:"  u'.MV  place.)  are  not  uf  the  lirme  Land,  but;  because  it  \\\i.i  the  first  llimj 

Li!i  1  l'i:it  the  Spaniards  did  conquer  after  the^- had  past  Ihc  Ih.'.uN.'     In  tl.j 

y,'"'o;).  dc  fiidliti,  i.  'oZi,  u  a  law  dated  lo.'Jj,  and  re])eated  l.').'{7,  l.'SS,  l,")i).'), 

\'','K  l.'ol,  and  K'MS,  which  i)!aeesM-ithin  the  limits  of  the  kingdom()f  Tierva 

Firm"  the  province  of  Castilla  del  Oro.     As  a  political  divi.dun  'J'ierra.  Firino 

li.id  existeueo  for  a  long  time.     It  comprised  the  provinces  of  1  )arien,  \'era-ua, 

i  r.l  I'auama,  \\hieh  hu^t  boro  also  t!io  name  of  Tierra  Firme  as  a  province. 

Tie  extent  of  the  kingdom  was  (1,")  leagues  ia  lengtli  by  bS  nt  its  greatest 

1  iisulth,  and  nine  leagues  at  its  smallest  width.     It  was  bounded  fin  the  east 

by  (  .'vt.-igcna,  and  t'lo  guli  of  I'rab.i  and  its  river;  on  the  we.;L  l.iyCostallica, 
.... 

1 


,.'.i,i; 


i*'i 


uilui;,'  a  poi'tion  of  what  i  •,  now  Cnst.i  Rica;  and  on  the  iK)"lh  and  sunt 'i 
y  th..'  two  seas.  Ou  the  map.)  of  Aovi-iOrhii  '^eii  il'^icrij'/wiii)  liidhr  ih.i- 
i'. '„/■'':.>■  bj'  DeLaet,  l()Ii;!,andof  O'jVI jf.-i  Anierlcft,  1(171,  the  Lsthmua  i.seallc.  1 
Tii'rra  Firme.  A'illaguf icrro  writes  in  1701,  J/!i'.  i'oi'i.  Il'.<x,  VI,  'Tierr.a- 
J'i.inc  do  la  Costa  do  I'aria,  6  Frovincia,  ipic  llamo  do  Veragua;  ])rineipio 
'1.  !  ■■  dilata.los  l!eynos  de  a'piel  Xnevo,  y  (Iramlo  Mini.'i'erio.'  X<'il'ier  (lur.- 
t  '.aala,  ^b';:ico,  nor  any  of  the  land.)  to  the  nortii  v.'erei.'ver  inelnded  in  Ticvra 
li  lai'.  English  authors  ofieu  apply  tlio  Latin  form.  Terra  Firma,  to  thi.i 
ihvi  i>n,  whicii  i.)  misleading. 

'I'lie  early  Spanish  writers  wei'c  tilled  with  disgust  by  the  misnomer  Amer- 
!■;'..  Fizarro  y  ()renana,  Varoncs  //ivi/vy,  ii»  his  prefaoo  ;  peaks  of  the  'Nue\ ;., 
y  lijuissinn  Farto  del  Mundo,  (pic  se  ll.-i^na  vnlgarmeto  .IjHcr.Vvj,  y  no;i<itr'i;i 
1. .!!!:. utiu  /'(  r-lfniliclka ; '  and  througliout  lii.s  book  the  author  j)ersist.s,  where 
'  Nr.iVM  Mund)'  i-i  not  eniphiyod,  in  calling  America  Fer-Isabelica,  that  i)  t.) 
s-y  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  an  attempt  at  iianip-ehanging  no  less  futile  thiui 
luin  ;'i;ig.     This  was  in  \(\?>X     If  with  these  seventeenth-centin'y  writers  tlii! 

riate  uue  fin-  the  Xcw  World,  smacked  t  "i 
o 


\vv.\ '  (■  iimniiin,  tlie  only  appr-pria 
sa-iiady  r.f  (!en<ia,  they"  im  ,'ht  hav 


lied  it  Fin/imia,  Avhich  would  ! 


ia\' 


t;,. 

t'l.' 

W'.v 


a  ia  better  taste,  at  leu-it,  than  in  bestowing  Iho  honor  on  the  cold  i..;  I 
lla;;  r.overeigi'.s.  Jules  Martini,  like  tiioc.  auds  of  his  class  who  .-c' 'i 
e  tlu'ough  fooU  ibntef-^s,  writes  iathc  At'anlir.  MoiiHilit,  March,  lS7."i,  1 1  ]>r-^vo 
.  ll'.e  n.'.tne  Anioriica  caino  freiwa  mountain  range  in  Xicaragu,;,  called  1  y 
f  ilivf  s  Amorit.!,  v.-hicN  Krenmc  :«,  f.yuotiym  f or  the  gulden  malul.md,  lirst  as 
i. lands  and  then  in  F>rope,  -intil  it  liiially  reached  the  font  if  theV'O'jres, 
■  i'  Wakuee-Muller,  li-  Hj  liicmij  Uu  of  Saiut  Die,  confuses  il  wilU  llio 


i  3 


r^ 


h  ' 

1  i'  : 

1 1  'i 

;  i; 


I 


1?" 


202 


COLOXIZATIOX  OF  TIERRA  riR:\IE. 


Spain,  France,  En^'land,  lEollancl,  and  Sweden  liad  all 
a\\akened  to  oeejiiuc  eutcr[»riso.  lie  had  belbro  this 
conniiissionod  Ojeda  to  watch  the  inroads  of  the  En- 
glish at  the  north,  and  directed  Pin/on  to  liavo  an 
eye  on  the  Portuguese  and  the  pope's  partition  line 
at  the  south;  now  he  was  resolved  to  break  the  terri- 
tory into  kingd(-ins  ;ind  provinces,  and  apportion  them 
t')r  government  to  such  of  his  su1)jocts  as  were  able 
and  willinu'  to  colonize  at  their  own  cost. 

When  the  intention  of  the  king  was  known,  two 
ilashing  cavalicn's  ap]K\ired  and  asked  i'ov  the  govern- 
ment of  tlie  rich  coast  of  the  Tierra  Firme.  One 
was  Diego  do  Nicuesa,  a  native  of  Baeza,  well-born 
and  an  accomplished  courtier,  having  been  reared  by 
l]nri(|ue  Eriritjuez,  chief  steward  and  uncle  of  tiiu 
king.  He  came  to  the  Inditis  fn\st  with  Ovando. 
The  other  was  ALmiso  de  Ojeda,  then  in  Santo  .!.);»- 
mi)igo,  and  already  famous  in  New  World  annal<, 
making  his  hrsl  appearance  there  with  Columbus  in 
his  second  voyage,  and  having  already  achieved  two 
notable  voyages  to  P;iria,  or  the  Pearl  Coast,  one  in 
1  VJO  with  J  Ma',!  de  la  Cosa  and  Amerigo  Vespucci, 
and  one  in  1502,  with  Garcia  do  Ocampo  and  Juan  uc 
A^'ergara.  The  la>i  had  been  made  in  four  shi'ps,  an  I 
for  the  purpose  of  colonizing;  instead  of  which  di- 
putes  arctse,  and  the  fiery  onunander  was  seized  a;.>l 
carried  in  shackles  to  ICspahola.     There  lie  was  tried, 

i\::ino  of  Vespucci,  (iiiil  is  led  to  piiiit  in  tho  preface  of  Vi  -pncci't  Voyn :/ .: :  - 
'  Aivl  llic  fjurth  part  of  tho  world  Iiavinj;  I'l  cii  discovci  (  f  I  y  AHl"n'VH  iii,.y 
^vcll  1)0  culled  Aiiici'igc,  wliicli  i^  as  much  as  to  say,  tin-  /.■  ■•'  '■'  ' '(I'-iii.'nji, 
o:  America.'    JLid  tlio  name  hceii  .so  carlyaiid  no  couimoiily  ;    ,  <  'J'i''ii'* 

I'liMiio,  it  in  Rtran','e  that  sonic  rnu'  of  the  many  Spanisli  M'ritc...  j.,  ,  luM'  * 
vr  ill  Spain  had  not  employed  it  or  mentioned  it.  Villaguticrrc  iir  /7"(  <  n- 
dor:>e3  tho  ell'ort  made  liy  lM/.arro  y  (Jicllana  in  KJoI),  .';ayi:i;{.  //;V.  Conq.  //  /, 
l.S,  tliat  the  New  World  .should  have  l)cen  i-dlcd  after  the  ( 'ai  ,iw'ii>  Bovci'ei  ■;.  ■. 
'  do  euya  ord>  .,  y  ii  cuyas  e.\peusa.s  ko  de.scubrian.'  lie  states  iailitM't  ou  lie 
nuthority  of  Simon,  that  the  (Jouucil  nf  the  Indies  as  late  an  IC'J.t  t.dki  1  .  f 
cliiui;.'in;^  tho  name,  liut  were  deti'ri'ed  liy  the  inconvenieneo  involved.  J. 
w'lM  \"etancurt,  Tutlrn  Mix.,  lo-l."),  in  liiDS  .says  tliat  the  name  Aineii  » 
fihonld  lie  era cd  from  history,  c  [l!in,%'atti'u(ion  1  >  tlio  Ijull  of  partition  \i-:\'\ 
liy  I'opc  Adrian  VI.,  ■\vhicli  alhulcr<  to  the  new  landu  as  the  W'stci'n  I'a:!  • 
only  it  was  not  .Vdrian  Imt  Alexander  ^'I.  wlio  perneir.ited  ilie  huil,  in  wh;  ii 
moreover  there  i-  no  such  term  in  Western  I'art  \\m:\  -iw-'^wnvj,  (hercf!",.! 
t:at  jndia  ^  ()iei<lentales  v.adi  the  most  proper  Iciin.  On  i  l:i' upplit^tiuii  >  1 
origin  uf  ihu  uuum  Amuiii;/(l  sou  cap.  i.  p.  Vl\i-o  ot  llii.s  vuliime. 


OJEDA  AXD  NICUESA. 


on 


203 


L  had  all 
'ore  thi-^ 
the  En- 
liavc  an 
:iou  lino 
lie  tciTi- 
on  them 
'ere  able 

)wn,  two 

o'ovcru- 

le.     Olio 

roU-boni 

cared  hy 

c   of   tlio 

Ovando. 

mto  .!):>- 

d  auiuil<, 

.imbus  ill 

3ved  t\v>t 

-it,  (mo  ill 

^espueoi, 

Juan  dc 
lii[).>,  an  I 
|hii-h  di- 

,;od  a  lid 
-  tried, 

iciiH  iii;:y 

/   Itclin 
III  I ,  il  III- 

.    '    ■„.:l.     /'.(, 

■  Vfl'ti  ■!.'. 

(/.r<(;u  llK' 
li,»  Ul!.'  1  .f 
fv,'.l.     IJ'- 

luo  AllH'li    .» 

litioii  i  ;--ui"l 

I'll  I 'a;!  -■ 

ili  V.  li:  'l 

.itiuu  ;mhI 


and  a  deci.slon  rendered  a^'aiiLst  liiin,  Avluch  however 
was  overrided  on  appeal  to  the  Council  of  the  Indies; 
but  he  came  out  of  his  dilli(;ultie.s  stripped  of  all  his 
jiossessions. 

The  candidates  were  much  alike,  each  beini^j  a  fair 
type  of  the  Spanish  cavalier.  Uoth  were  small  in 
stature,  thougii  none  the  less  men  of  prowess.  Sym- 
iiii.'lrical  in  form,  muscular,  active,  and  skilful  in 
tho  use  of  weapons,  they  delighted  in  tilting  matches, 
feats  of  horsemanship,  and  in  all  those  [)astiines  which 
characterized  Spanish  chivalry  at  the  close  of  the 
^lahometan  wars.  The  school  in  Mduch  Ojeda  had 
studied  experience,  as  page  to  the  didce  of  ^[edina 
Cell,  who  appeareel  in  the  Moorish  wars  a^  ^he  head 
of  a  brilliant  retiiuie,  was  in  no  wise  inferior  to  that 
of  his  rival.  Their  accomplishments  were  varii'd, 
Uiotigh  not  speci^dly  in  the  direction  of  colonizing 
new  countries.  Not  onlj*  was  Nicuesa  a  line  musi- 
cian, playing  well  the  guitar,  and  having  some  knowl- 
ct!go  t)f  ballad  literature,  but  he  could  make  his  horse 
ir:;ince  in  perfect  time  to  a  mtisical  instrument.  As 
for  Ojeda,  thei-e  was  little,  in  his  own  o])inion,  ho 
could  not  do.  The  more  of  recklessness  and  folly  in 
tlio  exploit  the  better  he  could  perform  it.  Once  at 
Seville,  while  Isabella  was  in  the  cathedral  tower,  otit 
iKuii  which  ran  a  beam,  at  a  heiglit  so  great  that  i'rom 
it  men  on  the  groiuid  lookeil  like  pygmies,  to  sho  v 
\hc  (jtiecn  of  what  nu^tal  he  was  made,  Ik.;  moimted 
tiiis  beam,  balanc(Ml  himself,  thoii  trii>[)ed  lightly  as  a 
rope-dancer  to  the  end  of  il.  wheeleil,  and  lilting  one 
I  'ot  jioised  himself  on  the  other  at  ilii-;  fearftdly  di/zv 
In  ight,  wlieiv  almost  a  breath  would  dash  him  to 
'l">tructi()n;  then,  rettu'ning,  he  stopped  at  the  wall 
"i«l  ])lacing  one  foot  agcunst  it  threw  an  orange  to 
\'tn  t';j)  of  the  tower. 

W\i\)  such  distinguished  ability  on  cither  side,  it 
v,.,^  dililctili  t(»  determine  between  tliem.  Wiio  .-o 
>»Mi(fiI»lo  to  b.dU(!  miasma,  poisonous  reptiles,  and 
Nvild  beasts  wh'tlj  dressing  the  instittuions  of  Spain 


S^:i 


j 


ill 


294 


COLONIZATION  OF  TIERRA  FIRME. 


for  lli'j  v.'il  IcriiL'ss  of  America,  a:i  llio  graceful  aiiil 
v/itty  Xleucsa!  What  a  glorious  missionary  Ojcda 
v,-oul(l  make!  So  moderate,  so  wise,  so  gentle,  so 
just,  l)olh!  Xieuesa  bad  money,  a  necessary  com- 
modity to  liim  who  would  colonize  at  his  own  cost. 
I  kit  then  Ojeda  had  inlluence;  for  Fonseca  Avas  his 
friend,  and  an  inquisitor  his  cousin.  Yet  Nicuesa 
was  not  witliout  advocates  at  court;  money  alone  was 
a  }x)werful  argument.  AVhen,  ilnally,  the  veteran 
jiilot,  Juan  de  la  Cosa,  tlu'ew  his  exj>crience  and 
earnings  upon  the  side  of  Ojeda,  to  whom  he  v\"a  ^ 
devotedly  attached,  and  offered  himself  to  embark  in 
tiio  adventure,  the  king  concluded  to  let  tlu.nn  botli 
go;  and  then  it  was  that  he  divided  Tierra  Firmo 
between  them,  makinu'  the  u'ulf  of  Ui'aba'-  the  divid- 
ing  point.  The  eastern  or  Soutli  American  portion 
was  called  Xueva  Andalucia,  and  of  this  Alonso  de 
Ojeda  was  appointed  governor;  the  western  division, 
extending  from  tlie  guJf  of  Uraba,  or  Darien,  to  Ca])e 
( h'acias  a  J)ios,  was  named  by  the  king  Castilla  di  I 
Oro,"  or  (Joldeii  Castile,  and  tlic  connnand  given  to 

'•' N()\r  gulf  of  I>.iricii.  Tlio  nnmc  I'rnbA  \v;ia  first  .■ipi)li((l  to  tlio  pnlf  ly 
ll:!'ili(liit!,  uv  1)y  iiiivi^iitors  ii)mii.'ili;itcly  fullowiii!;  liim.  Suli/cijuoiuly  thu 
IfiTitory  on  tlio  cistuni  siilo  of  t'lo  L;alf  was  cnilril  rral>:i,  and  tliat  on  tin; 
vosIl'tii  siilo  Darii/ii.  On  l\'ivi-  r^Iartyr'.s  ma]),  /ndia  li:  i/owl  (he  GiiiKjt'^,  l.jiO, 
ii  X\\v.  word  vr<Jiii;  on  tlio  glJj(;  of  (Ji-oiiliu-i,  l.'.'il,  Shuts  vn  ha  is  iippliod  t'l 
tlio  gulf,  and  vrnlic  to  the  livci' Atrito.  rilostrina,  Mtniich  Aifiis,  no.  iv., 
l.")l."),  ^ilauc'ti  d':  it  t'l'iim'H  i\t  tliu  :-;ou'Jiu!-n  ind  of  the  gulf,  which  is  ivpii- 
ficnti'd  an  wvy  wide.  Maiollo,  Mn/iir/i  Alld",  no.  v.,  l.ilD,  wi'ito;'.  Vrrlui  in 
pinall  luttcivs  at  tlio  soulhoni  end;  also  tlio  words  nlJca,  (■  ra  ylaua,  anil  l!<o 

•'(Ja.stilli  del  (^ro  was  for  tlio  tinio  liut  anot'.ier  nanu;  for  thid  part  of  Tierra 
rii'ino.  Then  ( 'astilla  dtl  iJro  became  a  provinee  of  Tierr.a  Firnie  ;  for  in  lln; 
Ji'i'co/).  lie  1(1  Hii.i,  ii.  110,  wc  find  ordered  Ijy  the  emperor  in  l.").">fl,  '(]iie  l.i 
iVoviueia  do  Tierralirmo,  llanuula  ('a-;till;i  del  t)ro,  sea,  do  la^^  Froviueiai^  di  1 
Pel  11.  y  no  do  las  do  Niieva  ]']spafia.'  The  province  of  Veragun,  and  tlio  tei'- 
ritiii'y  'hack  of  the  gulf  of  Uialxi,  where  dwelt  the  caei>pie  Cimaco,'  weiv 
deelarod  within  the  limits  of  the  government  of  Tiirni  Firuio.  IIel|i<, 
S/Kiii.  ('mil/.,  i.  4t)t),  eall.-i  a  map  of  that  portion  of  South  America  extern  I  in.; 
from  the  gulf  of  Maraeailio  to  the  gulf  of  Uralia  )iy  tlic  lamc  Castilla  d.  1 
(liM.  J  have  notiei  d  in  several  of  the  earlv  maps  the  same  uiiitako.  CoI'Mi 
aud  Rihero  eall  only  the  I'earl  Coast  Castilla  .lei  Oro.  In  Wi'-t-Iiidiflc' 
iS,'ii'j/ii /,  Ki'Jl,  (U,  the  country  between  the  Atrato  and  a  river  flowin'j,'  into 
till!  gulf  of  Vene/nela  is  called  Castilla  del  Oro.  Huiiboldt,  £Vm  »J.  (V.V..  i. 
"JO.  ei'idiieoiisly  narrows  the  limits  of  Nieuewi's  government  to  vhat  'pnrtie 


la  Ten'e-i^'nne  placee  eiitri'  le  \'( 


.■t  lo  gohe  iri'l;d>a,  ou  OoUlii. 


<,a;t  la,  governaciiui  de  linjcda;'  fur  Navarivte  says  di-tiuelly  in  his  .Wil.'iti 
biujriijkitd  del  iiii/iluii  Aioiiso  JIvJcda,  Co/,  i/t  i'u(;/Lo,  iii.  170,  •  Loa  laiiite.'i  dc  l.fc 


^ll  mil 

OJL'd.l 

itle,  so 
y  coin- 
n  co.st. 
ivas  hi.5 

:>no  Mas 
Vetera;  i 
ICC   an  I 
lie  v/as 
ibark  iu 
;m  botli 
L  Firiiiu 
c  divul- 
porli'Hi 
it)n;jo  (Ic 
(liviriioii, 
to  Ca])u 
ilia  (hi 
"ivcu  lo 

thognlf  l.y 

]uciuly  iliu 

;iit  ou  tho 

|(//;/r.s  1511), 
jipplieil  1') 
s,  no.  iv., 

I   i:J  l\'pic- 

;  \'rfl''t  ill 
t/it,  anil  h'io 

[t  o{  Tierva 
for  in  ill'! 
ho,  '(luo  l;i 
Ivinciius  ill  I 
|n<l  the  tor- 
laoo,'  wero 

Helps 

Jextemlin;^ 
lastiP.a  ili'l 

p.      Col'JU 

LwiiVA'  i'lt" 
It.  ('»vV.,  i. 
liu  'iiavtio 

lit  A ((/.■' ■('If 
liutcd  do  la 


MAINLAND  DIVISICXS. 


2T) 


1  )ici]fo  (Ic  Xicuesa.  The  island  of  Janiait'a,  wIumicc 
lIic'V  expected  to  draw  tlieii-  .supplies,  was  to  be  liehl 
in  coniniou  by  the  two  governors.  Were  it  not  .so 
much  more  deliu'litiul  to  barii'aiu  with  new  suitor.s 
who  have  money,  than  to  reward  old  servants  who 
have  none,  a  line  sense  of  decency  mi^'ht  have  i)roin})tcd 
the  monarch  to  give  Castilla  del  Uro  to  the  adelan- 
lado,  ]]artoloine  (Joloii,  who  had  assisted  in  discover- 
ing, and  in  an  attem[)t  to  colonize  the  country,  and 
^\]lo  had  little  to  show  for  his  many  and  valualile 
.services  to  Spain.  But  Diego  Colon  was  delerinined 
they  should  -not  have  Jamaica,  and  so  sent  thither 
Juaii  de  Esquivel,  as  we  have  seen,  to  hold  it  ibr  the 
Muvernor  of  Santo  Dcjiniiii'o. 

The  mainland  gcn'ernors  were  each  appointed  for 
i'uir  years,  during  which  time  su})i)lies  were  I'ree 
i'roni  duties.  Their  outlit,  with  four  hundred  settlers 
find  two  hundred  miners  each,  might  be  obtained  from 
Santo  Domiii<'-o.  TJiey  were  siiveii  the  exclusive 
I'ight  to  work  lor  ten  years  all  mines  discovered  by 
them  on  paying  into  the  ro3'al  treasury  for  the  lir.st 
year  one  tenth  of  the  proceeds,  the  second  year  one 

polji'rnaeiou  do  Ilojeda  cran  ilcwdo  el  ealio  do  la  \'ela  hasta  la  niitad  did  i.'olfo 
do  Uial):i,  <[U0  llainaroli  niifni  Andalni-ia ;  y  lots  do  la  ^olieinaeion  di;  Diego 
do  Xiciie.sa,  qne  .se  lo  enneedii)  al  niisnio  tionipo,  dosdo  l;i  iAvxx.  ndtad  ilel  golt'u 
li.i'^ta  cl  eal")  do  Oriirins  a  /'/of,  fpio  iso  denornimi  ( 'iislitlii.  (h  I  Oro.'  Ihs  who 
s  lino  time  iiihv  drew  tho  eoniniissiou  nf  IVdraiias  Davila  jim  '( iolieniador  do 
h  prnviiiria  do  Castilla  lUd  On)  en  id  Daritn,'  is  .i^adly  eoni'nsed  in  hi)  New 
\\'<iildL::c');_,'i'apliy  when  ho  writes,  Xnr'ii'ri /r,  ( 'd.  ih  \'i<iijri,  iii.  .'iiST,  'Una  niuy 
^laiid  parte  do  tierra  ijuo  fasta  aipii  iso  ha  ll.iniado  'I'ieira-lii  ine,  o  agora  nian- 
ilaiiio.s  ipio  so  ll;inie  C.-tstilla  del  Oro,  y  en  ( ll;i,  li.a  lurhi)  nuestra  gonto  un 
ii-ii.  nt()ei\  (d  g<dt'o  de  Ural):i,  que  es  en  la  provineia  del  1  >,iii(  ii.  (pio  ;d  iHcscnto 
Ji-  li.iiiia  la  pii)\  ineia  do  Andalncia,  la  Niu^va,  e  el  puflilo  i-e  di<e  S.inta  Maria 
dul  Anliuuailel  Darieii;'  and  again  on  tho  I'l.lliiwiiig  jiage;  --'( 'astilla_ilcl()ri., 
enu  tanto  (juo  no  so  entieiula  ni  eoniprouda  en  ella  la  provineia  do  Virre.Mia, 
euya  gohernaoion  porteueeo  al  Ahnii'.'iiito  I).  Diego  ('olun  por  lo  halier  di-cu- 
iiiiito  el  Ahniranto  sn  padre  jmr  su  jiersnna,  ni  la  tierra  <pie  discnhrioroti 
\  iiento  Ya!ie>;  V'inzon  o  .)nan  Diaz  do  Solis,  ni  la  pro\  inria  di;  I'iiria.'  0\  irdo 
muks  tiio  limits  plainly  enough,  iv.  IKi,  '  I'or  la  eo.-;ta  ilel  Xorto  tieno  ha.-ta 
\'i  I'.-tgiia,  f|Uo  lo  ipio  eon  aipud  oorre^ipondo  en  la  eosta  did  .Sur  jiuodo  i<or  la 
puiita  de  (.'lianie,  quo  est;i  (|niueo  legnas  al  I'oniento  do  ranani.i,  o  desdo  alii 
iHira  an-iba  seria,  Castilla  del  Oro  iiasta  lo  quo  respondiesso  I'f  respondo  do 
Nnrte.  ii  Siu'.'  'I'lio  Jh.irrijiritin  Pdii'iiin'u  in  /'ic/c'O  and  (.'dnlciKix,  Cul.  /)ni\, 
IN.  S'J,  say.s  the  oliieial  name  was  J'roriiiriu  th:  i  iiMillntli-l  Oro ;/  ri'luoih-  Tirrra 
l"n-,ii'\  and  so  remainod  till  tho  lieginning  of  tho  ITthoentury,  and  afterward 
I'r'irii  liiiri'f,  i)V  (^l,Hill  I  del  uro,  is  written  in  Dmaduii,  Pachtco and  CardcnUo, 
(.K  .  Due,  viii.  11. 


i 


an- 4. 
f 


i! 


t  t 


296 


COLONIZATION  OF  TIEHRA  FIR.ME. 


ninth,  tlic  third  one  clc^hth,  the  fourth  one  seventh, 
the  fil'th  one  sixth,  and  tor  the  remaining  five  years 
one  iit'tli.  The  kin:^  conditioned,  moreover,  that  each 
governor  should  build  two  forts  for  the  protection  of 
the  colonists,  to  whom  the  lands  in  the  vicinity  ot" 
M'hicli  were  to  Ijelong. 

It  so  happened  that  the  doughty  little  governor.-^ 
met  at  Santo  Domingo,  while  making  their  finnl 
preparations.  Swelling  with  new  dignities,  active  and 
mettlesome,  each  desirous  of  obtaining  as  many  iv- 
cruits  as  ])ossible,  it  was  not  long  before  they  cann.; 
into  collision.  First  they  quarrelled  about  Jamaica; 
as  a  sn})[)lement  to  which  Ojeda  stoutly  swore  that 
should  he  there  encounter  Juan  do  Esquivul,  his 
head  should  pay  the  penalty.  Then  their  partition 
line  became  a  bone  of  contention,  both  claimin<i;  the 
Indian  province  of  ]3arien.*  The  gcograjihy  of  tlie 
coast  was  at  that  time  but  little  known;  their  domin- 
ions toward  the  south  were  limitless,  and  for  auglit 
they  knew  larger  than  Spain.  Although  both  the 
commanders  were  small  corporally,  in  feeling  tliev 
wei'e  large,  and  required  much  room.  The  breach 
thus  opened  was  in  no  wise  lessened  Ijy  the  supcri  ir 
success  of  Nicuesa,  Avho  with  a  deeper  purse,  and  a 
governnient  famous  for  its  wealtli,  drew  off  recruits 
from  his  less  fortunate  rival.  Five  lar2:e  caravels 
and  two  brigantines,  ilying  the  flag  of  Castilla  (k'l 
Oro,  rode  in  the  harbor.  AH  were  well  cquippctl 
and  liberally  provisioned;  and  already  Nicuesa  nnis-. 
tcred  nearly  eight  hundred  men  and  six  horses,  while 
Ojeda  at  his  best  could  nuister  but  three  liundrud 
men  in  two  small  ships  and  two  brigantines." 


■•Aud  no  wdiidor  inisumlurstandinca  should  arise  over  a  C(''dula  dividiii'^ 
territory  in  .sneli  vords  iis,  '  ;i  vos  el  diuho  l)iego  de  Nicuesa  eii  el  ])iirto  do 
Veranna  y  el  diclio  Aluuso  do  llojeda  eii  el  parte  dc  Urabd.'  Atu-iiri'ili', 
Vul.  (Ic  I'iai/i  :,  iii.  1  l(i. 

■' I'ctor  Martyr,  dee.  ii.  eap.  i.,  gives  Xieuesa  7!'"),  and  Ojeda  .100  iiion. 
Ilerrera,  dee.  i.  lil>.  vii.  eap.  xi.,  .say.s  tiiat  TOO  sailed  from  J'lspaTiola  wi'Ai 
Nicuesa  nud  liOO  with  Ojeda.  '\o  pudiendo  llojeda  ]ior  su  jiolireza  api'estar 
la  expediciuii,  hi  Cosa  y  otros  amicus  le  llctarou  jina  nao,  y  uim  <'i  dos  lierj^au- 
tiiicti,  ipic  coll  dosiciciitoy  liuiubrcs. '    Sotkius  biuji'^ijicdd  lUl  capilna  .liu/i;D 


THE  RIVAL  c;ovEnxons. 


Xottli-'d  at  every  turn  lie  made  about  the  little 
town,  ()je(la,  who  was  a  better  .swordsman  than  logi- 
cian, at  len^'th  projxjsed  to  settle  all  scores  by  sin^'lo 
coinbat,  "Agreed,"  re[)lied  Xieuesa,  who  was  e(|ually 
lii-ave  yet  less  passionate,  "but  tor  what  shall  we 
JiLjlit  ?  ^latch  me  with  live  thousand  castellanos.  and 
r  am  your  man."  Finally  old  Juan  do  la  Cosa  inter- 
I'v'red  to  prevent  bloodshed;  the  river  Darien,  or 
Atrato,  was  made  the  dlvitUng  line,  and  measures 
^\•ere  taken  to  hasten  departure  before  the  lire  of  hot 
Oji'da  sliould  blaze  out  again. 

l)ut  Ojeda  was  not  without  his  little  triumphs. 
There  dwelt  at  this  time  at  the  ca])ital  of  the  Indies 
a  lawyer,  known  as  the  liaehiller"  ^lartin  Fernande;^ 
do  Enciso,  who  during  a  successful  practice  of  many 
ycar>  had  accumulated  some  two  thousand  castellanos. 
Tempted  by  the  olfer  of  being  made  alcalde  mayor' 

H'i'il'f,  Xiivnrrefe,  Col.  deViaijrs,  iii.  170.  Ucnzoni,  who  pays  litUc  heed 
t  I  nuinhcM  or  dates,  says,  //ist.  Jloiido  Xrovn,  .'(7,  'Iloieda  compro  ijuattro 
nuui  c  fecc  piii  di  quattrocento  solJati  alio  fuu  spcse,  c  cosi  parti  nan  l)o- 

lueuieo.' 

'"' '  I'laohillcr,'  says  the  Enulisli  trans!;;tnrof  Len/oni,  '  iK'Ui.i  wider  iiieaiiiii^ 
than  our  word  baelielor,  si^iiilyini^  also  an  iid'erior  order  of  Uiii'dd  hood.'  'J'liis 
is  a  iiiistako.  The  word  lia.s  tiio  same  oorres]ioadiiig  yiu'iiilieaiii.i:  in  iioth  lau- 
j.''.iages.  It  in  true  that  tlio  (higrco  exenipt.i  tlie  poss.csdDr  Irnm  eertaiu  ohliga- 
tiirus,  sui'h  as  [lei'sonal  si'rviee,  military  and  niuiUL'ipal,  iiuprisDnnuMit  for(lel)t, 
i'^'.,  a'.nl  grants  hiui  certain  privileges  enjoyed  hy  nolih'nien.  iJnt  tins  does 
11  't  iiiakehininohle.  Tlie  next  degree,  wliieh  isthatdt  licenliate,  cari'ies  with 
ii  still  farther  iirivileges,  but  even  this  dues  not  couslitute  knighthood.  Tho 
i!,'_'recof  doctor,  which  follows  that  nf  licentiate  and  i.i  the  higliest  conferred 
I'V  the  U'.uversity,  gives  the  possessor  the  riglit  to  prelix  Dun  to  his  name,  and 
pI.iMs  liiui  in  iicai'ly  every  respect  on  a  par  witii  noMenien. 

'  The  word  al<-ii!il<:  is  from  the  Arabic  <il  r'uli,  t!ie  judge  or  governor.  Al- 
ciihj.'  oi-'l'iwxrio  useil  formerly  to  designate  the  ollieer  having  tlie  iuunediato 
s'.u.erinteiiilency  of  a  town  or  city,  with  cognizance  of  judicial  matters  except 
t!i  'se  of  jxM'sons  enjoying  some  privilc^'c  (  I'licrn).  .[!'•  ilil'  ini'U'ir  signilie-;  a, 
j'S'lye,  learned  in  the  law,  who  exercises  ordinary  jurisdiction,  civil  and  crimi- 
i;i:l,  in  a  town  or  district.  Tiie  odiec  is  enuivalcnt  to  that  of  district  judge  in 
tlij  United  .Stat>  ,  the  audieneia  .stamling  for  the  supremo  court.  There  w  ere, 
liiwever,  in  tho  early  years,  alcaldes  uiayores  who  were  not  law  judges,  or 
la  11  learned  in  the  law;  they  governed  for  tho  king  a  town  or  city  not  the 
cajiital  of  a  province. 

>'orri'ii!iloi;  a  magistr.ato  having  civil  and  criminal  jurisdiction  in  tlie 
lirit  instance  {i'l4  /n-in-^)  and  guljcrnatorial  inspection  in  the  political  and 
eciiaoiuicalgovernm'Ut  in  all  the  towns  of  (iie  district  assigned  '^o  him.  There 
Were '•  r/vr /(./f);v.v  Itliwlo.^  (learned  in  the  law),  jmHtii'tx  (political),  */»'  ■■ajnt  i/ 
'■■■ifinl  I  (cloak  anil  sword),  and  pii'i'ico-i  //  iirfi'ftrci  (holding  civil  ;uid  militiiiy 
iiutiiority).  All  had  ei]\ud  jurisiliction.  When  tho  eorregidor  or  mayor  w.a.s 
n-'i  liy  ]ii-ofession  a  lawyer,  unless  he  had  an  (t.s'c.n,-  of  Ins  own,  t'le  alc.ildo 
la.iyur,  if  pjssessed  of  le^'al  knowledge,  became  his  adviser,  which  greatly 


i-i-H 


IMAGt  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


>^  1^    1 2.2 
.t    li£    12.0 


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1-25      1.4    11.6 

■• 6"     

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


#t, 


23  WIST  MAIN  STitilT 

WIBSTIR.N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  872-4503 


\ 


•O^ 


;\ 


\ 


I 


m  COLONIZATION  OF  TIERRA  FIRME. 

of  the  new  o-ovcriuneiit,  he  was  induced  by  the 
imi)etuous  Ojeda  to  embark  his  entire  fortune  in 
the  adventure.  It  was  arranged  that  the  baehiller 
sliould  remain  at  Santo  Domingo  for  some  time  after 
the!  departure  of  Ojeda,  in  order  to  obtain  furtlier 
I'ecruits  and  fit  out  another  ship,  and  thou  follow  the 
governor  to  Nucva  Andalucia. 

Of  Ojeda's  party  was  Francisco  Pizarro;  and  flit- 
ting restlessly  from  one  heterogeneous  group  to 
another,  enviously  watching  preparations  in  which 
circumstances  prevented  their  participating,  were 
other  dominant  spirits  waiting  o[)por:unity,  notably 
Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa,  tied  by  debt  to  distasteful 
agriculture,  and  Hernan  Cortes,  fortunately  forbid- 
den to  embark  by  illness. 

Ojeda  was  tlie  first  to  sail,  embarking  Noveml)er 
10,  1509.  Nicuesa  would  have  weighed  anchor  at  the 
same  time,  but  was  [)revented  by  his  creditors;  for 
liis  success  in  securing  followers  was  attended  by  so 
copiou,  a  drain  of  purse  that  not  only  his  money  but 
his  credit  was  gone. 

Favorable  winds  wafted  Ojeda  quickly  to  Carta- 
gena, where  he  landed  and  proclaimed  m  loud  and 
vaunting  tones  his  manifesto."  A  shower  of  poisonid 
darts  was  the  reply;  a  mark  of  disrespect  from  liis 
new  subjects  which  set  the  governor's  l)lood  boiling. 
!I3reathing  a  short  prayer  to  the  virgin,  Ojeda  seized 
n  lance,  and  charging  the  natives  at  the  head  of  his 
followers  scattered  them  in  the  forest,  and  rashly  [nw- 

incrciLsod  tho  iinport-nncc  of  tlio  latter.  The  aluaUlo  mayor  waa  appointi'I 
liy  till!  kin;;.  Ho  must  be  by  iirol'ossion  a  lawyor,  twenty-nix  years  nf  mlii'. 
and  of  good  ili:ir;u;tc>r.  llo  could  neither  heauativo  of  the  di.slnot  in  wiiiili 
lii>  was  to  exenise  his  functionn,  nor  eould  lie  marry  a  wifu  in  his  district. 
It'rriiji.  <lc  hidrrs,  ii.  I  l.'!-'J7  and  note.  So  much  for  the  law.  rraetically  ia 
c'ases  of  this  kind,  Nvliere  the  (.'overnor  was  not  learned  in  the  law,  eivil, 
ci'iniinal,  and  some  phases  even  of  military  authority  devolv('d  on  tho  iilc'iMi! 
mayor,  tho  two  (irst  ex  ojlirio,  and  the  la.st  ns  the  le^jal  adviser  of  tho  miiilaiy 
chief.  In  new  colonies  this  otiicer  was  investeil  with  powers  almost  c(jual  to 
thos(?  of  the  jjovernor,  though  of  a  ditl'erent  kinil. 

"  ,\  iloeument  prepared  hy  tho  united  wisdom  of  eliurcli  and  state,  f(irgi  n- 
rral  use  in  the  Indie  i,  !<etting  forth  the  oldigations  of  all  jj;ood  .sava.L;es  to  thi  ir 
dual  head  of  Sp:iin  and  Rome,  witii  a  list  of  punishmcat^i  which  were  to  follow 
disobedienoc,     Uf  which  mure  horcuftcr. 


NUEVA  AXDALl'Cf  A. 


2M 


by  the 
tunc  in 
)aclull«n- 
[lie  after 
further 
How  the 

and  flit- 
Toup  to 
n  whieh 
were 
notahlv 
istasteful 
y  forbid- 

ovcml)er 
or  at  tlic 
itors;  for 
ed  by  so 
oney  but 

,o  Carta- 
oud  and 
poisont'd 
from  hU 

boilhl,l,^ 
la  seized 
id  of  his 
ddy  pur- 
ls appcinti'l 
Lcurs  of  aiir. 
I'lct  ill  wl.ii'i 

liis  (listriit. 
friutiailly  ill 
1;  law,  civil. 
Ii  tlio  iilonliio 
Itlio  miliiaiy 
I0.1LC4U11I  '1 

late,  fur  f?i  Il- 
ia .;e.J  to  till  ,r 
Icro  to  follow 


sued  them.  These  were  no  efTeininato  ishmders;  the 
women  fought  side  by  side  with  the  men,  who  were 
Lijual  to  those  of  Veragua,  with  the  additional  advan- 
tage of  envenomed  arrow-points,  whieh,  with  the  oc- 
casional shelter  their  forests  afforded,  made  them  more 
laan  a  match  for  the  Spaniards,''  This  Ojeda  had  all 
l«i  learn,  and  to  pay  dearly  for  the  knowledge.  Of 
seventy  of  his  best  and  bravest  who  followed  him 
I'our  leagues  inland  but  one  I'eturneJ.  Even  his 
staunch  and  veteran  friend,  Juan  de  la  Cosa,  after 
vainly  attempting  to  dissuade  his  self-willed  collt^ague 
IVoia  his  puri)ose,  placed  himself  by  his  side  and  died 
tliere.  Ojeda  fought  like  a  tiger  until  his  men  were 
scattered  and  killed,  and  he  was  left  wounded  and 
alone  in  a  marshy  thicket,  where  several  da}'.-^  after 
a  fresh  party  from  the  ships  found  him  half-dead. 
^\  hen  warmed  into  life  and  returned  to  the  harbor 
lio  saw  entering  it  Xicuesa's  fleet  he  hid  himself, 
al'i-ald  to  meet  his  rival  in  that  j)light.  1'old  of 
this  by  Ojeda's  men,  as  sup})lemental  to  their  dismal 
tale,  Nicucsa's  anger  was  arousetl  at  the  unjust  sus- 
picion. "  Tell  your  conmiander,"  he  exclaimed,  "  that 
J)i('g()  de  Nicuesa  is  a  Christian  cavalier  v.-ho  makes 
no  war  on  a  prostrate  foe;  that  not  only  shall  past 
lends  be  buried,  but  he  promises  never  to  leave  this 
sjiot  until  the  deaths  of  Juan  de  la  Cosa  and  his  com- 
liules  are  avenged."  lie  was  as  good  as  his  word. 
Landing  four  hundred  men,  he  surjnised  an  Indian 
village,  put  men,  women,  and  children  to  the  swoixl, 
and  secured  large  booty. 

Al'ter  Nicuesa  had  di>|)arted  on  his  way,  Ojeda  cast 
off  iVom  that  ill-fated  shore  his  ships,  and  brought 
(hi'ni  to  the  gulf  of  JTraba,  where  on  its  eastern 
i^'ulr,  near  the  entrance,  he  built  a  fortress,  tin;  begin- 
ning of  his  capital  city,  and  called  it  San  Sebastian'" 

'•"To  this  (lay  tlioro  nro  tril)C9  in  tlio  vicinity  of  tlio  Atrato  IUvlt  wliiili 

iiavi    lllVlT  luHMl  Hul)jugalc'il. 

'  I  am  unalilo  to  lind  tiiis  place  on  niiy  innp.  (Jomara,  ///'•/.  ///'/.,  OS, 
f.ivH;  '("onu'uro  lui';^i>  vna  fortaltva,  y  imililo,  (lon.lc  so  r(M,ojr(.i-,  y  asstj^'iiiar 
iai.1  iiitoiKo  Uigur  4U0  i|uutru  uiiuj  uutc!)  lo  tiuia  uouit-'^'Uilo  iuuu  ikla  Co^mi. 


I  lil 


300 


COLOXIZATIOX  OF  TIERRA  FIRME. 


' 


ill  honor  of  the  arrow-inartyrctl  saint,  whose  protec- 
tion ho  craved  from  the  venomous  darts  of  liis  sul»- 
jects.  From  San  Sebastian,  Ojeda  despatched  to 
Santo  ]^omingo  one  of  his  vessels  with  the  gold  and 
captives  he  had  taken,  at  the  same  time  urging  Enciso 
to  hasten  his  departure,  and  send  supplies.  Mean- 
while Ojeda's  tem})er,  which  was  as  sharp  and  fiery 
as  Damascus  steel,  made  little  head-way  against  tan- 
gled marshes  and  poisoned  arrows.  Persisting  in  his 
high-handed  poliiy,  he  could  do  nothing  with  the 
natives,  food  heing  as  ditHcult  to  obtain  as  gold,  and 
his  ranks  rapidly  thinned. 

While  harassed  by  hunger  and  watching  anxiouslv 
the  coming  of  Enciso  and  the  return  of  their  ship-;, 
the  colonists  descried  one  day  a  strange  sail.  On 
reaching  San  Seliastian  it  proved  to  bo  a  Genoese 
vessel  which,  while  hjading  with  bacon  and  cassava 
bread  at  Cape  Tiburon,  had  been  piratically  seizetl 
by  one  Bernardo  do  Talavera  and  a  gang  of  vaga- 
bonds from  Santo  Domingo,  who  esca})ed  with  their 
prize  and  had  come  to  Nueva  Andalucia  to  seek 
fortune  under  the  wise  and  happy  rule  of  Gov- 
ernor Ojeda.  To  buy  the  cargo  was  the  work  of  a 
moment,  for  the  pirates  were  very  ready  to  sell;  and, 
indeed,  had  they  not  l)een,  the  governor  would  have 
compelled  them.  The  poison  was  in  his  blood,  which 
was  now  hot  with  fever,  and  ho  was  in  no  mood  for 
ceremony.     But  the  relief  thus  obtained   was  only 

Esto  fuo  cl  priinor  jniclilo  do  Espiifn  'os  oiila  ticrrn  firiiio  de  Iiidias.'  If  tlio 
author  rcfci-s  lii.s  lirst  town  to  tlift  foi'ii.'v  visit  of  .Tuan  Ju  la  C'dsiv  fi)iir  ycnn 
bi'forc,  I  Hlitmld  say  tiial  o<mld  si'arccly  \•<^  calliMl  an  altuiiiptt  d  ki'U li  iiaiit, 
still  K'HS  ail  cslalilislicd  tnwii.  If  lio  iiitirnatcs  that  tliii  fnit  of  Ojiilas  w.n 
the  lirst  .sctlhiiiciil,  thin  i.-i  lie  wnmg,  for  Ik'Icii,  iu  Vi'iaj^iia,  \\a<  lirt'on;  tlli^. 
^Vhat^•vol•  h<'  iiifaiH,  niiil  that  often  is  iiniio.^Nililo  to  dt  tiTniiiii',  in  this  in- 
Btanci!  it  is  nafo  tn  say  tiiat  he  is  in  c  rror,  as  Sau  Si'hii.stian  can  hy  no  pDs.tilil- 
ity  have  heca  the  lirst  scttlcnirnt  in  'I'icrra  Finne.  llcnrra  wiiti's,  i.  vii, 
xvi.:  'J'lntii*  en  tl  j^oU'o  do  A'rah:'!,  y  husco  il  i-iu  del  ]>ai-i('n,  (iiio  cutre  Ins 
Indios  era  muy  oelelnadi)  do  oni,  y  do  >.'ente  lielieosu,  y  no  lo  liailando,  sr)l)ro 
vnos  eerros  aswentu  vn  piiciilo,  al  ijtial  Ihiniii  la  villa  do  san  Sehastian,  toniuii- 
dole  ]«iv  alxigado  contra  las  lliu'lias  ile  la  yerna  niortifeni:  y  e«ta  fue  la  (•'  • 
L'tmda  villa  tie  ('astcllanos  i|ne  xc  ]piplild,  en  tndo  la  ticrra  tinne,  aiiiendo  miI> 
la  |irinuia  la  <nio  conicnco  a  poMai-  cl  Alniirantu  viejo,  en  \'era;^ua.'  Wor.U 
to  tlu!  same  ctlci'l  are  in  Xnv.inrfr,  (\tl.  <!•■  I'm;/'.'),  iii.  172.  It  uuuuis  I'utiur 
preiuuturu  to  uull  thcsiu  i'utilu  uttcuiptsi  ciitaLilishiug  tuwun. 


DEATH  OF  O.IEDA. 


801 


protoe- 
liis  su!)- 
Lilied    lo 

oil  I    ill  11 1 

f  Eiicis(> 
Meaii- 
lul  liorv 
list  taii- 
i[f  in  Ills 

vitll    tllL! 

;okl,  ami 

nxiously 
ir  slii]t<, 
ail.  Oil 
Genoese 
cassava 
y  st;i/L'il 
of  vaL,M- 
^tli  tluir 

to     HCvk 

'  (J<.v- 
k  t»r  a 
1;  ami, 
I  havo 
,  wliicli 
)0(l  lol- 
ls only 

If  t!io 
loiir  yiari 

Hl'ltll  Mllllt, 

)j('(la..f  ".IS 
IkUhi;  this, 
ill  tliiH  ill- 
IK)  [)i».41'il- 
ritiT*,  i.  vii. 

Illl|l>,   M)lllO 

inn,  tdiuaii- 
t'ut'  l;i  K'> 
uicii'l'i  «i'l'» 

;cin8  raliii-r 


lU 


I.  iii]M>i'arv.  Day  ky  day  the  food  supply  diininislied. 
The  colonists  wei-e  reduced  in  nunil)er  from  three 
jiundred  to  three  scon;.  And  with  bodily  ailment 
(•;ime  as  usual  mintl -distempers,  wran;^lings,  ruin, 
aiitl  despair.  Wliere  nt)\v  was  the  valiant  Ojeda  ? 
liuiuiliated  to  the  dust,  as  well  bei'ore  the  savages  as 
bt  lore  the  Sj)aniards. 

Vet  he  would  not  yield  to  fate  without  another 
cllort,  wasted  and  weak  as  he  was.  diving  I'ijano 
command  of  the  fortress,  Ojeda  took  passage  in  the 
iViebooter's  ship  and  sailed  i'or  Santo  Domingo.  But 
Ills  patroness,  the  virgin,  had  indeed  deserted  him. 
Shipwreck  met  him  at  Cuba,  whence  he  crossed  to 
Jamaica.  Talavera  and  his  gang,  after  the  most  e.K- 
ti'a(»rdinary  exertions,  likewise  reached  Jamaica,  but 
only  to  be  seized  by  order  of  Diego  Colon  and  hanged. 
Ojoda  said  nothing  to  Mscjuivel  about  striking  oil"  liis 
la;ad,  but  humbly  took  the  kindly  extended  aid.  J^ro- 
cceding  to  Espanola  in  a  caravel  he  found  Enciso 
U'one,  and  himself  a  bankrupt  invalid.  Pride,  which 
sildom  deserts  a  Spanish  cavalier,  gave  way.  lie- 
(l;i('ed  to  penury,  broken-hearted,  he  died,  begging  as 
])ioof  of  jiis  humility  to  be  buried  under  the  mona.stery 
|)i)r(al,  that  all  wlu)  entered  should  tread  upon  his 
L;rave.     Farewell,  daring,  dashing,  irrational  Ojeda! 

jjct  us  now  look  after  Nicuesa.  When  I'rom  the 
(hMjomfited  Ojeda  the  gallant  governor  of  Castiila  del 
Oi'o  last  ])arted,  he  coasted  westward  toward  Veragua, 
where  he  [)urposed  to  jilant  his  colony.  The  better 
to  survey  the  seaboard,  he  took  a  small  caravel,  and 
nidered  Lope  de  Olano,  his  lieutenant,  to  attend  him 
V. ilh  two  briganiines,  \Nliili'  the  larger  vessels  kept 
I'lirihcr  from  the  shore.  Thus  they  proceeded  until 
]••  aching  the  liulian  j)ro\ince  of  Cueba,  where  a  jjort 
v»as  discovered  into  w  hicli  llowed  a  small  stream  called 
Tito.  There  they  landed  and  said  mass,"  and  there- 
l""rc  named  the  place  Misas. 

'riio  first  in  Tieini  FiniU',  Ovicdo  xny^,  Imt  lin  forjuits  tlic  laiuliii'.',  for 
t'n'  "nino  iiurposo,  of  Ikirluloiia'  Colon  iit  Cuno  lloiuhua^,  Sumlay,  Aujiuat 

II,  I.JU-'. 


302 


COLOXIZATIOX  OF  TIERP.A  TlV.'Sm. 


I'll 


Lcavinrj  tlicrc  the  largest  sliips  in  cliari^c  of  a  rel- 
ative named  Cucto,  who  was  to  receive  word  when  tn 
follow,  Nieuesa  pressed  forward  towai'd  AxM-ai^iia  with 
a  caravid  carrying  sixty  men,  JjO])o  do  Olano  still  at- 
tending in  a  hrigantine  with  tliirty  men.  A  st(  nii 
arising  not  long  after,  the  latter  took  advantage  (if 
this  and  the  darkness  of  the  night  to  sc^jarate  iVoiu 
him,  impelled  partly  hy  a  conviction  that  they  wvw. 
on  the  wrong  course,  parll}*  hy  amhitious  projects. 
After  waiting  two  days  in  vain  for  his  companidii 
Nicuesa  continued  westward.  In  the  search  (ov  \vv- 
agua  he  attempted  to  follow  a  chart  drawn  hy  Ilarlo- 
lome  Colon,  though  his  pilots  Diego  do  T\ihoro  and 
Diego  ^lartin,  hoth  of  whom  had  been  Avith  Colum- 
bus, assured  him  that  he  had  jjassed  the  place.  The 
storm  increasing,  Nicuesa  ran  his  vessel  into  the 
UKJuthof  a  largo  river;  but  when  attempting  to  pro- 
ceed after  the  storm  he  found  himself  caught  in  a  trap, 
and  his  vessel  on  the  bar  amidst  the  breakers,  tlio 
water  having  subsided.  Unable  to  move  the  ship  in 
either  direction,  its  destruction  was  inevitable,  luul 
tho  men  set  about  saving  themselves.  A  rope  w;n 
stretched  to  the  shore  at  the  cost  of  a  life;  and  scarcely 
had  the  last  person  reached  land  when  the  vessel  went 
ttj  pieces. 

liehold,  then,  the  courtly  Nicuesa,  so  lately  tli(^ 
proud  connnander  of  a  licet,  by  this  sudden  fivak  (I' 
I'ortune  cast  uj)on  an  inhospitable  shore,  his  where- 
abouts unknown  to  himself  oi'  to  those  in  tho  ships, 
and  his  abno'-t  naketl  followers  destitute  of  food,  save 
one  barrel  (»f  Hour  and  a  cask  of  oil  ihmg  tliem  by 
tho  surly  breakers!  His  mind  was  moreover  ill  at 
ease  concerning  Olano,  whose  ivputation  was  none  ef 
the  best,  and  wiio  Niciu>sa  thought  might  have  jniiu  I 
him  had  he  been  disposed.  The  ship's  boat  fortu- 
nately th'ifted  ashore,  and  in  it  Nii'uesa  placed  Diego 
do  Hil)ero  and  throe  seamen,  ordering  them  to  keiji 
him  comj)any  along  the  shore,  and  render  assistance 
in  crossing  streams  and  inlets.     Already  faint  with 


CASTILLA  nni,  ORO. 


t» 


h\m';;or,  ihoy  ho^j^nn  tlifir  nmnli.  Hut  wlilflior?  Si  ill 
westward,  Imt  not  towMvd  AVraijjna.  I'afli  weary 
footstep  carried  tliein  larther  and  ihrtlicr  from  their 
(lesf  ination.  It  was  not  a  ]ilcasant  joni'ney  feelini^ 
their  way  throui^di  tropieal  forests,  with  sueh  impedi- 
ineiits  as  <an^led  juiiL,di^s,  liot  nialari<H!s  niudlu'ds, 
eraiXLi'V  liills  and  treaclierous  streams  to  bloc];  their 
way.  Some  of  the  pnrty  liad  no  slioes,  some  no 
liat;  shari)  stones  cut  tlieir  feet,  tliorny  brambles  ton; 
llieir  llesh,  and  the'ir  half-clad  bodies  wi'n?  cxj)osed 
nltei'iiately  to  burnini;''  sun  and  ilrenchiiiL!^  rain.  They 
wei'e  soon  ijflad  to  <jret  shell-iish  and  i-oots  to  (\it  with 
their  leaves.  One  day  an  arrow  from  an  overhan^in;^ 
hei^dit  struck  dc^ad  Xicnesa's  paj^c,  but  fortunately 
the  sa valines  retired  without  pres.sin<»  their  advantage. 
Xicuesa's  do_!jf,  seein;jf  murder  in  his  huii^'ry  master's 
(ve,  took  to  his  heels  and  was  never.afterward  set  n. 
Vet  ^Tealer  misfortunes  awaited  the  S]>aniards.  After 
orossinj:^  an  inh^t  in  the  boat  one  evenin;jf,  tiny  rested 
jor  the  nii;'ht,  antl  in  attiMUptinu^  to  resume  their 
march  lu^xt  morniii;^  i'ound  tliemselves  upon  an  island. 
CalllnL,^  for  Ilibero,  he  was  missing'.  Xor  was  tluj 
boat  anywhere  to  bo  seen.  It  could  not  be  ])ossiblo' 
that  he  had  left  them  to  die  on  that  circumscribed 
and  barren  spot.  Ltnidly  they  called,  searching,''  every 
iiilel,  and  sweepini,^  the  horizon  with  terror-liL,dited 
eyes.      It  was  true;  they  wei'e  abandoned! 

It  is  curious  to  witness  the  eil'cct  of  despa.ir  on 
dill' Tent  minds,  of  the  near  apjiroach  of  tliat  hateful 
means  for  our  iinal  suj)pression.  Some  will  li'^ht  the 
m()iist('r;  others  succumb,  sinkiuLj  into  drivelliii'^'  im- 
bei'ility;  others  calndy  al>andon  themsel\-es  to  the 
inevitable,  even  the  ludicrous  asj)ect  of  the  case  com- 
lii'^'  home  to  some  of  tlu^m,  lookin;^  tjfrindy  cheei'ful. 
As  ehewhere,  both  fools  and  philosojihers  were  found 
iiiiioiio-  Xicuesa's  crew.  Some  prayed  and  confessed, 
Nvilli  dix'ers  de;^r(>es  of  acconi|)animent,  Ironi  low  lam- 
entation to  frantic  ra\'in;^^;  some  cursed;  some  nursed 
tlieii-  horror  in  sullen  siLuco. 


COLONIZATION  OF  TIERRA  FIRME. 

I  sliall  not  att(Mnj)t  to  describe  Xiouosa's  siifTtr- 
in,<4'.s  wliilo  on  this  island.  Suilioe  it  to  saj  that 
(HI  a  scanty  diit  of  roots  and  sIr-H-HsIi  with  hrackish 
Avater  many  died,  while  others  wished  thenisilvfs 
dead;  for  the  former  might  rot  in  peace,  but  the 
latter  yet  livinj^  swarmed  with  impatient  veiinin. 
And  there  was  little  satisfaction  in  eftort,  wIku 
diiiddnj^  only  increased  thirst,  and  eatiiiLf  but  kept 
alive  despondency.  Truly  it  was  a  jjfood  thiiii^',  a 
^rand  thinj^j  ti)  adventure  life  to  capture  wild  lands 
and  I'ule  one's  fellows! 

Thus  weeks  passed.  Then  like  a  ray  shot  from  thi' 
Redeemer's  throne  a  sail  was  seen.  ^Ten  wasted  to 
the  last  extremity  shook  ofl'  death's  <.^rip  and  roused 
themselves,  stretehin^f  tluilr  lonuj  lank  necks, their  bony 
cliins  and  <^laze(l  eyes  toward  the  aj)proaehinL,^  vessel, 
wliieh  soon  camy  to  anchor  before  the  islanil.  liibein 
was  not  a  villain  after  all.  Satisfied  that  Veraij^u.i, 
Mas  behind  them,  but  unable  to  convince  Xicuesa, 
]tibe)'o  won  over  to  his  views  the  three  boatnuni,  lilt, 
f  he  island  during;'  the  ni;j;ht,  i-etraced  their  course  ami 
reached  Verai^ua.  Tliere  they  found  tiie  colonists. 
Mith  Olano  bearini^  rule,  who  on  the  information  iA' 
]libero  could  scarcely  do  less  than  send  his  go\eni"i' 
succor." 


Leavinij  here  Xicuesa,  let  us  inquire  concerning: 
the  other  portions  of  his  scattered  colony.  Tw.i 
months  haviuLf  ela])sed  since  the  d(!parture  of  the 
governor  from  the  port  t)f  ^lisas,  and  hearing  nothing 
IVom  any  one,  Cueto,  in  whose  charge  the  lleet  was 
left,  became  uneasy,  and  taking  a  small  vessel,  set  out 
in  search  of  his  conunander.  The  only  tidings  \\^- 
could  gain  were  from  a  htter  found  on  an  i-^laiid, 
Mi'apped  in  a  leaf  and  fastened  to  a  stick,  which  in- 

'■^Wlicn  Oviodo  j,'nivcly  assorts  lliat  Iiilx-rn  int(>iiik'<l  desert ioii.  niiil  "js 
stcilili^  l>y  lU'luli  wlieii  lie  was  eiiMtlULMl  by  Ohiiio,  lie  j^'oes  out  uf  his  way  Vi 
iiiiiUe  jialiiiiMi!  nonsense  ajijHar  is  truth.  Admit  them  irihiiiiiaii  iii(>iisiei>-, 
wliicii  ihey  wiTe  not,  wliiihcr  wuiild  four  sLui'vod  licl^ilceid  wretclie.s  dt'surt  lUi 
tliid  dcauly  uiioru? 


WOES  OF  XICUKSA. 


30.1 


fonnctl  liini  that  Xicucsa  was  well  and  still  journov- 
i )!',<•  westward.  Jicturnin;^  to  Misas,  Cucto  with  the 
(itlire  licet  sailed  lor  A'cra'^iia;  hut  so  hadly  wonn- 
t.iten  were  the  shi])S  that  he  was  ()I)1i;j^ed  to  coiiio  to 
.•iiirlior  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hiver  ( 'liaL;'ri>/''  whieh 
lioiii  the  I'aviMious  allijj^ators  that  swaniu'd  there  was 
(•;illcd  hy  tlie  Spaniards  Lii'^^artos.  There  portions i 
of  ihe  car<^oes  were  landed;  and  while  attenij)ts  were 
Made  to  repair  the  .shi[)S,  one  of  tlie  j)ilots,  J\;di'o  de 
liiihiia,  was  sent  iit  ipiest  of  the  lost  governor. 
]\1<  ;tiiwhile  Loj)o  de  ()lan»>  arrived. 

Mvidontly  the  lieutenant  did  not  in  his  heart 
di  -ill-  his  captain's  ivturn.  For  allhou<j,"h  in  reelt- 
iii'4  to  his  comradiis  the  eii'eunistanees  of  the  storm, 
and  the  disa]>pearanee  of  the  {jjovi'rnor,  with  such 
\aiiations  as  suited  his  purpose,  with  t(>ars  whicli 
AVduld  have  done  honor  to  the  crocodiles  thereal)out, 
]\<-  made  no  etl'ort  to  tind  Nicuesa.  Jle  atl'ected  to 
1"  lirvc  him  dead.  "And  now,  Gentlemen,"  he  said, 
'•  l>  t  no  more  mention  be  made  of  him  if  ^'ou  would 
iH»t  kill  me." 

The  lleet  now  procccdecl  to  llulcn,  'vhere  the  usual 
lalaloj^ue  of  disasters  attends  the  disend)arkation. 
Tiiiir  men  are  <lrowned.  The  worm-eaten  shi[»s  are 
i'i>i:ian(led,  hroki^n  in  i)ieees,  and  of  the  fra'^'inents 
l.iils  ai'e  made  en  the  site  formerly  o('cU])ird  hy 
Jl,ir((»l<)!ne  Colon.  Olano,  after  some  ojiposition,  is 
I'liiiially  proclaimed  lieutenant-governor.     Ivaids  fol- 

"Cliiii^ro,  not  ChagroH,  was  tlin  unuw  of  tlic  native  province  tliroiigli 
vliii  !i  this  river  flowH.  Ni'.ir  its  inmitli  riii[ity  si'\  itmI  miiiill  Hticani.s,  ami  it 
^.i-i  ■■nly  lii!<i\v  the  i'i)iifl\ii>ni'e  of  thfsi'  that  the  tciiii  l,at;arIos  tor  any  hiujtli 
I'  tiiiii' ;i|i]ili(vl.  SavM  Alifdn,  />/■(',,  i.,  of  tliu  ilivii' ('ha;,'n':  -  '  l.o  iIusimiIm  iii 
11  ill-'  l."rJ7  III  riianilii  i\v  la  Sciiiii  Ihiliiiiluhili.!  rio  lio  l^i^artoH,  y  antes  mi  hma 
l.'l"'  il''  Ohino  el  lie  l.'ilo.'  Ovieiln  ri'inark.s  iijion  it:  -  '.\l;^uiii).<  lian  ((Ueriilo 
il"  ir  i|iie  jiis  ilo  ajuesta  aniiMMa  !<•  ilieruti  e.'  tc  niiiiihfi",  poiinie  nin;.'iuia  cosa 
viv:i  siltal.a  ile  Ids  liavios  (|iio  en  |i!'es.seni;ia  ile  la  j^eiite  nn  ki;  la  euiniessen 
huv"!  niiiy  ^'landes  la^'artos,  lo  ipial  se  e.\]iei  inieiitii  en  iil^'iinos  juMros.  Kste 
III '  -  la  li')t:i  del  rio  (,'iiagre.'  ///.^V.  '.'■  ».,  ii.  'JtiT.  Ainsta  is  houuu  hat  Imix! 
ill  til'  statement,  Caiiijn  iitl.  Il'isl.  Siiira  Wrdiiiii/ti,  ,'{|,  'Mil  la  liiica  del  lic) 
*  li.-ijii'^i,  i|iii'  entonoes  llaniahan  de  los  Litrartus  jmr  la  niultitud  de  eainiani  s 
'I'le  (  i|,i|,  haliia  visto  en  el.'  Va/  Itonrado  plaees,  on  MhhhIi  Allna,  no.  \., 
I'TI,  ill  this  vicinity  ii  river  with  the  wijnl  <hi.  Mmiicfi  Allna  no.  ix.  lia.->  it 
' /'"/".  I)i!  I..aet  writi's  tt,  ik  tltajn;  Duiniiier,  A'.  Cho'jrc;  Jcllcry.s,  /,'. 
i'liajit  iiml  Ft  Chwjrv. 

Ui.'.T.  Ct.N.  Am.,  Vol.  I.    20 


non 


COLONIZATION  OF  TIERRA  FIRME. 


low:  Imf  ilic  (juihiaii,  ^vown  wise  by  cxpcrlonoc,  n- 
tirc'S  with  liis  pi-ojilo,  and  IcavtJS  tlio  Spaniards  to 
sliift  lor  tlu-nisc'lvc's.  Tlicn.^  l>einiL^  notliinLj  t<»  stc.il. 
tli(!V  starve.  JJiscuse  and  disalluction  luUmv;  Olaiio 
is  not  liappy. 

Wrathlul,  indeed,  was  Nicucsa  on  rcacliini^  Beltn. 
A_i,^ainst  Olano  his  indiij^nution  was  extreme.  Jh; 
chai'LCed  him  with  wiliiil  desertion,  with  Telonioiis 
destruction  of  the  shijis,  and  with  i^ross  niisinanaLjr- 
nicnt.  He  had  ruined  all.  lirantlinj^  him  as  a  traitor 
he  orilered  his  arrest;  and  when  some  feehle  attempt-^ 
were  made  l)y  the  others  to  miti.i;ate  the  jj^ovenmi's 
displeasure,  he  broke  Ibrth  on  them.  "It  well  ht- 
conies  you,"  he  (exclaimed,  "to  ask  pardon  for  him, 
when  you  should  bo  bcj^i^iniif  mercy  Ibr  yourselves  I" 

But  of  what  use  wore  oaths  and  bickovino's  ;*  Of 
his  jjfallant  company  half  were  dead,  and  the  loss 
fortunate  remainder  lived  oidy  to  suffer  yet  awhili' 
beibre  followin;^.  Of  all  the  men  who  came  I'lom 
Spain,  proud  Nicucsa  lost  the  most,  havin;^  niu>t 
to  lose.  Of  all  Now  World  woes,  Nicucsa's  woes 
were  jD^reatest;  the  half  of  what  thus  far  has  Ix.  :i 
words  cannot  tell,  and  the  worst  part  is  yet  to  cniiir. 

Now  that  the  rich  Voraj^ua  was  reached,  the  Golden 
Castile  of  greedy  antici[)ations,  what  then?  The  <j;nl\ 
with  which  to  load  the  ships  Avas  wantintJ^;  the  shi]is 
Mith  which  to  bear  away  that  gold  were  almost  all 
destroyed.  The  fertile  soil  was  marshy,  the  spicv  .'ii' 
malarious,  the  redundant  vegetation  yiold<Ml  little  t<>(  .1 
for  man.  Sallow-faced  skeletons  of  men  clam<>ie;l 
their  distress.  Death  was  busy  enough,  so  Olaiios 
life  was  spared,  though  his  badge  of  ollice  was  i\- 
changed  for  fetters.  Even  foragers  ]ierished  for  want 
of  food;  every  member  of  one  band  died  from  eatiiiLC 
of  a  putrescent  Indian.  The  governor  grew  j)eevi-li; 
his  generous  temper  was  soured  by  misfortune.  The 
colonists  com|)lainod  of  his  harsh  treatment  and  in- 
dift'orence  to  their  sufforin<jf«.     And  tlioy  said  to  him: 


r> 


"The  fates  are  airainst  us  hero;  lot  us  abandon  lin-' 


nomtot:  de  pios. 


no: 


<) 


I'l.u'o."  "Oil,  vciy  well !"  snarlid  Xicuor-ia.  Loaviiiir 
Al(>ns(i  Nunez,  with  tlio  diLjuiliod  title  of  alcalde 
iii.ivor,  and  a  few  men  to  harvest  some  grain  j)laiited 
liv  Olano,  the  colonists  iMuhai'ked  in  two  hrigantines 
iiiid  a  caravel,  huilt  of  IVaginents  of  tlu;  hi'oken  ships, 
to  seek  some  healthier  s[)ot.  After  sailing  »^astward 
some  twenty  leagues,  a  Genoese  sailor  named  (iregori 
iiildi'essed  the  governor:  "I  well  rememher,  v.  hen 
with  the  admiral  in  this  vicinity  we  entered  a  line 
port  where  we  found  food  and  water."  After  some 
siarch  the  })lace  was  I'ound,  tin;  I'ortohcllo  of  ( "o- 
luinhns,  and  an  anchor  dro|)i)ed  there  l>y  the  ndmi- 
ral  was  seen  protruding  I'rom  tlu^  san(l.  Landing 
I'll-  food,  the  S[)aniards  were  attacked  and  twenty 
kllli^d;  indeed,  they  could  scarcely  wield  their  weap- 
ons so  W(>ak  were  the\.  Faint  and  disheartened  thev 
coiitimied  theii'  way  ahout  seven  leagues  fartlier, 
when  approaching  the  shoi-e  Xicuesa  cried  out:  "l*a- 
rcinos  a(jUi  en  el  nomla'e  de  ])ios  1"  Hen;  let  us  stoj> 
ill  (lod's  name!  They  i'ound  anchorng(\  the  ))kic(; 
hcing  the  Puerto  de  Jjastimeiitos  of  Columhus.  The 
( oiiipanions  of  Nieuesa,  however,  r(\'idy  in  their  <lis- 
tr(  ss  to  seize  on  any  auspice,  took  up  the  cry  of  their 
coiiiinander  and  ajtjilied  the  words  Xomhre  <le  ])ios*' 
to  the  harhor  wliich  they  then  entered,  and  which 
iuuik;  to  this  <lay  it  InMrs. 

I  [ere  another  attemjtt  was  made  to  locate  the  gov- 
cniinent  of  Castilladel  Oro.     Disondjarking,  Nieuesa 

"Tliij  iiaiuo  familiar  to  caitogf;i])li('rs  often  asstiiin'cl  in  tli'i';(Mlay.spmiliar 
nnlii>','iapliy  "U  tin;  maps.  'I'lms  I'lriiaiiilo  ( 'ilon  writrs  this  iimiih!  nnlirc  :  lli- 
1"  111,  /((',/( .•  A'-Oi'sc,  tin  III  f  If''  lirilin  ;  \  :\/,  I  )(iin'ail(i,  //(/'(/■•■  iln/ini ;  llaflliisii-i,  .Xo,!,!' 
ih'ihii;  Hiiiiilius,  ill  l'uroi)a.'<,  AD///  ilr  hia-i:  Mi'iiator.  haiiipicr,  Ouriiliy,  tins 
a'itli.ii-<if  W'  sf-/„i/i>,/i,  Sfii'ili'l.  .hn'i'i'ys,  ami  tlii'ii' stici-fssurs,  cuiitiary  to 
till  ir  frfi|U<'iit,  ctistum,  all  \\  riti!  tin?  wnnU  cDrrcctly.  'I'liis  place,  as  wo  shall 
111  leafier  see,  wa-i  fura  loll'^  time  falll'ins  as  t  lie  ehirf  jKist  mi  t  he  linflheni  enast 
"f  Tieira  l'"irme  tlivnii^h  \\  hieli  |ias--i  il  tlie  m<i'eliaiiili-.e  fmiu  Spain  ami  the  loM 
fi'ihi  I'ein.  Says  IJen/iMii,  ///>/.  Miiniln  S ioni.~\):  '  <,>iie>ta  < 'itta  sta  sit  iiat;i 
111  I  liiare  di  Tianiniitana.  Soglioie)  a.iumpte  eunnuiinemi  ii  te  (i;;n'annii  ami  iru 
ili  Spa.'naal  Xoiiiedi  I  )ii>,  ila  cpiattmiliii.  i>i|Uimli.i  iiaui,  fra  pieenle,  e  •,'i'aiiile, 
e  1,1  iiia::^'ii)i-  piitora  mille,  e  (ittueentn  lialme  ;  earii  he  ili  ndilie  ilineise.'  I  •am- 
Jiier  aliiiut  a  eentnry  later  fcmml  Ihespnt  w  lie  re  tlie  city  iiail  stuoil  iivert'inwii 
with  trees.  Its  aliaiiilonnieiit  was  owiii^'  to  pni-iuneil  air,  the  same  iiiiwleile- 
sniiir  ( limate  that  liioke  up  all  the  early  sellloiiunta  on  tiii.s  coa.st,  tiie  hint 
hi  111 :  always  rcj^anlcd  ii.s  tliu  worst. 


r.^s 


COLOXIZATIOX  OF  TirnHA  FIRME. 


1  ?  '^ 


1i)(t1c  forinnl  possession,  «M'i'c(c'(1  a  lorircss,  jiii;l  1k';j;i!» 
iiL?;iiii  his  lu'ci'ssarv  (hoii'^-h  suicidal  policy  of  I'oi'-i!;- 
iii'i^.  '\\\o  natives  retifcd.  'I'lio  nialirious  atniosj^lici'i? 
wrapped  the  stranu^ers  in  diso.iso  and  death.  The 
oaravtl  was  sent  had;  to  \'cr,i;j;iia.  an  1  Alonso  Xunc/ 
and  the  renniant  (»!'  th<'  colony  hi'ou^ht  away.  The 
\-esscl  was  then  sent  to  JOspahola  for  sup[)lies,  hut 
neither  shij>  nor  ci-ew  were  I'ver  afterward  heard 
from.  ^leanwhilo  Nicuca  and  the  renniant  of  his 
luckless  oonij)any  made  a  hrave  stand,  hut-  all  of  no 
avail.  Ijoni;'  siiu'e  iiite  had  decreed  their  <lestruc- 
tioii.  It  was  not  possihh'  in  their  pn'sent.  condition 
to  li\-t».  ]i(>ptile.s  as  food  hecame  a  luxury  to  them; 
the  infiH'tod  sunli^cht  dried  uj)  their  Mood;  *lespair 
jiaralvzod  lieart  and  hi'ain;  and  to  so  dire  extreini'y 
were  they  tinallv  reduci'd  tliat,  thev  were  scarcely  alilo 
to  mount  i^uard  or  hury  their  dead.'" 

'''The  oriLriiiiil  iiMtliDvitii'M  for  tliis  ••li;i|itfr  .'ire:  /'-nl  Cfihiln,  etc.,  in  Xn- 
rnrrel',  (\'l.  <lr  I'Viv  ■',  iii.  Illi;  Mimnritil  f,i-<  ■'i  hIiuId  til  I'lij  jn^r  /'o'h-i'/d  tie 
('■.liiii'iiftn  n,  ill  Xinytrnlt',  Cul.  (/<•  i'iiiiji'',  iii.  .">S7 ;  L<n  ('n-^tm,  Hi  t.  Iml.,  ii. 
(Jl;  (h-hilii,  ii.  tli.'i-TS;  Xdth'nin  hio  ii-iijii-u^  ilil,  rnji'iliui  Aliiii'^o  /'I'h  il'i,  in  \a- 
rtin'i  l)\  I'dI.  ill'  \  iiiijii,  iii.  Id."};  (hnniu-it^  lli^l.  Ii.il.,  (!!);  I'lhr  A/mfi/r,  <irc. 
ii.  "J;  U'nrrii,  tlci-.  i.  lili.  vii.  cap.  vii.  I!i  frrcui'c,  mostly  iiniiii|M>i  tiiut,  to 
t'lr  <1iiiii,u'-<<>f  Oj<  i];v  mil  Xiriu  .si  iii:iy  In!  f.'.iiul  in  Ji'aiiiiisio,  Wu^rii,  iii.  IS-"J'J; 
Ji'iiJi'i-fi'  Xiir.  I'o//..  xviii.  \ix.;  I>i>l'<'ii''<  fmni.  Mi  r.aii  I  l'<ri!,',\l  'X^;  Mvntn- 
ii.c.  X'liuir.'  I  IVy /•>/,/,  (i.'-t(."i;  Miti-rft,  l'c.7.  ilmni  I' A  mi  ri'/iif  ('int.,  ii.  ."ilHt  I; 
J.ahfir/ir,  .Uirii/i^.iK.  l(!!)-SI:  itiil'ii/'itAin.^  r>-()7,  ."!»7;  Mitrrh  y  l.nhnr'^,  Mn- 
riiiil  iltjtilHiiln,  i.  WM—UYl:  .linni  (I  III  I  /  '/I  III,  I  (.//.,  i.  '.II;  A''ii-^fii.  ('nmin'inl.  Il'i<t. 
X  1^1  r  I  (irniiiiifit,  '^li-'M;  /iiiiisnl,  lli.'-t.  ('Iii/it/Hi,  \(i',);  Ani/iii/ui/it,  Xiir.,  4-'>; 
yinir  !!■  A II.  ill  i  I'd//.,  c\lviii.  7  I'h  /'".''!/,  /■'■'"iiiii'  /fii<t.  Am.,  i.  (T>  '\, ',',']- 
7.");  //i I/ik'  Simii.  ('oni/.,  i.  'JIl.")-,'};! 4;  d'unlnii'M  J/isf.  .)/«..  ii.  (»•_'  7-';  llnhii-*' 
Aiiiiiil-i  A  III.,  i.  'J;i-r>tl;  l.ihiiiiir',-1  llisl.  Iiinnn-.,  ii,  ,'{7 -K*;  dmyil'Z  Ihnila, 
Tiitlro  K''l''n.,  ii.  .')7;  (^'utiilfdin,  \'iilii<,  'Vit^a'Siinv/.,'  1  IH,  nnil  '  I'lZiirpi.'I'J- 
4;{;  ^:<|l''lll.^o)l'.^^  A'-rl.  Di-riii:  in  ]\i si,  171-<l,-|;  S.A,ii.niiil  .Mi-x.,  i.  I'JH; 
Siinii'ti  nn  Am.,  70-1;  /'oliir/inii'.^  //'"I.  .im.,  i.  I'.ll-!).");  Irnn<jA  I'l  I.,  iii.  (it»- 
1:11  ;  /i'h.""!' //'.•<  //m/,  ,!»».,  i.  4.'t-S;  /h-nl.r'n  ]'ii;/.,  l.'i.V.^S;  l.oinloil.  di'ivj.  Siv., 
J'liii:,  y.\ii\.  17!';  Ihi  I'lri-'m;  (liii.  Hixt.  Vni/.,  110  i;{;  /'hiirm  ;i  OnlliU'i, 
]'itrinir^  //w/rr.i,  ■'uJ-lil;  Jii'inoili,  JUkI.  Minn/)  Xmro,  .■?(!-17;  MmrUi,  Fn-ii 
X'ori  Orlii-i,  It;  JliL-^liilif,  liij'itrmnriiiii,  in  I'lir/uro  inxA  Ciirilniri-,  < '»!.  Pur., 
ii.  4:{;);  Ih-cailaK,  in  /'<(<•.'(  rro  n  nil  < 'unli 'ini,  Cul.  I>or.,  viii.  It;  Misii  ;/  /.com- 
yiii.  II'ikI.  Am.,  I.  S.ViSO;  'J'oiiroii,  lli.sl.  (nn.  Am.,  i.  'J7."i-87;  Lnlliimul, 
liiKiltkiite,  i.  '22. 

]ii  my  MliIioi'r.TjiIiifal  notii'os  tlins  far  I  have  hail  occasion  ti)  niak''  in'ii- 
ti"n  more  ]iarti('iilaiiy  of  ori,.;iiial  ('I'cuincnt.s  rcffirinu'  <o  iniliviiiiial  cpisiwlis. 
1  will  now  say  a  fi'w  words  L'oncfrninj;  llu'  early  chronielers,  Ija.sl'asji.M,  Ovii'iln, 
iVter  Martyr,  anil  (loniara,  ami  of  tin-  later  and  more  general  writer,  liii- 
j'lra.  On  tliesc,  the  i-ormr-stoiii's  of  early  Spanish  Amerieun  unnal'-,  the 
fiibrifs  of  all  who  follow  tlii-iu  must  forever  rest. 


THE  WniTINTS  OF  LA>;  TA^AS. 


nni 


TIic  lives  (if  T«i'j  C;i.sa.i  iiml  Ovictlo  cinistitiito  in  thcniKclvoH  no  small  jwir- 
tiniH  tif  their  rcsiK'i'tivo  lii.iti)rif!».  ]V>;Ii  imiiio  Id  tlio  N'lW  World,  iiinl  t';ii-!i 
tiKik  an  uctivo ami  |iroiiii:i('iit  i>.irt  4ii  iiv.'.'V  i>f  tin-  iiiattor.) nf  uliii  !i  he  wrutr. 
Thiy  \vi;ro  nearly  of  uii  u;4o;  tlio  u,..  i-  1..  iu;^  l»oni  iit  Sivillo  iti  1171,  a:iil 
tlu'  latterat  Mailri.l  in  1  ITS;  but  Ovioilm.  '  nut  i-oiiic  fo  Aiiii'rit'.i  until  l.'il  1, 
Ijciiij,'  wiili  IVdraiiiw  Piivilawhi-n  lie  wriit  lo  j;«)Vcrn  Ha:  ion,  while  I^is  Casus 
tiioli  lip  his  re.siilenee  uiiiler  Ovnniio  at  lv;i>a."iiilii  in  l-'O^J.  'l^'^  ('a.-^ai  was  an 
ri'el("»i;i.stie  whoso  liio  wa^i  ilovoteil  t'l  iMfii^'iiiliiig  the  Indian.'^,  and  ho  ilid  ip^t 
have  Aineriea  for  tho  Liiit  lime  nntil  ITitT,  after  half  u  eentiiry  of  nio.t  l.n- 
iiiaiie  Mcrvieo  ;  Oviedo  wa.i  a  eavulier  who  i;ouL;ht  to  hotter  hi<  hrolit  n  forlmi'S 
ly  ehiaiuing  throii;;!i  his  iii!!ucuou  ut  court  the  ollieo  of  ;•.(•(/((/•  </.■  /a.-  '  ■.  //■ 
cloitr.i  till  viode  la  Ticrrn  I'innc,  suporvi.sur  of  gold-melt  in;,  for  Tierra  FiiiH'  . 
wl:ii  !>  olik'o  lie  held  tliroiiglioiit  hi.i  eomnilion  with  tlie  aliaira  of  tho  I'niiii* 
ttiutal  Indies  until  XWol.  IJolh  wore  inilueiui.il  men  at  eonrt,  Lji3  LiWJW 
lii'in;^  i|nito  iutiniato  with  young  Charles,  while  Oviedo  had  ber.u  ..Mno  tU 
oim'tni,  w  jia;^o  to  I'linoc  Juan.  IJotli  madi'  fivi[neiit  trij.s  lietween  Spai  i 
iinil  .iiiu'rieu;  Oviedo    "osdod  tho  Atlantic!  twelve  liiiie',  Ivii  C'ruiiid  even  iii";-. . 

I«i:«  Cutjis  wab  .V  u:  io  au  annulist  M^  lio  wa:i  refi  nier.  lliji  gruatcst  "  .^rli, 
lli<l'iii(i,  lie  l(t.^  Indinti,  was  heguii  in  iii-j  lifty-third  y>'ar,  x\\\>\  eoni,>let,e<l  iji 
l.Vil,  li\-  ^ours  beforo  hi.)  deaili.  It  w:i.<  (\t4ii'i\el^  eojiied  all  I  u.'^t  il  ii 
iiiauii.xcript,  but  was  not  I'rintid  uniii  i,.7">  Ti.  'l'hoU;,'h  con.'iistiiig  of  ti,o 
Viiluiiies,  it  ooinpvi.seM  but  (hive  dieai'ei,  or  InKiks,  and  brins^H  the  liistory  <f 
tho  New  World  down  only  to  !.",_';).  It  was  tho  iiut!ior'.-i  original  iiitenti'Mi  t.» 
have  eoiuimied  liis  work  tlmmgll  six  deeadi'.s,  wLi^h  would  liavc  bron;;Iit  it 
ilmvii  to  l.')JO,  and  lanieo  have  iueliided  hi.i  impoilant  exjierienees  in  (luatv- 
lUida,  Cliiaiias,iiii.l  Mexico.  Next  t.)  tho  genelal  hi.-loiy  of  tho  IndieH  f.t.iii.U 
tlie  A/iijIui/i'llca  nUtoriit,  comprising  a  description  of  the  country  and  the  eus- 
lonn  of  the  iieople,  and  written  to  ilefeiid  tho  natives  ni;;iinst  tho  accusation 
tliat  tliey  lacUeil  .sy.-ti'ui  in  their  .soeieliei,  not  having  iia  .on  to  jjovern  tlie;'i- 
selvus.  liio  tirat  printed  work  waa  i;;sued  in  Mexico  in  l.">4tJ;  it  wu.s  entitled 
t'ltnnoiirro  S^.trl'iidl,  and  wai  dedicateil  to  Iii.diop  Zuui.irraga.  At  .'•■oville,  i:i 
I.mJ,  was  publijiied,  in  one  volimio  llo,  lIixriMiua  ril<ic:oii  (/c  At  (!•  .itruccidii  i!i 
Im  liidiits  Occidi lUidiK,  and  other  trjiets  of  a  similar  nature;  nueh  a.s  his  Con- 
tiiivei.xy  with  .Scpi'il veda ;  his  Tliirty  IVopo.-^it ion.i ;  llcineiliea  for  the  Kofonna- 
tiiMi  (if  ladies;  liules  for  Confes.soni;  a  treatise  proving  the  .sovereign  eliipiro 
ami  universiil  authority  which  tho  Kingn  of  Caylilo  and  Leon  have  ovi  r  thu 
Imlicy,  etc.  Tliij  collection  wa;i  put  in  print  in  I^itin,  Fivneli,  Italian,  <!c'!-- 
iiian,  aud  Dutch,  sonio  of  tin;  translations  a)ipc;irii.g  in  ;evii-al  cditi.u; s.  TI:ii 
C>utiMver\v  with  Sopulveda  Wiw  i.vsiu  1  Kcparaiely.  ,Tiian  An'onio  Llorcnto 
I>;iii;ed  iit  I'ari.i  in  IS'JJ  a  (  \>l,irii»i  d.-  li.^  l)lirm  dd  Oltis/in  il,-  ('hUt,"i,  '2  vol;. 
>Sv(>,  wlilcli  wu.i  publi^slicd  the  same  year  in  French,  under  title  of  C^unv-i  d« 
Ikm  U'lrtiiikmi  de  ^^^  Ct.sif.s'.  The  collection  eoinpri.^e:<  Kcvei-al  of  hi ;  lc,-.<  im- 
pDi'taiit  work.s;  tho  French  transhuiim  is  remarkably  frfi\  (lio  author  bei:ig 
ut  times  ipiite  lost  bight  of,  and  M-ver.il  new  pieces  of  doubtful  origin  aro 
ailili'd.  As  a  writer,  I,;ih  Casas  is  honest,  earnest,  and  nli.ible,  except  \(  iiero 
lii-i  nalnisia.sm  gets  tho  better  of  lii;n.  Ills  Icarmd  op[ioiieiit  and  are'i. 
i;nMi;y,  Sejiiilvoda,  pronounces  bim  most  subtle,  mo.t  vigilant,  and  iiio.t 
llutiii,  Compared  wiiii  wlioin  the  r!y..,ses  of  lloiiier  was  inert  and  .stuttrriiij. 


I 


310 


COLONIZATION  OF  TIERRA  FIR^IE. 


He  MVts  not  only  !i  thorn  in  tlio  flcsli  of  tvil-ildors,  l)iit  ]>y  liis  l1Cl•.si^!tr•nt  nnil 
Ptinu'ing  ctrrontcry  lie  (iftcn  rNa.-pciatcd  unh\  and  licncvoli'nt  men.  ]]iit  what- 
ever his  enemies  may  say  of  liini,  and  they  arc  neither  few  nor  Bih'iit,  tiiu-  it 
is  tliat  of  all  the  men  m  ho  oanii!  to  the  Indiu.s  he  almost  alone  leaves  thu  I'lir. 
nace  with  no  .smell  of  lire  upon  him. 

<  ionzalo  Fernandez  de  Oviedo  y  Valdi's  wa.s  of  the  noble  family  of  Oviedo 
in  .V  turias.     In  t'arly  childhood,  heforo  enterint^  the  .service  of  I'rineo  .fiian, 
he  was  with  fcho  dulce  of  \"illa  Ifcrmosa.    AVhile  watching  the  fall  of  (Jranmla 
he  met  Colmubus,  and  afterward  witnessed  his  triumph  at  Barcelona.     After 
tlio  ileath  of  his  young  master  in  14'J7,  who  Ln  fact  was  of  his  own  .".ge,  Ovicilo 
went  to  Italy,  where  art  and  science  w  ere  enlivened  hy  war,  serving  imdi  i' 
Frcdcrieo  of  Naples,  and  sometimes  jcweldceeper  to  Queen  Juana.     Married 
•  t  Madrid,  in  loO'J,  to  the  beautiful  Margarita  deVergara,  whom  he  lost  in 
ehildiiirtli  ten  months  after,  he  plunged  into  the  excitement  of  war,  serviii:^' 
ii.s  secretary  to  Cordoba  in  the  French  campaign.     Marrying  again,  hv  hov- 
ered about  the  eoui't  until,  in  his  thirty-.si.xth  year,  his  dwindling  fortunes 
sent  him  with  I'edrarias  to  Darien,  in  tlie  capacity  before  .ncntioned.     His 
doings  there  will  be  told  in  the  text  of  this  histoiy ;  snfllce  it  to  say  here  that 
mo.st  of  his  time  there  was  spent  in  broils  with  the  governor,  beside  wliiili 
he  had  to  endure  the  lo.?s  of  his  wife  and  child,  impri.sonnient,  and  the  dan- 
gerous wound  of  an  assassin's  knife.     ]Uit,  obtaining  at  la.^t  the  appointment 
of  I'cdro  do  los  Rit)s  in  place  of  Pedrari.as,  ami  for  himself  the  goveniorsiiip 
of  Cartagena,  which  office,  however,  he  never  exercised,  after  three  years' 
further  residence  in  Ticrra  I'irme,  this  time  in  Nicaragua,  he  rcturneil  to 
Spain  in  1330,  spent  two  ye>ars  in  arranging  his  notes,  resigneel  his  vcnl'irii, 
mill  received  the  appointment  of  CrouUta  iji-ncral  de  Iiid'ias.     In  the  autuinu 
of  l.").'>2  ho  went  to  Santo  Domingo,  and  altliough  appointed  the  followin:' 
year  aloaido    of  the  fortri'SS  of  Santo  Domingo,  the  remainder  of  liis  lifi; 
was   passed   eluelly  in  literary  work.     After  an  eventful    life  of  se\crity- 
nine  years  he  died  at  ^'aUad(did  in  I.')."i7,  while  engaged  in  the  prejiani- 
tiou  for  tlie  press  of  the  un}iublishcd  portion  of  hi.s  history.     Throughout 
the  whide  of  his  cai'cer  Oviedo  seems  to  have  dc\-oli:d  every  spare  moment 
to  writing.     I'^ven  before  he  was  appointed  royal  chronicler  he  was  an  iiide- 
fiitigablr  collector  f){  material,     lie  was  well  ac(|uainteil  wit'.i  the  proudnent 
j.'rsiins  of  his  1ini<',  and  few  exiiedilions  were  made  without  adding  to  !iis 
store.     A\'a!it  of  discrimination  in  the  use  of  authorities  is  mori'  prominent  in 
l.ie  writings  than  want  of  authorities.     Of  twelve  literary  cH'orts  but  >  ne, 
bc'sicic  those  relating  to  i\merica,  found  its  way  into  print.     He  fnruud  l!ni 
]>!an  of  writing  about  the  New  Worhl  long  before  lie  (irst  crossed  the  o'eaii, 
nml  actually  began  his  history,  aci'ording  to  .Tosi'  .\inador  de  los  liios,  bi  t  iie 
lillit,  keeping  open  the  general  divisions  for  additions  to  the  day  of  hisd.nlli. 
After  his  ivturn  from  the  sceon<l  voyage  to  Darien  he  wrote  at  tlie  re(pie-t  "f 
the  Iving,  and  chiclly  from  memory,  as  his  notes  were  at  Santo  DimiiiiL'",  /'? 
/'/  Xillliral  Jfi/nlorhi  tlv  A(<  linliif,  printed  at  Tole(h)  in  l.l'Jd.     Tliis  work  was 
rc]inl)lished  by  Tiarcia,  Nisf(iri<iilfiri'.-<  J^-lniifiro.-:,  i.,  trandatecl  into  ltali;in  !•>' 
Ramusio,  Vinij'j!.  iii.,and  garbleil  by  Rin'clias  in  lll^  Piljrimi  :t,  iv.  .".     Tin-,  it 
inusl  lie  borne  in  mind,  is  totally  distinct  from  the  llistorhi  (Ivufi'id  >i  S''  •'- ' 
t/c  Lis  Itidhts,  Lda.i  ij  Turra-Finnc  dd  .!/((/•  Ociaiio,  por  d  L'ai>'duu  (.v'.vdj 


i\  f 


CONZALO  FEnXAXDEZ  DE  OVIEDO  Y  VALPKS. 


311 


persistent  mii'1 
?n.  But  wlmt- 
•  silent,  tnir  it 
leaves  the  iui- 

mily  of  Ovicl .) 
if  Prince  Jiiaii, 
fall  of  Oni!i;;a  i 
i-celuna.     Ai'tir 
wni'.ge,  Ovif.lu 
,  serviu'^  utiili  :• 
nana.     Manii.l 
i-hom  he  list  in 
of  war,  siTvin^ 
airain,  he  Imv- 
mlling  fortniKS 
ientione<l.     Hi^ 
to  pay  here  that 
ir,  hesitle  whi'  ii 
it,  anil  the  ilau- 
Llie  upliointliu  lit 
he  governoi^liip 
[ter  three  ye:ir.->' 
he  retnnuil  to 
led  his  fcidiirii, 
Til  the  autiiiim 
,1  the  followin;.: 
n.lcr  of  hi-s  hf'-' 
llife  of  seventy- 
ill  the  iniputa- 
|-y.     Tliroii,:^htmt 
V  sjiare  ni'i!u>i.t 
he  was  an  iii'l>'- 
Ih  the  proniiniat 
t,  a.hliii;,'  t..  hi.-' 
)!■,■  ^innniii'  '■'  i" 
etlorts  hut  "11^^^. 
lie  forine.l  tlio 
•ossed  the  (">iaii, 
losliio.i,  hrf.n! 
Ilayef  hii^ilratli. 
t  the  re(iur-i  "f 
;t.)l)oiniiv.'".  I'« 
Thi.^  wni'k  «as 
into  Itali;!!!  l.y 
iv.  5.     This  it 

[■infill  H  X'"'''''' 


J'i  rnniid'Z  de  Ovk'ihi  y  Vnlilrx,  primer  cronlxld  dd  Xmro  Mundc,  an<l  wliieh 
a!. me  ailtnits  tlie  autiior  to  the  first  rank  as  a  liistorian.  The  ( letieral  History 
\vas  originally  iliviiled  into  three  ])arts,  eontainiii';  in  all  fifty  hooks.  The  first 
palt.coniprisingnineteeii  hooks,  with  the  prefaeeand  ti'U  ehaptersof  the  liftietli 
hijok— not  "JO,  L'l,  or  '11  hooks  as  ditl'erent  liil)liographers  stale — was  puMished 
(iiiving  tlie  author's  life  at  Seville  in  XoXt,  under  the  titlj  I/istitrla  General, 
etc.,  and  repuhlislied  at  Salamanca  in  l.")47  as  ir>i''t(iriii  (7' ncnd.  This  rare 
issue  eontauia  in  several  plaeea  a  few  eohnnns  of  additional  matter  which 
have  not  escaped  my  attention.  An  Italian  version  <jf  the  .same  part.s  was 
]iulilislied  hy  Kamusio  in  his  Vinj'ji,  iii.;  t'.j  first  ten  books  were  trans- 
lated into  French  and  pul)lished  as  llisloU-i'  Nutunilt:,  etc.,  I'aris,  I.mO;  tlio 
twentieth  hook,  or  the  first  of  the  second  part,  was  puVdished  separately  at 
A'alladolid  in  \')'u  as  l.ihro  XX.,  etc.  Tliiiteen  chapters  of  F.ook  .\i.ll.,  re- 
hitiag  to  Nicaragua,  were  published  in  French  hy  'J'ernaux-L'onipaiis,  J/is/ijire 
dii  yii-nrnjiiii,  in  his  second  series  of  Voyages,  iii.,  I'aris,  1840.  Finally,  tlie 
li;'ty  liooks  conqilete  were  beautifully  and  accurately  jtiintol  at  Madrid  iu 
four  'olio  volumes,  with  plates,  l)y  tiie  lU'al  Acadeniia  dc  la  llistoria  in  Is.'il- 
r>.').  The  editor,  .Tosii  .iVinador  dc  los  Ivios,  gives  in  an  introduction  the  be^t 
notice  of  tlie  life  and  writings  of  tlie  autlioi-  extant.  Ovicdo  was  not  a  learned 
man  like  I'eter  ^lartyr,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  a  fuitlur  insight  into  the  books 
1)1  the  day  Mould  have  made  him  any  v.iser;  yet  a  man  who  eould  dicUito 
the  natural  hi.story  of  a  new  iMnintry  without  his  notes  cannot  be  called  illit- 
erate. He  knew  Latin  and  the  modern  languages;  but  his  familiarity  with 
batiu  was  not  sullicicut  to  prevent  an  uniilca.sant  parade  of  it.  Xor  did  ho 
]«wscss  the  genius  or  i)ra(,'tical  sagacity  of  LasCasas;  yet  his  extraordinary 
ei»portunities  were  not  wholly  wasted,  nor  did  life  at  court,  i)olitical  i|u;ii'rels, 
or  gold-gathering  at  any  time  wholly  stifle  his  ambition  to  .'lehieve  the  useful 
iii  letters.  Ovicdo  was  a  fair  example  of  tln'  higher  type  of  S^iaiii.ird  of  that 
(lay;  he  was  intelligent,  energetic,  brave;  but  old,  iinseruiiuious,  and  cruel. 
And  this  is  true,  without  going  full  length  with  Las  Casas  in  his  fiery  fanati- 
ci:,iii  wlicn  he  says: — "Ovicdo  .should  regret  what  he  has  written  of  the  In- 
dians; he  has  borne  false  witness  against  thcni ;  and  has  calumniated  them  in 
tveiy  waj'....IIo  should  have  inscribed  on  his  title-page,  'This  boijk  w.m 
viitten  ))y  a  conqueror,  robber,  and  murderer  of  the  Indians,  whole  popula- 
tions of  whom  he  consigned  to  the  mines,  Mliere  they  perished  "...  .His  work 
is  as  full  of  lies  as  of  pages."  To  which  sentiment  I  by  no  means  subsorilie. 
I'lohahly  no  kind  of  work,  hciwevi-r  thoroughly  and  conscientiously  done,  is 
more  open  to  eritici.sni,  is  moiy,  c'ertaiu  to  in'  criticised  on  every  side,  tliaii  cxin- 
ti  iiiporuncous  history  from  fajts  for  the  first  time  gathere<l,  and  from  many 
uud  eoiiilieting  witnesses.  Ternaux-Coiiipans  says  well:— "Oviedo  u'est  jiaa 
exempt  des  prejuges  do  son  temjjs  contre  les  Indiens,  maisapres  tout,  eo  (ju'il 
lilt  sc  i'ap[)roehi^  [plus  de  la  verito  <jue  les  peintures  f:uita.stii|Ui's  de  I'cveipio 
lie  (lii:ii>a,  (jui  veutretrouverrageirormeme  eliez  les  nations  les  plus  fi'ioces."' 
b"tii  of  tliese  authors,  Ijis  Oisas  and  Oviedo,  wrote  in  the  heat  of  the  en- 
tligrnieiit  of  the  abnorm;il  and  ill-iuidersto(jil  s 'cnes  jiassiiig  r.inler  tiieir  im- 
m<'li:ite  notice.  ^Vllat  tliey  wrote  was  certainly  true  to  them  ;  it  is  our  busi- 
ness to  a  iKilyze  and  sift,  anil  make  tlicir  records  true  tons,  lii  the --howy 
crilicioiiid  of  these  and  a  kiodrcd  class  of  authors  we  sec  generally  somtlhing 


H 


312 


COLOXIZATIOX  OF  TIEr.nA  Fin^IE, 


liroti'jlit  in  filiout  stylo  and  nrrnn','cniriit.  Tlii^  Inttcr  is  .■ihvny  l)ail,  .iiil  ;!  i 
indi'x  vorso  tliaii  ii'inc;  but  critics  sliouM  find  snnictliin^'  Ix  ttcr  to  do  tli.ni 
tind  fiinlt  witli  luc  wonls  and  th(ur  aiTangcnu.'ut  of  the!<c  (Jcl  (i;^liting  tlnnn. 
iclcrs.  (Jf  counso  their  style  is  bad,  altoniinablc;  but  who  cares  for  stylr  la 
thcin  ?  One  wants  imly  thi;  facts.  Tin  ir  books  am  not  made  to  be  read,  I.  t 
to  bo  used.  Ilios  seem;'  tocntcrtaiu  a  jirojicr  appreciation  of  tlic  matter  \\  In  :i 
ke  writes: — "  Mas  ya  fuera  porqnc  procura.ic  dar  A  bu  icctura  aquclla  divi  :•■ 
si  lad,  tiuitas  voces  por  I'l  apctccida,  ya  ponjue  laniiNrna  fati^'ae  irregnlari  l.i  I 
con  ([uc  leciliia  los  datos,  lo  inipidiexc  sonictcrlos  ;'i  uu  plan  nicduro  t'  iui^'ii  r- 
able ;  es  lo  cierto  (juc  la  critiea  dc  nucstros  dins,  al  par  quo  aprccia  y  agra'^co 
tan  intcresantrs  infiuisicioncs,  prlia  de  inciios  eiert.i  cohesion  y  armoiiia  en  '  i 
cxpcsiciou  dc  las  cor>tuni1)res  de  los  indiop,  no  hallando  mayor  enlace  rii  !,i 
narmcion  dc  los  deacubrimientos  y  conquiatas,  que  ni  so  rc'icrcn  sicmprc  i  :\ 
(irden  crono]i'i;';ico,  ni  j.'uurdan  entrc  si  la  co;ivcnicnto  relacion  para  que  pm  .i 
eomprenilerse  sin  dilicultad  sn  inlliicncia  rcciproca." 

While  the  Tr(!tector  of  tlu;  Indians  and  the  First  Chronicler  of  t!io  Xm* 
World  were  tlnis  pithei-ing  and  ri'cor'liii;^  historical  data  in  the  rcvei.d  ji.r  m 
of  America,  one  of  the  most  learned  men  of  I^irope,  I'ietro  JJarlirc  dWn- 
ghicra,  or  latiiii/cd  Angleriiis,  eomnioidy  called  I'eter  Mai'tyr,  was  collcclln,' 
t;iniilar  faits  in  Spain,  and  recoriliii;j;  them,  copiously  diluted  wiili  the  p!  - 
losopliy  of  tlie  <lay,  in  llie  form  of  ten-year  epochs,  constituting  i:i  the  en!  a 
series  of  d<.'c:ides.  The  duchy  of  Miliii  Mas  the  early  homo  of  this  chr.M- 
icier,  an<l  M.">7  the  year  of  his  birth.  Ilis  family  was  of  nubln  de^iccnt,  :ii.  1 
ori.-rinally  of  Anghiera.  GoiiiL;  to  Home  in  !  177  to  finish  Jiis  c<lucatii)n,  ]\ 
became  so  conspicuons  for  Icarniu'j;  and  cloquenie  that  ten  ycara  later  t'lo 
Spanisli  nndiassador  invited  him  to  try  his  fortune  at  the  court  of  the  Rpa-.u  Ii 
Kovcrei  ;m.  I'.y  them  he  was  graciously  received,  especially  by  Isjibella,  v. !  > 
wisjied  to  occupy  him  in  the  instruction  of  the  young  nobles  of  Castile,  'i'l.e 
iirdent  It:\lian  must  have  a  taste  of  war,  however,  before  settling  into  pcriiui- 
nent  8a;;edom;  .so  he  fouf;lit  bcfori;  I'aiM,  and  laid  not  down  Ihoisword  till  t'.e 
city  of  the  Alhambra  fell.  Tlien  ho  liecameapiicst,  and  turned  toward  p  ..- 
suits  moro  in  kt^cping  with  his  natural  bent  and  erudition,  lie  ojwncd  vari.i.i 
schools  of  learinng,  wliich  youth  of  quality  made  it  the  fashion  to  atteii  1. 
llaviui;  risen  into  hi;jli  coiiaid(Tatiou  at  court,  in  l.'Ol  ho  was  sent  by  ilis 
erowu  on  missions  to  Venice  and  Cairo,  in  vhich  ho  acquitted  himself  crci',!:- 
ably, and  wrote  on  his  return  the  Do  f,fij'tlionc  /jofi'ilonicil,  an  account  of  Lfi.v  •  r 
1'1^'ypt  in  tlneo  books.  On  Ferdinand'ii  death  he  was  appoiutcd  by  Jir.ie:;i /. 
ninba.ssa.lor  to  the  Sultan  Sclim,  but  refused  tho  honor  on  account  (if  !.;j 
age  J  and  afterward  hi;  did  not  tind  Charles  lens  inclined  to  aclcnowlc'''  u 
his  merits.  During  the  tlnvc  years  following  his  return  from  IC/ypt  1  i 
wan  nppointc.l  prior  of  the  cathedral  of  Granada,  and  by  tlio  popo  apo  t-  1  j 
prothnnotury,  and  in  lolS  ho  took  hi.'j  neat  in  tho  Council  of  tlic  Lu'.i'  . 
His  life  was  <uio  of  rare  industry,  iu  whi>h  ho  gat'  •  red  and  disncmiii'.  1 
nmeh  l;!!owle<lge,  and  which  gained  him  t!ie  rcppect  of  priniion;  his  d.,:.'i 
oceini-ed  iu  l."i'2(i,  in  tho  (iOtli  ye.ir  of  his  age,  and  lie  was  buiic<l  in  hi)  catln  • 
dral  at  ('I'linnda,  Teter  Martyr  is  tlie  author  of  at,  U'ast  two  grcrit  worl.s 
viewed  hi.-lorically.  'J'li'V  are  written  iu  Latin,  of  anything  but  (.'iceroui:  a 
ring,  for  patristic  is  to  the  patrician  Latin  us  the  '  Frcucho  of  .Stratford  a;  J 


PETER  MAETVr.S  WORKS. 


817 


Triwo'  is  to  tlic  Froncli  of  Purin.  Of  tlip«p  liis  two  not.ililo  \vovhs  tlif^  rliiof 
i^  l>o.  Orlie  Xoro,  an  account  (if  tlio  \cw  WorM  and  its  wonders,  in  ci'^lit  de- 
lailps,  or  iioolis.  Tiic  first,  ami  tlii'  first  tlirco,  of  tlicso  dccailca  were  pnl)li:;lic;l 
at  dilfcrcnt  times  dr.rin;^  tiie  autlior's  life,  l)iit  llio  oiijht  dc<'adcH  comiilctc  <lid 
not  appear  before  l.'jIJO,  wlien  they  were  printed  at  Akal:i  nndcr  the  title  /'« 
drhi'  A'oi'o  Petri  Marlt/rin  ah  An;il  lia  }fciVo1iine»fi'is  Prolnuolnrii  (^(C^'irif  ni'ii- 
alorhdiroilv-t.  Three  of  tlie  decades  trrinshitcd  into  En_'lish  liy  R-  Eden  wero 
]irintcd  in  I.mo,  and  reprinted  in  l.")77,  with  anotlicr  decado  adilcl  Uy  W. 
Willes.  Tiie  liest  complete  edition  of  the  ci;^ht  decades,  in  their  original  I^atin, 
iicNt  appeared  in  rari«,  puljli;  hed  by  R.  Ila'diiyt,  l."S7.  Inilced,  l>cside  tiio 
edition  of  ITjSO,  this  is  the  only  complete  oriijinal  edition  of  tlie  I'c  (h'lC  A'o''). 
In  \CA1  appeared  the  work  entire  in  Kn,i;li.sli,  tho  rosiilt  of  tlic  'Indiistrio 
and  pain'  full  Traiiaile  of  M.  Lok  Oent.'  This  has  been  iiiehided  iv.  a  supple- 
iiient  to  J/tilhii/t'.i  Vo;i't;i'.'',  Loni'ion,  ISI'J.  IVside  these  important  editions, 
]>,irtial  translations,  extracts,  and  compilations  have  appeared  iit  various 
limes  an'l  in  various  languages.  In  I'i'M,  at  Venice,  in  Ita'.ian,  were  pub- 
lidii'd,  in  thrae  several  parts,  summaries  of  tho  history  of  tho  Inriea  tahen 
from  Peter  Martyr,  Oviedo,  and  others.  The  other  of  the  two  works  alhidi  d 
to  is  a  collection  of  Peter  Martyr's  letters,  in  Latin,  which  Inini  wiili  noticci 
of  contemporary  events,  and  run  from  IISS  to  his  <leath.  Two  e(lition(ot 
these  collected  letters  were  piiblished,  the  lirst  at  Alcah'i  in  l.;.';i>,  the  ;  rc(»nd 
at  Amsterdam,  by  tho  El:;evirs,  in  lliTO.  The  title  runs  thus — Opiia  KjiUIg' 
(■iriiiii,  Petri  Martifrin  Aii'jlir'd  Miilhjhinmsli,  etc.;  a  tran-ilation  i>f  the  letters 
has  never  been  indilished.  So  confused,  misdateil,  and  interposed  are  t!:o 
epistles  that  llallam  exi)ressed  his  disbelief  in  any  conncetiin  whatever  In  • 
t'.veen  actual  ai.d  ostensible  dates  and  servi-je.  liut  the  /' •  drlic  Xoro  may 
he  rc^rardcd  C(pinl  in  authority  to  the  relations  of  the  eye-witnesses  Las  Casas 
and  Oviedo.  Peter  Martyr  was  the  first  of  iho  chroniclers  to  write  and  ti^ 
]>ub!i-h  on  the  New  \A'orld,  his  decades  bejinnin;;  to  appear  about  the  timo 
Oviedo  first  went  to  the  Inilies.  I'nmediately  Culuudms  set  foot  on  shore,  on 
Ins  return  from  the  lirst  voya'^i;,  the  elofjuent  and  philosophic  ficholar  begani 
to  (piestion  him  and  those  who  came  with  him,  and  to  write,  and  ho  never 
eeaned  wii'ing  until  death  stopped  him.  There  was  t:o  much  fur  a  man  of  hi>i 
niiud  to  thiidi  and  talk  about.  For  a  time  after  this  nuM-vellous  discovery  tho 
li'-irned  and  intellijjently  curious  lived  in  a  ferment  concernin;,'  it.  It  was  to 
i-ii'necxtcnt  the  revolutionizing  of  scieneenn  1  plulesophy.  The  linesi.f  tradi- 
tion were  .-.napped;  the  co-mos  luid  lost  its  eonlinuity.  I'etcr  Martyr,  rv 
^rvnvc  man  of  broad  and  deep  capabilities;  well  situated  for  procurim;  in« 
I'irnintion,  meclin;^  daily,  many  of  them  at  his  own  tatdo,  tho;o  w ho  had  re« 
tui-ned  from  tho  Indies — discoverers,  eoiKpierora,  explorers,  F.ailors,  priests, 
iiud  cavaliers  —having  access  to  tho  oflieial  letters,  diaries,  charts,  uiid  rehi- 
linns  of  these  men,  his  aci-outit,  I  nay,  should  be  as  rcdii.blo  .-iud  as  valmdilu 
(n  that  of  one  who  had  actually  inin;,'!ed  in  tho  scenes  deiicribed.  In  sonio 
1'  pects  it  Blionld  bo  more  so,  able  as  he  was  to  eec  with  a  hundred  eyes 
iiiteail  of  two,  and  to  dotermino  disputes  more  coolly  and  equitably.  It 
i-'  true  his  records  are  marred  iiy  tho  ha;  le  with  v.Mrh  they  were  written, 
ii!id  l)y  the"ndniittid  lack  of  eorrc'tion  or  rivi-.iin  by  tlie  author ;  order  ami 
li!'  ihixl  ar«  nowhere  present  ;  mistakes  ami  enntiadi 'tions  are  fivipuut,    Ihit 


t   ! 


I 


314 


COLONIZATION  OF  1  lEKRA  FIRME. 


H- 


wc  havp  tlio  raw  material,  wliirli  is  far  licttiT  tlinii  any  <'liilioralioii.     Las 
(Vsaa  waa  tlic  first  of  thu  chroniclers  to  visit  the  Indies,  and  tlio  last  of  tho 
three  thus  far  named  to  ho^'iii  to  write  and  piihlisli  history,  whirli  was  in 
1  ")5'2.     Ovicilo  bej,'an  to  write  at  ah.mt  the  date  the  history  of  l^is  (,'a^as  ter- 
minates.    It  was  f(jur  yeans  after  the  death  of  I'efer  Martyr  tliat  Oviedo  was 
.■ippointcd  official  chronicler  of  the  New  World.     The  general  relations  of  tlie 
tlirec  historians  were  antagonistic;   from  Mliicli  their  writing;,  m.'iy  all  the 
better  he  brought  to  liarinonize  witli  tnitli.     Of  the  hundreds  who  Iciveniadc 
their  critici.sms  on  the  writings  of  Peter  Martyr  I  will  mention  but  two. 
Says  Las  Casas,  J  list.  Iiid.,  i.  ',V1\    "  De  los  cuales  cerca  desta.s  prinieras  co.sas 
A  ningunose  debc  dar  m.is  fe  (juc  ;i  I'edro  Martir ;"  and  Miimo/.  ixinarks,  //|..^ 
j^'acvo  Mundo,  xiii. :  "  Mcrecc  indulgencia  por  el  candor  con  que  h)  contiesa 
todo,  por  su  ningun  afan  en  puhliear  sus  borrones,  y  principidmentc  porijue  tal 
cjual  es  la  obra  de  las  ducadaa  contieno  nnieliisimas  es  ]iei.ies  (jui!  no  .so  liallan 
tn  otra  parte  alguna,  y  cstas  escritas  con  la  conveniontc  liberUid  por  un  alitor 
coctiineo,  grave,  culto,  bien  instruido  de  los  hcchos,  y  <lc  pnjbidad  eonocida.' 
Of  much  less  importance  tliau  tlic  preceding  ai-e  the  writings  df  Franciso 
I^opez  (Joiiiara,  particularly  his  history  of  the  Indies,  mIiIcIi  is  an  iuiitatimi 
rather  than  a  genuine  original,  and  of  which  too  mucli  lias  been  made,  n^t- 
V  itiistamlin;,'  M\iuoz  pronounces  it  the  Ih'st  history  woithy  tlie  luime.     Al- 
though IcazLalcita,  a  higli  authority  on  tlie  .subject,  gives  (he  name  <;ijiuara 
or  Oi.iiiora,  with  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable  as  the  reninsular  pronuin.iu 
tiiiii,  with  the  '■emark  tliat  it  is  commonly  called  Ooniar.a  in  Mixicf),  I  \\a\o 
ILot   thought   best  to  depart  from  an  almost  univeisal   usage.     IJustani.iiito 
goes  out  of  his  way  to  signify  fiu  ucccut  where  it  would  naturally  fall,  writiiHj 
(ioniara.     Horn  in  Seville  in  l.'iIO,  of  an  illustrious  family — it  seems  excep 
tioiial  to  lind  .-niy  man  of  note  in  Spain  wjiose  family  was  not  ilhisti  ious — au  ) 
cilucated  at  the  univer.sity  of  Alcala,  he  became  {i  doctor  of  both  civil  and  c.i- 
lionical  law,  and  filled  for  a  time  tlie  chair  of  rlietoric.     From  tlio  military  lil\, 
designed  for  him  by  his  parents  he  was  driven  by  literary  tastes  into  tlie  priest- 
hood; and  in  l.")40,  tipou  the  return  of  Cortes  from  his  last  visit  to  Mexico,  In 
liecamc  chaplain  and  secretary  to  the  maniuis.     From  this  .some  have  iiit'crrni 
niul  erroneously  stated  that  he  spirit  four  years  in  America  prior  to  publish- 
ing his  liistory.     At  Saragossa  in  bVi'J-.'J  appeared  his  I.<i  llisUina  drni  ml  'I' 
las  IiiiJia.i,  in  two  folio  parts,  the  lii>t  general,  and  dealing  ciiielly  with  Peru, 
the  other  devoted  to  Mexico.     The  book  was  popuhir;    an. I   in  loJIl  fmni 
Medina  del  Canipo  issued  another  folio  edition;  and  another  from  Sanigo.^.si 
the  year  follow  iiig,  Mith  tliisdillerence  lis  to  the  last,  however,  that  its  secoml 
part  was  treated  as  a  separate  work  and  entitled  Croiiicn  ilc  la  mteim  E-^iximi  nni 
III  coiiqnhta  df  Mexico,  y  otrax  roaat  iidtidilcs:  /I'c'iii^  jiar  d  \'(diirtisi)  J/irwoni) 
Cortii,  while  the  first  part  approiniated  the  original  title  of  llUturii  (I'lia-til, 
itc.    Tlien  apiieared  an  edition  at  Antwerp,  \7mA,  and  one  in  wliii.h  tlie  .lute, 
].V)2,  is  evidently  spurious.     Tlie  author  seems  to  have  liaiidhd  govermiii'nt 
atlliirs  too  roughly;  for  in  l.")."»:t  we  lind  the  book  suppresscil  by  rojal  de'i-ec, 
wliicli,  liowcver,  was  not  fully  enforced,  and  was  revoked  in  17-t>.     P>aivi,i 
jiriutcd  a  mutilation  of  the  two  works  in  his  7/;.s7.  Prim.,  ii.,  in  171!*,  and  tliu 
two  were  ng.iiii  published,  ill  a  correct  form,  in  Jlililiolrcai/i'  Aii/'iri.<  L'.yitilok', 
Xxii.,  Madrid,  IS32.     A  somewliut  singular  case  occuricil  in  .Mexico  in  iNJti, 


COMARA  AXT)  ITERREnA. 


31.") 


vlicii  was  issued,  in  2  volunips  Svn,  IliMnrhi  dc  lis  ('oufiniiitiis  ih  IL  niando 
Ciirii'-i.,  cirrilii  < n  K-]ku'i<iI  jior  Frnnrisru  I.o/kz  ilf  (t'tiimirn,  tniiluculii  nl  Mui- 
rmin  ;/  npiohiulit  juir  vird'ut^  r<i  /mr  1>.  Junn  liaiitl-td  ilr  Sun  Anton  Mni'mn 
Cliiniii/jioin  Quiiuhtl(huaiii/:iii,  liidht  Mixionin.  Puhhlcdn  puni  hi'lnic  iun 
tlv  la  Juixii/iiil  nurlon'd,  con  rurhi.-i  iivlii  y  itdir'wm  ■■<,  Ciirlos  Jlnriu  dc  liuMa- 
viiiidv,  V  IulIi  Lciiig  iiitt-Tprctfil,  at  l)C'.-it  is  ooiifii.seil.  It  says  that  the  woik, 
vritteu  in  Spanish  by  Cioniara,  was  tiaii-lati'il  into  tli(;  Mexican  laii),'un,i.'L', 
ami  tlicTO  leaves  it.  On  tnniing  over  tlio  leaves  wo  linil  the  hxuk  juinteil  ii: 
Sjiani.ih,  and  not  in  Nalinatl,  as  we  were  led  to  .siijiiiose.  Nor  does  ii  hnu'lliv 
Jill  !;ire  liy  liiistamuutu  make  the;  matter  elear  in  every  respcet.  Turning 
t.i  (itlier  sources,  and  lij'  comparinL;  all  information,  we  liually  learn  tliat 
]')iistani;inti;  and  others  once  helieved  in  the  exi.-tenee,  somewhere,  of  a 
history  of  Mexico,  hy  the  learned  and  nolile  native  Chimalpain.  I'rohahly  it 
1  iV  hidden  in  some  one  of  the  lihraries  or  ;:overnment  otlices  about  Mexico. 
IVituriui  spoke  of  various  historical  manuscripts  written  liy  l)omin:^i)  de  .San 
Anton  Miifion  Cliimalpain,  some  in  Castilian,  and  sonic  in  Nahuatl.  Xote, 
i;i  jiassing,  the  dilFerence  in  the  name,  hero  I)omin;.'o,  and  in  the  title  Jiiau 
]'i:iiitista.  Clavigero,  Leon  I'inelo,  llcristain,  and  Antouio<le  Leon  y  Oama  also 
v,iL:\uly  mentioned  some  work  or  works  by  Chimalpain.  lUistamaute  elaime(l, 
at  lirst,  to  havo  found  the  Mexican  history  of  Chimalpain  in  manuscript, 
jiiid  ohtained  contributions  of  money  from  various  sources  to  enable  him  to 
jprint  a  translation  of  it,  with  notes.  ]>ut  before  the  ti'ansl.ition  was  fairly 
i-iued  in  .Spanish,  the  editor  was  o))liged  to  confess  himself  mistaken  as  to 
its  iH'ing  an  original  work ;  it  waa  only  Comani  rendered  into  Mexican  by  the 
Iranicd  Indian,  and  now  translated  back  iigain  into  Si)ani>h  by  liustani.'inte,  the 
t'  \t  much  marred  by  the  double  transformation,  but  enriched  by  notes  frou) 
both  editors.  There  are  men  so  uncharitable  as  to  say  that  Don  Cailos  Maiia 
]!ii-tanianti' iicvt  r  found  <'liimali)aiii's  translation,  because  Chinialinun  lU'ver 
iiiailcone.  1  do  not  know.  Any  one  of  three  or  four  u  ays  was  pcjssiblc.  liusta- 
laaiitc  may  have  found  the  alle-ed  translation  of  Chimal|>ain,  ."unl  u  hile  trans- 
l.itiiig  into  Spanish  what  he  beli<  ved  an  original  \\ork,  may  havo  discovcied  it 
1  1  111!  ( Jomara;  it  may  have  bitii  tiicu  in  type  or  printed,  or  too  far  advanc<Ml 
t  1  -^toii;  or  it  may  be  Duslamante,  iuiviug  receiv<'d  thi'  money,  felt  bound  to  l'() 
(in  w  ith  the  work,  and  concludeil  to  tiust  to  Ids  c>\vn  and  (Jhinialpaiu '-^  notes  to 
satiety  t!  '^e  'ou  erneil  and  the  public;  or  llustani^Mite  may  liavi?  pcrjietratcd 
a  delil)eL  v.  .rand.  This  la>t,  altliough  he  is  openly  accused  of  it  by  his 
(oiiitiymili  high  in  antlioiity,  I  can  Manely  lielieve  to  be  the  true  solution 
of  the  mysti'ry,  and  rather  lean  to  the  lirst  jiossibility ;  but  I  must  ray  that 
J'>ii  tamante  connuitted  a  serious  niist.ike  in  not  ailndtting  this  frankly,  if 
tiue.  (iomara's  history  was  translated  into  Italian,  and  ptiblisheil  at  ilome, 
(lie  edition,  Ito,  in  l.").').*i,  and  one  in  l.Vid;  and  at  N'enice,  one  in  Svo,  l.')li."i, 
oil''  in  Ito,  lt")(i(i,  and  in  Svo  again,  in  l.'iTf'.  Li  French,  at  I'aris,  six  editions 
iuS\o,  l.'id!),  l.")7S,  l.")S(»,  1.">S4,  I.">s7,and  1.')!I7,  the  last  five  reprints  of  the  liist, 
<  \eipt  slight  a'lgmentations  in  the  last  three.  London  furnished  an  Eiigli.--h 
ti.iiislation  by  lleniy  Uynnenian,  in  It^  in  l.'iT.S.  'J'he  in-oli.giie  warns  all 
I'l  rsoiis  against  translating  the  book  into  J^atin,  as  he  was  engagi-d  tliere;it 
himself;  but  his  J^atin  version  never  a|>piared.  (Jomiira  wrote  well.  His 
H;.  Ic  is  better  than  that  of  any  piedccc^sor ;  but  while  hia  opportunities  weio 


I 


1; 


310 


COLONIZATION  OF  TIERRA  TIRME. 


great,  for  he  hritl  ciiUinv,  Ki.siup,  nml  nccc:;.s  to  the  kiiu\vK'l,i;o  niiil  lu.iti  ri  il 
of  Curti'.s,  it  is  iKiiuliilly  ajiiiarciit  that  his  dusirc  was  grcaltr  tu  jikuse  tlic 
maater  tliiiu  to  iirusent  a  iihiiu  uiivaniLsliod  tah'. 

And  now,  ufter  a  ciiitiuy  of  wiitinj^  and  discussions,  comes  Antonio  <lo 
llcirtra  y  Tcn'dt.sillas  as  royal  liistoriograiilier  to  gather,  arrange,  and  (.'Ui- 
body  ia  one  gencnd  liistory  uU  l;no\\h'dgo  availahlc  at  that  time.  It  was  ;i 
Work  nteding  attention;  for  if  it  were  further  postponed  niueh  information 
then  ol)tainable  wouhl  lie  lost.  He  was  horn  in  Cm  liar  in  lot!),  and  although 
the  father  bore  the  name  of  'J'ordesillas  and  the  mother  of  Ikrrera,  for  tl^u 
sake  of  euphony,  dislimtion,  or  other  unknown  vagai^',  the  sou  took  the 
mane  of  Ida  mother,  a  thing  not  unusual  then  or  now  in  Spain.  At  an 
early  ago  we  tind  him  in  lt;i!y  holding  the  jiositlon  of  lieeretary  to  Vespari.mo 
(jon;uaga,  vii:eroy  of  Naples,  upon  wlioiie  death  Ib.'rrera  was  so  well  reeotii- 
niended  to  Philip  II.  that,  in  loHO,  he  was  made  chief  liistoriogr.iplier  for  the 
Indies.  Honored  also  with  the  title  of  hi^toriograiiher  of  Castile  and  l^eou, 
he  full: lied  the  duties  of  Imtli  oiliees  through  portions  of  the  n  igusof  tlie  tlui  c 
I'hilips,  II.,  ill.,  and  l\'.  He  was  !ike\vi.;e  n(jnunated  for  the  lirst  vae;ii:t 
place  among  the  secretaries  of  state,  liut  died  l>ef'>re  that  vaeamy  occurred, 
in  the  7(>th  year  of  his  age.  As  an  historian  llerreia  has  made  a  respeetahle 
j)laee  for  himsel;',  but  his  reputation  rests  principally,  tliough  not  wholly,  for 
he  wrole  much,  on  his  //iitoria  d'cncral  </■'  /ua'  J/ci/r'H  ilc  Ion  lAUitcUaiioi  c,i  /'■< 
hkui  i  Til  rrii  Firmc  il  I  Mdr  o<:Mno  txi'dn  /'or  Aiitun/u  ilc  llvrrcra  cvroiiUlii  iiuti/,,/- 
ilr  sv  J/:''  (/  hvi Iiidias  ynv  coroniMa  d<  OMllla,  4  vols,  folio,  Madrid,  l()(il-l.'. 
On  the  elaborately  engraved  title-page  of  the  lirst  volume;  isachled,  IJ.i  ijU'iho 
JJcCiuliM  da^dr  (i  A  iio  dc  l.yjJ  hasln  <l  d<:  1,'iJl,  which  refers  only  to  the  iirst  tu  o 
volumes,  a."?  tho  whole  four  volunie.'j  consist  of  8  decades,  comprising  general 
events  io  1354.  The  iirst  two  volumes  were  printed  in  1001,  and  reprinteil  at 
\'iii!adolid  in  KiOO;  the  second  two  volumes  appuired  in  llil.").  Tluiworkwas 
freely  translated;  the  lirst  decade  appej'.ring  in  I'reneh,  at  I'aris,  in  Kl.Vi, 
and  with  the  t:eeond  decade  the  year  following,  the  remair.iug  decades  in 
ItiTl.  A  most  vile  translation  into  Ihiglish  was  madt;  l)y  John  Steven-- ;mi  I 
])'d)ifshed  in  Lonilon,  in  (i  volumes,  tlu;  lirst  two  in  IT-o  ami  the  last  four  iu 
17-'i,  lU'W  editions  of  which  appeared  in  1740  ami  174;!.  'J'liere  were  t.v  > 
reprints  in  Spanish  ;  one  in  Antwerj),  in  17-!^,  by  Verdusscn,  without  maps  and 
otherwise  faulty;  and  one  in  Madrid,  17-S-;»{),  with  notes,  corrections,  aiiil 
index  by  Dareia,  .ind  therefore  better  than  the  lirst  e<Iition,  in  fact  the  i.i  t 
extant.  At  tho  end  of  the  second  Vfilumc  of  the  iirst  edition,  and  as  a  ]>n  iIk 
to  the  lirst  volume  of  the  I'arcia  edition,  shoulil  appear  the  />' \cr!})l!oii  di:  I'l 
/iitliiui  (Jcviilciil<tfi'.i,  with  nuips,  translations  of  which  were  made  in  Latin, 
Dutch,  and  French.  .\n  attempt  was  made  to  carry  on  Ileyreni's  history,  and 
it  was  eonlinued  for  tiuee  decades,  from  I.'j.'io  to  l.'iS  1,  by  I'edro  Fernaudc  /  'li  I 
I'ulgar,  the  chronicler  vho  sncceeiled  Soils,  but  it  was  not  deemed  of  .-;i;.i- 
eiint  imi)ortanco  t(j  pi  int.  The  origimil  nuinuscript  is  in  tho  Hoyal  Libraiy 
nt  Madriil.  Ilerrera  was  (|uite  a  volnnunous  writer,  being  author  of  a  g(  iii  ,.l 
history  durir.g  the  ndgn  of  I'hilip  U.;  of  a  history  of  S.-olland  and  l^U'^la;'  1 
during  tho  life  of  .Mary  Stuart;  of  I'ortugal,  and  the  eonrpiest  of  the.\/ore:; 
of  France  from  l.'iS.'i  to  l,"i(1|.  and  of  moral  and  political  tr.u  ts,  and  iustoii',1, 
political,  and  ecclesiustieal  trunslation.s.    Hut  though  all  his  works  were  hi^lily 


COMMENTARY  OX  TITK  EARLY  CTTROXICLERS. 


3i: 


pri/fil  fi>r  tlu'ir  tTinliti  >!i,  n"t\o  ,Ttt;ii!.''il  Vac  ccli  Inity  of  lii-i  ni-tury  of  t!io 
Iiulion.  Even  tn-ilay  lie  nuiy  lie  c-iIKil  cliii  f  .■uii'iii;  liistni  iini-;  of  Spuiish- 
Anic-iioan  nfUiiis;  not  for  hj-i  styli',  luiM,  ;uiil  arcur.itrly  iii'olix;  nor  for  liU 
iiirlliml,  «l;ivi:.lily  (.liroiiolou;!!.;!!,  aibl  iiii-icralily  failing  in  tlu'  attciinit  to  il) 
srvtral  things  at  once ;  Ijut  licoaii-ioof  liin  inasstil  material.  His  jio-ition  as 
Ftati-  lii-.riograplicr  g:vve  him,  of  coiir-ic,  acor'ss  to  cvcrytliing,  an'l  lie  mado 
r -f  of  iiis  (>]iportiMiity  to  an  extent  tlieu  exceptional.  At  a  later  porioil  in 
the  art  of  liistory-writing  his  work  must  have  lieen  regarded  a.s  erudc  even 
fir  early  times,  lint  from  one  who  lived  when  jiiety  and  {lati'ioti.sm  were 
ranked  as  the  highest  virtues,  higher  than  truth,  integiity,  or  humanity,  t!io 
more  searching  philosophy  eannot  he  expeetod.  liesido  the  faults  c-f  style  and 
arrangement  there  arc  evidences  everywhere  f)f  ii'.experience  and  incompetent 
jissistance.  Now  tiiat  M'c  Iiave  before  ns  many  of  tlu;  sources  of  Hen-era's 
material  wo  can  sec  that  his  notes  were  l)adly  extracted,  ami  compiled  in  a 
bungling  manner;  .so  much  kg  that  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  errors,  from 
V  hich  to  some  extent  the  most  carefully  executed  woi-k  eannot  ho  expected  to 
he  wliolly  fiee,  there  are  many  and  serious  iliscrepain'ies  and  contradiotions 
for  which  there  is  no  excuse,  the  cause  being  simply  carelessness.  Yet,  for  all 
that,  Herrera's  is  not  only  the  most  complete,  but  one  of  the  most  reliable  of 
tliu  New  World  chronicles,  and  for  this  tiie  writir  merits  the  gratitude  not 
alone  of  his  couutrj'inen  but  of  the  world. 


r>i  fore  closing  this  note,  I  will  give  clearly  my  opinion  regarding  the  cred- 
ibility of  the  eaily  chroniclers,  including  in  that  category  for  the  present  pur- 
jtose  (ill  tl'.e  early  writers,  comiucror.s  as  well  as  historians,  such  as  Columbus 
und  Cortes,  IJcnial  Diaz,  Solis,  Torqucmada,  Roturini,  and  the  Anonymous 
CoUijucror;  for  I  have  been  a.ssaile  1  by  those  wlio,  to  gain  c!ie;ip  notoriety  in 
refuting  them,  have  attrilniteil  to  me  doctrines  which  I  liavo  nowhere  ex- 
pressiil  or  held.  They  who  cannot  build  for  tlicmselves  seem  to  tiiink  it 
(.'ravcly  incumbent  on  them  to  demolish  any  structure  another  may  rear,  and 
with  one  scurrile  sweep  they  \vi  mhl  wipe  out  the  work  of  twenty  years.  They 
are  eoi'i-ect  enough  to  this  extent,  that,  if  ever  ji  building  is  found  so  frail  as 
to  fall  under  their  attacks,  it  does  not  ileservc  to  stanil.  Hence  wo  iind  it 
the  fa.shion  in  certain  (piartirs,  under  cover  of  critiei  :m,  to  repudiate  the  early 
writings,  in  so  far  at  least  as  they  interfere  >rith  clierished  theory  or  dogmatic 
opinion.  Spain  had  lately  emerged  fiom  the  Moorish  wars  with  great  glory, 
they  s.iy,  and  Spaniards  in  the  Xiw  World,  so  long  as  it  remained  with  them 
t  >  tell  ilie  story,  would  not  be  in  t!;  lea-t  behind  their  brethren  at  home  in 
this  new  held  of  fury  exploits.  Hence,  for  their  accounts,  nidied  barbarians 
Were  gorgeously  apparelled,  and  surrounded  by  statily  ]ia';eantry ;  art,  sci- 
ence, and  literature  wholly  mythical  were  gi\'en  tluni,  and  citii's  eiiual,  at 
least,  to  the  average  of  eivili/atii>n  were  liuilt.  Instance  the  I'enoehtitlan, 
the  Tezcuco,  the  TLieopan  of  Cortes  and  his  ccjntemporaries,  w  hieh  must  ha\  u 
been  purr!  fictions.  Else  where  are  the  vestiges  of  the  Malls  jiud  gardens 
and  ))alaces  ?  There  are  no  ruins  of  splendid  cities,  they  contiinie  with  tho 
cIVrontery  of  ignonance,  no  remains  of  aqueducts,  atone  carvings,  and  tumuli. 
Tlieri'  are  some  fine  ruins  in  Central  America  and  'S'ucatan,  they  admit,  dis- 
I'luyin^'  no  mean  advauceiucut  in  architectural  art ;  bat  they  must  have  been 


i 


318 


COLONIZATIOX  OF  TIERRA  FIRME. 


IhH 


tlio  M-f)ik  of  Eu'vptinns,  or  T'li(Piiici.'ii)«<.  or  sonio  otlicr  forci.'iior^,  1>ocnnso 
tlx'y  ro-icniMo  tlir  ruins  .stamliiii;  ainon^  tlios(^  nations,  anil  hriaiise  no  alio- 
rijiiiial  pcoplo  capaWe  of  sucli  pi'rfornmnce  exist  iu  America  to-day.  Thcrt! 
was  no  human  saoritico  in  Mexico,  because  bii^'oteil  ecclesiastics  in  tiiosc  days 
were  apt  to  invest  with  religious  siu'nilicance  every  Idiroglyph,  statue,  and 
consecrated  stone.  One,  more  virulent  tlian  the  rest,  himself  of  Indian  oriLitn 
and  apparently  ji'alous  lest  other  al)ori;.,'innl.s  should  outshine  his  Cherolico 
ancestry,  and  knowini,'  little  either  of  t!io  Mexicans  or  their  eoni|Ucrors,  denies 
the  existence  of  a  Xalnia  or  Maya  civilization  and  denounces  every  one  who 
dillors  in  opinion  with  him,  on  the  ;^round  that  all  American  societies  of  wliich 
he  knew  aught  were  formed  on  one  skeleton,  a  most  earthy,  red,  and  ignuMe 
one,  and  that  tlie  conquerors,  not  understiinding  thisi  social  structure,  could 
not  correctly  dcscrilx;  it,  and  therefore  their  stiitements  are  not  to  be  relied  (ju. 

I  can  only  say  that  I  have  studied  these  chronicles  some  score  of  year<, 
that  T  have  studied  the  monumental  and  literary  remains  of  the  nations  cum- 
(juered,  that,  apart  from  the  modern  writings  of  both  those  who  believe  an  I 
those  who  disbelieve,  I  have  instituted  comparisons  and  weighed  cvidciue 
with  no  more  ilesirc  to  reach  one  conclusion  than  another,  except  always  to 
arrive  at  the  right  one;  and  that  in  my  own  mind  I  am  well  enougli  satisiiid 
as  to  about  the  measure  of  truth  that  shouhl  be  accorded  the  respective  writ- 
ers of  early  Xew  World  annals.  Others,  my  assistants  and  friends,  eipially 
cai'ucst  ,"ud  uidiiassed,  ecjually  desirous  of  reaching  only  the  truth,  and  f.>r 
wlios('  (11  i\ictions  I  entertain  the  highest  respect,  have  devoted  many  vimts 
to  the  same  rese;irch  and  with  similar  results.  It  is  not  my  purpose,  nor  lias 
it  ever  been,  to  appear  as  the  champion  of  the  sixteenth-century  clironiili  i  -. 
It  is  not  my  province  to  champion  anything.  It  is  a  matter  of  profound  in- 
diU'ercncc  to  mc  what  these  or  those  are  jiroveu  to  be,  whether  angels  of  liglit 
or  devils  (jf  darkness;  it  is  a  matter  of  lively  apprehension  with  me  that  I 
should  estimate  men  and  nations  at  their  value,  and  deduce  only  truth  fn.m 
.statenu^nts  fair  or  false.  AVhile  I  entertain  a  ilistinct  conception  of  the  status 
of  the  .Vztecs  and  Quiches  relatively  to  other  nations  of  the  globe,  I  liavc  no 
theory  concerning  the  origin  of  the  Americans,  or  the  origin  of  their  civiliza- 
tion— except  that  it  seems  to  me  indigenous  rather  than  exotic;  norslnn.M 
I  deem  it  wise  in  me  to  liusliand  a  doctrine  on  this  or  any  other  palpably 
iinprovaljlc  proposition. 

I  am  not  prepared  by  any  means  to  accept  as  truth  all  that  has  been  sai  1 
bj'  priest  and  soldier.  Xo  one  is  I'eadior  than  I  to  admit  their  frc(pieiit 
alt  !  1,  .cd  cleccptions.  Xavigators  the  world  over  have  been  notoriously  mi- 
true  in  regard  to  their  discoveries,  giving  strange  lands  strange  sights,  stoi  k- 
ing  barren  shores  with  boundless  wealth  iu  pearls,  and  gems,  ami  preciiim 
metals,  peopling  the  ocean  with  monstcp-s,  and  placing  islands,  straits,  conti- 
nents, and  seas  wherever  the  gaping  savans  at  home  woidd  have  tiu'm.  .Many 
of  these  stories  arc  false  on  their  very  face,  being  contrary  to  nature  and  to 
reason.  Some  of  them  are  unintentional  falsehoods,  the  oll'-iloat  from  ima.;!- 
nations  warped  by  education,  and  now  morltidly  excited  under  new  condi- 
tions. By  bodily  sulTering  and  perils  the  mind  was  now  and  then  reduced 
to  the  bordi'r  of  insanity;  at  which  times  the  niiroeles,  the  visions,  and 
the  supernatural  interpositions  they  lecord  were   real   to  them.     But   tlio 


WKIOTTT  OF  1- VIDFATR. 


m 


best  "f  tlic  rally  writers  wilfully  li>.l  in  si'inc  ll.ii 

C.i.l  io  (In  Ml). 


(1  lull  it  .«<'rvi 


•S 


AltliDUu'll  tlio  te'lnjitatinii  in.d  t>ii<l<  iii\' v,;is  finx:ig;,'<iatt-.  tomiiki'  thf  N< 


A\iirlil  Ldiuiui'st  inn;;l  ur  Mijurior  to  iiny  Olil  Wurlil  iitliiiM  iiiriil ;  iillliouyli 


-■Titiiiiis  were  at  tlic  lirst  imt  ujicn  t< 

,lc|i 


itvadirtiiili.  mill   tli 


ill 


mil 


iiiN  i.f  tiiusi'  times,  rrfuriH'il  fimii  fun  i;,'ii  jiarts.  were  no  more  (  rlclirati'il 
{•<>■  tclliiv,'  the  truth  than  thoscof  ourown  ilay,  yot  in  the  main  ami  n.s  a  wlmlo 
till"  «  ritiii^.-i  iif  till'  Spanianl.s  t'arliest  in  Anioiiia  are  iin(|iii'stii>nalily  true 
M.Kit  iif  the  scviTal  jiliasis  of  error  and  niisstateuieut  are  ea.sily  >uini:;h 
ili'tecti'il,  tho  events  ileserilied  beiu^'  eiilur  iuipossiMe  or  opposetl  to  prepon- 
derant and  superior  evidence.  Vnv  example,  wiien  Ijis  Casas,  who  was  eon- 
seiontions  and  in  the  main  correct,  asserts  that  .Manieaotex  opposed  <  'olunihus 
at  the  head  of  li>0,(lW  warriors  in  lOspanola,  we  m.-iy  .safely  put  it  down  (us  ex- 


i'_';,'enition  siiuply  Irom  our  general  know 


deiL 


gaini 


d  fri 


oni  otlier  souree- 


.f 


tlie  uhori^inal  population  of  these  islands  and  the  adjoinini;  continent.     Hi  re 
\\as  a  n\ultitudi.'of  witnesses,  Kuropeanand  .\ 


nicrnan,  whose  vci 


l.al. 


■r  wiitten 


►  tateuii  iits  Were  usually  .suhordiuate  to  siihstantial  facts,  unknown  to  each 
other,  and  t:ivin;,'  their  evidence  at  widely  ditl'erent  times  and  places.  Often 
tlie  coMipu  rors  fell  out  and  fou;'ht  eacii  other  to  tlic  death,  writiii:^  to  ."■>pain 
Uiigtliy  epistles  of  vindication  and  viliiicaiion.  many  of  wliiih  have  Keen  [ue- 
servid  ;  so  tiiat  where  one  extolled  himself  and  his  arhic\  i  nients,  there  wcie 
a  do/Ill  to  ]iull  him  down.  Thus  fioin  a  mass  of  contradictory  statements,  on 
either  side  of  which  the  less  iienetratiiiLC  arc  apt  to  liiiLicr,  to  tiie  patient  and 
laliorious  investiiiator  unfiild  tiie  dearest  truths,      lie  who  haliitualh   iirac 


tises  deceit  is  sure  somcw  lien;  to  exjiosc 


iiisclf ;  and  tiic  t.ikin.'  of  e\  idcn 


cs  not   jiroceed   far  liefoie  the  examiner  can  tell    th<'  witness  more   llian 


ilf  k 


nows  or  reliiemliers  of  tlie  scenes  tliinu.'h  whicji  lie  li; 


l" 


d. 


The  native  witnesses,  liviii;,'  at  the  time  of  the  <'oiii|Ucst  and  sulisci|ii(  ntly, 
were  likewise  naturally  inclined  unduly  to  mai.'nify  the  jilorics  of  tlnir  au- 


ditors and  of  their  nation;  vet   to  verify  tlicir  statemcii 


ts  ti 


ley  point  to  tl 


111  inuiiiciits  ;ind  material  remains  then  ami  imw  i  \istiii.;,  to  maiiusi  i  ipis,  iiii;,'e 
piles  of  \\!ii,h  it  was  the  infamoiis  boast  of  the  fanatical  eoiii|iicrois  to  lia\u 
liiini'd.  liiit  of  which  ei.oiiLrli  have  licen  ]iiescrvcd  to  authenticate  all  the 
liiMie  important  ])arts  of  their  stories;  they  jilso  refer  to  tradition,  which  i.s 


nil  as  mil 


■h 


d  no  more,  than  that  of  other  nati 


:iiih 


sertions  similar  to  those  advanced  air.iinst  the  \ew  Wmld  cli 


iclcrs   mi;;li 


t  with  equal  iciisun  and  eH'cet   he  K 


it  forward  t 


o  ii\  lillil'av 


the  early  records  of  any  nation.  Clirist  .'11111  ('oiifuciils  may  he  ih  nicd, 
Il"iiii  r  and  Shakespeare,  luil  that  docs  not  pr.i\e  tlicy  never  lived.  Tii.it 
(  ■'luiiiluis  made  his  .seamen  swcir  that  no  doiilit  Ciilia  was  /ipan;.,'u,  does 
ii"t  ]irovi!  that  there  wa.s  in  those  days  no  .F.'ipan.  liccailse  lliakc's  i'li,i|ilain 
I  iin-<c  to  tell  the  most  monstrous  and  wilful  falsehoods  respecting  the  climate, 
i:i'  tals,  and  inhahitiints  of  California  ;  liecause  t'ook,  Me.ires,  and  Vancouver 

lupcrciliotisly  scour,i,'in','  those  who 


ilcd   hv  the  mouth  of   the  t'oliimli 


liiid  spoken  of  it,  this  doe.s  nok  prove  the  non-existence  of  M.'irin  County, 
or  of    till!  liiver  of    the   West.      in   such    wavs    ;i 


s    these    neither  the   tiiitli 


tile  one  statement  nor  the  talsity  i 
>.e  oliscrvcd,  liefore  us  is  aliundalit 


(lie  other  IS  us 


evnlcnce.  pal[ialile 


taiili 

le 


r.ui, 

ntc^lalih 


I 


t:  ;■ 


ill 


P 


320 


COLOXIZATKA'  OF  TfEnnA  FIRMR. 


tli.it  tlir  cni'ly  wiitiu',"*  <'ii  Ann fiivi  .■nc  fur  tlin  most  ji.iit  tnic;  ■•iinl  if,  in  tlw 
filliiwiii;.'  p.i'^'cs,  it  (l^its  ii'it  I'liMily  niipcjif  wliicli  aic  tini'  ninl  wiiicli  [.iImc, 
thill  lias  tin"  antiiDr  si^'iially  failcil  in  his  tll'mt.  I  ilo  not  iit  tln'  least 
iVar  tin;  ovi'i  throw  of  the  j,'cii(  lal  viraiity  of  tlicHi-  vritciH  until  tlu'ic  coiiit! 
a,'aiiist  till  111  ciifinif.s  more  powerful  witii  more;  powerful  wi'apons  than  any 
that  liiive  yet  uppoareil.  IIow  senselessly  speculative  their  reasouingM  !  I'x  • 
eaiise  the  natives  of  the  present  day  eannot  tell  wlio  or  whene((  were  the 
aiithorn  of  th<!  ciirvinus,  or  the  ImiMers  of  the  stnu'tiires  upon  wlioci'  mini 
they  have  gazcil  nincc  chililluwil,  those  works  must  foi-sooth  have  liecii  doni; 
l.y  foriij^n  visitorti.  Kurop-eans  now  and  then  may  have  found  their  way  ti 
Ameriea,  liiit  I  find  no  evidence  of  such  vi.-its  liefore  the  time  of  CoIiuiiIhh 
except  hy  tlic  Xortlinien;  no  one  knows  <i(  such,  nor  can  know  until  innri' 
liL;ht  appears.  The'  material  relics,  I  fancy,  will  always  prove  a  stumKliiiL'- 
block  to  those  who  would  reject  American  al)ori},'iiial  civilization. 

Tliat  tlill'erent  eonqucrors,  teachers,  and  tnivi  Hers  of  various  creeds  ai.'i 
iiatioualilics,  in  various  pursuits,  in  diirerent  lands  and  at  various  times,  to- 
g(  tliiM-  with  native  testimony,  liieroijlyphic  writings,  ami  traditions,  to  sny 
nothing  of  carvings  in  stone  and  other  niontimcntjil  remains,  should  all  com- 
liine,  with  satanic  inspiration,  to  perpetrate  upon  the  world  one  grand  and 
overwhelming  fraud  is  so  preposterously  ridiculous  that  the  marvel  is  Ikiw 
there  Could  be  found,  oiit-ide  the  walls  of  a  liin.itic  asylum,  a  single  indi- 
vidual with  cool  imiindciice  enough  to  ask  men  to  believe  it.  And  yet  there 
are  several  such,  jind  they  tiud  liclicvers.  So  dianned  by  the  sound  of  their 
own  voice  are  these  captious  cavillers,  that  they  a[ii>are:itly  do  not  deem  il.  pos- 
silile  for  such  tilings  to  cvist  in  tiiis  enli;,'hleiied  age  us  pedantic  ignorance 
mid  literary  fanaticism,  of  w  hich  tlu'y  are  bright  examples.  They  do  not  sec  lu 
to  know  that  the  petty  and  puerile  theories  which  they  wonhl  ]'a^  ^  upon  the 
sinnil(!  as  startling  conceptions,  original  with  themselves,  are  as  old  as  the 
knowledge  of  the  continent.  They  do  not  consiilcr  that  before  faking  the 
lirst  step  toivard  proving  origin,  migration,  or  kinship  by  analogy,  they  must 
lirst  disjiose  of  the  univei-sul  relationship  of  man.  the  oneness  of  human  nature, 
Ininian  needs,  and  human  aspirations,  and  then  show  how  men  tiist  came 
upon  this  earth,  and  which  was  land  anil  which  water  then  and  since.  I'.ut 
those  who  thus  array  themselves  against  American  aboriginal  civilization  and 
the  early  Spanish  writers  on  the  New  ^Vorld  do  not  pretend  to  oiler  eoflntrr 
<  vidciicc,  or  to  refute  with  reason;  they  rely  ehielly  on  flat  contradiction.  1 
have  yet  to  find  among  them  all  any  approach  to  reasonable  pi'opositions  or 
logical  argument.  They  have  nothing  on  which  to  base  argument,  neithi  r 
f.ict  nor  jilausible  supposition.  Their  hypotheses  arc  as  chimerical  as  their 
deductions  an;  false.  They  would  have  the  world  exercise  a  far  Tnore  iria- 
ti.mal  credulity  in  accepting  their  hollow  negations,  than  in  believing  every 
word  of  the  most  mcndaciims  chronicler.  And  when  they  conic  to  deny  the 
presence  of  a  native  civilization  upon  the  Mexican  table-land,  they  betr.iy 
lamentable  ignorance  both  of  the  facts  of  history  and  of  the  nature  of  (.iv 
ilization. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

SETTLEMENT  OP  SANTA  MARf  A  DE  LA  ANTIGUA  DEL  DARIEN. 

1510-1511. 

Frantisco  Pizakro  Abandons  San  Skiiastian— Mekts  Entiso  at  Carta- 
gena—  IIk  and  his  Crew  Look  like  Pirates — They  are  Takes 
BACK  TO  San  Sebastian — Vasco  NuSez  de  IJalboa — Boards  Kxcisd's 
Siiir  in  a  Cask — Arrives  at  San  Sebastian — The  Spaniards  Cross 
to  Darien — The  River  and  the  Name  —  Cemaco,  CvcigiE  of  Da- 
RiEN,  Defeated  —  FonNDiN<j  op  the  Metroi'outan  Citv  —  Presto, 
Ciian(;e  !  The  IIombre  del  Casco  Up,  the  liAciiiLLEK  Down— Vasco 
NiNKz,  Alcalde — Nature  of  the  Office  —  Regidor — Colmenakes, 
IN  Search  of  Niccesa,  Arrives  at  Antigua  —  He  Finds  IIim  in  a 
Pitiable  Plight  —  Ant.  a  ^L\KE3  Overti'res  to  Niccesa  —  Then 
Rejects  Him — And  Finally  Drives  Him  Forth  to  Die — Sad  End 
of  Nicuesa. 

When  Alonso  do  Ojcda  left  San  Sebastian  for 
Espanola,  he  stipulated  with  Francisco  Pizarro,  who 
for  the  time  was  commissioned  governor,  tliat  should 
neither  he  himself  return,  nor  the  bachiller  Enciso 
arrive  within  iifty  days,  the  colonists  might  abandon 
the  })0.st  and  seek  safety  or  adventure  in  other  parts. 

And  iKnv  the  fifty  days  had  passed;  wearily  and 
hungrily  they  had  come  and  gone,  with  misery  an 
WW  present  guest;  and  no  one  having  come,  they  dis- 
mal it  Kj(  I  the  fortress,  placed  on  board  the  two  small 
luigantiiies  left  them  the  gold  tliey  had  secured — 
trust  Francisco  Pizarro  for  sceutiiiijf  jjrold,  and  ij^ettinsr 
it — and  made  ready  to  embark  for  Santo  Domingo. 
But  though  only  seventy  remained,  the  vessels  could 
not  carry  them  all;  and  it  was  agreed  that  they  should 
wait  awhile,  until  death  reduced  their  number  to  the 
capacity  of  the  ))oats. 

Uiai.  Cen.  Am.,  Vol.  I.    21  (321) 


1 


! 


) 


H: 


322 


SETTLEMKXT  OF  DARTEN*. 


Xor  had  thoy  nmrf  to  wait;  nor  \v»tul<l  their  jj^rim 
attuiidant  lit  them  juit  to  sea  witlumt  him.  Ho  hail 
been  so  h)iii^  domiciletl  with  them,  and  liad  hec(tiiH 
so  nseful  in  settHng  (Uspntcs,  adjust ini(  acfounts,  and 
the  hke,  tliat  ho  was  one  of  them,  and  one,  indeed, 
with  all  the  comi)anies  whieh  attenn)te(l  colonization 
on  these  pestilential  shores.  As  they  coasted  east- 
ward in  search  of  food  before  stccrini:^  across  \'nr 
Kspanola,  a  scjuall  struck  the  vessels,  f)verturninL]:  oik; 
of  them  and  sendiui;  all  on  board  to  swift  destruction. 
Entering  with  the  other  the  harbor  of  Cartagenn. 
Pizarro  found  there  the  tardy  Enciso  hunting  his 
colony. 

Now  the  bachiller,  beside  possessing  great  learn- 
ing, was  a  man  of  experience,  all  the  way  from  Spain; 
a  man  of  keen  intelligence  and  practical  sagacity,  his 
wits  sharpened  by  the  narrow-mii\ded  legal  bigotry 
of  a  sixteenth -century   Spanish   lawj'cr.     He  mn^t 
bo  of  excecdinuly  rcadv  wit  who  could  deceive  the 
bachiller.     It  was  scarcely  to  be  expected  a  man  of 
his  kidney  should  credit  the  stories  of  Ojoda's  visit 
to  Santo  Domingo,  of  the  deputy  governorship,  ami 
of  the  lato  disaster;  thouufh  honest  Pizarro  on  this 
occasion   told   only  the   truth,  and   his  companions 
vouched  for  it  with  all  the  feeble  force  of  their  high- 
keyed  husky  voices.     If  Ojeda  had  gone  to  Santo 
Domingo  more  than    fifty  or  seventy  days   befoie, 
w^ould  not  the  bachiller  have  seen  him  there?     In- 
deed, to  a  less  or  'dite  judge  than  Enciso,  a  band  of 
robbers  on  the  hi  h  seas,  with  an  abundance  of  goM 
and  no  broad,  wo    d  call  up  suspicions  rather  of  foul 
play  than  honest    dvonture.     And  back  they  must 
go.     The  functions   of  high  judge  should  begin  lictc; 
and  now.     Was  n  i  this  Nueva  Andalucia  {     AVith 
the   horrors  of   S  .n    Sebastian    still    fresh   in   tlu-ir 
minds,  the  thought  of  returning  there  was  repugnant 
in  the  extreme,  and  the  poor  wretches  bogged  the 
lawyer  to  lot  them  go  to  Espanola,  or  join  Nicucsa. 
No.     Enciso  had   staked   his  whole  earthly  pi)sscs- 


«a. 


.VDMINISTRATION  OF  EXCISO. 


323 


Sunto 

?     Iii- 

aiul  <'!' 
if  o'liM 

of  inlll 
y  imi>t 

in    llfl'C! 

With 
I  tlifir 
u^iiaiit 
•cil  the 
iciK'>:i. 
posses- 


sions on  tlic  (li'lit^litCul  prospect,  of  domination,  and 
thLsc  shouM  not  fscapo  him.  Thi-v  wore  just  tiio 
clay  for  his  fasluoninuf;  men  for  whom  tho  law  was 
made.  Whippinnj  out  ids  commission,  wldcli  at  onco 
deposed  J*izarro,  the  hai-hiller  (hove  them  hack  into 
their  hoat,  and  all  end>arked  for  San  Si'hastian.  JJut 
>(arcely  had  they  turned  the  Punta  de  Carihaiia,* 
when  the  Ijachiller'.s  well-stored  .ship  struck  upon 
rocks  ami  broke  in  ])ieees,  those  on  board  l)arfly 
e«<capl!i<jf  with  their  lives.  Thus  the  worthy  bachiller 
was  be;4;i;ared;  the  savings  fiom  life-Ion;^  pettifouj- 
^iiiij^s  were  swe[)t  away  within  the  hour.  Still  his 
original  stock  in  trade,  egotism  unci  arrogance,  was 
lel't  unimpaired. 


OIIII.MI.V^    '    ■?  rfl  o 


^fakimj;-  their  way  along  the  shore  to  San  Sebas- 
tian, the  Spaniards  found  their  f  )rt  demolished  an<l 
their  houses,  some  thii'ty  in  number,  burned.  In  a 
feeble  way  they  begin  to  f  )r'age  again,  but  even  En- 
<is()  saw  that  it  was  useless.  Tlu;  absence  of  food, 
the  ])()isoned  arrows,  and  the  poisoned  air  wen^  too 
iiiueh  for  tho  bravest  long  to  contend  with.  "  L(;t  us 
leave  this  accursed  spot,"  they  all  cried.     "  Whither 

'  S(i  iiainod  l)y  tho  early  settlers  of  Aiitipia,  prohnh'y  bccauso  fif  its  iM-in^ 
on  thi'  otliur  side  (if  tlie  irulf  from  tlieni.  towaiil  tlio  (,'aril)  ooiiiitry.  It  is 
ii'iw  kiKiwii  as  IMmtiv  Arenas.  Some  maps  make  two  points,  and  give  ono 
01  tlio  names  to  tacli. 


•;; 


1^ 


324 


SETTLEMENT  OF  DAEIEN". 


{til 


I: 


would  you  go?"  demanded  the  lawyer.  One  of  them 
said : — "  Once  when  I  coasted  this  gulf  with  Rodrigo 
de  Bastidas,  along  the  western  shore  we  found  the 
country  fertile  and  rich  in  gold.  Provisions  were 
abundant;  and  the  natives,  though  warlike,  used  no 
poisoned  arrows.  Through  this  land  of  which  I 
speak  flows  a  river  called  by  the  natives  Darien." 

All  eyes  were  turned  upon  the  speaker.  It  was 
the  hombre  del  casco,  Vasco  Nuilez  de  Balboa,  a  fine 
specimen  of  the  Spanish  cavalier,  at  that  time  about 
thirty-five  years  of  age.  He  was  taller  than  Ojeda, 
though  perhaps  not  stronger;  there  was  not  about 
him  the  assurance  of  breeding  and  position  that  Ni- 
cuesa  bore;  nor  were  there  present  in  his  features 
those  marks  of  greed  and  brutality  plainly  discernible 
in  the  face  of  Francisco  Pizarro,  w^io  stood  not  far 
from  him.  Strong  and  comely  in  every  part,  appar- 
ently, of  body  and  mind,  one  to  be  observed  with 
intuitive  respect  in  a  society  of  this  kind,  one  to  be 
approached  with  ease,  but  with  due  care;  frank  and 
manly,  with  a  firm  and  winning  eye  and  manner, 
yet  there  was  about  him  noticeable  something  be- 
tween shyness  and  reticence.  Indeed,  the  standing 
of  this  person,  since  his  sudden  and  altogether  in- 
formal appearing  as  one  of  the  present  company  had 
been  somewhat  dubious,  and  he  seemed  to  regard  it 
good  taste  to  hold  himself  rather  in  the  background. 
For  all  this  there  was  that  innate  superiority  about 
him  over  every  one  present,  not  excepting  the  erudite 
judge  or  the  subsequently  cunning  conqueror  of  Peru, 
that  could  not  always  remain  concealed,  particularly 
amid  constantly  recurring  vital  issues. 

Of  the  invariable  poor  but  noble  family,  a  native 
of  Jerez  de  los  Caballeros,  Vasco  Nuiiez  was  reared 
in  the  scr\ice  of  Pedro  Puertocarrero,  the  deaf 
lord  of  ]\Ioguer.  Drawn  with  the  crowd  to  tlio 
New  Worl<],  upon  the  abrupt  termination  of  t!u' 
voyage  of  Bastidas,  he  obtained  a  rejiartimieuto  <>t' 
Indians,  and  applied  himself  to  agriculture  at  Salva- 


VASCO  NU5rEZ  DE  BALBOA. 


325 


ticrra,  a  town  of  Espafiola.  Becoming  embarrassed 
by  debts,  and  disgusted  with  the  plodding  life  of  a 
farmer,  he  determined  to  try  fortune  in  the  new 
colony  of  Alonso  de  Ojeda.  But  how  to  escape  his 
creditors  was  the  question.  Debtors  were  prohibited 
by  edict  from  leaving  the  island.  The  town  of  Santo 
Domingo  at  this  time  swarmed  with  insolvent  adven- 
turers anxious  to  engage  in  new  adventure,  and  the 
strictest  watch  was  kept  on  them  by  the  authorities. 
An  armed  escort  accompanied  every  departure  until 
well  out  at  sea,  to  bring  back  discovered  stowaways. 
For  all  this  Vasco  Nunez  determined  to  sail  with 
Enciso.  Now  mark  the  budding  of  genius !  Taking 
a  large  cask,  such  as  was  used  in  shipping  stores,  he 
ensconced  himself  therein,  and  caused  it  to  be  headed 
up,  placed  upon  a  wagon,  and  driven  from  his  farm 
to  the  landing,  where  it  was  placed  with  the  -^ther 
stores,  and  finally  carried  on  board  the  ship.  The 
vessel  put  to  sea;  the  tender  returned  to  port;  to 
the  creditors  was  left  the  farm  of  Vasco  Nuilez,  while 
the  late  owner  was  forever  safe  beyond  their  reacli.'^ 

When,  like  Aphrodite  from  her  circling  shell,  the 
serio-comic  face  of  the  bankrupt  farmer  appeared 
emerging  from  the  provision  cask,  the  bachiller  was 
disposed  to  treat  the  matter  magisterially,  and  threat- 
ened to  land  the  refugee  from  justice  on  the  first 
deserted  island.  But  as  the  learned  judge  could  not 
be  held  accountable  as  a  party  to  the  fraud,  and  as 
ho  thereby  gained  a  valuable  recruit,  his  judicial 
sensitiveness  was  filially  mollified,  and  he  assigned 
to  the  stowawiiy  the  ordinary  duties  of  a  sol«lier. 
Nevertheless  the  niiklly  murderous  threat  of  the 
lawyer  was  not  lost  upon  the  farmer. 

Into  the  hearts  of  the  tlesponding  colonists  at  San 
Sebastian  the  words  of  Vasco  Nunez  infused  new 
life.  No  time  was  lost  in  making  retulv;  and  cross- 
nig  the  gulf,  they  found  the  country  and  river  as  lie 

■-'Ovicdo,  ii.  420,  says  that,  with  the  assistance  of  ferto  Hurtado,  Vase* 
Kmk'z  was  Uidduu  iu  a,  bSip'a  sail. 


326 


SETTLEMENT  OF  DARIEN. 


had  said.  Near  this  river  of  Daricn,'  for  so  the 
Atrato  and  country  thereabout  was  then  called,  stood 
the  village  of  the  cacique,  Cemaco,  a  brave  and 
upright  ruler. 

Enciso,  who  is  no  less  valiant  than  wise  and  con 
scientious,  determines  to  make  this  place  judicially 
his  own.  Cemaco,  who  believes  himself  the  legal 
owner,  objects.  Whereupon  is  invoked  that  admir- 
able provision,  the  ultimate  appeal;  and  the  man 
of  the  long  robe,  and  the  man  of  no  robe  at  all, 
each  after  his  tashion,  prepare  for  war.  Sending 
his  women  and  children  up  the  river,  Cemaco  posta 
himself  with  five  hundred  warriors  before  the  vil- 
lage. Enciso,  in  whose  person  are  united  the  com- 
bined essences  of  Christendom,  civil,  ecclesiastical, 
and  military,  concentrates  all  his  forces,  human  and 
divine,  to  hurl  upon  the  presumptuous  savage.  First, 
as  is  his  wont  in  legal  battles,  to  every  soldier  ho 
administers  the  oath  that  he  will  not  flinch  before 
tlie  enemy;  then  he  invokes  the  powers  above  to  ;\id 
him  in  the  approaching  contest,  vowing  that  if  victory 
shall  be  his  and  the  town  shall  fall  into  his  hands  lie 
will  name  it  in  honorof  the  virgin  and  build  and  deli- 
cate a  church  within  the  town  in  honor  of  her  sacrod 
image,  Antigua  of  Seville.  ^loreovcr,  he  promises 
that  he  will  make  a  pilgrimage  to  her  holy  shrine;  it' 
she  will  give  him  the  victory  over  Cemaco;  and  witli 

^'Dcr  Name  Darien  {Darinm,  oder  Tareria]  scheint  zuniichst  mit  clem 
inilianisohcn  Namcu  dea  grosson  Flusscs  Atrato,  welcher  sich  in  den  Golf 
von  Unih.'i  ausgicsst,  seincn  Aufang  gencjunncn  zu  liuben.  Dur  crsto  Eroborer, 
diT  in  dicsen  Oolf  cinsogulto,  war  IkstidaB  1.j01.  Ob  cr  sohon  don  Fluss 
])ari('n  gesehcn  und  den  Naauen  nacb  Europa  gobraclit  liat,  ist  uiigewiss. 
Gewiss  itit  cs.  dna  der  Nanio  des  Flusscs  Diirien  bereita  in  den  Dokunicnton 
und  'i'lunlnugspakten  zwischeu  Niouesa  und  Ojeda  in  Jalu'o  i.")0'J  gciianut 
vinl.'  Ko/il,  J)if  liviilcn  dltciteii  Geiiernl-karli'ii  ru'i  Awcriica,  IIG.  On  I'eter 
^Maityr's  map,  India  Ixi/oml  the  (lamjcn,  ISIO,  ia  (ariciie;  on  tbo  globe  of 
Oi'ontius,  l.").'{l,  tl>o  gulf  ia  called  Siiiti.t  vriiba,  tlio  river  rmlie,  and  tlio 
lat.lnnua  ./■((;•««  ihirkua.  Salvat  do  Filestrina,  Munich  Atlas,  no.  iv.,  l.')15, 
l)luces  on  tlio  west  side  of  tlio  gulf  of  Urabil  tlio  word  dariem.  Maiollo, 
Miniir/i  Atl(ts,  no.  v.,  lol!),  calls  tho  placo  daryen;  Fernando  Colon,  hVJ?, 
writes  (/(i/v'tK. ;  Diego  do  llibero,  LJ'JtJ,  durie;  Munich  Allan,  no.  vi.,  ir).'?'J-40, 
(hiri'Di;  Vaz  Dourado,  1571,  duricm;  Robert  Tliorne,  in  llakhnjCn  Voij.  l>n- 
riuu  ;  Mcrcntor'n  Athu,  lo(J!»;  WiM-Jiidinchc  SiticijlKl,  H)'24;  Onithii'n  Mapn/ 
America,  1071;  Dampior,  lliOl),  and  aubscquent  cartographcra  give  the  prestut 
form. 


BATTLE  OF  ANTIGUA. 


S97 


these  preparations  the  battle  begins.  The  half-starved 
Spaniards  fight  like  fiends.  Cemaco  for  a  time  main- 
tains his  position  with  firmness;  but  the  awe-inspiring 
appearance  of  the  strangers,  their  ship,  their  shining 
armor,  their  beards,  the  whiteness  of  their  skin,  the 
wonderful  sharpness  of  their  weapons,  and  the  solemn 
thunder  and  smoke  of  their  fire-arms  soon  scatter  to 
the  forest  his  terror- smitten  people.  To  the  un- 
bounded joy  of  the  conquerors  the  town  is  found  rich 
ill  gold  and  cotton,  and  the  adjacent  fields  afi:brd 
abundance  of  provisions. 

This  is  something  like  reward  for  toilsome  mis- 
sionary labors.  Along  the  river  banks,  secreted  in 
caves,  are  found  golden  ornaments  to  the  value  of 
ten  thousand  castellanos.*  The  virgin's  share  and 
the  king's  share  are  set  aside,  and  the  remainder  of 
the  spoils  divided  among  the  band.  Thus  Cemaco's 
village  becomes  the  seat  of  government  in  Tierra 
Firme;  and  to  it,  as  the  lawyer  promised  the  virgin, 
is  given  the  nan^e  of  Santa  Maria  de  la  Antigua  del 
Uaricn.^ 

In  good  truth  fortune  had  at  length  smiled  upon 
the  colonists.  Captives  taken  in  the  skirmishes  which 
followed  the  pitched  battle  were  made  to  gather  gold 
and  work  in  the  fields.  The  bachiller  began  a  rigor- 
ous rule  with  a  full  sense  of  the  responsibilities  resting 
upon  him  as  representative  of  the  crown  of  Spain  and 
of  his  own  importance  before  his  solditsrs,  and  as  a 
lioro  in  the  great  work  of  pacification.  This  view 
of  his  own  merits  appeared  to  him  by  no  muaii;s  di- 
minished after  his  recent  success.     Though  small  in 

■*  Ogilby,  Am.,  GO,  cntcrt.iins  a  dim  ooncoptioii  of  tho  fact  wlicn  liu  myn, 
'Anci.sus  pursuing,  fouiul  iu  a  Tliicket  of  Canu.s,  or  llueils  a  groat  Truaauro 
of  Gold.' 

••'Do  quo  hoy  no  queilan  ni  vcatigios,'  say.s  Aoosta.  Nor  do  I  find  laid 
down  on  any  map  in  my  posses.sion  tho  town  of  Santa  Maria,  or  .\ntij,'iia,  or 
Daricn,  by  whicli  names  this  plaoo  has  l)oon  Hovorally  ik'signatod.  I'liorto 
llrrnioso,  placed  by  Colon  at  tho  soutii-wcstorn  extronuty  of  tho  gulf  of 
I'rabii,  p:  nrraiosw,  and  also  by  liil)oro,  p"  hiiinxo,  is  supposod  to  liavo  boon 
tho  anchorage  of  Encipo  and  tho  harbor  of  Antigua.  Oviodo,  i.  4,  in  ondcav- 
(iring  to  fasten  upon  tiio  plaoo  tho  nanio  La  (riiftnlia,  oonfusos  liinisolf  biyond 
I'xtrication.  '  En  la  cibdad  tlol  Dariou  (quo  tumbion  so  Uaniu  antes  la  Guurdia) 
«i  Jospuos  santa  Maria  del  Antigua.' 


;88t 


SETTLEMENT  OF  DARIEN. 


li 


I;  9^  p; 

I 


number,  this  colony  should  bo  mi<]jhty  in  law.  Poor 
Ojeda !  How  happy  he  might  have  been  in  tliu 
position  now  occupied  by  this  uumnnified  bundle  of 
quiddities. 

Settling  themselves  in  Cemaco's  houses,  the  Span- 
iards bejjan  to  look  about.  First  in  order  after  liis 
lawless  raid,  in  the  eyes  of  Enciso,  was  law.  The 
bachiller,  as  we  have  ere  this  surmised,  was  one  of 
those  super -wise  and  self-opinionod  men  who  to 
achieve  a  fall  have  only  to  attain  a  height.  Ver}- 
little  law  was  here  needed,  very  little  government; 
but  Enciso  was  a  lawyer  and  a  ruler,  and  little  of  it 
would  not  suffice  him.  His  first  edict  was  the  pro- 
hibition of  private  traffic  with  the  natives.  This 
measure,  though  strictly  legal,  could  scarcely  be  called 
politic.  The  hundred  or  so  ragged  piratical  wretches 
cast  on  this  rich  and  feebly  defended  shore  wanted 
few  decrees;  and  the  fewer  laws  their  ruler  made  for 
them  the  fewer  would  be  broken.  But,  necessary  or 
not,  the  alcalde  mayor  must  issue  orders,  else  he  is 
no  alcalde  mayor.  Hence  other  regulations  followed, 
equally  unpopular,  until  the  colonists  began  to  con- 
sider how  best  they  might  make  a  plug  which  should 
stop  this  great  running  to  waste  of  law.  Though 
convinced  that  Enciso  was  planning  to  get  the  gold 
as  well  as  the  government  all  into  his  own  hands, 
and  employ  the  colonists  as  tools  wherewith  to  mine, 
and  hold  the  savages  in  check,  so  inbred  is  Spanish 
loyalty,  that  even  the  reckless  members  of  this  crude 
commonwealth  hesitated  before  committing  any  overt 
act  which  might  forever  outlaw  them  from  tlieir 
country.  Better  employ  his  own  weapon  against  the 
bachiller,  for  law  is  safer  than  hemp  for  hanging  even 
lawyers. 

There  was  about  Vasco  Nunez  a  plain  directness 
of  thought  and  purpose  the  very  opposite  of  those 
cngend'^red  of  the  law's  entanglements.  Ever  since 
his  fortunate  sujxgestion  to  cross  from  San  Sebastian 


no 


to  Darien  he  had  been  regarded  as  the  savior  -of  the 


VASCO  NU5IEZ  ASSUMES  COMMAND. 


•IP' 


oiilony;  and  now  he  thought  he  saw  open  a  way  of 
(lolivcrance  from  their  present  trouble,  and  so  he  told 
tlicuT.  "  The  gulf  of  Urabii,"  said  ho,  "  separates 
Xueva  Andalucia  from  Castilla  del  Oro.  While  on 
the  eastern  side  we  belonged  to  the  government  of 
Alonso  de  Ojeda;  now  that  we  are  on  the  western, 
we  are  subject  only  to  Diego  de  Nicucsa."  Before 
this  simple  logic  the  bachillcr  was  dumfoundered.  Of 
what  value  was  legal  lore  that  could  be  so  easily  over- 
turned by  an  illiterate  adventurer?  In  vain  he  feebly 
argued  that  wherever  was  Ojcda's  colony,  Ojeda's 
deputy  was  master.  The  people  were  against  him; 
and  the  opinion  of  the  people  concerning  him  was 
expressed  by  Vasco  Nunez  when  some  time  afterward 
he  wrote  the  king  regarding  persons  of  that  cloth  in 
infant  settlements:  "Most  powerful  sire,"  he  said, 
"  there  is  one  great  favor  that  I  pray  your  royal  high- 
ness to  do  me,  since  it  is  of  great  importance  to  your 
.service.  It  is  for  your  royal  highness  to  issue  an 
order  that  no  bachiller  of  laws,  or  of  anything  unless 
it  be  of  medicine,  shall  come  to  these  parts  of  Tierra 
Firme,  under  a  heavy  penalty  that  your  highness 
shall  fix ;  because  no  bacliiller  ever  comes  hither  who 
is  not  a  devil,  and  they  all  live  like  devils,  and  not 
only  are  they  themselves  bad,  but  they  make  others 
l)a(1,  ha\ing  always  contrivances  to  bring  about  litiga- 
tions anil  villainies.  This  is  very  important  to  your 
liiglmess'  service  in  this  a  new  country."" 

''Carta  <liri(fi(la  al  Rcy  por  Fo-sro  Kntln  de  linlhoa  dexflp  Saiifrt  Maria  drl 
Jhirh  II,  '.'0  de  Em  rode  l.'i/J,  in  Xavurrftr,  <  'ol.  de  I'kiijeK,  iii.  SilS.  That  Knciso 
has  hi'Mi  ])roiiorly  repri'siMitcd  ns  a  vain  ami  shnUowiiuiu  is  proved  liy  a  rcftT- 
iiiLi'  t()hislK)ol{,.S'H/)ia«/<'  Gi'0!ira/)/iin,'2,  wheroiiiho  ilooHiiDt  licsilatotDpiitiDiiizo 
the  liiiy-iniiKTor  'whose  youth  had  not  poriiiittod  him  to  ivad  iniioh  of  gt'"^- 
laphy.'  '  l\ir  tanto  yo  Martin  fornaiidoz  dc  onciso  algnazil  mayor  dchi  tierra 
liiiiu)  dulas  IndiuH  jcidentalea  Uamada castilhi dl  oro.  Dcsscando  hazcr  alguu 
SI  ruiiio  a  vucstra.  8.  c.  c.  ni.  que  hi  fucsso  af,'ratlalilc  y  no  niciios  iiroucchoso, 
trisidcraiido  f(uo  la  poca  cdad  dc  vuostra  roal  aUcza  no  ha  dado  lu^nr  a  (|uo 
puiliisst'loer  loa  libros  quo  doUi  geographiii  lial)lan.'  Ami  that  lie  was  an 
hca.stly  in  his  bijjotry  and  cruelty  aa  his  less  learned  companiona  wo  may 
know  from  what  ho  himsolf  wrote  the  king,  J'ueltcco  and  L'drdiiia<,  CvI.Ddc, 
i.  I  lit,  ahout  the  caciques  who  kept  men  dressed  as  women,  and  used  as  such, 
'lunl  when  I  took  Daricn,  we  seized  and  burned  them,  and  wlien  the  women 
Baw  them  burning  they  manifested  joy.'  Comjmre  Ov'udo,  ii.  4i">-  JT,  47-70; 
and  iii.  7;  IJcrnra,  dec.  i.  lib.  viii,  cup.  v.-vii.;  and  lib.  ix.  cap.  1;  or,  if  one 


f 


t 


"w 


(' ;. 


IP. 


330 


SETTLEMENT  OF  DARIEN. 


So  the  lawyer  was  dcpoF  jcl,  and  the  cavalier  clo- 
vated.  Enciso  gracelcssly  yielded  his  dear  authority; 
and  after  much  wransflinsj  amonjy  the  ill-assorted  fra- 
ternity,  a  municipality  was  decided  upon,  and  two 
alcaldes'  were  chosen,  Vasco  Nuilez  do  Balboa  and 
Martin  Zamudio.  The  office  of  regidor^  fell  amonijf 
others  to  one  Valdivia.  Subsequently  additional  offi- 
cials were  chosen. 

Government  without  law,  however,  proved  no  less 
ineffectual  than  law  without  government.  Disaffcc- 
tions  and  altercations  continued.  In  the  administra- 
tion of  justice,  Ealboa  was  accused  of  favoring  his 


friends  and  frowning  upon 
pented   having  crossed   the 


his  enemies.     Some  re- 
gulf;   some  desired  the 


restoration  of  Enciso;  some  suggested  that  "^s  they 


'ii 


were  now  within  the  jurisdiction  of  Nicuesa,  it  was 
his  right  to  rule,  or  to  name  their  ruler. 

While  these  strifes  were  rajfing,  the  inhabitants  of 
Antigua  were  startled  one  day  by  the  report  of  a  gun 
coming  from  the  direction  of  San  Sebastian.  Think- 
ing  perhaps  Ojeda  had  returned,  or  sent  supplies, 
they  built  fires  on  the  adjacent  heights  in  order  to  at- 
tract attention.    Presently  two  ships  approached,  and 

will  have  it  in  Dutch,  Ezquehel,Aan1comst,  30-8,  in  OottfrU'd,  Reysen,  i. ;  Aconta, 
Compeiid.  Jlist.  Nueva  Granada,  33-8;  Drake's  To;/.,  157-58;  Norman\t  ll'ist. 
Cal,  10;  Palton'a  Hist.  U.  S.,  II;  Ogilbi/'s  Am'.,  399;  March  y  Lahorcs, 
Marina  Espanola,  i.  413-'23;  Bcnzoni,  Hist.  Mondo  Nvovo,  41-5;  Ilarpcr's 
Ma;/.,  xviii.  408;  BidurlVs  Panamd,  27-28;  and  Ilcylyn''ii  Cosmor/.,  1087. 

'  As  I  have  before  observed,  there  were  alcaldes  of  various  denominations, 
duties,  and  jurisdictions.  In  new  discoveries,  when  tiie  chief  of  the  expedi- 
tion liad  not  contracted  with  the  king  for  the  appointing  of  authorities,  the 
settlers  met  and  elected  one  or  more  alcaldes  and  regidores.  The  alcaMe,  in 
the  absence  of  the  governor  or  military  chief,  presided  over  the  inuuici|ial 
council,  composed  of  regidores  who  governed  the  municipality,  or  rr;pmii  hIo, 
as  it  was  then  called.  The  alcalde  was  also  the  executive  power,  cxcrciHiii,' 
+he  functions  of  judge,  witli  original  jurisdiction  in  all  matters  civil  and  crim- 
inal, those  relating  to  the  natives  excepted.  In  the  absence  of  the  adclantiulo 
he  was  therefore  chief  in  authority,  and  when  tlio  governor  was  present,  t!ie 
alcalde  was  second.  Alcaldes  in  new  settlements,  and  in  early  times,  were 
ditl'erent  irom  tliose  created  later.  Their  duties  covered  the  emergency.  In 
the  present  instance,  had  Enciso  con  turned  to  exercise  the  office  of  alcalde 
mayor,  regidores  might  still  have  been  elected  to  attend  to  the  affairs  of  tlio 
municipality,  in  which  case  no  alcaldes  would  have  been  elected,  for  Euciso 
himself  would  have  presided. 

"Regidores,  or  members  of  the  municipal  council,  were  elected  by  tlio 
residents  of  a  ward  or  district.  Cities  were  entitled  to  twelve,  to\vns  to  ais., 
and  villugea  or  small  sottlemeuta  were  limited  to  three  or  even  Ics^. 


COLMEXARES  COMES. 


331 


anr-horccl  before  the  town.  They  proved  to  bo  vessels 
belonging  to  Nicuesa,  freighted  at  Espaiiola  v.ith 
supplies  for  the  colony  of  Castilla  del  Oro,  and 
coininanded  by  Rodrigo  Enriqucz  de  Colmenares. 
Thrown  by  stress  of  weather  upon  the  coast  of  Santa 
3[arta,"  he  had  there  lost  a  number  of  his  men;  after 
which  he  entered  the  gulf  of  Urabd,  hoping  to  find 
information  of  Nicuesa. 

A  quick  observer  and  a  faithful  officer,  Colmenares 
soon  understood  the  position  of  affairs,  and  took 
prompt  measures  to  secure  to  his  governor  such  ad- 
vantages as  might  accrue  from  profitless  contentions. 
By  a  judicious  distribution  of  articles  greatly  needed 
by  the  colonists,  attended  by  wise  counsels,  he  gained 
their  confidence,  and  partly  healed  their  feuds;  so 
that  before  sailing  he  prevailed  on  them  to  send  two 
ambassadors  to  treat  with  Nicuesa  concerning  the 
aftairs  of  their  settlement.  The  two  envojB  chosen 
wore  Diego  de  Albites,  and  an  aspiring  lawyer,  hith- 
erto overshadowed  by  the  august  presence  of  Enciso, 
called  the  bachiller  Diego  del  Corral,  and  they  were 
directed  to  accompany  the  ships  of  Colmenares  in  the 
bri^antine  belonging  to  the  settlement  of  Antigua. 

It  was  about  the  middle  of  November,  1510,  when 
Colmenares  entered  the  gulf  of  Urabd,.  Unable  to 
gather  any  tidings  of  Nicuesa,  he  continued  his  voy- 
age westward,  searching  the  inlets  along  the  coast. 
He  would  nevertheless  have  passed  Nombre  do  Dios 
had  he  not  seen  some  of  Nicuesa's  men  in  their 
Iwat,  at  one  of  the  islands,  seeking  food.  The 
wildest  joy  greeted  the  new  arrival.  It  was  to  the 
colony  of  Castilla  del  Oro  as  a  reprieve  from  death. 
(Jazing  sadly  on  the  sallow  faces  and  emaciated 
I'orms  before  them,  the  miserable  wreck  of  Nicuesa's 
o'allant  company  now  reduced  to  sixty  souls,  listen- 
ing to  their  tales  of  wretchedness,  tears  of  honest 
sympathy  fell  from   the   eyes  of  the   hardy  sailors. 

'••Tlio  name  of  a  Spanish  settlement  midway  between  Capo  do  la  Vela  and 
Cdrtuijuna,  and  sometimes  applied  to  the  territory  in  that  vicinity. 


332 


SETTLEMENT  OF  DARIEN. 


With  difficulty  could  bo  recognized  in  the  leader  of 
the  hapless  troop  the  once  gay  and  courtly  Nicuesa. 
Colmenares  gave  the  sufferers  food  and  comforted 
them.  He  told  Nicuesa  of  Ojeda's  failure,  of  the 
settlement  at  Antigua,  and  how  Enciso  and  his  com- 
pany, having  found  a  spot  rich  in  gold  and  well  pro- 
visioned, had  fallen  to  quarrelling  among  themselves 
about  the  government,  and  had  finally  sent  messen- 
gers to  him,  the  rightful  ruler,  for  the  healing  of 
their  disputes. 

To  Nicuesa  these  words  were  as  fresh  oil  iu 
aji  ex  liring  lamp.  But  in  his  enfeebled  state,  the 
sudden  change  from  blank  despair  to  brilliant  hope 
played  havoc  with  his  discretion.  After  brief  thanks- 
giving for  deliverance,  his  mind  became  excited  by 
dreams  of  boundless  wealth  and  empire.  He  ordered 
a  feast,  at  which  he  presided  with  insensate  levity. 
Toward  the  ambassadors  from  the  gulf  he  assumed  a 
haughty  arrogance,  claiming  supreme  authority  rela- 
tive to  all  matters  at  Antigua,  and  stoutly  swear iii^f 
that  the  gold  taken  from  his  subjects  of  Darien  should 
be  disgorged. 

Colmenares  had  marked  the  effect  of  Nicucsa's 
altered  temper  on  his  followers.  He  saw  that  dis- 
affection was  rife,  and  that  the  governor  held  control 
by  a  feeble  tliread.  Showing  Nicuesa  the  madness  of 
his  course,  he  explained  the  importance  of  attacliiiiL]j 
the  remnant  of  Ojeda's  colony  to  his  own,  and  pointed 
out  their  strength  and  his  weakness;  he  received  in 
reply  only  insolent  rebukes. 

Meanwhile  the  ambassadors  Albites  and  Corral, 
men  whose  wits  were  about  them,  were  not  ploaseil 
with  this  foretaste  of  Nicuesa's  rule;  nor  did  inter- 
course with  Nicucsa's  men  tend  iu  any  wise  to  dimin- 
ish their  unfavorable  impressions.  One  night  tlioy 
visited  Lope  de  Olano,  who  for  his  sins  was  chained 
to  a  rock  and  made  to  grind  corn.  "  Behold  my  con- 
dition," he  exclaimed.  "  I  have  ever  served  my  gov- 
ernor faithfully.     I  saved  him  from  perishing,  when  I 


ILL-TREATMENT  OF  NICUESA. 


333 


had  but  to  delay  his  rescue  to  become  myself  the 
l^fovcrnor.  This  is  my  reward.  You  men  of  An- 
tigua may  draw  your  own  conclusions."  By  others 
the  ambassadors  were  informed  that  the  chief  officers 
of  the  now  government  were  already  selected:  Vasco 
Xuiicz  was  to  be  stripped  of  all  authority,  and  Za- 
inudio,  as  a  relative  of  Olano,  could  scarcely  hope 
to  fare  better.  Those  who  had  trafficked  with  the 
natives  were  to  be  severely  punished.  It  was  enough. 
Stealing  away,  they  hastened  back  to  Antigua.  "A 
pretty  mess  you  have  made  of  it,  with  your  infernal 
bickerings,"  they  said  to  the  assembled  confederates. 
"  Xicuesa  will  give  you  more  of  law  than  Enciso,  and 
more  of  arbitrary  rule  than  Vasco  Nunez  and  Zamu- 
dio  ten  times  over."  A  few  days  after  a  messenger, 
one  Juan  do  Caicedo,  arrived  from  Nicuesa,  and  in- 
formed them,  for  their  further  comfort,  that  the  gov- 
ernor was  detained  at  one  of  the  islands  capturing 
natives,  but  would  be  with  them  shortly.  Perceiving 
that  his  tidings  were  not  hailed  with  transports  of 
joy,  and  being  himself  embittered  against  Nicuesa,  as 
v.cro  indeed  almost  all  his  followers,  Caicedo  swung 
round  upon  his  bearings  and  laughed  at  them.  "Silly 
scnores!  free  and  rich,  you  call  in  a  cormorant  to 
swallow  your  substance  and  yourselves."  And  now, 
as  usual  when  folly  comes  home,  curses  flowed  freely 
on  themselves  and  others.  The  prospect  of  losing 
tlicir  gold  touched  them.     Wliat  should  they  do  ? 

Once  more  Vasco  Nunez  oftcrs  a  pertinent  sugges- 
tion. "  You  were  dissatisfied  with  Enciso,  and  ques- 
tioned many  of  my  acts.  Now  you  fear  a  governor 
possessing  all  the  bad  qualities  of  your  former  rulers, 
with,  perhaps,  few  of  their  redeeming  traits.  If 
calling  Nicuesa  was  an  error,  is  not  receiving  him  a 
jjjrt'ator  one  ?"  Struck  by  the  suggestion,  the  colonists 
drop  their  differences  and  unite  as  one  man  against 
Xicuosa,  each  taking  a  solemn  oath  never  to  serve 
luidor  him.  Sentries  arc  then  stationed  to  give  notice 
of  his  approach,  and  measures  taken  to  prevent  his 


334 


SETTLEMENT  OF  DARIEN. 


landlnGf, 


After 


eight 


day.s  pleasantly  passed  kid- 
nap})mg  among  the  islands,  the  ill-fated  governor 
enters  the  harbor  and  comes  to  anchor,  little  dream- 
ing of  the  reception  that  awaits  him.  On  shore  be- 
fore the  town  he  observes  a  company  of  armed  men, 
assembled,  as  he  supposes,  to  give  him  welcome.  As 
he  prepares  to  disembark,  the  public  procurator'*^  ad- 
vances and,  to  his  astonishment,  in  a  loud  voice  warns 
him  on  pain  of  death  not  to  place  foot  on  shore,  l)ut 
instantly  to  abandon  these  parts  and  return  no  more. 

The  colony  at  Antigua  was  at  this  time  compara- 
tively strong  and  well-conditioned;  Nicuesa's  followers 
were  few,  weak,  and  disaffected.  For  him  to  enforce 
authority  was  not  possible.  His  mind  had  dwelt 
fondly  of  late  on  his  rising  fortunes,  and  this  hostile 
reception  was  a  terrible  disappointment,  for  it  was  the 
last  earthly  resource.  To  return  to  the  broken  camp 
at  Nombre  de  Dios  would  be  to  enter  again  the  jaws 
of  death ;  if  he  could  not  remain  here,  he  certainly 
could  not  depart. 

Recovering  in  a  measure,  as  from  a  hea\'y  blow, 
the  governor  requested  permission  to  land,  promising 
solemnly  to  enter  into  any  stipulations  concerning 
the  government  which  the  colonists  should  deem 
just.  His  proposals  were  drowned  by  the  shouts 
of  the  rabble;  and  he  was  warned,  as  he  valued  his 
life,  to  approach  no  nearer  the  shore.  Nicuesa  con- 
tinued his  expostulations  till  nightfall,  when  ho 
retired  with  his  ship  a  little  farther  from  land.  Ec- 
turning  next  morning,  he  renewed  his  importunities. 
A  change  had  apparently  taken  place  in  the  minds 
of  the  ])eople,  for  he  was  now  permitted  to  land 
with  his  page.  Balboa  received  the  governor  court- 
eously, conducted  him  to  his  house,  and  made  him 
for  the  nioflit.     The  affairs  of  the 


a  guest 


fjovcrn- 


'"The  procnrculor  de  la  c'nidad,  called  &(tcrvriivd  sindico  procvrndor,  niul 
later  still  nindico,  was  an  officer  of  the  municipal  oouncil,  whose  duty  it  was 
to  sec  tlio  city  ordinances  enforced,  bring  suit  for  and  defend  the  city  in  siiiy 
suit,  pcrfonning  the  functions  of  city  attorney,  beside  having  a  scat  in  the 
couinion  council  of  the  city. 


SAD  FATE  OF  XICUESA.  fgi 

mcnt  were  discussed,  and  an  amicable  imdcrstandinsr 
was  arrived  at  by  the  two  leaders.  It  was  nothing 
less,  in  fact,  than  that  one  of  them  should  be  first, 
and  the  other  second,  in  Castilla  del  Oro.  On  the 
fdllowing  day  a  portion  of  the  crew  on  board  Ni- 
cuesa's  ship  was  permitted  to  land;  and  Vasco  Nunez 
now  endeavored  to  reconcile  his  comrades  to  the  rule 
of  the  governor.  It  was  too  late.  Sedition  is  more 
easily  raised  than  allayed.  Not  only  was  Zamudio 
jealous  of  his  colleague,  but  he  well  knew  that  under 
the  proposed  regime  the  odium  of  all  the  opposition 
would  fall  on  him.  Drawing  round  him  the  rouijhcr 
element,  he  reminded  the  colonists  of  their  oath,  and 
jiicturcfl  to  them  the  poverty  and  restraint  under 
the  ]iroposed  government.  So  successful  was  he  in 
exciting  bad  blood,  that  Nicucsa  was  glad  to  escape 
insult  and  violence  by  retiring  to  his  ship.  Thus 
encouraged,  Zamudio  resolved  to  press  a  final  issue 
l)y  capturing  the  governor,  and  dictating  terms  to 
him.  The  next  day  accordingly  he  placed  his  men 
in  ambush  near  the  landing,  and  with  one  comjianion, 
Pedro  Macaz,  appeared  before  the  ship.  Hailing  the 
commander,  he  assured  him  that  all  was  well,  and 
that  he  now  might  safely  venture  on  shore.  Nicucsa 
fell  easily  into  the  trap.  Joining  the  conspirators, 
lio  walked  unsuspiciously  with  them  toward  the  spot 
where  the  gang  lay  concealed.  When  near  it  Za- 
mudio changed  his  tone  to  one  of  harsh  insolence, 
"  Senor  Nicuesa,"  he  said,  "  why  do  you  persist  in 
remaining  liere  contrary  to  our  wishes  ?  Your  pres- 
ence is  our  ruin.  We  can  neither  accept  you,  nor 
abandon  this  place.  You  must  depart  instantly,  or 
(lie.  Take  your  choice."  Meanwhile  his  minions 
>;i)rang  forward.  Nicaesa  saw  it  all  at  a  glance.  He 
was  ilcct  of  foot,  and  this  was  his  only  hope.  So  fling- 
ing off  dignity,  he  eluded  their  clutches,  dashed  off  at 
tlio  top  of  his  speed  along  the  shore,  and  outstripping 
his  piu'sucrs,  turned  into  the  forest  to  hide. 
When  Vasco  Nunez  saw  the  desperate  plight  to 


330 


SETTLEMENT  OF  DARIEX. 


^n 


' 


wliicli  Nicucsa  was  reduced,  all  the  j^enerous  impulses 
of  his  nature  were  aroused,  lie  hated  hinisolt'  tor 
the  juirt  he  had  played,  and  cursed  the  sordiil  ambi- 
tion which  thus  unjustly  humiliated  so  chivalrous  a 
gentleman.  ISIore  in  earnest  than  ever,  he  sought  out 
Nicucsa  in  the  wood;  and  then  endeavored  to  excite 
the  sympathies  of  the  colonists,  and  even  to  intimi- 
date them;  but  all  was  of  no  avail.  Those  there 
were  who  well  knew  they  had  gone  too  far  ever  to  bo 
forgiven. 

Satan  now  wholly  possessed  Zamudio.  No  fiend 
could  ever  invent  and  execute  a  more  dastardly  meas- 
ure than  was  now  proposed.  With  sixty  men  ho 
entered  the  forest,  seized  Nicucsa,  and  made  him 
swear  instantly  to  sail  for  Spain,  touching  no  port  till 
he  should  reach  Cddiz.  Then,  as  if  in  mockery,  ho 
took  from  him  his  only  serviceable  ship,  placed  liim 
into  the  old  brigantine,  now  rotten  and  unsafe,  whicli 
had  been  in  use  at  Veragua,  and  sent  him  forth  witli 
seventeen  men  and  a  few  devoted  members  of  his 
household.  It  was  in  March,  1511,  that  the  so  lately 
proud  and  gallant  Nicucsa  was  thu;^  driven  from 
Antigua,  and  neither  he  nor  any  of  that  ill-fated 
company  was  ever  afterward  heard  from  !" 

"  Jk'iizoni  asserts  that  after  leaving  Aiitigua,  Nicuesa  followed  the  coast 
for  soniu  distance,  but  landing  one  day  for  water,  he  was  seized  by  cannibnls, 
who  captured  the  vessel  and  devoured  the  men.  'K  cosi  Niquesa  nmltu 
dolente  se  ne  parti,  e  perquella  costa  andando  aalto  in  terra  per  piglior  acciua, 
c  8U  da  'paesani  iiceiso,  e  poi  mangiato  con  tutti  i  suoi  conipagiii,  e  (jiicsto 
Bu  la  lino  della  vita  di  Diego  di  Niquesa,  ein  la  sua  arniata  di  Veragua.'  Hi-'. 
J\loii'h>  Xvovo,  i.  47.  A  story  was  ciifrcnc  for  a  time  tliafc  they  liad  licni 
thrown  on  Cul)a,  where  all  perisl'id,  ieavi' j  inserilied  upon  a  tree,  'IIiiu 
ended  the  unfortuiuite  Nicnesii.'  Lan  Ca.-^as  and  Ilerrern,  however,  are  df 
opinion  tliat  his  vessel  foundered  at  vc.i.  'Algunos  imaginnron  (pie  aporto  a 
Culia,  y  quo  los  Indios  Ic  niataron,  jioroue  andando  eiertos  Castellanos  por  l.i 
isla  hallaroo  escrito  en  iin  arbol :  Aiiui  feneeiii  el  desdichado  Nicuesa  :  pero  i  .sto 
Be  tuvo  por  los  honibres  mas  verdaderos,  por  falso,  ponpie  los  priniero.si|Ui'  eii- 
traron  en  (Julja,  afennaron  luuiea  aver  oydo  tal  nueva.  Lo quo  se  tuvo  poi'  iii:n 
cierto,es,  (pieeoino  llenava  tan  malnavio,  y  las  mares  deaquellas  partes  son  tcii 
bravas,  y  vehementes,  la  mesma  mar  lo  tragaria  facilmente,  o  quo  percceria  ilu 
li;d)re,  y  do  sed,'  J/irnra,  i.  viii.  viii.  But  his  fate  nuist  forever  remain  a 
mystery  ;  and  he  one  among  the  many  whose  visionary  hopes  have  been  l)urit  d 
beneath  these  waters;  one  among  the  many  who,  having  left  home  with  sui- 
guine  expectations,  sailed  over  tliese  seas  in  quest  of  gold  or  adventure,  ntvtr 
again  to  Ije  heard  from !  It  is  easy,  after  a  failure,  to  laid  the  mistake.  Many 
of  Nicue.sa's  misfortunes  sprang  not  from  any  fault,  and  yet  faults,  in  place  I't' 
nobler  (qualities,  were  developed  by  his  misfortunes. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

PACTIONS  AND  FORAOINGS  IN  DARIEN. 
1511-1513. 

TlIF.  r.ARniSON   AT  NOMBRE   VR  DiOS — SrHTI.E   DlPI-OMACIES — VaSTO  NhSEZ 

Assumes  Command  —  Exciso,  iiis  Life  and  Wuitixcs— The  Town 
AND  THE  Jail  —  RiaiiT.s  of  SANcrrAUY — Valiuvia'.s  Voyac.e  —  Za- 
Mrpio's  Mission — Expedition  to  Coiba — Careta  Aives  Vasco  NcSez 
ins  Dacoiiter — Pon- a  Punished — .IrR.\,  the  Savaoe  Statesman — 
Visit  of  the  Spaniards  to  Comaore — Panciaco  Tells  Them  of  a 
SoiTHERN  Sea — The  Story  of  Valdivia,  Who  is  Shipwrecked  and 
Eaten  by  Cannibals — Vasco  NuSez  Undertakes  an  Impious  Pil- 
r.niMAOE  to  the  (Jolden  Temple  of  Daiiaiba — Conspiracy  Formed 
Bv  the  Natives  to  Destroy  Anticua— Eul\  ia  D.vuloes  the  Plot — 
1)  rviEN  Quieted — Vasco  NuSez  iIeoeives  a  Royal  Commission — 
Serious  Charges — Vasco  Nu.^ez  Resolves  to  Discover  the  Southern 
Sea  before  He  i3  Prevented  by  Arrest. 

Thus  far  the  first  doeacle  of  disaster  aloni^  Tierra 
Firine;  thus  far  the  discovery  of  Rodri<^o  de  Bas- 
tidas  in  1501;  the  ineffectnal  attempt  of  Cohimbus  at 
AVrngua  in  1502;  the  faihire  of  the  impetuous  Ojcda, 
and  the  death  of  the  veteran  pilot,  Juan  de  la  Cosa; 
the  foundins:  of  Nombre  de  Dios  and  Antinfua;  the 
destruction  of  the  superb  armament  of  Diego  de  Ni- 
cuesa,  and  the  sad  fate  of  its  commander.  Mean- 
Avliilc  we  behold  evolved  from  the  factions  of  Antigua 
t\v.)  notable  characters,  Francisco  Pizarro  and  Vasco 
Nunez  de  Balboa.  We  will  now  further  observe 
society  in  Darien,  and  the  attempts  of  the  Spaniards 
to  govern  themselves  and  pacify  their  neighbors. 

When  Diego  do  Nicuesa  embarked  to  assume  com- 
mand at  AntiiTua,  he  left  in  the  fortress  of  Nombre 
Gv>  Dios  a  small  garrison  under  Gonzalo  de  Badajoz, 
with  Alonso  Nuiicz  de  IMadrid  as  alcalde.     Their  pro- 


Hisi,  Cbm.  Am.,  Vol.  I.    23 


(337) 


iili^ 


t 


il: 


338 


FxVCTioxs  A^^)  foragixgs  in  darien. 


visions  falling  low,  and  expected  relief  failing  them, 
like  ill-mannered  wolves  they  fell  to  fighting  over  the 
little  remaining  food,  and  but  for  the  opportune  arri- 
val of  Colmenarcs,  civilization  at  Nombre  de  Dios 
would  soon  have  found  a  miserable  ending.  To  the 
])ic)posal  to  join  their  countrymen  at  Antigua,  they 
eagerly  assented,  and  embarked  without  delay  in  the 
two  brigantincs  sent  for  the  purpose.  Lope  de  Olaiio 
was  released,  and  subsequently  rose  high  in  the  esteem 
of  Balboa.  Thus  the  settlement  of  Antigua,  after  the 
departure  of  the  hapless  Nicuesa,  comprised  all  that 
was  left  of  the  two  colonies  of  Nucva  Andalucia  and 
Castilla  del  Oro,  and  numbered  about  two  hundred 
and  fifty  mcn.^ 

The  final  disappearance  of  the  two  commanders  by 
no  means  allayed  the  discords  of  the  colony.  Factions 
assumed  broader  dimensions  than  ever.  A  band  of 
two  hundred  and  fifty  bears,  after  accomplishing  tlie 
duties  of  the  day,  would  sensibly  stretch  themselves 
under  the  welcome  covert;  but  intellectual  and  niortil 
beasts  are,  by  reason  of  their  superiority,  doomed  to 
the  eternal  curse  of  government;  nor  docs  it  make 
niuch  difference  as  to  the  quality  or  quantity  of  the 
herd ;  fools  will  fight  for  domination  all  the  same. 

Zamudio,  followed  by  the  gang  that  had  driven 
out  Nicuesa,  claims  preiiminence  as  a  reward  for  his 
villainies.  Enciso,  the  learned  and  disinterested  re|)- 
resentativo  of  the  higher  orders  of  mastership,  earthly 
and  heavenly,  never  fails  to  keep  the  high  and  holy 
law  spr'oad  before  these  misguided  men.  Vasco  Nunez 
keeps  his  own  counsel;  but  ho  feels  within  himself 
that  neither  Zamudio  nor  Enciso  shall  rule  An- 
tigua.  All  he  need  do  is  to  continue  as  hitherto  !•» 
turn  against  his  opponents  their  own  weapons.  The 
lawyer  he  vanquishes  with  law;  the  ruffian,  by  giv- 
ing him  a  rope  wherewith  to  hang  himself.  In  the 
]iresent  instance,  like  a  skilful  tactician,  he  separates 
his  antagonists  and  opposes  one  to  the  other.     Call- 

'  Ovicdo,  ii.  477,  ia  obviously  ^^•rong  in  saying  over  six  hundred. 


DEEP  DIPLOMACIES. 


339 


Iii'jj  Zamudio  aside,  he  makes  evident  to  him  the 
iiLCL'ssity,  if  he  would  continue  a  municipal  govcrn- 
iiioiit,  of  withholding  all  po^ver  from  the  bachiller. 
Having  no  intention  of  relinquishing  the  sweets  of 
office,  for  which  he  has  risked  so  much,  Zamudio  lends 
ii  will'ng  ear.  The  lawyer  must  be  quieted,  but  law- 
fully. High-handed  measures  may  be  employed,  but 
only  exceptionally.  The  law  is  too  useful  a  weapon 
to  be  flung  aside  by  intelligent  knaves.  So  the  two 
alcaldes  put  their  heads  together  and  frame  charges 
to  (it  the  occasion.  Enciso  is  accused  of  wilful  usur- 
})ation  of  authority,  of  assuming  the  duties  and  exer- 
cising the  functions  of  alcalde  mayor  without  license 
from  the  king — grave  charges,  truly,  emanating  from 
so  scrupulous  a  society.  The  lawyer's  skill  at  plead- 
ing avails  him  notliing.  He  is  convicted,  his  prop- 
erly confiscated,  and  himself  cast  into  prison.^  He  is 
not  long  kept  in  confinement,  however,  but  is  set  free 
on  giving  a  promise  immediately  to  leave  the  coun- 
try.' Thus  one  of  the  two  ambitious  Caesars  is  out 
of  the  way;  but  how  dispose  of  the  other? 


Again 


' '  II  Baccellioro  non  potena  mostrarc  lo  Reali  sue  prouisioni  per  baucrlo 
per  (Into  iiclla  iiauc,  die  si  ruppc  iiel  (Jolfo  d'Vraua.'  Beiizoiii,  J  lint.  Momlo 
.Vc  CO,  i.  47.  There  were  those  wlio  toM  Peter  Martyr  that  Enciso  wiici  thus 
jiuiiiahcd  by  providence  for  having  advised  tlic  expulsion  of  Nicues'i. 

^  Martin  I'ernandcz  de  Enciso  lirst  came  to  the  Indies  with  Baatidaa.  After 
pnicti.sin,!^  law  for  a  time  successfully  at  Sanfo  Domingo,  he  was  cempted  to 
tlii.-!  expedition,  as  wc  have  sei-n,  by  Ojeda.  upon  the  promise  of  the  otlii  e  (jf 
alcalde  mayor.  Though  a  pettifogger  in  lis  profession,  ho  was  nt  verthetess 
possessed  of  worth  and  ability  in  oiler  directions.  In  Darien,  while  in  tlie 
iiKiiii  well  meaning,  !>e  was  Tumble  to  crpo  successfully  with  shiewder  intcl- 
U'cl  i  shai'pened  by  New  World  experiences.  After  his  return  to  Spain  ho 
pnhlisiied  a  work,  entitled  Suma  <li'  iicoijruh'ul  7  Irn/a  do  Inilas  Ins  partiilm  <tr 
pruHtadax  dii  inundo:  en  especial  de  las  iiidias.  11  trala  lanjami'le  del  arte  thl 
rnare  ar:  Jimtamete  eon  la  esphera  en  ri'iihee:  eon  el  re'jumetn  del  Sol  ,(•  dd 
iwrle:  iniennmente  heeha.  As  the  title  indicates,  the  1/ook  purports  to  be  jv 
coMipi'ndium  of  universal  geography,  treating  of  all  parts  of  the  world,  but 
indiuling  the  little  that  waa  then  known  of  the  Indies,.  That  part  relating 
to  the  New  Wo'-l''  was  made  up  in  a  great  measure  from  his  own  ob.servations. 
And  yet  it  1  ■■<  )Ie3  too  nearly  the  usual  summaries  of  the  period  to  be  of 
iinicli  value.  lUo  (irat  third  of  the  v.ork  is  divoted  tc.  the  science  of  gco^-- 
raphy,  with  astronomical  tables  ami  a  rcsuimi  oi  early  Spanish  histoiy  'i'hen 
till'  iihysical  features  of  Spain,  and  l']uropo  generally,  are  given,  and  iinally  a 
raiiililing account  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  America.  It  was  printed  rvt  SfviUe  by  a 
tJiTMian,  Jakob  Cronibergcr,  in  1. 'ill).  Other  editions  appeared  in  l.l'Kt  lud  \h4U. 
Myeilitionisdated  I5.'l0,  the  part  relating  to  America  ojcupyii.g  the  List  fight 
folio  ■-  of  the  book.  Hibliogra[)hers  believe  tliia  the  Ihst  bool;  relu  vive  to  t  le  New 
World  printed  iu  tho  fcipanish  language.     '  Livro  curicu."-,  nuro  qu':   ejt  lo 


t  I 


■9m 


FACTIONS  AND  FORAGINGS  IX  DARIEX. 


hi 


■  fi. 


II- 


Vasco  Niifi.'z  draws  Zamudio  asulo  and  expresses  a 
fear  that  the  enraged  ba(3liiller,  once  in  S[)ain,  will 
stir  up  the  king  against  them,  and  enter  false  state- 
ments before  the  tribunal  of  the  Indies  reirarding:  tlie 
quality  of  justice  dispensed  by  the  alcaldes  of  An- 
tigua. "Would  it  not  bo  well,"  continues  Balboa, 
"  for  one  of  us  to  accompany  the  bachiller?  and  thus, 
while  misrepresentations  may  be  promptly  refuted, 
we  may  at  the  same  time  secure  our  government 
upon  a  more  substantial  basis."  Zamudio  sees  this 
necessity,  and  is  finally  induced  to  accept  the  conunis- 
sion.  Thus  Vasco  Nunez  is  left  to  reign  alone;  and 
every  effort  is  made  b}''  him  firmly  to  secure  his  gm  - 
ernment.  While  cementing  his  friends,  ho  conciliates 
his  enemies;  above  all  he  strives  to  deal  justly  by 
everybody,  and  with  fair  success.  By  caring  for  tlieir 
comfort  and  exercising  strict  impartiality  in  the  di- 
vision of  spoils,  he  wins  the  hearts  of  the  fighting 
mi!n.  Even  Oviedo,  \vho  was  not  friendly  to  Balboa, 
says:  "No  chieftain  who  ever  went  to  the  Indii^s 
equalled  him  in  these  respects."  And  yet,  beneath 
the  accumulating  honors  the  recipient  sits  not  wholly 
v,t  ease.  "No  one  need  hope  to  rule  this  land,"  writes 
A'asco  Nunez  to  the  king,  "and  sit  or  sleep;  for  if  In; 
sleep,  he  will  never  wake.  Day  and  night  I  think 
only  of  your  Majesty's  interests.  In  every  battle  1 
lead  my  men,  and  with  truthful  jxample,  and  kind 
treatment  of  the  natives,  seek  to  bring  into  favor 
your  INIajestyV  government  in  these  parts." 

jircinii'T  traitc^  do  g(''Oftrapliio  inipr.  en  Espnqno,  o\'i  Ton  ti'oiivo  dos  drhiilfi  pui- 
rAiii(''ri(]no.'  liriiin't,  lUniiKildii Libra! iv.  'Apparently  tlic  lirstbook  ])riiitocl  in 
Sl>!ini.sli  relating  to  America.'  li'irh,  li'thitothvca  A  mi  rlcaiia  Vctu.^.  '  F/dUvniuo 
rare  et  tr(''8  rcinar(|nal)lo. '  llumhohU,  Urnmt'ii  <!rl< i'/iir,  iv.  liOti.  'Ajjreat  liydni .'• 
rajihcr  and  explorer,  his  work  is  iiivalnahln  for  the  early  geograpliieal  lii.stoiy 
(if  the  continent.'  Jlnrrinii\liih(iotf':'rnAi<i<ricaiin  I'rfitstisnima.  Navarretesnys: 
'  Kscrihio  Knciso  nn  pajiel  inny  cnrioao  Kol)re  si  los  conqniatv'.orea  espafKili  ^ 
jiDilian  tener  y  poscer  indioa  cnconiendailos,  contra  lo.«i  frailes  doniinioo.s  (|iii; 
iK'cian  (jno  no,  y  so  opusieron  al  despacho  do  la  expodicion  do  IVdraria-i  l>.i- 
Vila,  so  pretexto  do  (|ue  el  Key  no  podia  enviar  ti  hacer  tales  conciui-ftiis.' 
And  in  his)  Ei>itomr,  I'inelo  remarks:  '  Trata  en  su  Siiina  (hoijntjid  del  Artu 
(le  Xavegar,  do  la  Ksfera,  y  do  las  quatro  partes  del  Mundo,  cspeeialinent.'  'l' 
laa  JiKJias,  i  es  el  primero  (pic  imprimii'i  Ohra  (Ifnijnilivn  do  ellas. '  Indicd,  this 
lust  waa  auid  in  1738,  aud  aubsu^uent  bibliograplkura  have  repeated  it. 


ENCISO  AXD  THE  ALCALDES. 


3)1 


It  must  not  be  supposed  that  tlie  settlors  were  idle 
all  this  time,  or  that  the  natives,  or  tlieir  gold,  were 
neglected.  The  town  had  grown  in  size  and  impor- 
tance since  the  driving  out  of  Cemaco.  Streets  had 
Incn  regularly  laid  out  round  a  idaza*  or  public  square, 
common  to  all  Spanish  towns,  and  a  churcli  antl  vv- 
li^ious  houses  established,  for  priests  had  come  hither 
with  the  rest. 

While  Enciso  made  ready  for  departure,  Bachiller 
Corral,  Captain  Badajoz,  and  others,  enemies  of  ]^a1- 
lioa,  improved  the  time  by  secretly  making  specilica- 
tions  of  both  the  alcaldes'  errors,  and  l)y  instigating 
thcrs  to  assist  in  criminating  the  rulers.  These 
eliaro'es  were  to  be  delivered  to  the  kin<i:  by  Enciso, 
lloaring  of  it,  the  alcaldes  seized  the  ringleaders  and 
coiilined  them  in  a  pen,^  the  munici[)al  jail,  situated  in 
tlio  middle  of  the  plaza.  But  the  prisoners  esca])ed 
froia  tiie  cage  to  the  Franciscan  monastery,  and,  claim- 
ing the  protection  of  the  sanctuary,"  they  were  finally 
discharged. 

o 

'  Im)!'  (lelinitioii  see  (lirptcr  xv.  note  1,  this  volnnin. 

■'  It  was  tlio  earn  I,  vliiitliiT  jiiil  or  ])ou.  In  newly  settled  towns,  and  in 
some  country  villages  where  jails  were  not  built,  it  was  customary  to  cou- 
sliuct  .1  5iiiall  enclosure  on  tlie  jila/a  near  the  fufd  vi)ii.-'l-^l<iri"l,  or  nnnii(i|ial 
iiiili,  in  v;lij<.lt  to  conlino  prisoners  till  Kent  to  the  capital  of  the  jircjviiice, 
'  ,  ilscwh'  le.  fo''  trial.  Those  convicted  of  petty  nuuiiii[)al  oll'ences  m  cro 
liki'wise  iH'.ai!  jiatcd  in  this  pen.  Inside  were  Btocks,  the  better  to  secuio 
great  o.;'<'iidevs 

''la  popul  i  |)arlance,  arntfcrte  d  .snnliKtr'io,  or  arntirrif  a  swiradn,  or  tomar 
I.'/"'  .tl,'  I'.'ov-iion  allbrded  criminals  who  nought  n'f  line  in  a  cliiuch  or  otli'r 
sar,  'il  isyiu'u,  j\i  wo  shall  often  meet  with  tlie  custom  in  this  history  I  will 
litatc  lii;"lly  v  hat  it  u.is.  It . .  well  Uunvvn  that  from  thi;  earliest  times,  in  both 
lii'.ilhcii  an.li/  v'  ,;i  K'leieties,  the  riL'ht  of  asvlum.nr  ri^jhtof  sanctuary,  lias  cx- 
i>ti''l,  ill  deg''ee3  nuno  or  less  nioililied  \t  '  time,  down  to  the  present  day.  lii 
S|i,iiiisli- America  it  was  in  voL,'ue  as  lateasii  (jiiarterof  aceiilury  ago.  Oii;,'i;i- 
iilly  the  ide.a  imjilied  tho  right  of  appeal  from  tiio  judgiiient  of  iiicii  to  the 
justice  of  (Jod.  The  Creator  himself,  it  is  said,  set  the  example  iiy  jplai-ing 
a  mark  on  Cain,  the  lirst  murderer,  that  none  miglit  kill  him ;  and  Moses  ainl 
•b'shiia,  under  divino  Hanction,  estab!islieil  cities  of  refuge,  whither  certain 
iiiviihiiitaryoirenders  might  llee  and  lind  safety.  Later,  the  foumh'isof  ciths 
'ill' ):'l  as\  Iniii  to  outlaws  for  the  purposi;  of  increasing  tlie  pii|nilatiiiii.  To 
tliisc  stem  ■  I  attributed  in.'i  measure  tiic  existence,  orat  least  the  iiiiportanic, 
lit  ■'  'US,  I'helies,  iind  other  cities.  Instead  of  making  the  whole  city  a!i 
ii;  "'.  ,  n.  certain  locality  was  Hometinies  assigned  for  that  pur|iose;  thus  tia- 
ilitiO:-  y:'.  ^  Miat  one  of  tho  first  nets  of  Itomuhis  preparatory  to  building  his 
c'ily  v,'i.  .  set  npart  I'alatiiio  Hill  lis  a  place  of  refuge.  Sacreil  gi-ovcs  vein 
iHvliuiis;  al.'.)  teiniiles  ti)  the  gods,  mid  religious  houses.  Notalily  the  groves 
'it  ill!'  (irecians,  and  the  Mrechtheiiim  of  Athens,  the  temple  of  .\rteinis  at 
Kplicdus,   and   that  of  A^iollou  at   Miletus.     With   the  advent  of  Chrisli- 


342 


FACTIONS  AND  FORAGINGS  IN  DARIEN. 


It 

¥ 


1 1 

II   ' 

t'' 

h 
11' 


!    I 


Valdivia,  the  regidor,  was  Balboa's  friend;  Ixifoii- 
leaving  the  Salvatierra  plantation  they  had  \)vvn 
warmly  intimate.  Supplies  were  needed,  and  Enciso 
and  Zamudio  required  passage  to  Spain.  Talcing, 
therefore,  a  small  vessel,  and  placing  in  Valdivia's 
hands  a  large  amount  of  gold,'  Vasco  Nunez  sent  him 
to  Espailola,  with  instructions  to  buy  the  good  opinion 
of  Diego  Colon  the  governor,  and  Pasamonte*  tlio 
kinijf's  treasurer,  and  bring  back  recruits.  The  re- 
gidor  was  £■  • '«'  ■^nccessful.  He  set  forth  the  wealth 
of  Tierra  Fin  ad  the  important  services  of  Vaseo 
Nunez  in  glo\\ii.^  colors,  and  obtained  from  the  gov- 
ernor IX  commission  authorizing  Balboa  to  act  as  liis 
lieutenant  in  those  parts.     He  begged  for  his  friend 

anity,  to  iiicrcaso  their  influence,  the  clergy  secured  this  privilege  for  llicir 
e'.iurclios.  In  the  time  of  Constantino  all  Christian  churches  aflbnled  rcfnw, 
nnil  Theodosius  II.  included  in  this  right  all  houses  belonging  to  the  cinirc'li, 
witli  their  courts  an<l  gurdcus.  In  France  and  Spain  not  only  the  church  and 
it-j  Kurroundings  aflforded  protection,  but  all  chapels,  cloisters,  abbeys,  ini>;i- 
asteries,  cemeteries,  tombs,  c.osses,  and  in  short  all  religious  monunuiit.s. 
Frci|ucntly  a  stone  bench,  called  the  stone  of  jieacc,  was  placed  for  rct'ii-'oi  s 
witliin  the  chui'ch  near  the  altar.  Tlio  priests  assured  the  people  that  tiny 
would  bo  visited  by  dire  calanuties  if  they  violated  this  right.  Gradually, 
however,  the  practice  diminished.  Though  the  culprit  nuist  not  lie  forciliiy 
dragged  from  the  church,  he  might  be  enticed  thence,  or  starved  out,  orsniokcil 
out.  Then  the  more  abhorred  criminals,  as  heretics  and  iniu'dercrs,  were  dc- 
i;ied  protection;  and  the  number  of  places  was  reduced.  Clement  XIV.,  in 
1 77-,  limited  the  number  to  ono  or  two  in  each  town,  though  no  one  slieltc-'nil 
by  the  roof  of  a  church  nught  bo  torn  thence  without  an  order  from  tin; 
ecclesiastical  judge.  The  right  of  churches  to  extend  protection  over  ininor 
otl'cnders  was  recognized  long  after  it  became  the  custom  for  tlio  cliM  Lry  to 
deliver  rank  ollenilera  for  punishmeiit.  The  superstition  was  respited,  us 
we  have  seen,  in  tlie  wilds  of  the  New  World  by  tlio  distempered  colonists  of 
Darien.  Nor  was  England  free  from  it ;  to  this  day  there  arc  places  in  Frame, 
and  in  Scotland,  Holj-rood  abbey  and  palace,  where  a  debtor  may  not  b''  ay- 
rested.  For  a  g()o<l  treatise  on  rigiit  of  sanctuary,  ami  on  immunity  of  rcli^'ii  'iis 
persons  and  places,  see  Va.<iu<'z,  dhroiiica  de.  Grnt.,  iJSS  et  seq. 

'  I'etcr  Martyr,  dec.  ii.  cap.  iv.,  thinks  Valdivia  carried  away  .100  pounils  of 
gold.  In  the  words  of  his  (luaint  Englisii  translator: — 'This  pound  of  <'i  :lit 
ounces,  the  Spanyardes  call  iMarehu,  whicho  in  weight  amountcth  to  liiiio 
pieces  of  golde  called  Caatellani,  but  the  Castilians  call  a  pound  Pcsuni.  Wo 
conclude  tliercfore.  that  the  aumine  hereof,  was  xv.  thousando  of  those  prri'is 
of  gold  called Ciistellaui.  And  thus  is  it  apparent  by  this  accompt,  liiat  liny 
rcciiued  of  the  liai'barous  kings  a  thotisande  and  fyuo  hundred  poundi-'s  "f 
fight  oiuices  to  tlio  pounde:  all  the  whicho  they  foundo  rcadio  wrought  in 
sundry  kindcs  of  ouches,  as  cheynes,  braselets,  tabletes,  and  plates,  both  to 
hang  t)cforo  their  brestes,  and  also  at  their  eares,  and  nosethrils. 

"(Juintana  flunks  the  amount  was  too  small,  or  that  it  never  reached  liim; 
for  as  events  unfolded  I'asainonto  ])rovod  himself  no  less  friendly  to  Im.'  isi. 
than  hostilo  to  \'asco  Xufiez.  It  seems  never  to  occur  to  a  Spaniard  th  i'  a 
iv\blie  olliccr  could  refuse  a  bribe.  As  it  was,  Pasamonto  did  favor  \'a.-co 
Nunez. 


BATTLE  WITH  CEMACO. 


im 


I;  before 
ad  Ix-'cu 
:l  Enciso 

Taldn--, 
^"aldiv'ui's 
sent  liim 
[l  opinion 
jntu^  tlio 

The  IV- 
le  wealth 
of  Vase<i 
L  the  gov- 
ict  as  his 
his  friend 

ilegc  for  tlicir 
Ibnlcd  rcfii^o, 
to  the  chnrL'li, 
,lic  church  ami 
,  abbeys,  iium- 
3  mouuiiunt.i. 
;il  lor  icl'iv^ois 
Dplo  that  Uiiy 
L     Gi-a'lually, 
lot  1)0  t'orciliiy 
out,  orsniokol 
■rcrs,  were  iK- 
ineut  XIV.,  ill 
.  onesheltonil 
rJer  from  tin; 
on  oviT  iiiinni- 
the  clcvL'y  to 
rc8pei;tc'il,  as 
■0(1  coloni'^'.^  "f 
icca  iu  Fniiiii', 
may  not  1>''  a;- 
ityof  religi"U» 

■300i)ounil-i<'f 
lonntt  of  I'i  -'^it 
nteth  to  liiiio 

rcsum.  N^  iJ 
)f  those  prii'i'S 
mpt,  that  ihry 

d  poniuh'S  "f 
io  wroujjht  ill 
plates,  bolli  to 

reached  him; 
udly  to  V.W'U'- 
^laiiiaid  th  i'  '^ 
id  favor  Va-<'0 


Pasamonte's  influence  with  the  king;  but  Enciso  was 
active  there  with  opposing  influence. 

^leanwhile  Balboa  was  haunted  by  thoughts  not 
of  the  happiest.  He  well  knew  how  precarious  was 
liis  tenure  of  position.  Nicuesa's  wrongs  were  ever 
before  him.  Though  not  the  chief  criminal  in  that 
atfair,  he  knew  he  was  criminal  enough.  Yet  before 
tlie  deed  was  done,  and  since,  he  had  striven  to  make 
amends.  "  Once,  twice,  three  times,"  writes  he  to  the 
king,  "  have  I  sent  ^'-l  to  Nicuesa's  men,  and  saved 
Iheui  when  dying  at  tlie  rate  of  five  and  six  a  day." 
Then,  too,  he  must  confess  having  treated  poor  Enciso 
somewhat  shameailly ;  and  the  bachiller  was  stronger 
where  there  was  more  strength  in  the  law;  while  Za- 
nuulio  was  not  the  same  before  the  king  as  before  his 
Antigua  ruffians.  There  remained  only  one  course. 
Action  was  the  word.  If  he  would  play  the  great 
man,  and  rule  others,  he  must  bestir  himself  to  some- 
thing nobler  than  political  strife  and  demagogy  at 
Antigua.  Gold  would  help  him;  he  thorouglily  ap- 
preciated the  weakness  of  officials  in  that  direction; 
but  a  notable  adventure,  a  great  discovery,  were  better. 
At  all  events,  upon  whatever  lie  should  decide,  he  must 
act  immediately,  before  being  deprived  of  his  present 
modicum  of  authority. 

First  of  all,  he  would  begin  his  career  of  greatness 
by  assuming  to  be  groat,  (^ne  is  never  nearer  the 
truth  tlian  wlien  one  ])uts  on  humility  and  curses  one's 
self  for  an  ass.  Without  olfcnsive  ostentation  he  as- 
suuhmI  becoming  forms  of  dignity,  took  upon  himself 
the  title  of  governor,  appointeil  oiHcers,  and  drilled 
soldiers  in  the  tactics  of  Indian  warfare. 

Some  twenty  leagues  westerly  from  Antigua,  ad- 
joining the  lands  of  Cemaco,  was  an  In<lian  province 
called  Coiba,  of  which  Careta"  was  chief     The  gov- 

'Wc  ffhall  SCO  everywliero,  from  Darieii  to  Alaska,  Indian  towns  and 
lUdN  iiici^s  freipicntly  eiiUed  by  the  name  of  the  niliiiji  eiiicf.  l'\)r  instance, 
"'U'liturcrs  anil  f;eiij,'riiplii'rs  who  knew  only  the  chief'.s  name,  ealled  his  vil- 
lu-c  t'aiuU'a  village,  or  Cureta;   hi.i  country,  Cuictu':.  country,  or  Cureta. 


sm 


FACTIONS  AXD  FORAGINGS  IN  D^iRIEN. 


It.-' 


ernor,  being  informed  that  Careta  was  rich  in  gold 
and  maize,  despatched  thither  a  small  company  under 
Pizarro,  whom  he  had  made  captain.  They  wore 
hardly  on  the  march  before  Cemaco  was  encountered, 
at  the  head  of  four  hundred  men,  all  fircl,  like  their 
chief,  with  ever-livin<;  raffe.  Never  for  av  hour  since 
the  strangers  lauded  to  seize  their  homes  had  the 
eyes  of  the  savages  been  removed  from  them.  It 
was  hopeless  to  fight,  naked  as  they  were;  yet  for 
what  had  they  to  live,  with  houses  and  lands  and 
all  their  property  taken  from  them?  The  mode  of 
warfare,  too,  was  against  the  natives;  they  did  not 
fight  here,  as  at  San  Sebastian,  with  poisoned  arrows 
shot  from  behind  rocks  and  trees,  but  engaged  in  hand- 
to-hand  conflict,  opposing  their  defenceless  bodies  to 
the  steel  ^veapOllS  of  the  Spaniards,  on  whose  coats 
of  mail  their  darts  and  clubs  fell  harmless.  A  light 
ensued  nevertheless,  and  fiercely  it  was  waged.  It  is 
somewhat  difficult  to  believe  llerrera  when  he  says 
that  Pizarro  had  with  him  but  six  men,  who,  when 
the  four  hundred  closed  with  them,  eviscerated  one 
hundred  and  fifty  savages,  and  put  the  remainder  to 
fiight.  Hasteninij  back  to  Antiijua,  leavinij  one  man 
wounded  on  the  field,  Pizarro  stood  before  the  go\  - 
ernor  exhausted  and  blcedinsx.  Balboa's  anojer  at  the 
""sertion  overpowered  for  a  moment  his  aihniratioii 
ivjr  the  desperate  courage  displayed  by  the  little  band, 
and  turning  to  Pizarro,  he  said  sharply,  "Go  instantly 
and  bring  me  Francisco  Hernan,  and,  as  you  valine 
your  life,  never  again  leave  one  of  my  soldiers  alivo 
upt)n  a  iield  of  battle."  Pizarro  departed,  and  soon 
returned  with  his  disabled  comrade.  Balboa  innniHh- 
ately  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  a  luuuhvd  nun, 
and  stavted  in  pursuit  of  Cemaco,  determined  to  rx- 

Mniollo,  1  "ilO,  writes  on  his  mn\i,  wIk.tc  tlio  jiroviiico  of  Civrotii  slioiiM  1»',  'dil'  «■ 
lie  iiKic/iiii;  and  atljiicciit  iioi'tli-west,  /'.  scatir.cs.  Vaz  Dourado,  Mmiiih  All(i<, 
nos.  X.  ami  xi.,  l.'iTI,  lahi'I.s  tlic  )ii'(»viiioi'  airdtt;  ])e  Lai't,  Iti.'t.'J,  ^'iws  ('uriln: 
.IcIlV'iys,  177<>,  /''"  ('(tritlu:  and  l>ii('|H'i't,  IS,")S,  /''"  Cam  to.  Alccilo  iiuiiliniH 
the  liver  i'ard'i.  '  l)e  la  I'rovineia  y  (ioliieiiio  del  Daiien  y  Key  mi  de  'rieii:i- 
Finiie:  iiacc  en  lus  niontaflas  del  N.  y  salo  al  mar  un  la  Knsenada  de  Maii- 
din'M.' 


EXPEDITIOX  AGAIXST  CAKETA. 


345 


tiipate  tlio  tribe;  but,  after  ascending  tlio  river  for 
some  distance  and  finding  no  enemy,  lie  abandoned 
pur.suit.  Scarcely  had  he  returned,  wlien  the  two 
liiigautiues  sent  to  Nonibre  do  Dios  for  the  remainder 
(it"  Xicuesa's  men  made  their  appearance  at  Antigua. 
Tliev  brought  no  news  of  Nicuesa,  greatly  to  the  dis- 
iip})ointinont  of  Balboa,  who  would  now  gladly  have 
Ibrtitied  himself  in  a  less  elevated  position,  and  placed 
Antigua  under  the  banner  of  the  lawful  governor  of 
the  territory. 

Fres]  I  accounts  of  the  wealth  of  Coiba,by  this  arrival, 
soon  dispelled  the  governor's  misgivings,  and  turned 
his  thoughts  in  other  directions.  It  seems  tliat  as  the 
vessels  were  returning  from  Nombre  de  Dios,  they 
touched  the  shore  of  Coiba;  and  while  there  were 
greeted  by  two  painted  savages  in  plain  Castilian. 
The  riddle  was  solved  when  the  men  told  them  they 
were  gentlemen  renegades,  escaped  from  Nicuesa's 
colony  for  fear  of  punishment  for  misdemeanor.  After 
long  and  dangerous  wanderings  in  the  wilderness,  they 
had  tln'own  themselves,  half-dead,  upon  the  mercy  of 
C.areta,  who  received  them  with  gentle  courtesy, 
bestowing  food  and  every  kindness,  which  they  were 
now  ready  to  requite  by  betraying  to  tlie  Spaniards 
the  (>aci(]ue's  treasures,  for  lie  was  very  ricli. 

To  this  act  of  treachery  tlie  Spanish  yiohhvl  a 
]))-oiii])t  C()m[)liance,  and  wei'C  ready  for  the  ;;dventure 
on  (he  instant.  Owing  to  their  present  weak  condi- 
tion ( 'olin(-nares  advised  delay,  and  arranged  thai  onc^ 
of  Ihe  niisci'(>ants  should  go  with  th(>m  to  Anti'^ua, 
wliilo  the  other  remained  with  Cari'ta  in  I'cainiicss 
to  betray  him  at  the  proper-  time.  Nor  had  the  y:o\~ 
ci'.ior  the  least  scruple  in  availing  himself  of  this  \  il- 
lainy.  With  on(>  hundred  and  thiity  men  luMiiarchcd 
on  Coiba,  dii'ecting  the  two  brigantines  to  meet  him 
thci(\  Acting  under  tlu^  dii'(>ction  of  the  fngitive 
wliom  he  had  made  his  conlidant  and  counsellor, 
Careta  \\«  ut  out  to  me(!t  tin;  Spaniards,  brouglit  them 
to  his  village,  and  entertained  them  to  the  best  of  his 


34G 


FACTIONS  AXD  FORAGINGS  IN  DARIEN. 


,1-: 


ability.  Balboa  began  with  the  modest  request  for 
maize  to  fill  his  ships.  Careta  answered,  that  owing 
to  war  with  his  ever  hostile  neighbor,  Ponca,  he  had 
this  year  planted  nothing,  and  hence  had  no  suri)his. 
Careta's  Spanish  friend  assured  his  countrymen  that 
this  was  false,  that  the  savage  had  abundance.  It  was 
enough.  A  heathen  had  lied  to  a  Christian.  Let  the 
nation  be  anathema! 

Bidding  the  chief  a  {"riendly  farewell,  with  thanks 
for  his  hospitality,  the  Spaniards  took  their  dej)arture 
as  if  for  Antigua;  but  about  midnight  they  returned, 
attacked  the  village  on  three  sides,  slaughtered  the 
inhabitants,  burned  the  houses,  loaded  the  brigaii- 
tines  with  booty,  and  carried  Careta  and  his  family 
prisoners  to  Antigua.  "Why  should  you  do  thisf" 
asked  Careta.  "How  have  I  wronged  you?  Take  my 
gold,  but  restore  me  to  my  country.  And  as  a  jjlcdgi^ 
of  my  good  faith,  there  is  my  daughter  who  shall 
remain  a  hostage  in  your  hands.  Take  her  and  kt 
us  be  friends."  The  proposal  pleased  the  governor, 
not  less  from  the  advantage  of  the  alliance,  than 
from  the  influence  thrown  over  him  by  the  cliarni^; 
of  the  dusky  maiden,  for  she  was  very  beautiful,  and 
had  already  given  her  heart  to  the  Christian  chiel'taiii. 
And  thus  according  to  the  usage  of  her  peo])lc  slio 
became  his  wife,  though  not  wedded  after  the  Spanish 
fashion;  and  Vasco  Nunez  ever  cherished  her  with 
fond  aftection. 

Before  dismissing  the  new  allies  with  presents  to 
their  homes,  care  was  taken  to  excite  their  adminition 
by  showijig  thoni  the  arms  and  im[)k'ments  of  civiliza- 
tion, and  unfolding  to  them  the  doctrines  of  the  tru'' 
faitli  "J'lu'se  doctrines  must  have  ap[)eare<l  in  Strang*; 
contrast  to  the  blood-thirsty  deeds  of  the  Spaniards. 

A  joint  expedition  against  Ponca,  in  which  ]3allH-a 
participated  with  eighty  men,  overran  that  chieftains 
domain  with  great  damage  to  him,  and  with  some 
gain  to  the  Sjiimiards  in  provisions  and  gold. 

Adjoining  Careta's  lands,  on  the  seaboard  to  the 


P.VNCIACO'S  STORY. 


347 


[ucst  for 
it  Dwiii;^ 
,,  lie  had 

surplus, 
lien  that 
,     It  was 

Let  the 

h  thanks 

leparture 

returned, 

tered  the 

3  brigan- 

lis  faniilv 

lo  this/" 

Take  niy 

1  a  pledge 

vho   shall 

r  and  let 

iXovcrnor, 

ICO,   tlmu 

e  charms 

tiful,  and 

chiel'taiii. 

3()])le  she 

S})anish 

her  with 

)Rcnts  to 

[nni'jition 
civili/.a- 
thc  tnt'- 

|i  strani;*; 

Iniards. 

li  lialha 
lieftains 

\{\i  souk: 
I  to  the 


west,  were  those  of  Cumagrc,'"  whose  nation  numbered 
ten  thousand  souls,  and  mustered  three  thousand 
warriors.  Balboa  visited  him  peaceably,  upon  the 
arrangement  of  a  friendly  interview  by  a  native  jura, 
or  official,  a  deserter  from  Careta's  council,  who  had 
hoconie  offended  with  his  master,  and  joined  Comagre. 
The  jura  was  a  statesman  in  a  rude  way,  and  a  di})lo- 
niat.  He  knew  of  the  Spaniards,  of  thoir  feari'ul 
doings,  and  of  their  alliance  with  Careta;  and  being 
an  honest,  well-meaning  savage  withal,  he  thought  to 
avert  disaster  by  interposing  friendly  relations. 

With  a  train  of  attendants,  Comagre  met  his  dis- 
tinguished guest,  and  with  much  ceremony  conducted 
him  to  the  palace,"  which  for  size,  durability,  and 
rude  excellence,  far  exceeded  anything  the  Spaniards 
had  seen  in  the  New  World.  Among  the  numer- 
ous descendants  of  Comagre,  for  he  was  much  mar- 
ried, were  seven  sons,  remarkable  for  their  valor, 
and  nobleness  of  demeanor.  The  eldest,  Panciaco, 
united  with  a  haughty  bearing  exceptional  sagacity. 
He  saw  at  once  the  superiority  of  steel  weapons; 
ho  saw  that  the  Spaniards  coveted  gold;  and  ho 
thought  he  saw  an  easy  way  open  for  purchasing 
tlioir  good-w411.  Collecting  four  thousand  ounces  of 
the  metal  finely  wrought,  he  presented  it  with  seventy 
slaAcs  to  the  Spaniards,  and  watched  the  effect.  The 
king's  fifth  was  first  solenuily  set  aside.  Then  they 
Ingan  to  divide  the  remainder  of  the  gold  among  them- 
selves; and  in  this  division  arose  a  dispute  which  made 
]'anc'iaco's  lip  curl  in  scorn  as  he  watched  them  weighing 
the  stuff'.  Louder  grew  their  altercations,  which  wjre 
Inllowed  by  blows.  Overcome  at  length  by  disgust, 
I'iiiuiaco  dar*"cd  forward  and  struck  the  scales  a  vioK-ut 
Mow  which  sent  tlieir  precious  contents  flying.  "  Why 
<|U;nrel  for  such  a  trifle !"  he  exclaimed.     "  Is  it  for  this 

'"  Map-makers  give — Vaz  Doiirado,  comnqra.  Do  I^et,  Comarjrc,  niul  /''"  (!»• 
Coiijiiifrr,  'wliidi  necortliiig  to  Kt'ipert,' Bays  (iolilschmiJt,  ('cirtniir(ii>hi/  J'ur. 
Vi,(i^/,  MS.  i.  (17;  'as  near  as  I  can  (k'tonnin<',  is  now  ]'.  Mosi/iiihi^.' 

"  I'ltcr  Martyr,  dec.  ii.  ea)).  iii.,  says  this  building  measured  loO  by  80 
paces.     See  liaucru/t'n  XcU'tvc  liaccti,  i.  708. 


348 


FACTIONS  AND  FORAGINGS  IN  DARIEN. 


Hi,; 


m 


you  leave  3'our  country,  cross  seas,  endure  liardsliip.^, 
and  disturb  the  peace  of  nations?  Cease  your  vora- 
cious l)rawl  and  I  will  tell  where  3'ou  may  obtain  your 
till  of  gold.  Six  days'  march  across  yon  mountain 
will  bring  you  to  an  ocean  sea,  like  this  near  which 
we  dwell,  where  there  are  ships  as  large  as  yours,  and 
cities,  and  wealth  unbounded." 

Forgettinfif  in  the  matter  the  manner  of  the  dis- 
course,  the  Spaniards  listened  with  eager  attention. 
"How  say  you?"  said  Vasco  Nunez.  "What  proof 
have  you  of  this?"  "Listen  to  me," replied  Panciacd. 
"You  Christians  seem  to  prize  this  metal  more  than 
body,  life,  or  soul;  more  than  love,  hate,  revenge 
Some  mysterious  virtue  it  must  possess  to  charm  men 
so!  We  who  can  not  translate  its  subtle  power,  love 
better  friends,  and  sweet  revenge.  IMy  father  lias 
an  ancient  enemy,  Tubanama,  who  lives  beyond  the 
mountains  fronting  the  other  sea.  From  time  im- 
memorial our  people  have  fought  his  people;  many 
have  been  killed  on  either  side,  and  many  enslavctl. 
Could  we  for  once  bring  low  this  hated  Tubananul, 
no  sacrifice  would  be  too  dear.  Be  yours  the  gold; 
give  us  revenge.  The  path  is  difficult,  the  enemy 
lierce.  One  tliousand  Spaniards  are  none  too  many 
successfully  to  cope  with  him.  Prepare  your  arm  v. 
I  myself  will  accompany  you  with  all  the  warriors 
of  our  nation;  bind  me  fast;  keep  me  in  close  cus- 
tody; and  if  my  words  prove  false,  hang  me  to  the 
nearest  tree.""  Vasco  Nunez  pondered.  The  area 
of  his  destiny  seemed  suddenly  to  have  enlarged.  1  f 
this  the  young  man  had  said  were  true,  and  he  miglit 
tap  the  mystery,  and  bring  to  the  light  of  nations  this 
other  side  of  Tierra  Firinc,  the  temporary  governor 
of  a  handful  of  heterogeneous  colonists  miijht  achii!\o 
everlasting  fame  as  one  of  the  world's  great  diseov- 

''-'Esta8  palabras  culcbrcs,'  says  Quintana,  'conscrvadas en  toilas  las  iiniii- 
orias  (U'l  tieinpo,  y  ivpetidas  por  todos  los  liistoriadores,  fucroii  ol  j.riiiu  i- 
aiiuiicio  (juo  li)3  caiiafiok's  tuvioroii  del  Peru.'  Vcu^co  A'lificztle  Ihilltnn,  l.'t.  'J"o 
which  I  would  iTiiuiik,  first,  that  it  is  not  cortain  Panciaco  rcfenvd  to  Piiii; 
and  sc'ooudly,  that  vaguo  allusions  of  a  similar  kind  wtrc  made  to  Coluialiu.s, 
which  hiatoriaus  apply  to  Peru. 


HORRir.LE  FATE  OF  V.VLDIVIA. 


erers,  and  realize  the  dream  of  Coluiiihus,  to  rule  tlio 
Aurea  Chersone^us  of  KiiiL?  Solomon,  To  him  \v])o 
can  execute  comes  opportunity.  "Go<l  lias  revealed 
the  secrets  of  this  land  to  me  only,"  lu;  jnously  writ<>s 
i!ie  "JOth  of  Januaiy,  151.1,  "and  for  this  I  never  shall 
cease  to  thank  him."  But  whence  were  to  come  the 
re(|uisite  one  thousand  men?  After  closely  interroii^at- 
iiiL;'  Comagre,  Careta,  and  other  chieftains  c<mcerninu^ 
llif  tramontane  regions,  the  S[)aniards  returned  lo 
])arien;  but  not  until  many  of  the  natives  had  re- 
nounced idolatry  and  received  baj)tism  at  the  hands 
of  the  priests.  There  they  found  A^aldivia  returned 
IVom  Santo  Domingo,  after  an  absence  of  six  months, 
with  a  small  store  of  provisions,  and  what  was  of  the 
highest  consequence  toVasco  Nunez  at  this  juncture, 
the  commission  from  Diego  Colon  as  governor  of 
Antigua. 

To  guard  against  the  scarcity  of  food  which  had 
thus  far  been  one  of  the  chief  causes  of  failure  in  every 
attempt  to  colonize  Ticrra  Firme,  the  governor  had 
this  year  caused  to  be  planted  a  large  tract  adjacent  to 
Antigua,  the  labor  of  course  being  performed  by  cap- 
tives. "  Food  has  been  our  great  necessity  rather  than 
gold,"  said  Vasco  Nunez  in  a  letter  to  the  king.  But 
a  hurricane,  followed  by  inundation,  destroyed  the 
crop,  and  Valdivia  was  again  sent  with  the  caravel  to 
Santo  Domingo  for  provisions.  In  a  letter  to  Diego 
Colon,  the  sfovernor  set  forth  in  extravagant  terms 
liis  further  knowledge  of  the  country,  dwelling  ujion 
the  information  received  of  a  great  sea  to  the  south- 
ward, and  becTiriuir  assistance  in  raising  a  thousand 
men  for  its  discovery.  Gold  to  the  value  of  fifteen 
tliousand  pesos"  was,  by  this  departure,  remitted  the 
king's  officers  as  the  royal  share  for  the  last  six 
mouths.  Large  sums  were  also  sent  by  private  per- 
sons to  their  friends  and  creditors  in  Espanola  and 
Spain.     But  all  to  no  end.     For  when  near  Jamaica, 

'^Ihis  on  the  authority  of  Hcrrcra.  Oomara  places  the  king's  fifth  at 
20,U0U  ducats,  and  Bcrual  Diaz  at  10,000  pesos  do  oro. 


«  ; 


gJii 


Mm 

II 

II 

I 


350 


FACTIONS  AXD  FORAOINGS  IN  DARIEN. 


the  vessel  was  struck  by  a  squall,  carried  westward, 
and  thrown  on  some  rocks  otF  Yucatan.  Ship  and 
cargo  were  all  lost.  Twenty  men,  without  water,  or 
food,  or  sail,  or  oars,  in  an  open  boat,  escaped  with 
bare  life. 

And  now  comes  another  talc  of  wretchedness  which 
might  well  grace  the  annals  of  Acheron.  In  their 
helpless  condition  they  are  carried  by  the  currents  for 
thirteen  days;  one  third  of  their  number  die  of  thirst, 
and  the  survivors  drift  to  a  yet  more  horrible  fate. 
Thrown  on  the  Maya  shore,  they  are  seized  by  sav- 
ages, i)laced  in  a  pen,  and  well  fed.  After  their  suilcr- 
ings  at  sea,  this  is  not  so  bad ;  but  one  day  Valdivia  and 
four  others  are  taken  to  the  temple  and  sacriiiced, 
and  their  roasted  limbs  eaten  in  honor  of  the  gods; 
over  which  prospect  for  themselves  the  survivors  are 
uncomfortable,  and  nerved  by  desperation,  they  break 
cage  and  escape  to  the  forest,  where  they  wander  naked 
and  starving  until  life  is  a  burden.  Then  they  cast 
themselves  at  the  feet  of  Ahkin  Xooc,  cacique  of 
Jamancana,  neighbor  and  enemy  of  the  Maya  lord. 
He  and  his  successor,  Taxmar,  make  them  serve  as 
beasts  of  burden  until  two  only  are  left  alive,  Gonzalo 
Guerrero,  sailor,  and  Ger6nimo  de  Aguilar,  friar.  In 
an  interchange  of  captives,  the  sailor  becomes  tlio 
property  of  Naclian  Kan,  chief  of  Chetumal.  Bold 
and  buovant-hearted,  he  rises  to  barbaric  distinction, 
becomes  a  great  general,  marries  a  prmcess,  and  in 
after  years,  when  opportunity  offers,  declines  ret'ini 
to  civilized  life.  The  friar  is  rescued  by  Cortes,  in 
1519,  in  which  connection  we  shall  again  meet  him.'* 

Cannibals  are  horrible  things;  but  their  teeth  were 
hardly  so  sharp  as  Spanish  steel,  which,  in  followini; 
the  law  of  survival  common  to  the  animal  kingdom, 
was   sacrificing  freely  about  Antigua  at  this  time. 

"The  strange  story  of  Aguilar  is  given  by  Gomara,  Hist.  Mex.,  1\-'21; 
Torqucmada,  i.  371;  Co'jolludo,  Hid.  Yucathan,  24-9;  and  by  IJerrcra,  ucc. 
ii.  lib.  vii.  cap.  v.    He  was  kept  seven  years  in  this  captivity. 


DABAIBA  AXD  ITS  GOLDEN  TEMPLE. 


"Thirty  caciques  have  already  been  slain  in  tliu  at- 
t(Mii])tc(l  pacification  of  tliis  country,"  writes  A'asco 
Nunez  to  J)iego  Colon,  "ami  now  that  I  am  oblijj^ed 
to  penetrate  still  further  in  search  of  food,  I  nuist 
];ill  all  who  I'all  into  my  hands;  otherwise  our  col- 
ony can  not  exist  while  waiting  relief"  In  pursu- 
ance of  this  liumanc  measure,  early  in  1512 — it  was 
toward  the  close  of  1511  that  Valdivia  had  .sailed 
lor  ]']spauola — the  governor  organized  an  expedition 
against  Dabaiba,*"  a  rich  province  some  thirty  leagues 
to  the  southward. 

Startling  stories  were  told  of  this  place.  At  a 
tcniiile  lined  with  gold,  slaves  were  sacrificed  for  the 
gratilication  of  the  gods,  who  returned  in  miracles  the 
liivors  of  their  worshippers;  so  that  Dabail)a  became 
as  Mecca  in  the  wilderness.  Of  course,  it  was  an 
outraLTc  ajj^ainst  heaven  that  the  heathen  yfods  shouhl 
liave  so  much  gold  and  glory;  though  hunger  and 
avarice  lent  as  much  assistance,  perhaps,  as  piety,  in 
instigating  the  contemplated  raid. 

Selecting  one  hundred  and  sixty  men,  Vasco  Nunez 
embarked  in  two  brigantincs  for  the  mouths  of  tlio 
river."'  There  he  divided  his  force,  sending  one  third, 
under  Colinenares,  up  the  channel  San  Juan,  while 
with  the  remainder  he  ascended  the  liio  de  las  Redes, 
the  more  direct  route  to  Dabaiba,  as  he  had  been 
informed.  ]>ut  the  eye  of  Cemaco,  in  restless 
liate,  was  still  ui)on  them.  Rousing  the  country,  he 
inihiced  the  caciques  along  the  river  to  retire,  and 
leave  wasted  fields  to  the  invaders,  a  measure  which 
defeated  the  expedition.     Nevertheless,  the  Spaniards 

''The  n.ame  is  v.iriously  rendered  Dahni/he,  Dahailie,  Dnvaiir,  Da'iliahn, 
Ah'ihc,  Ahihija,  and  d'ahnibc.  ' Aiich  der  Rio  Atmto  wurde  iiiclit  Kcltiii  l!io 
iMlii'i/hft  genannt.  Das  '  D'  im  Anfaiig  dieses  Nainens  ist  nur  cine  Alil)rcviat\ir 
viiM  'di','  imd  das  Wort  solltc  wohl  cigentlieh:  d'Aliaihc  ircscliriobcn  M<>r(i<ii.' 
K'  hi,  llvlilon  (iltrslfu  kartcn,  l-o.  Maps  mark  the  region,  Colon  and  llilx  ro, 
dahaijhc,  at  tlie  southern  extremity  of  the  gulf,  and  Do  Lact  gives  the  J/o/j- 
tano-i  lie  Ahilte. 

"'The  Atrato  discharges  through  several  cliannols,  one  of  which  was  called 
tlio  Kio  del  Darien ;  one  the  Rio  Grande  de  San  Juan ;  one  the  Hio  du  l;is 
Kcdes,  from  the  snares  or  nets  found  there  for  taking  wild  boasts;  one  the  Kio 
Ni','io,  f.'->m  the  color  of  its  water.  Often  the  Sjianiards  had  scoured  these 
l);uts  ill  scarcii  c^  food  and  gold. 

4 


352 


FACTIONS  AND  FORAGINGS  IN  DARIE.'«\ 


secured,  a  sliort  distance  up  the  river,  two  canoe-load.'i 
of  plunder,  valued  at  seven  thousand  pesos,  but  o;i 
reaching  the  gulf  they  were  overturned  in  a  stoi'in,  and 
the  boatmen  drowned.  Balboa  then  proceeded  to  tlie 
Bio  San  Juan  and  joined  Cohnenares,  after  which  tlie 
entire  party  ascended  the  Negro  channel  for  six  leagues, 
and  captured  a  town  of  five  hundred  houses,  governed 
by  a  cacique  named  Abenamechcy,  one  of  whose  arms 
a  Spaniard  cruelly  struck  off  after  he  had  been  made 
prisoner.  Leaving  there  half  the  men  in  charge  of 
Cohnenares,  with  the  remainder  Balboa  continued  his 
ascent  of  the  stream,  until,  on  entering  a  sniail  brancli, 
he  found  himself  within  the  domain  of  Abibeiba,  wlioso 
people  built  their  houses  In  the  branches  of  palm  trees, 
making  the  ascent  by  ladders  drawn  up  at  night  ibr 
safety.  A  supply  of  stones  was  kept  in  the  houses  f(ir 
artillery  purposes.  When  they  saw  the  Spaniards 
coming,  the  people  ran  like  squirrels  for  their  houses, 
and  drawing  up  after  them  the  ladders,  fancied  them- 
selves in  security. 

Approaching  the  tree  in  which  lived  the  chief, 
Balboa  hailed  him  and  ordered  him  down.  "What 
brings  you  hither  to  molest  me?"  demanded  the  cliitf. 
"Go  your  way.  I  know  you  not  as  fi-iends  or  foes. 
I  have  no  gold.  I  desire  only  to  be  left  in  peace." 
The  Spaniards  ansAvered  by  appl3'ing  the  axe  to  the 
tree,  and  when  the  chief  saw  the  chips  fly,  wliile  his 
stone  showers  fell  harndess  upon  the  mail-coateil  nun 
below,  he  capitulated,  and  the  village  descended  i<» 
earth. 

After  further  foraging  and  fighting  v  ith  varied 
success,  tile  governor  returned  to  Antigua,  leaxiiiL;' 
Bartolome  Hurtado  with  thirty-one  men  in  ])ossessi()n 
of  the  country.  Of  these  more  than  half  fell  sick,  and 
]lurtado  incautiously  despatched  them  for  Antigua 
with  twenty-four  captives  in  charge.  They  had  in  it 
proceeded  more  than  three  leagues  before  Cemac) 
Mas  upon  them  with  one  hundred  warriors;  and  <>l' 
the  Si)aniards  only  two  escaped  to  carry  the  new  s  to 


A  COXSriRACY  DIVULGED. 


353 


noo-load.i 
^,  but  oil 
boriii,  and 
led  to  t lie 
vliicli  the 
c  leagues, 
governed 
lose  arms 
cen  made 
•barge  ot' 
iiiiied  bis 
il  brancli, 
ba,  wdiosu 
ibn  trees, 
niu'lit  for 
louses  lor 
Spaniards 
ir  bouses, 
led  tbeni- 

bo  cbief, 
"Wbat 
be  ebiet'. 
or  foes, 
peace." 
e  to  ilio 
ivbile  his 
ted  men 
uded  lo 

|i  varied 
having 
|)ssession 
<ielc,  and 
[Antigua 
Iliad  not 
K'emai") 
and  lit 
Inews  to 


Ifurtado,  wbo  bastcncd  to  Antigua  witb  the  further 
inlt'lligence  that  live  caei(|Ues,  namely,  Abibeiba  of  the 
iiigli-treo  bouse,  Abernemeeby  of  the  severed  arm, 
I  )abaiba  of  the  golden  temple,  Abraiba  and  Ceniaco 
of  Daricn,  bad  confederated  witb  five  thousand  men 
til  exterminate  the  Spaniards.  The  rumor  was  liglitly 
regarded  until  Vasco  Nunez  was  informed  b}"  one  of 
liis  mistresses,  Fulvia  be  called  her,  that  her  brother 
jiad  notified  ber  to  withdraw  from  the  town  on  a 
certain  nigbt,  so  that  slie  might  not  fall  in  tbc  mas- 
saci't'  intended.  Love  overruling  duty,  Fulvia  tbns 
divulged  the  secret.  She  saved  tbc  settlement,  but 
slie  lost  ber  country. 

l*oor  lieart  of  woman  toucbed  witb  love!  Yas'O 
Nunez  induced  Fulvia  to  lure  tbithcr  ber  brother, 
\vlio  thereupon  was  seized  and  forced  to  confess  tbo 
l)lot.  Furtliermore,  be  told  ]ialboa  that  tben  at  work 
in  Ins  fields  were  foi'ty  men  long  })le(lged  to  assassinate 
hini,  but  as  be  luid  always  appeared  before  them  armed 
and  armored,  and  on  a  caparisoned  horse,  whicb  was 
tlieir  greatest  terror,  they  bad  feared  to  attack  him. 
The  rendezvous  of  the  cons])b'ators  was  Tichiri,  not 
fai-  distant.  Witb  seventy  men,  by  a  circuitous  rout(>, 
])alhoamarcbed  on  tlieencampmeiit,  while  C^olnienare.s 
with  an  equal  force  ascended  the  liver  in  canoes, 
guided  by  the  traitress  ]''ulvia's  traitorous  brotluM'. 
Attacked  thus  unexpectedly  from  opposite  sides,  the 
f^nnledi^rates  were  t]in)wn  into  C(Mifusion;  many  were 
killed  and  many  tak'Mi  jn-isoners.  Tb(i  chief  geiu^ral 
w.e;  honored  by  beini''  shot  to  death  witii  arrcnvs, 
wlid(^  the  others  were  hangx'd.  Ceinaco  escaped.  So 
sudden  and  bold  and  se\ere  was  this  blow,  that,  while 
Aiiligua  existt'd,  the  savages  n(>/er  rec()V(>red  from  it, 
and  tile  wooden  foi-tress  wlddi  ]jalboa  immediately 
hiult  as  a  guard  against  future  surprise  was  scarcely 
in'C(!ssary. 

The  natives  being  thus  ])acified,  the  Spaniards  were 
nl  liberty  to  ev.dve  fresh  projects.  (Jold  an''  grain 
ill  the  \ieinitv  of  Antiuna  were  well-ni^'b  exhausted, 

UiBT.  Okn,  Am.,  Vol.  I,    2J 


3.-)4 


FACTIOXS  AND  FORAGINGS  IX  DARIEX. 


and  new  fields  must  be  found.  The  time  for  Val- 
divia's  return  liad  elapsed;  and  doubts  respectin;^  the 
integrity  of  the  regidor  were  entertained  by  A'^asco 
Nunez,  with  fears  for  the  safety  of  his  treasure.  Un- 
able to  endure  the  suspense  he  resolved  on  visiting 
Spain  and  pleading  his  own  cause  before  the  king. 
Ilut  the  colony  demurred.  Friends  declared  liis  pres- 
ence necessary,  while  enemies  saw  danger  in  his  ab- 
sence. It  was  finally  arranged  that  Cohnenares  and 
(^aicedo,  both  worthy  men  who  had  been  faithful  to 
Nicuesa  as  long  as  Nicuesa  had  been  faitliful  to  him- 
self, and  faithful  to  Vasco  Nunez,  should  take  the 
only  remaining  vessel  fit  for  service  and  embarlc  lor 
Spain  in  the  general  interests  of  the  colony.  The 
reasoning  by  which  the  mistrustful  populace  arrived 
at  this  agreement  was,  that  if  Balboa  went  he  would 
secure  all  the  advantages  to  himself,  or  never  return; 
while  Colmcnares,  who  left  largo  property  in  lands  and 
laborers,  and  Caicedo,  a  genuine  Spanish  wife  to  wlioni 
he  was  devotedly  attached,  would  bo  sure  to  return. 

Again  the  governor  wrote  Pasamonte  soliciting  his 
favor;  not  forgetting,  in  addition  to  the  king's  lil'th, 
a  valuable  present  in  gold  for  the  king's  treasurer. 
The  commissioners  sailed  from  Dai'ien  in  October, 
1512,  and  reached  Spain  the  ]\Iay  following. 

^Meanwhile  times  at  Antigua  ran  their  varyinu^ 
course.  At  first  nothing  of  interest  occurred;  and 
such  were  tlie  composite  elements  of  this  society  that 
inactivity  invariably  resulted  in  spontaneous  com- 
bustion. Again  it  centre<l  round  the  ruling  powers. 
"  Who  is  tliis  A'asco  Nunez  tliat  he  should  lord  it 
over  us?  a  renegade!  an  al)sconding  debtor!  lie  of 
the  cask!"  The  immediate  cause  of  the  outb  eal; 
was  the  investiture  of  Hurtado,  an  unpopular  persois 
with  authority;  and  the  more  specific  charges  were 
partiality  in  the  division  of  spoils,  and  the  unlawful 
assunnition  of  powers  pertaining  to  a  royally  a[i- 
pointed  I'uler. 


il 


THE  GOVERNOR  WITITDRAWS. 


m 


w  Y-A- 
ing  tho 
•  Vasco 
I.  Un- 
visitiivj; 

0    killL!'. 

o 

is  pres- 
his  lit- 
res and 
:liful  to 
to  liiui- 
xkc  tlio 
)ark  lor 
y.     The 
arrived 
c  would 
■  return ; 
inds  and 
:,o  whom 
:!turn. 
ting  liis 
|v's  lii'tli, 
loasurcr. 
)ctober. 


varymi^j 
[d;  and 
ky  that 

Is     i'OVA- 

^K)W(n's. 
lk>rd  it 
lie  ol' 
jtb  oak 
|)crson, 

[s  WOVi' 

Idawlul 
lly  ai- 


Tlio  new  faction  was  led  by  one  Alonso  Perez  do 
la  Ilua,  who  for  fancied  insult  pawed  the  earth  and 
])cllowcd  vcn<i:eance.  The  ay-itation  beconiinjx  trouble- 
Bome  Perez  was  arrested  and  placed  in  contint;nient. 
The  insurgents  rushed  to  arms  and  demanded  the 
release  of  their  leader,  and  this  being  denied  they 
j)repared  to  rescue  him  by  force.  The  governor  placed 
himself  at  the  head  of  his  adherents,  and  the  two 
])arties  prepared  for  battle.  At  this  juncture  peace- 
ful measures  were  interposed  by  a  third  party,  con- 
sisting of  those  who  had  taken  no  active  part  in  the 
disputes,  and  embracing  many  respectable  colonists. 
Perez  was  released;  but  the  gnawings  of  hate  con- 
tinuing he  roused  his  party  and  made  prisoner  Ilur- 
tado,  who  in  his  turn  was  given  liberty  at  the  hands 
of  the  conciliators. 

Chivalry  having  had  its  brief  day,  avarice  came  in  for 
a  share  of  public  attention.  Among  the  yet  undivided 
plunder  was  gold  obtained  in  the  late  Atrato  Iliver 
laids,  equivalent  in  value  to  ten  thousand  castellanos. 
Oi'  this  the  disaffected  demanded  innnediato  division. 

The  governor  well  knew  that  in  their  present  mood 
it  was  beyond  the  power  of  man  to  satisfy  them. 
Though  omniscient  justice  distributed  this  treasure, 
new  troubles  would  grow  out  of  it.  lie  deternnnod 
therefore  to  adopt  a  non-con miittal  policy,  retire  from 
the  scene,  and  freely  give  them  the  opportunity,  for 
\\  hieh  they  were  so  ready,  to  shed  blood.  Quitting 
the  town  at  night,  ostensibly  on  a  hunting  tour,  he  re- 
mained away  for  several  days,  leaAing  them  to  their 
<lestruction.  The  result  was  as  he  had  anticipated. 
Finding  themselves  free  the  rioters  elevated  to  the 
coinniaud  Perez  of  tho  wounded  honor,  and  Paehiller 
( 'on-al.  Then  'jreaking  into  the  public  [dundei'-houso, 
they  brought  out  the  gokl  and  juaced  it  in  tho  liands 
of  their  leaders  for  distril)ution.  Proof  that  the  division 
was  fair  lay  in  the  fact  that  every  one  was  dissatisfied. 
Kach,  rating  his  own  services  superior  to  most  and 
iulerior  to  none,  thought  he  received  too  little  and 


I 


i    1 


■:i* 


If 


356 


FACTIONS  AXD  FORAGIXGS  IX  DARIEN . 


another  too  much.  Tlicy  began  to  suspect  their  mis- 
take. A  dim  perception  of  the  infehcities  that  mix 
with  the  rapturous  sweets  of  governing  entered  tlieir 
stohd  brains.  Balboa's  party  quickly  assumed  the 
ascendency,  and  thrusting  the  ringleaders  of  the  insur- 
gents into  prison  they  awaited  the  return  of  the  gov- 
ernor. 

"Your-  liighncss  must  know,"  writes  Yasco  Nunez 
of  this  affair  to  the  king,  January  20, 151.1,  "that  some 
days  ago  little  differences  occurred  here,  because  tlie 
alcaldes,  filled  with  envy  and  fjilsehood,  atteni])tod 
to  arrest  me.  Failing  in  this  they  brought  against 
mo  false  accusations  and  false  witnesses.  Hereof  I 
complain  to  your  highness,  for  if  these  men  go  un- 
punished, no  governor  that  your  highness  may  here- 
after send  will  be  free  from  this  evil.  That  your 
highness  may  know  the  truth  in  the  matter,  and 
of  my  great  and  loyal  services  in  these  parts  of  the 
Indies  and  Tierra  Firme,  I  have  appointed  two  judges 
to  investigate  my  conduct,  and  report  to  your  majesty 
all  that  I  have  done.  I  hope,"  concludes  the  modest 
cavalier,  "  that  your  majesty  will  roa;l  all  this,  and 
reward  my  great  services  according  to  their  value." 

About  this  time  there  arrived  at  Aniigua  two 
vessels,  in  command  of  Cristobal  Serrano,  sent  by 
Diego  Colon,  with  one  hundred  and  llfty  men  and 
provisions  for  the  colony.  But  wliat  gave  Yasco 
Kunez  the  greatest  joy  was  a  royal  conunlssioii, 
signed  by  Pasamonte,  the  treasurer,  investing  liim 
with  the  su[)reme  command  of  the  colony.  Thus 
established  in  authority,  and  being  of  a  generous 
temper,  the  governor  at  tlie  solicitations  of  iluir 
friends  readily  pardoned  the  rebels  and  set  tlieni  at 
liberty. 

Another  conununication,  however,  M'hieh  Yasii) 
Nunez  received  by  this  arrival,  caused  him  no  litllo 
anxiety.  This  was  a  letter  from  Zanuidio  inlbrniiiig 
him  of  his  failure  to  conciliate  the  royal  favor.     As 


m 


BALBOA'S  RESOLVE. 


3:)7 


loir  niis- 


]i;ul  bucn  feared,  the  bacliiller  Enciso,  burning  under 
a  sense  of  injuries,  had  denounced  the  alcaldes  before 
the  Council  of  the  Indies,  and  aroused  the  king's 
\\i'atli  by  a  recital  of  Nicuesa's  banishment  and  prob- 
al)Ie  death.  The  Council  had  decreed  that  Enciso 
should  be  indemnified,  and  that  Vasco  Nunez  should 
be  sunnnoned  to  court  to  answer  u'raver  chary:es. 
^Moreover,  Zanuidio  with  difficulty  escaped  the  arrest 
iini)osed  on  him  by  the  Council, 

This  was  a^;  wormwood  in  Balboa's  cup  of  joy. 
\ci  it  was  not  wholly  unexpected;  it  was  not  wholly 
unmerited.  There  was  one  redeeming  featui'o  about 
it;  the  intelligence  was  private.  He  was  still  master 
of  himself;  ay,  and  governor  of  the  colony.  Might 
not  some  signal  service  bo  made  to  cover  his  trans- 
grcjsious,  and  win  for  him  the  royal  favor?  There 
was  that  mysterious  sea  to  the  southward,  reported 
by  I'anciaco.  The  very  thing,  were  men  and  means 
at  hand  for  its  achievement.  Means!  There  was  no 
time  to  talk  of  means;  the  next  arrival  would  bring  a 
warrant  for  his  arrest.  Do  it  without  means,  and  so 
gain  glory  the  more.  Where  was  the  true  Spanish 
cavalier  who  would  hesitate  in  such  an  emergency? 
Why,  the  very  danger  itself  was  a  fascination.  Ho 
Mould  do  it  or  die ! 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Discovery  of  the  pacific  ocean. 

1513. 
DEPARTmE  OF  Vasco  NuSez  from  Antioua — Careta's  Weix^ome — Dn  Ft- 

CULTIKS  TO  BE  EnC01TNTE11EI> — TrEACIIEUOCS  CHARACTER  OF  TIIK  Coi  N- 

TRY — Historical  Bloodhounds — Ponca  Reconciled— Cai'ture  ok 
QuAREQuA — First  View  of  the  Pacific  from  the  IIekihts  of  Qi:ai;i;- 
qitA — The  Spaniards  Descend  to  Ciiiapes — Take  ToiniAL  Possessio.v 
of  THE  South  Sea — Form  of  Taking  Possession — The  Names  SdixH 
Sea  and  Pacific  Ocean — Further  Discoveries — Peuilous  Canoi; 
VoYAOE — Gold  and  Pearls  in  Profusion — Tumaco  Pacified— The 
Pearl  Islands — The  Return — Teoca's  Kindness — Ponca  !Mukdi;ki;i) 
— PocoRosA  Pacified — Tuhanama  Vanquished — Gold,  Gold,  Gulu— . 
Pancl^co's  C0NGR.VTULAT10NS — Arrival  at  Antigua, 


I  !:^   t 


If  r  ■ 


Revglvinq  matters  in  his  mind,  plans  quickly  un- 
folded. Winning  for  the  project  a  few  staunch  friends, 
Vasco  Nunez  selected  with  great  care  one  hundred 
and  ninety  men.^  More  could  have  been  taken,  hut 
he  had  determined  on  a  rapid  march  of  discovciy 
rather  than  pacitication  and  occupation.  Hence  ho 
preferred  only  tried  men,  those  inured  to  fatiguo, 
men  resolute  and  reckless,  with  heart  and  head  luud, 
and  sinews  of  steel.  He  also  provided  from  among 
his  captives  and  the  neighboring  nations  one  thousiuid 
natives,  to  serve  as  warriors  and  beasts  of  burden. 
These  might  live  or  die,  as  it  should  happen:  no  gi-eat 
matter  what  became  of  them.  A  pack  of  bloodhounds 
com|)leted  the  company. 

The  men  were  armed  witli  crossbows,  swords,  nrf|U('- 
buses  and  targets,  and  provisions  for  the  ox])edilien 
were    ])laced   on  board  a  brigantine   and   ten    largi; 

'Giilvjiiio  snya  2!K),  whicli  for  liim  is  quite  near  tlio  niiiili.  Ovicdo  pliu'is 
till'  iiiiml>''i'  lit  800,  which  i)rohal)ly  was  iuteiulcil  to  incliilo  tin;  nativus  alter- 
ward  aililcd. 

(308) 


(tit     i** 


EMBiUlKATION  OF  THE  EXPEDITION. 


c.'inocs.  Before  cmbarkiiijjf,  the  litizardous  nature 
ot"  the  enterprise  ^vas  niacle  known  to  the  sokhcrs. 
Wealth  and  glory  awaited  success;  tlie  reward  of 
tliihu'e,  death;  opportunity  was  then  offered  for  any 
one  to  withdraw  without  prejudice  or  injury. 

Sailinij  with  liis  little  armament  from  Antijj^ua  on 
the  th'st  day  of  September,  1513,  Vasco  Nunez  do 
Unlhoa  followed  the  coast  of  Darien  north-westward  to 
(';ireta's  province,  where  the  expedition  disembarked 
(til  the  fourth  day.  The  cliieftain's  dusky  daughter, 
whom  the  {governor  continued  to  rei^ard  with  jLireat 
atUction,  was  still  a  bond  of  friendship  between  thi.s 
iintion  and  the  Spaniards.  Careta  added  to  their  stock 
of  provisions  and  furnished  them  with  guides;  and 
some  of  his  v/arriors  joined  the  expedition,  in  the  hope 
of  witnessing  the  downfall  of  their  enemies  beyonil 
the  mountains.  The  boats  were  left  in  cliargo  of  a 
guard ;  and  after  invoking  divine  favor  the  expedition 
was  leady  to  move. 

I  Icnow  the  tendency  of  the  historian,  warmed  by 
his  theme,  to  magnify  merit,  and  the  obstacles  it  over- 
cDines;  and  I  have  elsew'here  said  as  much.  While 
1  endeavor  to  conllne  myself  to  the  plain  words  of  a 
simple  story,  those  who  have  sat  at  ease,  sipping  iced 
chanipagne,  during  a  delightful  ride  of  three  or  four 
liours  across  this  sometime  terrible  neck,  may  lind  in 
this  chapter  expressions  aj)pearii»g  strong.  ]>ut  I 
do  assure  the  reader  that  it  is  diiUcult  to  magnily  in 
till'  present  instance.  Vasco  Nunc/  now  stood  on 
the  nortliern  coast,  opposite  the  gulf  of  San  Miguel, 
whi<'h,  breaking  the  shore  of  l^iiiam:!  ])ay,  narrows 
the  isthnnis  of  i)arien  to  a  widtli  of  lifty  miles.'^    J  hit 

-'i'lii'S]>!iiiint'ilsniiist  liiiV('li;iil(|iiiti';n'i'ui;itr  iiifiii'iii.itioii  fi-oni  tlu'iuitiv  isas 
til  tlic  Irciiii  of  the  8ii\itiu'iii  oiiiisl,  tliim  ill  llici'c  wn'  '  e  ■•  littlr  I'diiiiiimiiiiilinii 
lirtwi'iii  till' iiKitJKTli  1111(1  .sDuUit  Til  SI  iil)!iaril.s.  Jlut,  witliuiit  siiili  kiiou  liil,m', 
ll.illiii.i  iwitiirally  wouM  liav(^  luiilcilaUi  ii  tho  nsiciit  of  the  v'wrv  Atiati), 
wliiih  lliiws  (lircclly  tVoiii  tlu'Sdiitli,  latlu  r  tliaii  liavi^  .sailed  mhiir'  distaiicf  to 
tlu'  nortli-wi'st  ln'turc  atti'iii|itiii;,'  to  cios:-!.  'I'ho  iliri'ft  iiiaicli  to  tin;  ^ulf 
III  Sail  Mi^'ucl,  iVoiii  wliifli  i'i>iii-.si'  a  ilcviatinu  xiiiuhl  liavi'  aliiid^i  iloiililiil  lliii 
iliUaiu'r,  i.saiiollii  rcviiliiKHM)!'  liis  liu\  iiij,' oUUiiuod  Ihc  luust  rciuiljlu  iiUoniui- 
tina  laturo  uv  during  thf  nuiri'h. 


3G0 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  OCEAX. 


such  is  the  infamous  character  of  the  country,  that 
oven  modern  efforts  to  penetrate  the  unexplored  in- 
terior from  either  side  have  met  disaster  and  ruin.^ 

^Enciao,  Sitma  tie  Gco'jrapliia,  ol,  calls  the  country  'tiunu  rasa,  y  Luciia 
do  iii',iclio;i  inatcuimit'ntos  y  cuoas.'  '  I'lxjicrionce  luul  proved  that  moving' 
a  body  of  lucu  suliicient  to  act  ns  a  iirotccting  force  and  to  carry  the 
iR'ccsaary  iirovisioiis  Ma  j  attended  with  great  rial;  and  great  delay.'  tli.-<Lornc'ii 
Sifrritj  of  Jhtrifn,  in  Luinhni  Geo;/.  Soc,  Jour.,  xxvii.  l!)3.  'Mr  Ilopkin  )  v,-.is 
lately  prevented  by  the  Indians  from  ascending  the  Chepo  river  towards 
Id:ii:diiiL,'a,  or  San  VAw.i  IJay;  and  Dr  Cullon  v.as  stopped  likewise  by  the  aUj- 
riginca  wliile  endeavoring  to  ascend  the  I'aya  river ....  Climati'  and  i!fif!ir-i  arc 
at  present  the  oidy  serious  impediments  to  a  regular  survey.'  Fitz-JiOi/'.i  fxth. 
C<  III.  Am.,  in  Loiulon  (I'liiij.  Sac,  Jour.,  xx.  101.  'The  Panama raih'oad,  a,  i;:u.<t 
stupendous  work,  consiilering  the  excessively  swampy  nature  of  the  eiuintry 
over  which  it  has  been  carried.'  Culkiin  JJuricii,  Uo.  For  obstacles  overcome  ia 
surveying  and  cuiixtnieting  the  I'anaiiri  r;\;l\vay,  Hee  O/.'.-)'  I.'hiiti'<  PdJifhint, 
lo-oO.  The  climate  inclines  'to  the  wet  extreme,  for  two  thirds  of  the  year, 
tho  Itaiui  begimnng  iu  Aj/rit.'  Dijincc  of  the  Scol.i  SeUlcinciit  ul  iJur'n  n,  M. 
Oil  t'.io  Atrato  'the  trees  approach  to  t!ie  very  edge  of  the  stream,  v.hie!i  theii' 
branches  overhang.  The  trees  arc  frequently  concealed  by  dense  masses  of 
viuerj  Avhieh  entirely  envelope  them,  and  in  certain  lights  jircaent  plays  of  eolur 
comparable  only  to  those  of  the  richest  velvet.  .  .  .  Hut  like  the  ]>l;nncs  and 
velvet  of  the  funeral  pageant,  they  servo  but  to  conceal  and  adorn  corrujv 
tijn.  jjehind  them  stretches,  fur  av.'ay,  the  pestiferous  sv.'aiiip,  through  the 
dreary  Avilds  of  whicli  even  the  birds  refuse  to  sport;  and  whose  jikiica  is 
broken  only  by  the  sighing  of  the  breeze,  or  the  sullen  growl  of  the  roving 
tigi:r. '  Venoiuous  rcpliles  often  fall  into  the  Ixct ;  from  the  brandies  overload ; 
Avasps'  nests  arc  frequent  and  troublesome;  natural  levees  of  soft  nuul  i-iw  teh 
along  the  banks.  Floods  arc  conunon,  and  the  houses  are  built  on  stilts. 
Traiitiriiu',  in  FrnM'm  Inyf.,  Jonr.,  xxvii.  'J20— 1.  In  1S3I?,  Carl  Sehcnrcr,  a 
(lerman  naturalist,  travelling  in  Costa  Itica  with  a  civil  engineer  and  a  force  <if 
thirty-two  men,  attempted  to  niako  a  survey  for  a  road  from  .iViigostma  lo 
Lin'on  I'ay ;  but  on  account  of  ftcareity  of  provi.-^ions,  illness,  and  the  dii'.ieul- 
tiea  of  the  route,  tliey  failed  in  their  purpose;  and  after  having  jjcnotrated 
to  within  eight  leagues  of  their  destination,  they  were  obliged  to  return, 
b.aving  travelled  only  ten  leagues  in  two  weeks.  Sec  WivjiHr  ctiit/  ScLrr.' r, 
Coxla  Ilka,  ;{r)8-407.  In  December  of  the  same  year,  a  party  inukr  .1. 
C.  I'revost,  of  II.  il.  S.  Virago,  set  out  with  fourteen  days'  provision.)  liij;,i 
the  gulf  of  San  Miguel  for  Caledonia  ]!uy,  on  tlio  opposite  .'^ido  of  the  I.itlnur;  . 
'J'iieir  route  Avas  essentially  that  of  Vasco  Nunez  on  his  return.  As  lu'  a  ;• 
cended  the  Sabana  Kiver,  the  attention  of  Cai)tain  Prevost  was  attracted  l^y 
the  d^'■bri^  on  the  overhanging  branches,  which  niaiked  the  liciglit  of  v.-;\ter 
attained  during  certain  KraHins.  The  dense  foliage  w;is  enlivened  liy  birds 
of  gny  plumage;  brilliant  flowers  carpeted  the  ground;  and  the  elialtering 
monkeys,  wliieh  tliey  shot  in  great  nundtei's,  fundslieil  the  guides  food. 
Tlie  country  even  then  was  as  Avild  .-is  when  triwer.sed  by  Vasco  Xuue;:; 
the  natives,  liowevcr,  liad  exchanged  their  wooden  weapons  for  Ih-e-air.i.^ 
Swam]is  and  hills  alternate,  ami  'dense  was  the  forest  we  had  cut  our  w;.y 
througii.'  1'hi>  (lora  then  changed,  and  'instead  of  the  small  underwood,  v. e 
eamo  on  aluKist  impeiietiable  thickets  of  the  prickly  palm  or  aloe,  rat'.i.  r 
more  than  six  feet  in  height,  through  which  we  with  great  dillieulty  cat  our 
way.'  'J'liey  crossed  'deep  ravines,  whose  steep  and  slifipery  i  ides  cauud 
many  a  tnm1)le. '  The  att<'mpt  Mas  finally  abandoned.  Iteturiiing,  on  arriv- 
ing at  one  of  their  ranclios  or  encampments,  where  had  been  left  tliree  s,".ili:"> 
to  gnar<l  the  jirovi'-ions,  they  found  the  men  murdered  and  the  camp  sae'.i;il. 
'So  toilsome  was  our  jounu'V,' says  Captain  Pievost,  'that  we  spent  llftc.  ;i 
days  in  ]ierf<)rniing  a  distance  of  litth^  mure  than  twenty-,  ix  nnles,  having  ti 
force  our  slow  and  laborious  path  through  forests  that  seemed  to  stretch  Iroui 


QUALITY  OF  THE  B.VND. 


8^ 


Inaccessible  forests  filled  with  noxious  reptiles  and 
wild  beasts,  tani;lcd  iunixles  throuixli  Avliicli  man  must 
cut  his  way  foot  by  foot;  rugged  mountanis,  slip])ci  7 
slopes,  and  rocky  precipices,  over  and  round  Avliich 
the  weary  traveller  threads  his  way  under  a  blooming 
tropical  canopy;  frequent  and  sudden  rains  and  inun- 
dr.tions;  treacherous  morasses,  and  the  malarious  ex- 
halations from  putrid  vegetation,  unite  with  warlike 
savages  to  render  this  spot  one  of  the  most  dilhcult 
oil  the  globe  to  explore.  Add  to  these  obstructions 
tlio  weight  of  heavy  armor  and  cumbrous  weapons, 
and  some  conception  may  be  formed  of  a  military 
march  through  an  equatorial  wilderness. 

Xo  wonder  Vasco  Nunez  scrutinized  his  company 
before  starting.  "I  beg  your  very  royal  Higlmess," 
ho  had  written  before  this  to  the  king,  "to  give  mo 
iiicn  from  Espanola;  for  such  as  come  from  Ca.stile 
are  for  my  purpose  worthless,  bringing  loss  not  only 
on  tlicmselves  but  others."*  Born  amidst  the  clash 
of  arms  in  chivalrous  Spain,  broken  to  adversity  at 
]']spafiola,  and  many  of  them  toughened  at  Santa 
}*Iarta,  Veragua,  and  Antigua,  the  present  band 
mustered  the  survivors  of  daring  expeditions  whose 
bones  strewed  the  shores  of  Tierra  Firme. 

The  Spaniards  began  their  march  on  the  Gth  of  Sep- 
tember. The  second  day  brought  them  to  the  lands 
of  Ponca,  who  having  been  warned  of  their  approach 
had  retired  from  the  path."    But  other  thought!;  than 

tlu^  rnciflo  to  the  Atliintic  shori's.  The  trees,  of  stujiendous  si;:e,  ware  iiuit- 
ttil  with  creepery  ami  i):imi>itie;il  vines,  wliieli  hiiiig  i;i  fi  stocius  Iroiii  trcu  to 
tree,  fdfiiiin^;  an  ulinoat  iiinniietrahlu  net-work,  aiul  oMigiiij^  lu  to  hew  open  a 
pasfia^fo  with  our  axea  cveiy  tstep  wo  advaiu'etl.'  LdihIdii,  (<'"';/.  Sue,  Jour., 
xxiv.  "Jin.  Xotliin^^  could  more  ajitly  irai.strato  the  diliieuttie;j  HiirniDuiited 
l)y  l!ie  Sjjaniard.i  tliau  this  narrativ'^  of  faihiri',  l)y  a  Jlritish  of.ic  r  of  thu 
iiinet.'eulh  century,  who  o;'erated  under  conditions  far  nioro  favoiahle  than 
tli'iso  i;o  successfully  overcome  )iy  a  eoni|iany  of  ill-aeeoulri''  and  poo.Iy  fed 
adventurers  nioi'c  than  three  hundicd  years befoie.  AN'illi  inc  material  lj,'f(jio 
Ilie,  the  -e  illu;itration.s  could  begri'atly  niultii}lied  ;  liut  1  have  givt  u  <  ;..)U;;h  to 
fchnw  t'aat  the  transit  of  the  Isthnms,  hy  a  small  ]iarty  of  Ijiropi.ms,  ov,  ••  an 
lUihnown  or  unexplored  route,  is  even  to-day  esteemed  a  desperate  uad.;takin,Lr. 

' '  K/'Vf  iHrhjUla  id  li(  i/  jior  iVt.-fco  2\'iiiit'.  dc  Uulhuu  ditntd  SuiUn  JJuria  dd 
])ni-:.  ii,  ia  Xfirarn  ti',  Col.  do  Vai'H",  iii.  ."i(iS. 

■'  A  siiate;.'y  whii'li  continues  through  thi^  centuries.  'The  Indians,  aIi.liou,','h 
oruvi'.!';  no  direct  hostility,  ahandoned  their  villages  at  our  approach.'  t('(«- 
Ivr.u'ti  Si;i  fi  1/  </  Durkii,  Loiidoii  Oloij.  Svc,  JuUi'.,  xxvii.  1U3. 


■1  . 


302 


DISCOVEnV  OF  THE  PACIFIC  OCE.VX. 


those  of  ])lundor  and  petty  warHire  now  filled  the 
mind  of  Vasco  Xunez;  and,  j^rcfening  to  leave  no 
enemy  in  his  rear,  wJiile  ^stini^  in  the  cacique's  com- 
fortable quarters  he  made  overtures  of  friendsliij)  to 
the  chief,  who  strai<]:htway  returned  from  his  hidiii"', 
and  gave  gold,  together  with  valuable  infornuuioii 
concerniner  the  southern  soa  and  the  route  thitlicr  in 


3,' 


return  for  beads,  mirrors,  hawlc-bells,  and  axes.  l'<>i' 
none  knew  better  than  the  courteous  governor  Ih'W 
ir)  kindle  friendship  in  the  savage  breast,  and  malvC  it 
proiltable.  The  gold  which  Ponca  gave  consisted  «;!' 
tinely  wrought  ornaments  from  beyond  the  mountains, 
and  ten  ixmnds  of  the  metal  from  his  own  mines. 
He    described    a    certain    summit    from    which    this 


AN  HISTORICAL  DOG. 


]\]vA  tlie 
leave  no 
le's  ('1)111- 
ulsliii)  to 
s  hulill^•, 
ornuulon 
liitliei-  in 


-/ 


^V    r 


t;s.  For 
lior  lidw 
hiialve  it 
listed  <it' 
luntaiii^, 
miiu's. 

leh    this 


i:outhcrn  sea  might  easily  bo  seen,  gave  iiifonnatiou 
ot'  the  nations  to  bo  encountered  by  the  Spaniards, 
and  rurnishcd  theni  with  guides  for  the  secret  passes. 

Housed  by  this  encouragement,  and  leaving  hero 
the  sick  and  wayworn,  the  Spaniards  were  on  their 
southward  march  again  the  20th  of  September.  Be- 
tween the  several  provinces  were  no  beaten  paths, 
across  the  rivers  no  bridges;  so  great  were  the  inii)edi- 
iiieiits  to  their  progress,  and  so  much  more  time  was 
(Oiisuined  than  had  been  anticipated,  that  food  began 
to  fail. 

.Making  their  way  amid  tlicsc  difiiculties,  they  camo 
to  the  foot  of  tlic  \\vj-h  mountains  where  terminated 
their  pacified  territory,  and  where  they  nuist  j)rcpare 
tc)  dispute  the  way  with  native  sovereigns  of  the  soil. 
Ascending  the  mountains,  they  encountered  on  the 
21tli  a  cacique  named  Porque,  lord  of  the  province  of 
( >uai'(Hju;l,  the  ruler  of  these  parts,  whose  arrogance, 
W'd  l)y  liis  successes,  had  kept  full  jxice  with  iliem. 
At  tlie  head  of  a  thousand  warriors,  Porque  api)eared 
l)efore  A'asco  Nunez,  demanded  the  object  of  his  visit, 
and  tlireatened  to  kill  every  man  who  sliould  put  foot 
witliiu  his  dominions.  The  Spaniards  nevertheless 
continued  slowly  to  advance,  kee])ing  well  together. 
Aiiia:':ed  at  their  temerity,  and  indignant  at  the  seem- 
ing iiidifTcrence  to  his  threat,  Porque  swept  down 
U[)oii  them  with  llourish  t)f  weapons  and  terrific 
veils,  confident  of  easy  victory.  Put  as  well  might 
!u'  have  spent  his  unleavened  force  against  the  eternal 
hills. 

A\'aiting  until  the  whole  swarm  was  well  within 
loarli,  A^asco  Nunez  gave  the  order  to  charge.  Shout- 
ing the  inspiriting  war-cry,  Santiago,  y  ;i  olio:;!  the 
Si)aiiiards  sprang  upon  them.  The  tire-arms  v/L-re  dis- 
charged, the  bloodliounds'"'  let  loose,  ami  striking  the 

'Among  tlio  (logs  which  ncpfiipiiiiicd  tho  expedition  wns  one,  llio  )>rojHTty 
of  till'  riiimiiiuuli'r,  wiiiise  jH'(ii;,'rc('  and  ]-hysic;d  iiiid  iiict;i])hy.-i(,';d  (r;iits  iiiul 
iniulily  deeds  aro  luiiiiitely  i' 'dided  liy  eoiiteiupcjra'.y  historians.  His  naiiio 
■^Vii-i  I  <  o;ii;icii,  litth'  liiili,  dosreiulaiit  nf  IJeceri'ici),  uf  the  I.daiid  of  Sail  duail. 
He  was  in  ioli)r  red  witli  l>!ae!c  snout,  of  medium  sizo  and  exlino  iliuaiy 
tilaii^;;!.    lu  their  fora^iugs  Leoucieo  cjuuted  as  wiu  man,  and  drew  eaptaiu'a 


T 


S(U 


DISCOVERV  OF  THE  PACIFIC  OCE.VN. 


cruel  steel  into  tlie  naked  Ijodies  of  the  enemy,  lie  was 
literally  hewn  in  pieces.  Vainly,  in  will  conluoioji,  the 
savages  struggled  to  escape;  the  Hash  of  lire,  the  thun- 
dering noise,  tlic  sulphurous  smoke,  bereft  them  of 
their  senses,  making  easy  work  for  the  sharp  iron 
Avhi(;h  entered  unresisted  their  vitals,  until  six  liuii- 
dred  lay  dead  upon  the  ground,  Porcjue  among  the 
number.  !Many  prisoners  were  taken;  the  survivors 
escaped  to  the  liills.  In  the  village  of  Quarequiv  M-as 
found  much  needed  food,  and  some  gold.  So  toil;:onio 
had  been  the  march  that  eighteen  days  had  passed 
since  leaving  Careta's  town.  xVnd  here  Vasco  Xuiuz 
rested  for  the  night,  nursing  his  wounded,  and 
cheering  the  sick  and  down -hearted.  The  guides 
wdiom  Ponca  had  furnished,  and  who  had  proved  of 
incalculable  service  to  the  explorers,  were  dismiosed  to 
their  liomc  with  presents,  and  with  hearts  made  glad 
by  the  destruction  of  Porquc.  So  rolls  round  llio 
planet  inexorable  nature,  detested  death  giving  hourly 
joy  to  universal  life. 


liai 


The  25tli''  of  September,  1513,  a  day  ever  mcm- 

atcs,  dav/ut'd 


Paciiic 


St; 


orable  in  the  annals  of  the 
brightly  over  the  sierra  of  Quarequa.  The  village  ia 
wliich  the  Spaniards  had  made  their  quarters  was  sit- 
uated on  an  elevated  platcou,  and  near  it  rose  the 
reputed  mountain  whose  summit  had  for  ages  gazed 

pay  anil  share  of  spoils.     Upon  these  conditions  liis  niasror  fn-(|uciitly  Innmd 
liiiu;  {i:nl  ilurin;,'  tho  wars  of  ])a;'ii'n  lio  gained  for  Vasco  Xuric/-  luoro  th;;u  cii'; 
thousand  ]Mjtios  do  oi'o.    He  wa.s  considered  more  oirieicut  than  t'lo  host  s  ildin-, 
and  tlie  t;ava  ,'c.-i  t>U)od  in  the  greatest  terror  of  him.    lie  readily  diLjeriiniiia'u  d 
between  wild  and  tame  Indians.    'When  ii  captive  was  missin;^  from  the  fiehls, 
and  Lel)neieo^^■a.^  told,  'lleisginio;  seek  him  I'  the  do^;  tiaeked  thepC'ni-  fii^.'.i- 
tive,  and  did  m^t  harm  him  if  he  returned  ([uietly,  but  if  the  Indian  i 
tho  do;.;  v.oulil  d. '.;i!-(>y  him.     Th(!  hero  of  many  a  eoniiict,  ho  wa:^  c 
wounds  ;  biit  lihi^  ( ',j:iar  ho  escaped  tho  wars  to  meet  his  di.ath  by 
hands.     He  was  jioisoned.     Sec  Orinlo,  iii.  9-10. 

^  Again  a  fjeneial  dillerenco  occurs  in  an  important  date,  and,  ae'  '-i  to 

iny  cnstom,  I  am  governed  by  the  authorities  1  deem  most  reli:dile.  <  do 
follows  the  ex]ieilili(m  from  day  to  day,  noting  places  and  dates;  a;.  !  'k 
says,  iii.  10:  '  Y  nn  m;irtcs,  vcyntc  e  cinco  do  Sieptiembrc  de  aipn  1  auo  d'  mill 
6  quiincntos  y  trecc,  a  las  die;^  Iioras  del  dia,'  at  10  o'clock  in  tho  n\o;i;iiig. 
Sodomaraal.jo  writes,  //int.  Ii/d.,  77:  '  Vio  Valljoaala  r.jardel  Sr.ralos  veviui; 
y  cineo  del  fM'tiendire  del  a;"io  de  trczc ;'  and  Las  Casas,  J/is/.  IjuL,  iv.  IH'': 
'  LlcL'aron  ;i  la  cunibre  de  las  mas  altas  sierras  ii  -o  dias  de  Setiembre  do  diclio 


ly,  lie  was 
iioioii,  the 
the  lliun- 

tlicm  of 
luirp  iron 

six  liiiu- 
mong  the 
survivov.s 
:'cqu;'.  was 
3  toil;;oiiie 
id  passed 
CO  Nunez 
idcd,  and 
ic  guides 
proved  of 
jiiii.^sed  {'■) 
made  fdad 

O 

'ouud  llie 
ng  hourly 


cr  uiem- 
I,  dav.-ned 
Ivilhige  ill 
[i  wart  sit- 

roso  the 
fes  gazed 

H'litly  loiiiR'il 

jro  tlmii  oii'J 

|bo3ts.>'uli<i\ 

^(.•r'naiuati'il 

liii  the  Ik'Ms, 

llO[K fuLii- 

|ia".i  I        till 
'  J 

tiil 

jici  ni'^to 
lie.  e  "'lo 
\'3;  an. I  !ie 
lauo  (li  mill 
\o  moiT.iii;,'. 

v.,  iv.'io;): 
li'o  do  tliclio 


FIRST  VIEW  OF  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 

on  llic  mysterious  soutlieru  soi'.  At  an  early  liour 
Vasco  Nune;^  was  astir,  to  prepare  with  thrilling 
;inti''ipations  for  the  aseeiit.  lUit  sixty-seven,  out 
of  the  one  hundred  and  ninety  Spriiiards  who  within 
(he  month  had  embarked  U[)on  tliii  enterprise  at 
Antigua,  possessed  suflleient  strength  for  the  present 
efloi't.  Departing  from  the  town,  tlieir  way  at  llrst 
lay  through  a  tangled  forest,  which  fringed  the  mount- 
iiin  base,  and  whose  dense  foliage  hid  iVoni  view  the 
more  distant  objects.  As  they  mounted  upward  into 
a  cooler,  drier  atmosphere,  the  vegetation  became 
more  stunted,  3'et  'he  undergrowth  was  [till  so  tliick 
that  the  soldiers  had  to  cut  a  passage  v/llh  tlieir 
sabres.     ]']merging  at  length  into  an  open  space  luar 

afio  tic  l.'irj ;'  0.1(1  Tlcn'or.i,  i.  x.  i. :  •  A  vcynte  y  cinco  do  Sctionilirc,  dostc  nno, 
ili;  rloiid'.!  la  r.ar  f ';  {  arcciu.'  Cavofnl  wiitcrs  fiillowiii'-;  tlicuo  lirnt  .inlliori'.ii'S 
iilsi)  iiauio  *ao  <lay  con'cctly,  as  llniiilmldt,  I'xam.  i'rit.,  i.  .'il!),  vl:o  saya: 
'  Vasei)  Nuir.'Z  de  I'allioa  viL  la  Mir  dil  Slid,  Ic  'M  BoiitcniLK;  ).",13,  du  liant 
<lo  la  Slicrra  do  Qi'.arei|na ;'  and  Acost-i,  ('nm/xiiiK  If!  f.  Kiur'i  <!r(i::uila, 
."'I:  '  Jvito  paHM  rl  dia'J.)  do  scticmhi-o  dul  afiodo  15 115  jifRM)  initr:jdo  medio  dia 
y  io:iiiil  una  <lij  la;j  I'pOL'a.n  iiotalilcj  en  cl  disciil)ii:;iiciili)  i\^',  la  Aiin'ii  a;'  and 
e  ■..  itana,  I'iiiffi  ih'  lJ-/iarr.f<'i  ('<lfhri--i,  'lialboa,' 'JO:  '"J.")  do  Kctiundirc;'  and 
I- liovalicr,  L'//fii,H:  (!<'  I'laiai/tn,  15:  '  Lc  vinyt-ciniiiiionic  j  )Ui-,  b 'J.')  jicptom- 
liic;'  and  CaniplK'Il,  ///.s/.  ,S'/''"'-  -l'"..  -5:  '  ^'''t!  -olh  vi  y< ]■'<'„. I,rr ;'  and 
IIl•l;l:^,  S/mii.  ('(jih/.,  i.  3.'il:  "J.")th  of  Sci)tond)cr ;' etc.  In  t'.ic  faco  of  which, 
]i\in;^r,  Cilnmhiis,  iji.  1!)S,  shows  favosa  carclcasncsa  vlicn  ho  writes  'tlio 
■JDlli  of  SLptouihci'. '  I'o  Kiippovt  him  ho  has  l'a'!ni'nv>,  who,  Via-'iji,  iii. 
'J:i,  falls  into  a  niicitako  of  rdtr  Martyr's,  'alii  vcntiyci  a^huKpio  di  Sottem- 
lav,'  ;ind  ])u  I'cii  r,  den.  II'i  t.  I'o//.,  i;!'.),  and,  tocojiy  h\i  orror,  L'alton,  ('onq. 
Ml  r.  aiti/  Pcfii,  '111,  i!:id  a  li.i.^tof  others.  >.'ot  qnito  n)  (if'm  rK^ntioncd  aa 
folninhiia'  vovirjos  it  this  discovery  of  Vasco  Nunez,  t!i'ii;;''.i  n"arly  f;o.  After 
Oviido  and  Lai  Lay.  i  prohahly  Peter  Martyr  gives  tlio  l:vufc  ci  i.iiuil  aeeonnt. 
1  Inn  r;i,  copied  f.o:. I. ■'";!  lieforchini.  Tliof(jllowin,';]inpiii' r.-'ceiUKit.iarnr.io.itof 
tli(inni('a^',ro  andnnreliah'.e: — Xoitirll<.^Aii.tlc.<l'oif.,  cxlviii.  1 1-12;  dooih-'ch's 
M'liii  //■■,-'/.\i-  Si  ri,  '2:)\  .'> ;  \'<  //«'/c.s yiir(  'ij.,  i.  l;-0-(i ;  V.'i  r/if.J,:  /Jn/fn/,  i.  I r?,-'J; 
Mmisr,,:'.:  Triirt ',  ia  <  '/nn'rhiirn  I  '(.'If.  .iii.  '^'^2 ;  March  //  f.d'urc.-i,  ^Ini-'.n'i  Di/im'/nln, 
i.  li;;  ."itl;  Jhij'ii/,  i;i.-<iiin('  J/iKf.  All).,  i.  T.VSO;  C!i',ttj'i\n!t,  Xc^rc  Will,  SYJ-W; 
JnirriiK,  Ointl.,  l~2;  MouUiiii!!<,  Xictiirr  IVt'irctil,  (;;»-7-;  ii:;'lh>i'.<  Am.,  i'Si- 
:i\Xnniin}!\i]/;.-<f.('(il.,  10-11;  P('tton\-< I/l.-<t.  (T.S.,  11;  Phii'itHnti'i-f  I'nntir, 
!•:);  Ha:l:tf::-(!ijldr!ili/.<,:\;  L'uhoi-iW'ftr.  \'<>!f.,x\.;  I-i/h.  P(ii:uu>(i,r>;  Jfamhofilt, 
J'-iiii  /'(//.,  i.  17;  Lidfcir.fii/,  Ui.<rhii'litr,  i.  'J.j;  Jlidi-i It'.i  Pnnciihi,  '_';V7;  An- 
'.-.'  S'ar.,   10;   (i'n!raiio\'<  I)i'<coi\,   lJ.'"i-4;    Caraii'lfn,  If:  K  J.'.'/iaila,  v 


,/ 


'(■liii/a 


S; 

find 


-',10  1;   Grc(n/ioiv'.'<  JIi  III., '22;   Fundiam'-i  Adv.,  110;    Pdir,  J/Ori'i/oii,  ( 

Sliuii.  K,an.  Ill  Am.,  2?,\   nnnio/'n  D}.<i:or.  Soiifh  Sen,  i.  8-0;  Xd,.^'  S.  Ai.i 

-Vo-.,  1-1-1 

Jll-f.  ail 

Minirir  i>r.,/.,li;    /f(. ■</,., -Ui II,  ii.  •27-;].'};    Lardmr'.f  lll^t.  Discr.r.,  ii.  -lO-I; 

Jhiniir's      'mi.,   xviii.  4()0-Sl;    ^faniinjor'.'t  Proij.  Adk,  i.   10-11;    2f<it'in 


.ifiji.  tiitiut.,  .:.> ;    tiiuHiif^iJi--^i:vi.  nuiiini'i't,  i.t'-;-/,   _i.af.^    .i.  ^-tni.  ir-iiit 

1-15;  Kirr.  C'il.  Co//.,  ii.  (>7-S;  Colfoii'f  Join:  Geo;;.,  no.  C>,(^i:;  J)i>r<i!as' 

lid  Pol.,  41;    /[oliiK'i'  Annals  Am.,  i.  32-3;    Li/ci'-Oriai;:c  Cuinil  and 
It    .4      11.      /r ,.•,...     ::     .1-   '"vo .      r  „,.,i v.    ir.i     ]>:„„..      ;:     lo    i. 


L'Oi-rjoii,  1.  SS-9 ;  Omllc,  IPist.  P.i  I.  c'/illr,  in P'nibrloii'.H  ( 'ol.,  .\iv.  \A2-l ;  'Mc.^ci 
y  Li  Oil)  part,  JPi.tt.  Am.,  i.  8S-i;4;  Maror'.s  Am.  IPi.'ft.,  xxiv.  .V.!-5;  lli.l'iii.'<l:i, 
tW.,(;2-4;  Bcir.oiii,  IPt.^t.  Jlomlo  Xvovo,  47-8;  Jlorclli,  Pact;  Xori  OrLi.-i,  15; 
liiixra,  Jlist.  Jalapa,  i.  "20. 


366 


DISCOVFitY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  OCEAN. 


the  summit,  a  bare  eminence  was  pointed  out  by  the 
guides,  whence  the  view  was  said  to  be  unobstructed, 
and  the  sea  distinctly  visible. 

Viewed  prosaically,  there  was  nothing  astounding 
in  ascending  a  hill  and  taking  a  look  at  the  ocean. 
It  had  been  often  done  elsewhere;  it  had  been  often 
done  here.  Nor  was  there  any  peculiar  difference 
bot'veen  sea  and  land  here  and  sea  and  land  elsewhere. 
But  there  was  that  to  the  minds  of  the  impetuous 
and  impressible  Spaniards,  there  is  that  to  our  own 
minds,  in  first  things  and  first  views  of  things,  our 
first  view,  our  country's  first  awakening,  that  stirs 
the  soul  and  sets  faster  beating  the  heart.  Reduced 
to  words,  the  sentiment  is  the  pleasure  the  mind 
derives  from  improving  surprises;  it  is  the  joy  of 
development,  the  ecstasy  of  evolution. 

If  such  be  commonly  the  case,  how  much  inoro 
reason  had  Vasco  Nunoz  do  Balboa  to  be  impassioned 
on  this  occasion.  Behind  hiin  was  ignominy,  perhaps 
chains  and  death;  before  him  was  glory,  immortal 
fame.  And  it  was  meet  in  him  that  this  ordinarily 
trivial  act  should  be  consummated  with  a  ceremony 
becoming  to  one  of  civilization's  jjreat  achiovements. 

Ordering  a  halt,  Vasco  Nunez  advanced  alone.  Ills 
should  be  the  first  European  eye  to*  behold  what  there 
was  to  behold,  and  that  without  perad venture.  With 
throbbing  heart  ho  mounted  tlie  topmost  cmluenco 
which  crowned  these  sea-dividing  hills.  Then,  as  in 
the  lifting  of  a  veil,  a  scene  of  primeval  splendor  burst 
on  his  enraptured  gaze,  such  as  might  fill  with  joy  an 
arcliangel  sent  to  explore  a  new  creation.  Tliere  it 
lay,  that  boundless  unknown  sea,  spread  out  before; 
him,  far  as  the  eye  could  reach,  in  calm,  majestic 
beauty,  glittering  like  liquid  crystal  in  the  morning 
sun.  Beneath  his  feet,  in  furrowed  prospect,  weri' 
terraces  of  living  green,  sportive  with  iridescent  light 
and  shade;  waving  plains  and  feathered  steeps  white- 
lined  with  flowing  waters,  here  dashing  boisterously 
down  the  hill-side,  vonder  winding  silent  through  the 


SPEECH  OF  VASCO  NUNEZ, 


3^7 


pi'Tliinij  foliajje  to  the  all-receivinq;  sea.  In  tliat  first 
illimitable  glance  time  stood  back,  the  mists  hftcd, 
and  eternity  was  there.  What  wonder  if  to  this 
Spanish  cavalici,  in  that  moment  of  triumphant  joy, 
\  isions  of  the  mighty  future  appeared  pictured  on  the 
cciulean  heights,  visions  of  populous  cities,  of  fleets 
and  armies,  of  lands  teeming  with  wealth  and  in- 
dustry. And  to  Spain  should  all  these  blessings  and 
advantages  accrue;  to  Spain  through  him. 

Dropping  on  his  knees,  he  poured  forth  praise  and 
thaiilcsijivinij  to  the  author  of  that  glorious  creation 
(or  the  honor  of  its  discover3^  The  soldiers  then 
pressed  forward,  gazed  enchanted  likewise,  and  idvc- 
uiso  assumed  the  attitude  of  prayer;  for  however 
\iiiL;'odIy  were  their  lives,  these  cavaliers  were  always 
i'uiul  of  praying. 

"  There,  my  friends,"  exclaimed  Balboa,  rising  and 
pointing  to  the  prospect  before  him,  "there  is  the 
realization  of  your  hopes,  the  reward  of  your  labors. 
You  are  the  first  Christians  to  look  upon  that  sea,  or 
to  tread  its  luxuriant  shores.  The  words  of  the  chiv- 
alrous Panciaco  concerning  the  Southern  Sea  are 
more  tuuII  verified;  please  God  so  may  we  find  them 
regarding  the  riches  of  its  shore.  All  are  yours,  I 
say,  yours  the  glory  of  laying  this  celestial  realm  at 
yoiu"  sovereign's  feet;  yours  tlie  privilege  of  bringing 
to  the  only  vile  thing  in  it  the  cleansing  properties  of 
our  holy  faith.  Continue,  then,  true  to  me,  and  I 
promise  you  honor  and  wealth  to  your  fullest  desire." 
A  shout  of  approbation,  such  as  the  rabble  are  ever 
ready  with  before  success,  was  f(.)llo\ved  by  pledges  of 
fidelity  and  fair  service,  to  be  broken  upon  the  first 
oceasion.  And  if  we  may  believe  old  looter  ^Martyr, 
who  (Mijoyed  this  trium})h  of  progress  almost  as  much 
as  the  discoverers  themselves,  Hannibal  from  the 
suunnit  of  the  Alps,  pointing  to  his  soldiers  the  deli- 
cious fields  of  Italy,  displayed  no  grander  conception 
of  his  high  achievements,  past  and  future,  than  did 
Ualhoa  at  this  moment.    A  cro!;'  •  was  erected,  round 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  OCEAX. 


f'i! ;; 


■■it    .    ■t'B'i 


wliicli  stones  were  licaped;  the  trees  were  blazontd 
with  the  .sovereign's  name;  the  To  Deum  laiulaiiitis 
and  To  Dominuin  confitenmr  was  solcnnily  ehanti'd 
by  tlie  company;  after  which  Balboa  in  a  loud  voice 
called  on  all  present  to  witness  that  he  tlion  and 
thereby,  for  and  in  the  name  of  the  sovereigns  of 
Spain,  took  possession  of  this  Southern  Sea,  with  all 
its  islands  and  firm  lands,  and  all  shores  washed  by 
its  waters.  The  notary  was  ordered  to  draw  uj)  ;i 
certificate  in  accordance,  to  which  each  present  aflixcd 
his  name.* 

Because  the  strangers  seemed  to  delight  in  it,  tlio 
savages  assisted  in  the  cross-raising  and  in  carrying 
stones,  though  they  saw  nothing  in  the  surrounding.:! 
to  become  so  excited  about.     jVIeanwhile  the  Spa^iard^5 

"The  tc  tiinonial  with  the  sixty-seven  names  attached,  as  given  hy 
Ovie(U),  iii.  11-12,  is  as  follows: — 'I)ir6  aqui  i[\\Mi  fueroii  los  qnc  sc  lial- 
laroii  (.'u  t'L-ito  descubriniicnto  con  el  capitaii  Vasco  Nuficz,  i)or(|iiu  iiiu  SL'ivii,ii> 
limy  wfuil'ido,  y  cs  passo  nmy  notahle  para  cstas  historian,  pucj  (jno  i'luiou 
l(is  c!irii)sliaii'i3  (ino  priniero  vierou  a(|U('lla  mar,  seguiul  daba  loo  do  cUd  ,\m- 
ih\A  do  V;i!(lon';il)aiio,  (juo  alii  so  halli'i,  escribano  real  o  natural  di;  la  vilLi.  do 
Sanct  ^lai'tiu  do  Valdeiglosiaa,  tl  fjual  teslinioiiio  yo  vi  o  lei,  y  el  mi  mo 
eHuriiiano  ino  h)  enseuii.  V  ilespues([nando  murio  Vasco  Nuficz,  miiiioaciiustc 
eon  1 1,  y  t.unbiou  viniorou  sua  e.sciipturaa  ii  mi  jiodor  y  aquesca  dcii.i  dista 
m.'ii'.rva:'  Lou  cavalleros  o  hidalgos  y  liombros  do  liion  que  so  ha",aron  cii  el 
dcsculirimicnto  do  la  mar  doi  Sur,  con  el  magnilico  y  iHuy  noblo  seuor  tl 
capiian  N'ajco  Nuficz  do  ]>alljoa,  gol)ernador  por  Sus  Altccas  en  la  'J  itiia 
Firnic,  son  los  siguiiintes:  'rrinicranieiitc  el  seuor  Vasco  Nunez,  y  el  ino  tl 
<|Uo  piinuTo  do  todos  vido  aquella  mar  o  la  ensefii)  i'l  los  infrascriptos.  An- 
dres d(!  \'<'r,i,  el'rigo;  Fian<;iseo  I'icarro;  l)i<';;o  AlLitez;  Fabian  I'ercz; 
]5ernn'.'dino  do  Morales;  Die^'o  do  Texerii  n, ;  Chiil>sti'ibal  do  Valdebuso;  liiv- 
nardino  ilo  Cicniucgos;  Sebastian  do  Orijallia;  Frani^'isco  do  Avihi;  .luhan  do 
Kspinog:'.;  .Toliau  do  Wdasco;  IJenito  Imuran  ;  Andn's  do  Jlollna;  Antimi  i  (Id 
Haracahlo;  I'edro  do  I'seobav;  Clniiistcbal  Daea;  Francisco  I'esado;  Almitii) 
do  (Juadahipe ;  lloniando  Munoz;  Jleriian(h)  liidalgo;  Johan  liubio  do  .M;d- 

iiartida;  Aivaro  do  ISoIafios;  Alonno  Ivuiz;  Fran(,'isi'()  do  Lucena;  Maitiii 
{uiz;  l*aw(|iial  Uubio  do  Malpartida;  Fianvi.'co  <lon(;'aloz  do  (iumlMKiiniaj 
Francisco  .Martin;  Fedro  Martin  do  I'ahw ;  Hernando  Diaz;  Andns  (l;i;i;i:k 
do.Jiicn;  T.,ui^  (intierrez;  Alonso  .Seba.slian  ;  Joliau  Vegines;  IJodrigo  \  c!;i.'- 
(luez;  Johan  Camaeho;  Diego  do  Monteherinoso;  J(jlian  Matheos;  Mae«tro 
Al'inijo  do  Sancliago;  (Ji'egorio  Fon(,'e;  Fran^-isco  de  la 'J'ova  ;  Mi.^'ncH'i  c.--[mi; 
Miguel  Sanchez;  Martin  (Sarcia;  ("hripstolial  do  l\ol)ledo;  CInipsti.bal  do 
licon.  iilatino;  Johan  Martinez;  Valdeneliro;  Johiin  do  IJeas  Loro;  Joluni 
Fcrrol ;  Johiin  (Intierrcz  de  Toledo;  •lohan  do  I'ortillo;  Johan  (!arcia  do 
Ja('n  ;  Matheo  |jO(,'ano;  Jolmu  de  M'.dellin  ;  Alonso  Martin,  estui  iano;  .lnhjm 
(iinvia  Marinero  ;  Johan  (iallego  ;  Fian(,'i»eo  de  Lentin,  si(,'iliiino;  Johan  dil 
Puerto;  I''ran(,'i.sco  de  Arias;  I'edro  do  Onluiia;  Nullo  de  Olano,  do  culur 
ii"gro;  Pi'dro  Fw  .landi:/ do  Arov'ho.'  Andres  do  Vulderriibano,  (scrihiinn  do 
Sus  Altecas  en  la  su  ciJrte  y  tni  todos  sua  reynos  e  senorios,  estnve  pre.-s.-ii  nlc 
e  doy  IVe  (hdlo,  e  digo  (|uc  won  ))or  todos  8(>8scuta  y  sieto  lioudircs  cmIoh  pii- 
meron  chripstianoH  <ine  vieron  la  mar  del  Stu",  con  las  (piales  yo  mo  hallc  tS 
uucjito  por  uno  dellos;  y  esto  cm  do  Sanct  Martin  dc  Vuldoiglesias, 


CHIAPES  AND  THE  SPANIARDS. 


wondered  how  far  the  water  extended,  what  nations 
inhabited  its  borders,  what  the  commerce  and  rehg- 
ioii  of  those  nations,  and  wliat  would  be  the  effect 
of  the  discovery  on  Spain,  on  the  world,  on  their  own 
fortunes. 

Descending  the  mountains  on  its  seaward  side 
tlicy  V,  'e  met  by  a  cacique,  called  like  his  province, 
Cliiapes,  who  ordered  them  back  if  they  sought  not 
death.  The  policy  of  Vasco  Nunez  here  was  peace. 
Hostile  entanglements  at  this  juncture  he  knew 
would  sooner  or  later  result  in  the  destruction  of  his 
party.  It  must  be  a  peace,  however,  based  on  fear 
iiiitl  respect,  seldom  to  be  achieved  among  savages 
except  l>y  slaughter.  Overtures  of  friendship  wore 
aeeordintrly  instituted  by  a  sudden  and  vigorous  on- 
fskuight  with  fire-arms,  cross-bows,  and  bloodhounds, 
during  which  Chiapes  took  to  his  heels,  midst  thunder, 
smoke,  and  consternation;  in  consequence  of  which  ho 
was  all  the  more  happy  when  the  men  of  Quarequii 
sought  him  out,  and  told  him  that  these  supernatural 
visitors  who  held  the  elements  at  their  command 
were  easily  propitiated  witli  gold.  Tremblingly  he 
appeared  and  laid  at  the  feet  of  Vasco  Nunez  five 
liundred  pounds  of  the  metal,  glad  that  the  favor  of 
(ho  gods  might  be  bought  so  cheaply.  The  Quarequii 
guides  were  now  dismissed  with  presents,  and  by  tliem 
orders  were  sent  the  Spaniards  resting  at  their  town 
to  Ibllow  the  advance  party. 

I'lio  object  of  Vasco  Nunez  was  to  ajiproach  the 
Verge  of  the  ocean  and  toueli  tlie  water  he  had 
seen.  For  this  purpose  he  despatched,  in  dilfcrt^nt 
diicotions,  three  parties  of  twelve  men  eacli,  under 
I'^rancisco  Pizarro,  Alonso  ^[artin  de  l^on  Jienito, 
and  Juan  de  Escaray  to  search  an  opening  to  the 
seaside  through  tlic  dense  folinge  that  concealed  it. 
It  is  not  a  little  singular  that  two  tlays  should 
elapse,  and  that  the  explorers  suffered  sever(>ly 
for  want  of  water  before  any  one  could  iind  the 
beach,    though    tliey   were   all    the  time  so  near  it. 

Umt,  Okm.  Am.,  Tul.'  I.    a* 


370 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  OCEAN. 


■■;  n 


AlrtiLso  ^Martin's  party  came  first  to  an  inlet,  on  ilio 
iliore  of  which  were  two  canoes,  tlic  open  bay  boiuLj 
still  hidden.  Desirous  of  being  lirst  in  sonietliiiig-, 
however  small,  Martin  sprang  into  one  of  the  boats 
which  was  barely  floating  on  tlie  incoming  tide,  and 
cried  to  his  companions,  who  had  thrown  themselves 
down  mider  the  cooling  leaves — "I  call  on  you  all  to 
witness  that  I  am  the  first  Spaniard  to  sail  upon  these 
waters."  "And  I  the  second,"  exclaimed  another, 
rusliing  for  the  other  boat.^  lleturning  to  Chiapi's, 
^lartin  reported  to  Vasco  Nunez,  who  inmiediatdv 
began  preparations  to  take  more  foi-nial  possession  of 
the  Southern  Sea. 

On  the  21)th  of  September,  St  INIichael's  day,  Yasco 
Nunez  with  twenty-six  men  set  out  for  the  border 
of  the  sea,  accompanied  by  Chiapes  with  a  numerous 
train.  Arriving  there  they  fouaid  the  tide  out,  ai!;l 
seated  themselves  upon  a  grassy  slope  beneath  the 
overlianging  I'oliage,  waiting  the  return  of  the  water.-!. 
Presently,  when  tlie  sand  was  covered  to  the  depth  of 
one  or  two  feet,  all  arose,  anil  Vasco  Nunez,  armed 
and  armored  cap-a-pie,  drew  his  sword  and,  talcing  \\\nn 
the  hand  of  an  attendant  a  banner,  on  one  side  of 
wliicji  were  pictured  the  vir<^nn  and  child  and  on  the 
other  tlie  arms  of  Castile  antl  IjCou,  marched  into  the 
water,  and  waving  aloft  his  banner  cried  in  a  ]ou;l 
voice:  ''Long  live  the  high  and  })owerful  monarclis 
Don  Fernando  and  Dona  . I  nana,  sovereimis  of  C'as- 
tik',  and  of  Leon,  and  of  Ai-agon,  in  wliose  name,  and 
for  the  royal  crown  of  C'astile,  1  take  and  seize  I'ral 
and  corporeal  actual  possession  of  these  seas  and 
lands,  and  coasts  and  poi'ts  and  islands  of  the  south, 
with  all  tliereto  annexed;  and  kingdoms  and  provinces 
wlncli  belong  to  them,  or  which  )nay  hereafter  belong 
to  them,  in  wliatever  manner  and  l>y  whatever  right 
and  title  acrpiired,  now  existing  or  wlwch  may  exist, 
ancient  and  modei-n,  in  times  ])ast  ami  present  and  to 

"lIciTom  calls  ttio  socciiul  lllas  ilo  Atii'iii,';).  hur,  that  iiaiiic  is  not  ii 
t'>vi(Mli)'s  Ust.  Irving  rciV'r.s  to  Ucrroi'a,  l)Ut  liiils  to  i  rproiluoo  liiia  corroctlj^ 
in  hid  text.     Coniparo  Ovledo,  iii.  11-1'2;  Ilcmrn,  i.  x.  ii. 


TAKING  POSSESSION. 


»(  1 


come,  without  any  coiitradit'tion.  And  if  any  other 
jiiinco  or  captain,  christian  or  iulidel,  of  whatever  law 
or  sect  or  condition  he  may  be,  pretends  any  right  to 
tliese  lands  and  seas,  I  am  ready  and  prepared  to  contra- 
dict him,  and  to  defend  them  in  the  names  of  the  present 
iind  future  sovereigns  of  Castile,  wlio  arc  the  lords  para- 
mount in  these  Indies,  islands  and  firm  land,  northern 
nnd  southern,  with  their  seas,  as  well  in  the  arctic  ])olo 
as  in  the  antarctic,  on  either  side  of  the  equinoctial 
line,  within  or  without  the  tropics  of  cancer  and  Cap- 
ricorn, according  to  what  more  completely  to  their 
majesties  and  their  successors  belongs  and  is  due,  for 
the  whole  and  any  part  thereof;  as  I  protest  in  writ- 
ing shall  or  may  be  more  fully  specified  and  alleged  on 
btlialf  of  their  royal  patrimony;  now  and  in  all  lime 
wliile  the  earth  revolves,  and  until  the  universal 
judgment  of  ull  mankind. "^°     To  which  grandiloquent 

'"  The  form  of  taking  possession,  or  the  declaration  of  proprietary  rif^lits  to 
the  lands  sei/od  by  Iviropeans,  u.s  W(>,  liave  socn,  dilicrs  with  diU'erciit  ilibcov- 
fii  IS,  and  v'ith  the  saiiu!  discovci'cr  ah  diU'croiit  liinr-i.  iSdUictiiiio.s  liiasi  was 
Siiid;  Kiunotimes  a  eniss  was  oroetcd ;  soinc'tiinca  j.raycr  \\i\.-,  ofi'orod,  of  whicli 
tlie  following  is  said  to  have  Ijcun  the  ]iif3cril)('(l  loiin  usihI  l>y  t'i)'miil)iis, 
A'mmco  Xiincz,  Cort's,  and  rizarro;  ]>oniiiio  Dciis  .'vtcnio  et  oiiini|ioti'iis, 
s.'Mio  tuo  veiho  co'luin,  ct  torrani,  et  mare  ereasti ;  bi'nedieatur  et  glorilii'etur 
iioiiien  tmun,  laudetiir  tiia  niajostas,  qu;u  dignita  est  per  luunilem  bfrviim 
tiuiiii,  lit  ejus  sacrum  noiiieii  aguoseatur,  et  pnedicetiir  in  line  alt;'ra  miindi 
)i;ute.  But  always  this  seizure,  whether  by  iS[)anish,  I'higlish,  Frencli,  or 
l>iiU;h,  nnd  by  whatsoever  other  formalities  attrnded,  M-as  neeompaiiied 
liy  a  loud  proelamation,  lieforo  '  !od  nnd  man,  of  tlie  de<'d  tlieii  nnd  there  eon- 
siiniiiiated.  This  {)roclamation  was  nunlo  witlidrawnH\voi'<l,liy  tiieeoniinauder 
of  the  party  taking  possession,  and  sometimes  attended  l)y  the  tlirowing  of 
r:nth  toward  tlio  four  cardinal  jioints,  as  was  eornmon,  anil  is  now  in  Spanish 
Anieriea,  in  giving  juilicial  ])osse.ssion  in  granting  lands,  and  planting  tlio  royal 
standard.  All  jn-esent  were  called  upon  to  witness  the  act,  wiiieh  was  done 
for  ;uul  in  tlio  name  of  the  snvireign  antiioiity  leeognizcd  l)y  the  party, 
'llii'u  the  notary,  or,  if  none  were  jneseiit,  a  cleik,  or  a  )ierson  or  [H'rsdiis  ap- 
pninted  to  act  as  such,  took  down  in  wii'.  ing  what  h;id  boen  done,  and  eaeh 
iiii'iaher  of  th<!  jiarty  signed  it.  Kxain])li's  might  b(!  nndtiplied  indelinitely. 
^^  e  have  seen  wjiat  ('ohimbus  did  in  one  or  two  instances,  and  how  X'asco 
Nunez  conducted  himself  on  tlie  mountain  overlooking  ranama  IJay.  That 
v.h\r\\  I  have  just  given  in  tlie  text  ii  a  literal  translation  of  jiallxia's 
iiildrcss  to  the  four  corners  of  tiie  J'acifK^  Ocean  as  reported  by  Orii  i/i>, 
iii.  11-12.  At  the  lieginning  the  meaning  of  llie  orator  is  clear  enougli,  but 
toward  the  latter  part  he  ia]ises  into  verbiage.  It  i-<  likely  that  lie  had  in  vii  \v, 
wliilf!  taking  ]>08Si'8sion  of  tliiit  sea  or  so  inucli  of  a.s  his  sovereigns  should  ah 
niiy  futiiro  time  plea.se  to  claim,  the  jiajiid  bull  which  dividecl  the  heathen 
woild  between  Spain  and  Portugal,  and  a  di'sire  to  avoid  all  words  and  acts 
\^!iicli  might  prejudice  the  Spanish  claim.  A  lengthy  nccount  is  given  of  the 
tnkiag  possession  of  lli(>  jirovince  of  l'ai|ue,  on  the  I'aeilie  shori' ot  thejslhmus, 
wc.-ituf  I'aaamii,  in  loll),  by  i'edrarias  Ddvilu.     The  party  waa  standing  at 


372 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  OCEAN. 


■:v}-.': 


harangue  there  came  no  reply;  no  armed  Poseidon 
appeared  to  dispute  possession;  only  the  mighty  ocean 
dashed  from  its  face  the  blinding  glare  of  this  now 
doctrine,  heaved  its  bosom  in  long  glassy  swells, 
and  gently  growled  its  perplexity  to  the  sympathizing 
beach. 

The  followers  of  Vasco  Nunez,  however,  even  if  all 
did  not  comprehend  better  than  the  sea  what  their 

the  liead  of  an  inlet,  two  notaries,  a  clergym.m,  several  captains,  soldiers,  and 
seamen,  beside  the  commander,  being  proseufc.  First,  Pedrarias  called  on  tho 
notaries  and  all  present  to  witness  the  acts  ho  was  about  to  perform.  Tlifii 
ho  took  in  his  riglit  hand  a  white  silk  flag,  on  which  was  represented  the 
imago  of  the  Virgui  Mary,  and  holding  it  aloft  all  knelt ;  the  trumpet  souudeil, 
and  in  loud  tones  the  commander  offered  tho  following  prayer:  'Oh!  mother 
of  (4od,  quiet  tho  sea,  and  render  us  worthy  ot  beiug  and  of  moving  under  thy 
protection.  May  it  please  thee  tluit  under  it  we  may  discover  these  seas,  and 
lands  of  tho  southern  s(;a,  and  convert  the  people  thereof  to  our  holy  Catliolio 
faith. '  Following  tho  prayer  was  a  long  speech  by  Pedrarias,  declaring  pos- 
session after  the  usual  form,  similar  to  that  employed  by  Vasco  Nufiez,  inter- 
spersed with  divers  acts  in  consummation  of  what  he  said.  He  declared  the 
liosscssion  previously  taken  renewed,  especially  the  'possession  vel  can't  of  all 
the  coast  of  tlic  new  land  and  of  the  southern  sea,  and  of  all  the  ports  and  in- 
lets and  coves  and  roadsteads being  as  I  am,  in  the  name  of  their  hij:h- 

ncsses  and  as  their  lieutenant-general  in  the  said  coast  of  the  said  southern  .sea, 
from  tl.o  stones  of  tho  rivers  to  tho  leaves  of  tho  forests,  eating  the  grass  ami 
drinking  the  waters,  and  razing,  devastating,  and  cutting  the  woods  of  the  said 
coast,  upon  the  said  site  and  province  of  I'aque.'  As  a  token  of  possession  and 
seizure  thereof,  civilly,  naturally,  and  bodily,  ho  continued:  'I  raise  this 
royal  standard  of  tho  said  Queen  Dofia  Juana  and  King  Don  Cdrlos,  her  son, 
our  nrds,  which  is  of  red  damask  having  thereo  i  painted  and  stamped  tho 
royal  arms  of  their  highnesses  tho  said  kings,  our  lords ;'  the  trumpeters  were 
then  ordered  to  sound;  after  which,  in  concert  with  Pedrarias,  all  said,  'Cas- 
tilla  del  Oro  and  Tierra  Firme,  and  new  land,  and  southern  sea,  and  coasts 
thereof,  and  island  and  islands,  and  all  land  and  provinces  that  may  he 
tliercin,  for  the  most  high  and  most  illustrious  Queen  Dona  Juana,  our  lady, 
and  the  King  Don  Carlos,  her  son,  our  lord ;  and  after  them  for  their  succcssoi-.s 
to  Castile.'  'All  of  which  new  lands  and  southern  sea  and  coast  thereof  nml 
the  whole  Tierra  Finno  and  kingdoms  of  Castilla  del  Oro,  and  all  thereunto 
annexed  and  appertaining,  and  all  that  has  been  or  may  bo  hereafter  diseov- 
ercd  therein,  is  and  must  bo  of  the  royal  crown  of  Castile,  and  you  nuist  tes- 
tify how  I,  Pedrarias  Diivila,  in  the  name  of  the  said  kings,  our  lords,  and  nf 
their  successnra  to  the  royal  crown  of  Castile,  cut  trees,  and  mow  the  grass  in 
said  land,  and  enter  the  water  of  the  said  southern  sea,  corporeally  and  stand- 
ing on  iny  feet  therein,  and  stamp  the  new  land  and  waters  of  the  said 
southern  sea.'  Again  tho  trumpets  were  sounded,  and  again  Pedrarias  reit- 
erated in  a  loud  voice  his  claims;  and  he  called  upon  tho  notaries  to  witness  as 
further  proof  of  their  possession  that  four  ships  had  been  built  aiul  navigatvd 
on  the  southern  sea.  Another  flourish  of  trumpets,  and  by  way  of  dux- 
ology  three  times  repeated,  'Viva  la  nmy  alta  6  nuiy  poderosa  reyna  doTia 
Juana,'  etc.,  concluded  tho  ceremony.  Tcntimonio  (h'  im  ado  dc  poncfion  quo. 
ionni  (I  Gohenimlor  Pcdrdrinn Ddvila,  in  Pachcco  and  Ciirdeiiait,  Col.  Doc,  ii. 
ri^'J-'jO.  Although  the  custom  was  universal  from  the  beginning,  Pliilip  II. 
doomed  best  to  decree,  in  1,"!j?,  that  all  captains  or  others  discovering  any 
island  or  mainland  should,  on  landing,  take  possession  in  the  king's  uanie. 
IiCC02),  de  Indias,  ii.  7. 


Wti' 


THE  XAME  PACIFIC  OCEAN. 


9t9 


lender  had  said,  swore  with  loud  acolamations  to 
(It  lend  the  claim  of  the  sovereign  who  would  thei'eby 
have  so  much  more  land  to  bestow,  and  to  follow 
their  gallant  leader  to  the  riches  and  honor  ho  had 
HO  freely  promised  them.  Andre's  do  Valderrabano, 
the  notary  of  the  expedition,  was  then  called  upon 
to  di'aw  up  a  certificate  of  the  act  of  taking  possession, 
to  which  all  present  subscribed  their  names.  This 
being  the  day  of  St  jMichael,"  the  archangel,  the 
guir  before  them  was  called  El  golfo  do  San  Miguel, 
which  name  it  bears  to  this  day.  Tasting  the  water 
tliey  found  it  salt,  which  proved  it  a  true  ocean  sea 
that  they  had  found;  then  they  cut  crosses  on  the 
trees  in  honor  of  the  holv  trinity,  and  with  lonu'mi^.s 
satisfied  and  hearts  singing  their  high  hopes,  the 
])arty  returned  to  Chiapes,  richer,  according  to  their 
pretensions,    hy   one    Pacific    Ocean,'^   ten   thousand 

"Colon  gives  fj.  de  Kan  mUjei,  Agncse,  G.  de  S.  mhjucU;  Vaz  Dourado,  San 
rnhjiU:  Jlorcator,  ,S'.  Miijud;  llonilius,  hiDrake'xU'orld  Eiicoiiiji((x.y<(l,uMi(liw  I; 
(>ili!h:/'i<  Am.,  G.  S.  M'kjikI;  Jacob  Colom,  (/.  dii  S.  Jliijud ;  JcUorys,  (/.  de  St. 
M'kjui!,  ami  emptying  into  it  li.  Cmiti/,  11.  Savana.i,  Jt.  Coixjo. 

'-It  was  not  lor  some  years  after  this  discovery  that  the  name  raeific  was 
npplied  to  any  part  of  the  ocean ;  and  for  a  long  time  after  parts  only  of  it  were 
so  termed,  this  part  of  it  I'etained  the  original  name  of  South  Sea,  so  called  ))e- 
c;ai:jo  it  lay  to  the  south  of  its  discoverer.  The  lettering  of  the  early  maps  is 
lu'ie  isi^^'nilicant.  All  along  from  this  time  to  the  middle  of  the  .seventeenth 
century,  the  larger  part  of  the  Pacilic  Avas  labeled  Occaiinn  fiidkiin  Orkutali.t, 
or  ^[ur  del  Sur,  the  Atlantic,  opposite  the  Isthmus,  being  called  3[nr  dd 
Karle.  Sometimes  the  reporters  called  the  South  Sea  La  (Jtra  J\far,  in  contra- 
distinction to  the  Mare.  Ocvanm  of  Juau  do  la  Cosa,  or  tho  Occanus  (JccidnitaliH 
of  ri(jleuiy,  as  the  Atlantic  was  then  called.  Indeed,  tho  Atlantic  was 
not  geuL-rally  known  by  that  name  for  some  time  yet.  Schdner,  in  ]'>'20, 
teiiiis  it,  as  does  Ptolemy  in  1.")!.'},  Ocrdiiii.f  Occid(  itUdin;  Grynivus,  in  1532, 
Uaaiinx  Maf)iuin;  Apianus,  appearing  in  the  Cosmography  of  l.")7."),  altlioMLtli 
tliought  to  have  been  drawn  in  1520,  Mar  Adiciim.  Kobert  'J'horne,  1527, 
in  Jlidli/i/l'H  Vo;/.,  writes  Occauits  Occidvn.;  Bordonc,  1528,  Mare  Orcidriii<di-; 
l'to'c:iiy,  1530,  Occcan  Occideiifalin;  Pamusio,  15G5, 1'iarjiji,  iii.  455,  olT  Central 
Aimric.n,  Mar  del  Nort,  and  in  the  groat  ocean,  l>otii  north  and  south.  Mar 
Oi-i-nio;  Mercator,  15(i!),  north  of  tho  tropic  of  cancer,  Oiraiiiii^-i  Al/antifV-:; 
lIo;ulius,  1595,  Mar  del  Xort;  \V(st-fiidisrlie  Spi<</hd,  l('i21,  Mar  dd  Nort; 
l»c  i.act,  10.13,  Mar  del  Norte;  Jacob  Colon,  l(i()3,  Mnr  dd  Nurl;  O.uilby, 
ii'"l,  Dccaiiun  Atlaiiticiim,  Mar  del  Norte,  and  Oceaiitis  ^T'/hio/iini.'<;  Dampier, 
10!';),  the  North  or  Atlautick  Sea.  The  Portuguese  map  of  1518,  Muii'n'h 
Atla^,  iv.,  is  the  first  upon  which  I  have  seen  a  name  aiiplicd  to  tho  Pacilic; 
niid  tliere  it  is  given,  as  I  iiavo  elsewhere  remarkr<l,  as  Mar  v'mta  pdo'i  ( 'iistd- 
hniifK,  Y^cix  soon  by  tlie  Spaniards.  On  the  maps  ot  Paptiste  Agncse,  Vallard 
do  Dieppe,  Diego  Ibunem,  and  others,  is  the  name  Mar  dd  Siir,  but  the  let- 
tt'iiu'j  i,4  small,  and  seems  applied  only  to  the  waters  between  Peru  an<l  (lua.- 
toiii,i!;i.  AVe  have  noticed  on  the  globe  of  Martin  Pehaim,  M02,  a  multitude 
01  inlands,  scattered  and  iu  groups,  situated  between  the  eoaat  lines  of  western 


371 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  rACIFIC  OCEAN. 


Ls\  .'' 


islniids,  aiul  twonty-fivo  liuiKlrotl  leagues  of  continental 
seaboard. 

Tlie  grand  event  being  so  liajjjjily  consunnnatcd, 
the  S])anianls  thought  tliat,  before  returning  to 
Antiu'ua,  th^-v  niit»:ht  indulije  in  ii  little  exploi-at ion. 
]iU('kily  the  powerl'ul  Chiapes  Avas  not  only  their 
friend,  but  he  eouUl  furnish  them  a  goodly  list  of 
enemies  having  an  abundance  of  gold  and  pearls. 
Under  his  direction  they  crossed  a  large  river,  fell 
upon  a  chieftain  called  Cocura,  and  retui-ned  to  Clii- 
apes  Avith  six  hundred  and  fifty  ])esos.  Then  they 
decided  to  ex])lore  an  arm  of  the  gulf,  which  in- 
volved a  short  but  dangerous  canoe  voyage.  In 
vain  (^hiapes  protested  against  the  project.  "Our 
(Jod  Avill  protect  us,"  replied  the  devout  Vasi-o 
Nufie/,  as  ^vith  eighty  S[)aniards,  and  a  dusky  band 
under  Chiajus,  he  st'^nped  into  the  canoes,  the 
17th  of  October.  Soon  they  found  themselves  in  a 
sea  so  tempestuous  that  they  were  glad  to  escajjo 
upon  an  island  whose  imcertain  soil  threatened  v\rvy 
moment  to  dissolve  beneath  their  feet.  There  tluy 
remained  up  to  their  waists  in  water  all  that  niglii. 
Foi'tunately  bef(.)re  morning  the  waters  of  the  gull' 

Eviropo  and  eastern  Asia.  In  tlint  part  of  tho  globe  where  the  north  raciiio 
Ocean  slidulil  l)(^  rcprosontt'il,  are  Iho  words  Ocniiiim  onrnlal'ia  Iiidi<\  On  \.\w 
plolio  of  Johaiin  Scliiincr,  ITrJO,  tho  two  continents  of  Anu'rica,  are  reiircseiil( d 
with  a  strait  dividing  them  at  tho  Isthnnis.  Tho  great  island  of  /ii/Kunjii,  ni' 
Japan,  lies  al)out  midway  betwt'cn  Korth  America  and  Asia.  IS'orlh  of  (liis 
island,  and  in  about  the  sanii^  locality  as  on  tho  globo  of  IJohaini,  arc  tlm 
words  Oi'iiiitiili.s  iindiiiis,  and  to  tho  name  ocean  t;outh  of  tho  eiiualor  tho 
words  Oct  mills  Oririiliilis  IiKlirim  aro  applied.  ])iego  lionieni,  in  l,')."iS,  niai  ks 
out  tipoi\  his  map  a  lar;;e  body  of  wattu'  to  tho  north-west  of  Term  ilr  Floriihi, 
and  west  of  Canada,  and  labels  it  Minr  ti  pdrdiiutntiiim.  Neiiiier  Maiollo  uov 
\'a/.  Dourado  ):;ives  a  name  to  either  ocean.  Colon  and  Ixibero  call  the  Soulii 
Sea  Marttil  Svr.  In  l/iiLliii/1'n  \'oj/.  we  iind  tiiat  Kobert  TiioriuN  in  l.V.;7, 
wi'ttto  Man'  AiiKlrii/r,  I'tolemy,  in  lollO,  phu'cs  near  the  Strait;!  of  Ma;sl!.;ii 
iMarc  pari/iciim.  IJiunusio,  l,")((."i,  Viiiii;/!,  iii.  4.">.">,  od'  Central  America,  ji'iuih 
jMiir  <)<  I  Siir,  and  oil' tho  Straits  of  Mau'ellan,  Mtir  Oniiiio.  Mercalor  ]'la>rs 
in  his  alias  of  ITid;)  jilainly,  luar  tho  Straits  of  IMagellan,  JJl  Mur  J^ici.!'. 
and  in  tlu!  great  tv.i  olV  (A-ntral  America  jl/ar  t/tl  Ziir.  On  tho  map  nf 
llondins,  about  lo!)."),  in  llndi'n  Worl'l  i:'iii'oiii/i(i'<y('i/,  tho  gem-ral  term  MdiC. 
I'nchU-nii  i.s  apjilii'd  to  the  racilie  Ocean,  tho  woi'ds  being  in  large,  h'tters  <  \- 
tending  across  tho  ocean  opposite  Central  An\erica,  while  under  it  in  tsmallir 
letters  is  Mttf  ild  Siir.  Tiiis  dearly  restricts  tho  naino  Sonth  Sea  to  a  lun- 
row  locality,  even  at  this  date.  In  lloiulins'  Map,  I'lnr/ids,  llifi  P'llijriii'  -, 
iv.  S.">7,  the  sonth  Tacilie  is  called  Mitir  i'ar/jicinii,  and  tho  central  racilic 
Mur  ilcl  ^ur. 


Ml 


PEARL  OATITERIXO. 


375 


lilO 


tincntal 

nniatod, 
lini^    to 

|(M"!>tinil. 

ly   llvcir 
'list  of 

vcr,  I'rll 
to  Clii- 
cn  tlicy 
hicli  in- 
.  hi 
.  "Our 
b  A'asi'o 
ky  band 
DCS,  the 
vcs  ill  a 
0  escaj)o 
xl  every 
n-c  llicy 
t  iiiu'lii. 
die  gulf 

lovth  racillo 
k','.  On  tliu 
•(■|ircsi'iittil 

ijHUIIJli,  111' 
U  til    III'  tllil 

111,  aro  tlio 
'i|unti)r  tliu 
l,"),"iS,  iiKii'ks 
/(•  FloiUht, 
hiioUo  nor 

UlO  Sdlllll 

i>,  ill  i"i-7, 
I  M;i;,\'l!:iu 
Tic;i,  ji'iKTS 

|\L>    lllMjl    (if 

L'Clii  Mitrf. 
llrttil'M  I'X- 
liii  KiiialliT 
(i)  a  liar- 
'(liiriliirs, 
larraeillo 


subsided,  ckc  tlio  discoverers  of  the  Pacific  Ocean 
in  ver  would  have  retunietl  to  tell  their  tale.  Day- 
liivalc  presented  a  dismal  spectacle.  Some  of  the 
canoes  were  Kj)lit,  otliers  enibeddeil  in  the  sand;  and 
all  the  i)rovisions  and  clothing  had  been  swept  away. 
]iut  to  such  hai'dslii[)s  these  men  were  inured.  Since 
h  a\  iiig  Spain  they  had  lived  cliielly  on  maize  bread, 
w  ild  herbs,  fruit,  roots,  sometimes  fish,  seldom  meat. 
This  was  their  best  diet.  Jn  times  of  scarcity,  which 
were  i'requeiit,  they  were  glad  to  get  rej)tiles,  insects, 
or  anything  that  would  sustain  life.  They  had  no 
salt;  and  their  only  drink  was  river  water,  irecpiently 
]!uirid  and  unwholesome.  Yet  wliile  life  lasted,  the 
brain  worked  inexhaustible  resources.  In  the  ))i-eseiit 
eniei'geiicy,  ibr  example,  when  both  sea  and  land 
jtroved  treacluTous,  they  by  no  means  yielded  to  de- 
spair. SI  ripping  the  glutinous  bark  from  cei'tain  young 
liees  which  they  found,  they  bruised  it  with  stones, 
adiled  to  it  fibrous  sia-plants  i-educed  in  like  manner, 
and,  after  binding  their  broken  boats  firmly  with 
(oris,  they  calked  the  seams  with  the  mixture. 
Again  they  committed  themselves  to  the  nu;r(;y  of 
tin'  sea,  and  after  two  days  of  hazardous  navigation, 
half  nak(Ml  and  half  starved,  tln^y  ran  into  a  small 
creek  wdiicli  tlowed  through  a  province  called  ( 'hi- 
tarraga,  and  landed  about  midnight  near  an  Indian 
village  governed  by  a  caclijue  named  Tumaco.'^ 

(  ari'viiiij:  the  viilaw,  thouidi  not  without  resistance, 
^'as(•o  Nunez,  as  usual,  sought  tiie  IVieiidship  of  the 
ileeing  '^{"'umaco,  who  was  induced  to  return,  bringing 
j^old  \alued  at  six  hundred  and  fourte(!U  ])est)s,  and  a 
basin  of  jiearls,  two  hundred  and  forty  of  which  were 
of  extraordinary  size.  'IMiIs  was  indeed  something 
worthy  of  an  oriental  India,  thought  the  Sj)aniards, 
as  their  hearts  danced  t>nraptui'ed  over  the  beautiful 
b.uibles.      Tuniaco  could  not  uiulerstand  what  j)ower 

'■'III  lii;f  Xoi'KM  Orlii.-i,  i.,  IH'  Lact  inserts  n  map  on  wliii'li  lii^  ]ihu'<"i  'riniinco 
(i  til'  luirtji  of  (;iiia[ii's.  jN<irl!i  dl  'rinnai'o  is  (i»iiarrca.  'riu.'  nortlu'iii  (Nipo 
I't  '/.  (/(•  ,S'.  Mhiiiil  ill!  calls  I'l'iilc  (litntrh'nif.  J)i'l)iinrliin,i,'  licrc  ia  tliu  li.  Ue 
Ciiiiijun.     Sl'o  GoklncluniiU'ti  Curtoijnqi/ii/  I'ac.  Cuicut,  MS.  ii.  5. 


378 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  OCEAN. 


hi. 


;fi'  ■-■■■  i*  ■  -     ■ ! 

Ifiil 


it  4 


1:: 


liis  gift  possessed  that  it  sliould  so  charm  those 
heavenly  stransrers.  To  him  the  oyster  wliieh  lie 
could  cat  was  seemingly  worth  more  than  the  pcail 
which  he  could  not  eat;  for  in  roasting  the  bivalve 
he  had  spoilt  pearls  enough  to  make  him  rich  in  the 
eyes  of  any  potentate  in  Christendom.  When  once 
he  knew  that  pearls  were  wealth,  Tumaco  became 
eager  to  show  the  Spaniards  how  much  he  had  at  his 
command,  and  set  his  men  to  fish;  and  in  four*  days 
they  returned  with  twelve  marks'  weight,  or  ninely- 
six  ounces  of  pearls.  Six  Spaniards  accompanied 
them  to  see  whence  came  the  gems,  and  they  showid 
the  natives  how  to  open  oysters  without  heat,  whicli 
discolored  the  pearl.  Likewise  gold  hereabout  was 
plentiful  and  lightly  esteemed. 

Vasco  Nunez  endeavored  to  gain  all  the  information 
possible  concerning  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  soa- 
coast.  He  was  told  by  Tumaco  that  tlie  ocean  and 
the  mainland  extended  southward  without  end;  that 
far  distant  in  that  direction  dwelt  a  great  nation  whoso 
riches  were  immense,  who  navigated  the  ocean  ia 
ships,  and  employed  beasts  of  burden.  In  order  tlio 
better  to  describe  these  animals,  Tumaco  moulded  iii 
clay  a  figure  of  the  llama,  which  seemed  to  the  eyos 
of  the  Spaniards  a  species  of  camel.  "And  this,"  says 
Herrera,  *'was  the  second  intimation  Vasco  Nuuo;^ 
had  of  Peru,  and  of  its  wealth."  Nor  did  Francisco 
Pizarro,  who  was  present,  fail  to  hold  these  things  in 
remembrance. 

Balboa  now  felt  his  mission  accomplished.  Had 
the  new  sea  and  its  border  been  made  for  him  it 
could  not  have  pleased  him  better.  Columbus  liad 
found  a  new  continent;  he  had  found  a  new  sea;  and 
wealth  on  this  south  side  seemed  illimitable.  But  bo- 
fore  returning  he  deemed  it  prudent  to  supplement  liis 
deed  of  possession  by  the  enactment  of  that  ceremonial 
on  the  shore  of  the  main  ocean,  for  his  ex])loits  liad 
hitherto  been  confined  to  the  gulf  of  San  Migml. 


THE  RETURX. 


Api^lying  to  Tumaco  for  the  reciuisito  means,  an 
iininensc  canoe  was  produced,  the  harge  of  state,  with 
oarsmen,  and  oars  inlaid  with  (il/'optr,  an  inferior  kiml 
of  pearl;  and  Vasco  Xuiicz  called  on  tlie  notary  to 
write  it  down,  that  boats  on  this  Soiither'i  Sea  were 
propelled  by  oars  inlaid  with  pearl,  so  that  his  sov- 
ereigns might  thereby  place  a  greater  value  on  it  and 
on  his  own  great  services. 

In  ])ursuance  of  this  plan,  on  the  20th  of  October, 
tlie  Si)aniards  embarked  in  Tumaco's  barge,  and,  })ro- 
ceeding  to  the  shore  of  the  main  ocean,  landed  near  an 
ishuid  called  by  the  natives  Crucraga,  but  to  which 
Yasf'o  Nunez  gave  the  name  of  San  Simon.  Here 
with  banner  and  buckler,  with  drawn  sword  and  hi-ih- 
sovmding  declamation,  and  amidst  the  lordly  waves 
which  had  rolled  their  unimpeded  course  from  far  be- 
yond the  ever  lifting  horizon,  the  vaunting  cavalier 
again  affirmed  ownership,  swearing  to  defend  ho 
knew  not  what  against  he  knew  not  whom;  but 
"liercin,"  according  to  Herrera,  "he  used  all  the  for- 
malities that  could  be  imagined,  for  he  was  brave, 
subtle,  diligent,  and  of  a  generous  temper,  a  com- 
mander fit  for  mighty  enterprises." 

As  tliey  were  about  to  depart,  the  men  of  Cliitar- 
raga  directed  the  attention  of  IJalhoa  to  a  group  of 
small  low  islands  rising  from  the  sea  five  leagues 
distant.  A  })owerful  chieftain  governed  there,  who, 
crossing  to  the  mainland,  made  fearful  havoc  among 
the  seaboard  villages;  and  would  the  Spanianls  ])lease 
go  and  kill  him,  for  at  tlie  largest  island.  Toe,  M-ere 
the  most  beautiful  })earls  in  all  that  region.  Thi^ 
S]\niiards  would  go  thei'e  or  elsewhere  for  pearls  and 
gold  if  they  only  had  the  time,  and  a  favorable  sea, 
l)nt  Vasco  Nunez  would  not  permit  himself  to  bo 
led  away  into  i'urther  fascinations  on  this  visit.  TFo 
iirM'i'tlu  less  gave  names  to  the  islands,  calling  the 
largest  Isla  Ilica,  and  the  group  Islas  de  las  Perlas,'* 

"('iili)ii  iind  RilnTo  mark  tlio  group  y/;  f/c  pcrlas  ami  p:.'*  di'  plan;  Vaz 
I'lnniiilo.  /;.(/(■  jic-oZ/cm;  Wc'^t-liKHsr/tf  SjiU'ijhil,  I  Pn-lm ;  l)u  l^ict,  /<"(/« 
I'lildn;  Jacob  Coloin,  J  de  I'ertas;  JoU'ci-j's,  /  del  licij  or  I'crlan.  Tuhoja,  I. 


373 


DISCOVERY  or  THE  PACIFIC  OCEAN. 


or  Pearl  Islands,  assuring  Tumaco,  meanwhile,  that 
he  would  return  sonic  day  and  aven.ije  liim  his  injuries. 

Once  more  back  at  Chitarraga,  Yasco  Nunez  made 
ready  his  departure  for  Antigua.  He  proposed  tO 
cross  the  mountains  by  a  diiFerent  route  from  that  by 
wliich  he  came.  The  sick  and  disabled  he  would  leave 
with  Chiapcs,  now  the  firm  friend  of  the  Spaniards, 
who  were  to  kill  his  enemies  and  not  him.  This 
chieftain  and  a  son  of  Tumaco  asked  permission  to  ac- 
company the  party  as  far  as  Teaochoan,  an  adjoining 
province.  Accordingly,  on  the  3d  of  November,  they 
embarked  in  canoes,  and  guided  by  the  young  cacique 
of  Chitarraga,  proceeded  to  the  upper  end  of  the  gult' 
and  entered  a  large  liver,^"^  so  inconstant  as  to  o\-or- 
llow  its  banks  in  places,  narrowing  elsewhere  between 
rocky  confines,  and  rushing  forward  tumultuouolv 
under  the  overhanging  foliage  to  the  sea.  By  and 
by  the  youthful  chieftain  brought  the  boats  to  land. 
Disembarking,  the  Spaniards  pacified  the  province  in 
their  usual  way,  the  ruler,  Teoca,  chief  of  Teaochoan, 
being  glad  to  save  his  life  by  paying  one  hundred  and 
sixty  ounces  of  gold  and  two  hundred  large  pearls. 
Indeed,  so  cilectually  had  Vasco  Nunez  succeeded,  by 
a  judicious  use  of  lire-arms  and  lair  words,  and  aoiuc 
trilling  presents,  in  winning  the  allections  of  the  Smith 
Sea  savages,  that  in  taking  leave  of  Chiapcs  and 
the  Chitarraga  youth  at  Teoca's  town,  they  wcj^t. 
It  was  indeed  afi'ecting;  and  soon  Teoca,  although  tlio 
last  to  be  robbed,  caught  liimself  paying  the  strangers 
tlie  same  briny  tribute  of  Jiis  esteem. 

Alter  three  da^'s  of  rest  the  \>crty  proceeded,  and 
reaching  the  base  of  the  mountains  they  began  to  scale 

Keipert  in  ISoS  calls  the  group  Afchipickiijo  de  In-i  Pcrht-i,  ami  the  bi-;;c'.st, 
tliiit  whicli  r.alhoa  ciiUud  I.sl;i  liica,  /.  S.  JH'/iul;  otliera  of  tlio  f;roup  lu;  ivdls 
/.  St.  KUno,  J.  Galfni,  I.  Pujnnut,  I.  (.'liajicm,  I.  Coiilmdoya,  I.  Partem,  I. 
t<ahoija,  I.  J](ti/oii< la,  I.  Pedro  Gtiir.alo^,  jiikI  /.  .S'.  Jatu'.  '  Datlic  ]Ill^p^Iu.H•l 
mchroro  yutoii  Schiitz  ^'cwiiluviido  Aiilccrpliit/.o  li.'ilto,  so  Avurdo  sio  l>:iM  d:i.s 
lloii(U';',V()us  mid  dcr  Ausijang.s-PiinUt  dor  Flottoii,  die  voni  (Jolt'o  vou  I'auamJi 
v.wY  l^ntdeclniiig  dcs  WowU-na  (Xicara^ua)  uiul  dca  Siidcns  (IVni)  iui:4iel'eii. 
Auch  \vai'  ilu'u  Auhiiliu  stots  I'iir  alio  voii  I'anaiiia  auskiufcndcn  I'lottcu  (.in 
Mi;ik::i;irhcii  ziir  Orioutiruii'^'  K<jh(,  Ikidcii  uUeslea  kartell,  llJ4. 
'-'  Subana.     Sec  note  3,  this  eliapter. 


ird 


INFAMOUS  ACT  OF  BALBOA. 


m 


thorn.  A  supply  of  dricfl  fisli  and  maize,  with  men 
(.1"  burden  and  guides,  liad  boon  secured,  and  they  were 
acci)nn)aniod  by  Teoca's  son,  who  had  instructions  to 
attend  to  all  requirements  of  the  strangers,  and  not 
to  leave  them  Avitliout  the  permission  of  their  com- 
mander. It  was  well  for  the  company  that  they  had  a 
leader  thoughtful  and  efficient;  that  instead  of  zeal(>us 
guides,  and  willing  men  to  bear  the  burdens,  there 
were  not  lurking  foes  or  treacherous  friends  with 
wliom  to  deal — not  one  of  them  otherwise  would  have 
rearhed  Antigua.  For,  toiling  up  the  steep  ascent 
under  a  burning  sun,  they  soon  found  themselves  with- 
out water,  the  springs  upon  which  they  had  depended 
having  failed.  One  by  one  the  men  yielded  their 
strength  and  throw  themselves  upon  the  ground,  vic- 
tims of  despair.  Teoca's  son  assisted  and  encouraged 
them,  and  finally  brought  them  all  in  safety  to  a  cool, 
bciiuestered  valley  where  were  life-restoring  waters. 

Was  it  their  way  of  giving  thanks  for  the  late 
c-^eajjo  from  death,  now  to  plan  the  death  of  otliers? 
V\liile  restinsj:  in  the  refreshing  shade,  Balboa  asked 
his  guide  about  a  certain  Poncra,  a  hideous  despot, 
as  rich  as  ho  was  repulsive,  of  whom  ho  had  heard 
much.  "We  are  now  within  his  lands,"  the  younuf 
chief  replied.  "Over  the  brow  of  yonder  hill  is  sit- 
uated his  village."  Then  was  detailed  a  story  of  this 
inau's  wickedness  which  sent  a  thrill  of  pleasing  horror 
to  the  heart  of  every  Spaniard  present.  Instantly  aU 
was  excitement;  and  those  so  lately  the  readiest  to 
faint  M'ore  now  the  readiest  to  light.  IMarchiu'!:  for- 
ward  they  entered  the  village  only  to  find  tlie  vulture 
llnwn.  Finely  wrouglit  gold  to  the  value  of  three 
thousand  pesos  was  found  there  to  reconcile  them  to 
liio  absence.  Scouts  soon  discovered  liis  i-etreat,  how- 
over,  and  partly  by  threats  and  pai'tly  by  promises 
of  saiety,  this  lump  of  deformity  was  inducer!  to  give 
liiiaseir  up  with  tlu'oc  of  his  principal  men.  No  sooner 
\v::>  it  known  that  tlio  hated  Poncra  was  prisoner  in 
tho  hands   of  the   Spaniards,   than  the   neighboring 


380 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  rACIEIC  OCEAX. 


chieftains  flocked  in  and  bcf^gcd  his  oxternnnation. 
"Whence  came  your  gold?"  demanded  Balboa  of  tlio 
unhappy  man.  "I  know  not,"  replied  Ponera.  'Oly 
forefathers  left  it  mc.  AVe  ])lace  no  value  on  tlio 
unwrought  metal."  AlthouL^h  torture  was  applied, 
nothini;  further  could  be  elicited.  The  bystaiukTS 
clamored  loudly  for  his  death,  charging  him  with 
infamous  crimes,  revolting  to  humanity.  In  an  e^  il 
moment  Vasco  Nunez  yielded.  The  bloodhouncl^ 
were  let  loose,  and  loud  acclamations  rent  the  air 
as  the  quivering  flesh  was  torn  fron}  the  limbs 
of  the  four  unfortunate  wretches,  and  they  v.'oro 
made,  as  (.)g-ilby  says,  "a  Breakfast  to  the  Spanish 
Doggs."  Vasco  Nunez  do  IJalboa  gained  tne  ap- 
proval of  the  crowd;  but  throughout  all  time,  whei-- 
cver  the  name  of  the  illustrious  discoverer  of  the 
Southern  Sea  is  spoken,  this  in. famous  act  of  treachery 
shall  stain  it.  The  jiraises  of  the  savages,  however, 
were  profuse;  "and  there  he  remained  thirty  days," 
says  Gomara,  '*)eceiving  and  ruling  like  a  king."  And 
very  prettily  Balboa  commemorates  liis  outrage  by 
calling  the  place  Todos  Los  Santos. 

While  resting  here,  the  Spaniards  were  joined  l)y 
the  comrades  who  had  been  left  at  Chiapes.  Througl;- 
out  all  this  region  the  stranu'ers  were  treated  as  iuviii- 
ciblo  iind  superhuman.  Parsing  through  the  doniani 
of  a  chief  named  Bononiama,  they  were  not  only  le- 
ceived  as  friends,  coming  as  they  did  from  Chia[)cs, 
but  were  presented  with  gold  to  the  •  alue  (f  I  wo 
thousand  jiesos,  and  the  chief  accompai  letl  them  to 
Poncra's  village,  that  he  migiit  behold  1  ne  wonderful 
leader  of  these  wonderful  men.  Pone  a's  successor 
came  forward  in  answer  to  overtures  (  f  peace;  mil 
on  the  first  of  J)ecember  the  Spaniards  continued 
their  journc^v,  weighted  down  witli  sp(.)ils.  Five  days 
brought  them  to  a  small  depopulated  b)\vn  whos) 
chief,  ])U(piebuca,  had  fled  because  he  had  not  t'lo 
means,  he  said,  fitly  to  entertain  such  illustrious  vi- 
itors.     lie  was  permitted  to  purchase  their  favor  by 


BALBOA  AMOXG  THE  CACIQUES. 


881 


(IcllverincT  up  tlio  gold  in  liis  possession,  including 
fc;(jiii(>  finely  wrought  plates. 

I'dllowing  a  path  northward  from  Bnqnelnica's  they 
wt'i'e  hailed  i'roni  a  elitl*  near  by.  "Our  Xing  C^hioriso 
sends  greeting,  O  mighty  men!  and  presents  this  offer- 
ing, begging  your  assistance  in  vanquishing  an  enemy 
too  powe'rl'ul  for  him."  The  gift  was  certaiidy  per- 
suasive, being  no  less  than  thirtv  larne  ;-old  medals 
(If  plates  woi'th  I'ourteen  thousand  pe.^os.  ]^alboa 
scai'cely  knew  what  to  do,  nevertheless  he  graciously 
I'oeeived  it,  and  sent  in  return  three  axes,  some  gilt 
beads,  and  several  pieces  of  leather  and  cloth,  making 
the  recipient  to  liis  own  thinking  the  richest  potentate 
in  savaged(jm.  J^all)oa  furthermore  promised  to  assist 
liini  at  some  future  time  in  his  wars.  Thc^  cou.ntry 
llirougli  which  tlu\y  were  now  passing  was  excep- 
tionally rugged,  and  the  men  of  btu'den  were  quite 
exhausted  when  on  the  loth  of  J)ecend)er  they  w'-ived 
at  1  he  village  of  I\icorosa.  Several  of  the  soldiers  had 
also  fallen  seriously  ill  from  fatigue,  and  it  was  ac- 
cordingly decided  to  tarry  hei'e  for  thirty  days.  The 
cliief,  MS  usual,  had  lied  at  tlieir  apjiroach,  but  was 
brought  bat^k  to  purchase  fric'iidship  of  the  Spaniards 
witi!  slaves  and  gold. 

Pocorosa  informed  the  Spaniards  that  not  far  from 
tlieiHy  lived  the  i'am>)ns  'i'ubanam;!,  of  whom  Pan- 
cijK-o  had  spoken  when  lirst  directing  the  attention  of 
the  Spaniards  to  the  South  S(\a.  Jli;  was  re^-uted  the 
iichest  as  well  as  the  strongest  chieftain  of  these 
nionntains,  and  was  the  terri>«*  of  the  ncighl)oring 
nations,  Balboa  felt  it  more  than  ever  his  duty  to 
o\frth;"ow  Tubanann'i,  kill  some  of  his  men,  steal  a 
tew  of  his  women,  an<l  relieve  him  of  bis  gold.  Jlut 
lo  do  this  he  must  iiave  a  thousand  soldiers,  .so  lie 

""It  is  impossible  from  tin;  iniuMiiiK  iiiirr;iti\-os  \vlii<>li  conRtitute  tho 
froiuiilwotk  ot  Ccntriil  .Vii.i'i'iciin  liistmy  to  loi'iitc  witl'  icrtiiiiity  i\it'M<  two 
villiiL'ts.  Tliim  of  I'ocorosii  \  ii.-(  o  Nmi'ii/,  in  a  letter  t"  the  Km:.',  .h:i\s,  'l'!st.i 
nil  cMci:!!!!'  (Hie  t^(>  (liee  ( 'omoi^'re  y  otio  f|ne  po  dice  I'tieonisii,  estan  tan  eei'ca 
lie  l:i  mar  el  iiiio  eonio  el  otni;'  fiiul  of  'I'ubananiii,  'Ha  hc  ile  liaeer  otra  fneiv;v 
•  M  l:i<  iiiiuasde  'rubaiianiii,  en  la  |ir(A  ineia  ile  Coinugre. '  (oiitt  fior  \'(Im'ii  Xtiiii'Z 
in  Stti:ui-rvtv,  CW.  (/<.  \'HtyiK,  iii,  ;jliti,  'M\). 


382 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  rACTFIC  OCEAN". 


■.i;  * 


hnd  beon  told.  Casting  liis  cyo  over  his  little  l)a?vl 
<){'  l)rui.sc(l  and  wayworn  men,  ho  thoaght  how  one 
mistake  nn'ght  swallow  all  his  past  successes,  and 
sighed;  then  he  slept  on  it,  and  when  after  a  few 
days'  rest  the  question  was  adventured,  enough  wore 
eager  for  the  raid.  The  result  was  that  seventy  Span- 
iards, and  a  squad  of  Pocorosa's  warriors,  after  a  rapid 
march,  fell  on  Tubanamil  about  midnight  and  brou',i;ht 
him  away  prisoner,  Ogilby  says  with  eighty  concu- 
bines. The  men  of  Pocorosa,  and  chiefs  of  adjoining 
tribes,  began  to  re\ile  him,  and  begged  of  Vasco 
Nunez  his  immediate  death.  Ho  had  done  worso 
things  than  Poncra,  they  said,  and  had  beside  spo!:en 
ill  of  the  Spaniards,  threatening  to  drag  them  lo 
death  by  the  hair  of  their  head  if  ever  they  camo 
within  his  reacli.  Yasco  Nun<-'Z  pondered.  For  houm 
time  past  he  had  entertained  a  plan  of  establisliing'  in 
this  vicinity  a  military  post  for  the  protection  of  f';);ii- 
merce  between  the  seas,  and  also  of  gold-mining. 
Was  it  better  to  kill  this  cliief  as  an  enemy,  or  let 
him  live  as  a  friend,  and  assist  to  keep  tlu)  otlicv^^ 
friendly?  He  chose  the  latter  course.  But  first  ho 
must  temper  the  pi'oposed  friendship  by  trial.  " Infa- 
mous tyrant,"  he  thundered  at  the  trembling  prisoner, 
"now  shalt  thou  sutler  for  thine  abominations,  'i'liou 
shalb  be  made  to  feel  the  power  of  the  Christians, 
and  the  same  doom  which  thou  before  thy  nakol 
slaves  didst  promise  them,  shall  now  be  meted  t'lcc."' 
lie  then  motioned  the  attendants  as  if  to  remove  him 
for  execution.  The  unhaj^py  cacique  denied  the  accn- 
•sations  and  begged  for  his  life.  P)alboa  apj)arenMy 
overcome  l)y  his  entreaties  slowly  relented,  and  finally 
ordered  the  captive  I'eleased.  The  overjoyed  cliicf- 
tain  could  not  do  enough  for  his  deliverer.  ITo 
stri|)j)ed  lils  women  of  their  ornaments,  and,  collecting 
all  articles  within  his  reach  fabricated  of  the  coxetcil 
metal,  presented  the  Spaniards  witii  thii'ly  marks  of 
gold,  and  his  sul)jects  soon  brought  in  sixty  mark*' 
more.     Enjoining  Tubanannl  to  gather  gold,  and  ever 


ARRIVAL  AT  AXTICUA. 


383 


remain  trnc  to  the  Si)aniar(ls,  Balboa  rotiirnod  in  tri- 
umph to  Pocorosa's  tovrii,  with  a  loiij^  f  rain  of  eiifjlavctl 
(';^,[)Lives.  AhoLit  this  tiinoVar.eoNuuc;';  fell  sick ;  and  no 
woucior  when  wo  consider  the  strain  on  mind  and  body 
durin;^  tlr.  })ast  four  months.  First  in  every  action, 
bearing  exposure  and  privation  in  connnon  with  the 
jioorest  soldier,  with  the  responsibility  of  the  adven- 
ture rcstinijf  wholly  on  him,  he  was  a  fit  subject  for 
fever.  But  his  indomitable  spirit  never  forsook  him, 
and  causinix  himself  to  be  carried  on  a  litter  he  still 
dii'L'cted  movements,  as  they  resumed  their  march. 

Vreary,  ragG^ed,  but  exultant,  the  poity  at  leni^th 
reached  the  vilhiLje  of  Coma-j^re,  Panoiaco  was  over- 
joyed  to  sec  them.  The  old  chief  was  dead,  and 
the  V'tun'j  man  filled  his  lather's  i)laco.  ILe  could 
I,  it  do  enough  for  Vasco  Nuuez,  for  whom  his 
;.i!';ction  seemed  to  grow  in  proportion  as  he  was  per- 
mitted to  do  him  service.  Panciaco  had  given  the 
sti'a!! '-ers  ijold  and  slaves;  he  had  entertained  them 
royally,  had  told  them  of  the  Southern  Sea  and  the 
w;!y  to  I'cach  it,  all  his  worcls  proving  true.  Xow  \io 
wa ;  i)ermitted  to  entertain  and  nurse  the  emaciated 
Spaniards,  and  this  he  did  with  lavish  generosity, 
wa  cli in- '•  Vasco  Xune/.  throu-'ii  his  sickness  with  the 
affection  of  a  1  trother.  He  was  permitted  to  give  tliem 
iiio'.'e  gold,  and  did  so.  The  Spaniards  graciously 
received  these  bi-neflts;  and  in  return  for  obligations 
too  vast  for  requital,  the  generous  cavalier,  the  chiv- 
;;lroua  discoverer  of  the  great  South  Sea,  gave  bin 
friend  and  benefactor  a  linen  shirt  and  some  worth- 
less trinkets.  His  ])arting'  words  were  "(.^lather  and 
Hcnd  me  more  '^(Ad,  Panciaco."  Tbe  chief,  howevei', 
I)c!';ro  the  ]iarty  left,  bad  I'mbraced  Christianity  and 
ri'ceived  bajitism. 

It  was  the  14th  of  January  that  the  party  left 
('<iinagro.  A  short  and  easy  maich  bi'ougbt  Iheni  to 
3'encra's  village,  where  foi'tune  wreathed  in  smiles 
stiU  attended  the  commander,  now  free  Irom  illness 
mid  loaded  with  «i-old.    ^'asco  Nunez  here  was  met 


3S4 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  OCEAN. 


•i      }\ 


P   i 


f 


i-fi  ^i 


by  four  Spaniards  from  Antigua  who  had  come  to 
report  the  arrival  of  two  vessels  from  Espauola  with 
provisions  and  reinforcements.  Leaving  the  greater 
part  of  his  company  to  follow  at  their  leisure,  JJalboa 
with  tw^cnty  men  pressed  forward,  and  after  a  hearty 
greeting  from  Careta  at  his  village,  embarked  in  the 
brigantine  which  there  awaited  him,  and  arrived  the 
19th  of  January,  1514. 

His  entry  into  the  settlement  was  n  triumph.  All 
the  people  came  to  welcome  him,  and  he  was  con- 
ducted to  the  public  square  midst  loud  acclaims.  And 
when  he  told  them  of  his  successes,  of  the  wenlth- 
bound  sea,  and  the  treasures  he  had  obtained,  they 
were  wild  with  exultation.  Beside  gold,  to  the  value 
of  more  than  forty  thousand  pesos,^^  the  Spaninids 
had  brought  eight  hundred  Indian  slaves,  and  a  larijo 
quantity  of  pearls,  cotton  cloth,  and  Indian  weapons. 
All  the  nations  on  the  route,  both  in  going  and  in 
coming,  had  been  subjugated  without  the  loss  of  a 
battle  and  without  the  loss  of  a  man.  Thus  termi- 
nated one  of  the  grandest  and  most  successful  achie\c- 
ments  of  the  Spaniards  in  the  New  World. 

The  remainder  of  the  company  soon  arrived,  and 
the  spoils  were  thereupon  distributed  in  equitable 
allotments,  wherein  also  those  participated  wlio  liad 
remained  at  home.  Beside  the  royal  share,  two  hun- 
dred of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  pearls  were 
set  apart  by  Vasco  Nunez  and  his  companions  as  a 
present  for  the  king,  and  one  of  their  number,  Pedro 
de  Arbolancha,  an  intelligent  man  and  trusty  friend 
of  the  governor,  was  chosen  as  envoy  to  proceed  im- 
mediately to  Spain  and  proclaim  this  inqjortant  dis- 
covery. By  him  Vasco  Nunez  sent  the  sovereign  a 
letter  detailing  his  brilliant  achievement,  and  request- 
ing the  royal  appointment  as  governor  of  the  region  l)y 

"  A  humlnHl  tlionsand  castcllanoa,  Oomniu  snys.  '  P.a.sso  muchos  trabajoa 
y  li.iin1>i'(!,  tnixo  sin  Lis  )H<rlas,  ina.s  Mo  cicii  mil  castcUaiiDa  do  buou  oro,  y 
p,siiorani;a,  toriiandiinlla,  ilcaiu'ilainayori'iijiu'za,  <iiir  inica  loa  uaciduu  viuroii, 
y  oouosto  odlaua  t-aii  vl'anu,  cunio  auimutjo. '  JJkl.  ind.  ii'2. 


PROSrERITV  OF  THE  COLONY. 


3S3 


liini  disco voroci,  with  tlic  means  to  prosocntc  furtiicr 
a;lvfiitiu-e.s  on  that  coa.st.  "And  in  all  jiis  long  lot- 
tor,"  savs  Potor  ^Martyr,  "there  is  not  a  sinirlo  loaf 
v,i-itten  which  docs  not  contain  thanks  to  Ahnin'hty 
(,!o(l  for  dolivoiy  from  perils,  and  preservatio?!  IVoni 
many  imminent  dangers."  This  letter  was  dated  at 
Antigua  the  4th  of  March,  and  a  few  days  after 
Arljolancha  took  his  departure. 

]\[eanwhile  J3alboa  was  unremitting  in  his  '.fTorts 
to  advance  the  pros|)ci'ity  of  the  growing  colony. 
]  laving  so  long  suffered  the  miseries  and  incon- 
^'onienec  of  a  meagre  sup]>ly  of  food,  ])articular  at- 
tonti(.)n  was  turned  to  a ij'i'i culture.  Indian  corn  ■was 
].i'oduced  in  great  quantities,  and  seeds  of  various 
kinds  from  Spain  were  planted,  yielding  fruit  in 
iikundancc.  Society  became  more  settled  and  fac- 
tions were  at  rest;  for  who  could  starid  before  Yasco 
Nunez?  ]\Iemories  of  home  Ijloomed  anew.  Uld- 
tinio  amusements  wore  again  enjoyed;  national  holi- 
(iays  were  regarded,  and  j'justs  and  tournaments  were 
hold,  if  not  with  as  rich  display  as  I'orn'erly,  yet  with 
lioartiness  and  merrymaking.  Two  of  the  pacified 
caciques  became  discontented  and  rebelled,  but  were 
soon  quieted  by  a  few  men  under  Diego  Hurtado. 
Another  captain,  Andres  Garabito,  was  sent  to  ex- 
|iloro  tho  country  for  the  shortest  and  best  I'oute 
hotween  tho  seas.  Peace  everywhere  roigned;  and 
v.ith  a  prolusion  of  food  and  gold  alreaily  in  store, 
with  hiuii  anticinations  retj-arilin!'-  the  I'uture;  with 
wealth,  and  dominion,  and  honor,  and  brilliant  hopes, 
und  multitudes  of  heathen  for  slaves,  ou-'ht  not  tbcso 
]  liatos  to  have  boon  su})i'einoly  happy  f 


UlsX.  C'K.Nt.  A.M.,  \"L.  1. 


< 


CHAPTER  X. 

n^DRARIAS  DAvILA  ASSUME.S  THE  GOVERXMEXT  OF  D.IRIEN. 

i.'jii-ijirj. 

How  Till'.  DiscovKKY  ov  A  SorxiiKiix  Sea  was  RK«Ara)Ki)  in  Spaix — Tin; 
ExKJiiKS  01"  Vasco  Xu.nez  AT  CocuT — PEmiAiiiAS  Davila  Api'ointi:i) 
GovEUNoii — DicrAiiTnii:  vnoM  Spain  and  Akkival  at  Antku'a — Atmhi- 

LANCIIA  IN  Si'AIN  —  PeUI:,\KIAS  ['EUSECCTES  ]JaI.I'.()A — TilE  KiNc's  Jii;- 
QUniEMENT  OK  THE  iNDIANh— JlAN  1(K  AVOI'.A  SeNT  To  JYaNT  A  EiNE  <ii' 

EouTiiEssES  r.r.TV,  ei;n  the  'i'wo  Seas — VCiiicii  ^Vouk  He  Lr.Avr.s  run 
^^'lIoLE.sALE  KoiiUEuv — Uaiitolo.me  1I.ii;tai>o  Sent  to  ]>KiN(i  in  t;ik 
rLrxDEU— DisAsi'iiois  ATTi;:.irTs  to  Violate  tue  SEinLciniES  or 
Cent — l^xrEinTi  )N  oi'  'I'eelo  iii;  Gizman  to  the  Soi'tii  Sea — Tin:  Site 
01'   I'anama  ])i.s.'oveui;i)— The  (ioi.uEN    'J'empee   oe  Daeaii-.a    Umi-: 

^loUE  —  (iASi'AU,     I)E    JloUALES    ANlJ     FllANC'ISCO     I'lZ-AKlU'    VlMT    TilE 

Soetu  Sea. 

Ix  Spain  i\\o  ti'liiigs  of  Balboa's  discovery  civnti'il 
little  less  sensation  ilion  liad  that  ot'Cokmibiis  twenty- 
two  yoiii's  before.  TJ;e  liyj)ol iicsis  still  obtaining  tlvit 
Anieriea  was  eastern  7\_sia,  to  what  new  n!anil'estati>>ns 
was  not  this  tSouthern  Sea  to  lead/  ('oujtlid  witli 
the  belief  was  the  concurrent  tcstinio;/y  '/f  all  the 
native  peoples,  that  along  its  shores  wcro  y/fn\i]\  an  I 
iixhisti'v,  gold,  ])eai'ls,  and  civilization,  ]iope-j//.'<|oriii,:.( 
ol"  rejtlcnished  collers  to  Ferdinaiid,  an<l  to  xenloui 
churclnn-n  of  increase  of  souls.  At  last,  .-aid  the  wi;>') 
UKMi,  the  opulent  kingdoms  of  the  eastern  lndi<';i  v/liith 
have  so  long  eluded  our  grasp  are  oj)en(>d  to  us. 

Unfortunately  foi*  A'asco  Kuhc/,,  success  c;une  late; 
for  prior  to  the  ari-i\al  of  his  messenger  in  S|>ain  there- 
had  been  laid  a  ti'ain  of  (!Vents  which  threatened  his 
I'lnn.  Fanned  to  a  y<'t  redder  reality  by  th(>  aiv'i- 
nieiitativu  winds<;f  the  Allanti(;,  Fnci.>o's  wndh  glowed 

(;iSii) 


ij;:-.; 


A  NFAV  GOVERXOR. 


ns7 


1i(if  as  lie  jiictnrcd  to  tlio  kin.uj  in  only  too  Ij-utlifnl 
colors  the  (juality  of  justice  ndniinistoivd  in  his  namo 
to  liis  siihjccts  ot"  AnliL;'ua.  Antl  the  hacliiller  bocanio 
really  happy  as  lie  rolled  tho  stor}'  oi"  Nicuesa's  wrong's, 
a  sweet,  ni(.»]'sui,  inulcr  his  tongue,  to  the  utter  demoli- 
tion of  his  eneniies.  Zamudio  and  Vasco  Nunez  wei'o 
condenincd,  as  we  liave  seen,  and  the  kin^-  tleterniined 
to  send  out  a  nt-w  u'overuor  who  should  iuvcsti<»'ate 
and  punish. 

( )ut  of  the  many  ap[)lying  was  chosen  a  giMitleman 
(>!' Arias  in  Segovia,  i'edro  Arias  de  ;Vvila,  caJled  hy 
Spa.nish  (M)ntemporaries  Pedrarias,and  hy  I'^nglish  his- 
toi'ians  Davila.  lie  was  large  of  frame,  ])ronounced 
in  mind  and  temper,  ar.d  coarse-grained  throughout, 
t'le  gi'iz/'.led  h.air  siu'rouniling  his  dai'k  features  like 
the  sehish  and  indu^ly  nature  that  einironed  his 
swarthy  soul.  Whence  it  would  appear  that  he  was 
cl'isly  i'or  so  rude  a  mission,  which  was  true;  hut 
hcing  an  offi.-er  in  good  repute,  well  hoi-n  and  highly 
comioctcd,^  and  with  no  lack  of  lire  and  stuhhorimess 
remaining,  his  age  was  not  i-eckoned  so  much  against 
liim.  The  nicknames  ]']1  Galan  and  J*]l  -lustador  ^\'cv^) 
significant  of  a  gay  and  courtly  youth,  as  that  of  Furor 
Doiuini,  given  him  hy  the  monks  of  the  New  WoiM, 
was  of  a  virulent  old  age.  He  was  rich,  at  least  his 
IVicuds  were,  so  that  money  was  at  his  connnand. 
Fonseca  favored  the  appointment — a  habit  the  bishop 
liad  of  lookhig  kindly  on  those  wh;is(>  jielitions  wi;e 
hai];ed  l)y  gv>ld.  And  so  j.'\n'.linand  math)  him  go\- 
criior  and  ca[)tain-general  of  Cast  ilia  dd  Oro,  whii'h 
>v;i>  How  ordercul  to  bo  called  ^'a^;tilla  Au<riii(.^a.''' 

Several  rurscs   united  to   fivor   Pedrarias  at  this 

'  .\ri."i!iiin%'  tii#\'ii(H".  iii.  •),  Miei'iuiino  <lo  .folian  Aiins  I):iviln,  ([^uo  <li's]iur'3 
fill' i!  )(iii!Ri.)  ci'ivl*!  (<>'  I'mVu'iiroslio.' 

"J'lniu;,;h  it  wtn  )»t'Vi>r  p(»|nil,irly  «'>  (Ics^ignitti'il.  '  (loliorn.'r  ;i  (.'.istilli  il'l 
Oru  en  la  'I'iciTO  I'iniif.'  vrriti;  tin-  clironioloiH;  hut  in  liis  iiist  iftioii-f  tlic  iii;i,^ 
Kiy  •,  Xnivtrri  tf,  (\,l.  di'  \'ir«i(^,  iii.  IMS.  'c  nunra  la  maiulaii  o-  Uainav  ('<isiilln 
Ajii-'i'a.''  <M-ii'<l(),  iii.  4,  giv.s  Pcdraria^a  hronl  (lotnaiii,  ln>iii(  ajio-U'lii  Wla  to 
VLi"i„'U!i,  tri"'!  I  roll!  ocfaii  to  moaii;  'scrialiinilnl'  j)(it'  unlx'rnai'ion  ilesdc  d  <  'alMj 
4"  la  Vrla.lut.^tii  ViT.Tu'nn.  y  <l'*sili'  csti>^  liinitcs,  •|ii('  son  in  la  cosia  ilil  \ortc, 
t'li'-ri  lulij' Ui,  tii'rni  aili'iitrn  liaina  la  )iarti' au.sl(al,  tixloiuiiicllo  (ju<- ovicssu  de 
iiim  ,1  iiittiT,  ooii  L.S  isla-.  ijuu  cii  cUo  cunL'uniusm'n.' 


Pi 


HP' 


(iil< 


3SS 


TEDRARIAS  AT  DAItlKX. 


juiictnro.  TIk'  ari'ival  at  (MMirt  of  Caici'do  and  C'ol- 
iiiriiaiTs,  rominissionoJ  l>_v  tlie  ^^t'ttlcrs  of  .Vnli!4'na  1o 
rojiort  tin-  j-unioi's  conci'niiii^-  a  sea  to  tlie  .soulli,  and 
solicit  aid  lor  an  expedition  in  that  direction,  renewed 
speculation  and  ins[>ired  eidliiisiasni.^  The  envoys 
M'ero  o-raciously  received,  and  jiresented  hy  IVi-^hiip 
l'\)nscca  to  tlio  IviiiL;-,  \\]\o  listened  wiih  attention  to 
their  I'ocitals.  "They  often  soJouimumI  witli  nie,"  s.iys 
oM  l\'t(,'r  ]\Iartyr,  "and  their  countenances  declare 
the  iiitemperateness  ot"  tlie  air  of  ]  )arit'n;  for  t:iev  ai'e 
yellow  like  tho>e  atUicted  with  the  jaundice,"  or  ;,-; 
( )viedo  expresses  it,  "as  yellow  as  the  gold  they  went 
to  seek,"  "and  at-o  s\\('IK'n,"'  continues  the  foi'niei', 
"the  cause  wln:rcof  tluy  ascribe  to  the  hun'j,'er  endu.red 
in  times  past."  The  air  of  mystery  entoldiug  the 
region,  no  less  than  the  gtdd  displayed  by  per-iuis 
coming  thencc\  threw  o\-ei'  the  enter[)rlse  a  elini'ia 
wdilch  bi'oug'it  to  the  standard  of  Pe(h"arias  hundi'cil-^ 
of  eager  applicants.  Then  there  was  the  sudtK'a 
breahing-up  of  the  Italian  ex])edition  under  (lonzalu 
(le  Cordoba.  The  French  viciory  at  ]vavtnna,  whii'h 
threatened  King  Ferdin.and"s  Xeajiolitan  posse-sious, 
li;>d  roused  the  chivalry  of  S[)ain,  and  when  tliu 
standard  of  the  (h-an  Capitan  was  raised  at  ^Seville, 
thither  Hocked  youtld'ul  ca\'aliers  and  veteran  soldiers 
burning  to  enlist  under  the  btinner  of  so  grr-at  a 
IcMder  in  so  glorious  a  cause.  ])Ut  the  king,  en\ious 
of  tlie  ])opularity  of  his  genei'al,  in  a  lit  of  jealou-y 
countermanded  the  expedition,  thus  tilling  the  sLi'eets 
of  SoN'iile  whh  purposeless  mvu,  many  of  whom  had 
sold  or  jviwned  their  birthright  ior  means  to  jroeiuv 
an  outiit,  and  who  now  preferred  any  a:i\en' uro, 
lioweNcr  desperate,  ratluH' thr.n  nduin  in  liumilia!  ion 
to  tl'.eir  honu's,      I'lierefoi'e  they  hailcvl  wil'i  rapiui'o 

'  '  Ciiit'cilo  iiiiil  Cohiu'iiiuvs  ri'iu'lu'd  Spjiiii  in  ^NTay,  l.'iKi ;  Ihc  date  of  IVilia- 
riiis'  jiii;ioiiitiiKMit  is  .Inly  -7,  l.">i:i,  so  that  it  \a  vitv  ihm1i:iI'1',  'ijH'i'ially  siiu'd 
Eiiciso  iuiil  hi.j  iMnupliiiiits  vi'aciu'il  tin' court  of  Spisiii  bi  loiv  thv,"  il'iuitii'Si 
that  tlic  iipp(>ii\tiiKiit  III'  tx  j^Dvoriior  was  si'tlloil  bv'iuii  they  iinivnl.'  //.'/«"'' 
S/iiiii.  Coii'i.,  i.  .">7I1.  Sec  J'iliiloili'  Ca/iitttn  iji  ii< ml  If  li'(Jii  riiHili'rdc  In  jii'i'i'  '« 
il(f  ('ii.-'tillii  ihl  do  CI!  il  Ihiri'ii,  ix/ iiliilii  jior  el  h'ty-Ca/ulko  d  I'tili'drittii 
lludlti,  ill  yuaii-i-tli,  Cvl.dc  I'lar/ift',  iii.  yii7. 


r.ETIXrK  OF  rEDRAlUAS. 


3S0 


\]\U  Xl'W  AVoi'Ll  entiTjiriso  wIum-o  l;'(>1(1  ns  well  as 
olory  uiiLi'lit  l)c  won.  ^McivoNrr,  the  succi'ss  ol'  J\)rtu- 
i^al  ill  India,  wIlIi  wliicli  Spiiins  iiiilu,'  wrst  foniparrd 
iuila\()i'a';ly,  and  M-Iiich  iKulrngondercd  UolhiVar  and 
c\\\\,  oiKd  the  Avhec'ls  of  o'Dvornniont  and  nnlocki'd 
11k'  )'(»yal  .str(niL!,"-l)t)X,  so  tliat  the  ducats  of  Prdrarias 
woi'o  increased  in  number  to  liftv  thousand,  '"an  enor- 


mous sum  ni  niose  tiavs 


th 


d; 


as 


()uinti 


nia  oitscrve: 


m 


the  ex]K'n<Hturo  of  whi<-h  was  inaiiilest  th,e  intoio.>t 


aiK 


1  iinportaneo  attaelu-d  to  the  entei'jir 


A 


nils 


and  anununition  were  (hawn  from  the  royal  arsona!; 
and  in  jilaeo  of  the  lieaN'v  iron  armor  whieli  liad 
jwoved  ojinressive  in  tro[)ical  latitudes,  werv>  suhsti- 
tuteil  wooden  bucklers  and  coats  of  (juilted  cotton, 
])riiol'  sullicient  ag'ainst  the  weapons  of  (hi'  natiw^. 
The  ileet  numbered  about  nineteen  sail,  with  aecom- 
luodations  for  twel\e  luuidred  men.  'J'hese  were  soon 
cin'olled,  wliile  as  many  more  oll'erin'jc  themselves  liad 


ini 


necessity  to   l)c   rel'used.      Sub,sc(picnily,   liy    j 
-sion  of  the  Council  of  th(^  Tntlies,  tlie  number  w 


h-r 


IS 


inci'eased  to  tifteen  humh'ech'' 

I'edrarias    was    accom]KUiied    by    hi 
do   Ijobadilla,  an  estimabh^  ladv,  nice 


wile,   ]sah'cl 
to  tlie  :Mar- 


cliioness  de  ^loya.*^    The  other  members  of  his  family, 
coiisl-tin'i'  of  lour  sons  and  four  (huiu'hters,  Mere  KTt, 


ill  Spain.     ^Vmong  the  otUccrs  wen 


ScN'C 


al  nobl 


e?> 


am 


1  h 


.11 


oiiowe 


r.s  consisted,  as  was  usual  in  tlicse  mad 


*  Tho  l.it'oiiciii(li)  Zuazo,  in  a  letter  to  ^T.  Do  Xen-os,  Pachvco  nnil  Ctirilninx, 
(''•I  ]><■:■.,  i.  :;ui-;{_',  places  the  ecstuf  llie  outlit  at  4.».<Ki,)  Jiieats;  Las  Cat-as, 
Jl'i.  /ill'.,  iv.  l.'iS,  at  .""il.OlX)  (liuats  ;  'y  li>  i[iie  en  aiiuel  lieiiijio  [;o  lii.oy  iujilii'i 
CUM  ."4, (!>!,)  (lucailos  es  cierto  quo  liov  im  so  su]'liei'a  eon  I.'jS,0;10  lasti'llanos.' 
l^allin:!  in  \\'\s  letter  to  tlio  kiii;4',  Idtli  Octolier,  l."il,),  iiiiilivj  that  thocuit  was 
4il,r",)  [n'sios  <li'  ui'i).   Xtirii/'i'i  'i ,  iii.  V". 

■'Ilriieia,  i.  \.  vii.,  ami  ^.l^•l■ual  iK'  Aiiilni^oya,  !,\l<:rioii  (/<■  Aw  .-.;'<■(  ^o.^■  ihr 
7'' •//■'(/•  f(-i  Ihn-'I't,  in  \((r'irn  Ir,  Ci'l.  'I^'  \"ia;iif!,  iii.  ."n:!,  :ay  l,."i!'i)  nun  aiul 
iiiiiiiccn  sliijis;  (Joniara,  1/1^1.  /i»/.,  St,  .seventeen  slii|is;  (lahano,  /^".vciw'. ,  I'J.'), 
fcNcn  ;4ii;is.  IVtor  Martyr,  iii.  v.,  ]ilai'OM  the  iiimi'urof  sIiipH  at  .'-eve  i.tieii, 
wi'Ji  l,'JiH>  men  nssi-ncd;  Imt  allirni*  (hat  snrreiitil.ion.--ly  or  otlier\vi-:o  1,."KI() 
sailcil.anil  vl.tiOi)  reniainoil  lichind  iien.«ive  ami  .--i^hin;,' \\Iio;:;l;'il!y  would  havo 
giine  at  their  own  cost.  Ovicdo,  who,  one  wonld  think,  i^iiould  Know,  t\:\  lio 
Wii.s  (if  the  nnnilier,  tostilies  in  ono  place,  iii.  '2-,  to  tuenty-tv.D,  '  nao.i  e  eaia- 
I'l'las,"  and  'J.HtK)  men,  and  in  anollur  place,  iv.  47.'!,  to  .';evonleen  oreighti  i  m. 

'Ic:i,  lialceta,  in  J)ic.  I'liir.,  i.  4J!t.  ^*:ly.■^  iliat  sht>  was  cnu. -in  ;,'ei'nian  to  tho 
iiuncliioncss,  who  was  a  yroat  fiivoiilc  with  (.Jueeii  loabella. 


II 


i 


i.i 


V 


11,: 


300 


niDRARIAS  AT  DARIEN. 


iiiignitions,  of  ])(.,'i'soiis  of  every  caste;,  iKjt  uloiic  tlu; 
young  and  naturally  thoughtless,  but,  if  we  may  credit 
Peter  Martyr,  "no  small  number  of  covetous  old  men" 
were  of  the  company.  Tlio}^  were  mostly  officials, 
cavaliers  and  ecclesiastics,  however,  for  governing, 
iii>'htinu",  and  i)reaclilni>-  offered  tlie  chief  attractu)ns; 
and  very  few  artisans,  agriculturists,  or  colonists  of 
vidue  in  constructing  a  permanent  and  prosperuU:; 
commonwealth.  Under  the  new  t>'overnment  a  youii"* 
man  from  the  schools  of  Salamanca,  called  the  Licen- 
ciado  Gaspar  do  Espinosa,  was  appointed  alcalde 
mayor;  ]Juchiller  l^nciso,  alguacil  ma3-or;  Alonso  dii 
Li  I'uente,  treasurer;  (Jonzalo  Fernando/,  de  Oviedo 
y  Valdcs,  the  historian,  veedor  or  inspector;''  Diego 
]\Iarque;^,  contador,  and  Juan  do  Tabii'a,  factor.  The 
fighting  men  were,  first,  the  governor's  lieutenant, 
Juan  de  Ayora,  an  hidalgo  of  Cordova,  and  brother 
of  the  chronicler,  Gonzalo  do  Ayora,  Next,  captains 
of  hundreds,  Luis  Carrillo,  Francisco  Davila,  Antonio 
Tello  de  Guzman,  Diego  de  Bustamante,  Gonzalo  do 
Dadajoz,  ])iego  Albites,  Contreras,  Gamarra,  A'illa- 
faiic,  Atienza,  JMeneses,  (xonzalo  Fernandez  de  Llago, 
Francisco  Compahon,  Fi-ancisco  Vazquez  Coronado 
do  Yaldes,  Juan  de  Zorita,  Francisco  Hernandez, 
(}as])ar  de  jMorales,  cousin  of  the  governor,  and  a 
ne})hew  of  the  governor,  likewise  named  Podrarlas, 
captain  of  artillery,  and  others.  Several  of  these 
names  became  notable,  and  we  shall  meet  them  hero- 
after.  Chief  of  the  s})iritual  army,  under  the  title  of 
Bishop  of  ]Jarien,^  was  Juan  de  Quevcdo,  the  first 
prelate  to  come  to  Tieriu  Firme;  and  with  him  was 
a  company  of  Franciscan  friars.  Bernal  Diaz  (U'l 
Castillo,  then  but  little  more  than  a  youth,  afterwarvl 
the  chronicler  of  the  Mexican  conquest,  came  witli 

'A]ipointc(l  to  succceil  JHiin  do  Caiocdo  'f|Uo  ilia  provciclo  cu  cl  ofioio  ilo 
Veedor  do  Im.s  fundicionosdol  oro  do  la  Tiona  ]''iniie.'  JosrAmndordc  Ion  Vi'-fS 
]"nla  </<•  OvUilo,  in  OrUih,  i.  xxii.  Caiccdodiod  in  Sovillo  liet'oio  flailing.  The 
dutii'S  of  the  oflico  were  to  as.say  and  hUuiiii  tlie  gold  and  take  chiirgo  of  tlit.' 
kiiig'.s  liftli.    Oviedo  was  al.s(_)  c  crlhano  ;/<  ii<  ral  or  oliief  notary  of  'j'ieri'a  I'inno. 

•"  Oi-  as  Oviedo.  iii.  '11,  has  it,  'eon  titulo  de  obispo  de  Sunota  ,Maii;i  de  la 
Autii'ua  u  do  Custiila  del  Uro,' 


RF/;ULATIOXS  FOR  Tiir:  COLONY. 


301 


ronado 
audi':'., 
and  a 
rarias, 
these 
.  liero- 
itle  (.f 
e  iir.-t 
111  ^vas 
a/  (!.•! 
erwar-l 
le  wilii 

ofiuio  ilo 

ling.  Tiio 
TL'o  of  thu 
iTa  I'lniii'. 
.aria  dc  la 


t!io  expedition,  and  also  Pa.sciial  <\o  Andagoya,  Her- 
nando de  Soto,  di.scoverer  of  the  ]\[is.si.-<sipj)i,  Jjenal- 
(\'i.''.ar,  who  afterward  conquered  Quito,  and  JJie^o  de 
Alniau^ro,  one  of  the  paciiieators  of  Peru.  It  was,  in 
truth,  a  hrilhant  company.  -Juan  Serrano  was  cliief 
])il()t,  he  wdio  was  subsequently  killed  with  JNIagellan, 
the  discoverer  of  the  strait  that  now  bears  that  name. 
(,\'mac()'s  villa,q;e,  still  bearin^:^  the  name  of  Santa 
}.Iaria  de  la  Antigua  del  Darien,  was  by  royal  ordi- 
iMUce  raised  to  the  title  and  di'>iiity  t)f  a  city,  M"ith 
metropolitan  prerogatives,  ecclesiastical  as  well  as 
civil.  Lengthy  instructions  were  provided  the  gov- 
ci'iior  by  the  Council  of  the  Indies,  lie  was  charged 
t-»  see  that  his  people  were  prfjjierly  clad,  comfortably 
lut  not  extravagantly;  to  ])r(jhibit  the  sale  or  use  of 
cards  and  dice ;  to  punish  murder, theft, and  blasphemy; 
to  tolerate  no  lawyer  or  any  ecclesiastical  oi-  })ro]'es- 
i-inii;d  or  unprofessional  practitioner  of  the  law  in  the 
colony;"  to  take  no  impt>rtant  stop  without  consulting 
the  bishop  and  other  royal  officials — an  injudicious 
measure  whicdi  broke  society  into  factions;  to  render 
justice  quickly  and  in  accordance  with  the  laws  of 
f"  pain;  to  be  a  briirlit  and  shining"  liL^'ht  to  the  heathen 
iu  all  truth  and  fair  honesty;  and,  last  of  all,  by  no 
means  to  forget  the  king's  share  of  the  spoils  taken  in 
t!ie  exercise  of  said  virtues.^"  '^Flie  new  governor  was 
I'urlhermore  charged  to  strip  from  A^asco  Xuhez  ile 
]ial!)oa  all  semblance  of  authority,  and  to  bring  him 
to  a  strict  account  lor  his  misdeeds.  I'lie  survivors 
of  poor  Nicucsa's  followers  were  to  be  treated  with 
s[)ecial  I'liiency,  even  to  the  remitting  of  the  king's 

"(lonzalo  Fernandez  ^vntin^  from  Santo  Pominao  the  '2"itli  of  Octol)or, 
]">"i7,  ti)  tlio  Council  of  tlic  Indies,  /'ar/nco  and  Ciinlt  iiuk,  (oI.  Due,  i.  .")■JL'-!^ 
.'^.lys  (hat  this  order  proved  inopei'ative,  '])ne.si|Ue  lo.s  quelo  habiau  do  ojeeutar 
I"  di>iinndal)an,'  since  tlio.so  who  t^hould  liavo  exeenteil  it  ilis-^enihled.  I'or  ;i 
time,  however,  no  lawyer  was  ;dh)wed  to  ]>lead  in  the  Indies,  the  nlcahle 
le.iyor  sjieaking  on  both  sides,  and  finally  deriding aceor<ling  to  the  evidence; 
'.sentencialia  ])or  ai(nel  por  qiiienen  el  ]ileito  lialiia  niejor  liablado.' 

^^ Iii-stniccioii  ilnda  por  cl  I'l'ij  d  Piitrarids  Ihir'iUi.  jmra  sii  riaijp  u  la  pro- 
r'lii'id  (le  Ca-ttillii  del  Oro,  ijue  ilxi  li  polilnr  ii  /larijircir  con  la  i/oitr  ipii'  Hi  cilia, 
ill  Xaranrlp,  Col.  de  Viaijes,  iii.  34"J-J5;  Las  Casas,  Hid.  O'tii.,  iv.  130—12; 
Jliri\ra,  ii.  i.  xiii. 


..^... 


\5#  '■    -^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


150 


25 
2.2 


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I. 


1.25      1.4     1 1 A 

*4 6"     

► 

Photographic 

Sdences 
Cbrporation 


^ 


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<^ 


« 


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e> 


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c^^^    f- 

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13  WIST  MAIN  STMIT 

WUSTIR.N.Y.  M5S0 

(716)  873-4S03 


<?^ 


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^ 


%" 


& 
^ 


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Ci^ 


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I 


302 


PEDRARIAH  AT  DARIEX. 


fifth  on  their  afounmlalions.  All  tliis,  it  v.-ill  bo  re- 
iiicniberod,  was  bel'oro  thu  discoveiy  of  the  South  Sea 
beeaino  known  in  Spain;  and  that  discovery  rcniaiucd 
still  unrovealcd  when,  on  the  1 1th  of  April,  i;">l  I, 
after  an  ostentatious  review  in  tlie  ])la7a  of  Sevilli", 
the  ileet  sailed  away  in  grand  glee  from  San  Li'iear.'' 
.Vlter  touching  at  some  of  the  islands  ibr  the  ])urpos(j 
of  capturing  Caribs  for  slaves,  and  also  at  Santa  ^iarta 
in  order  to  ascertain  the  fate  of  eleven  Spaniards  said 
to  have  becin  left  there  by  llodiigo  de  Colnienares, 
the  armament  reached  Darien  in  safety.  Signilicant 
of  the  coming  rule  was  an  incident  which  occurred 
during  one  (»f  the  landings.  A  servant  of  Pedrarias, 
named  San  ^Martin,  had  failed  in  respect  toward  Ayora, 
the  governor's  lieutenant,  while  ashore.  Informed  ol" 
it,  l*edrarias  ordered  Ayora  to  return  innnediately  and 
hang  the  olfender  to  the  first  tree,  which  was  done.'^ 

Scarcely  had  the  vessels  of  Pedrai-ias  disappeared 
fi'om  the  sliore  of  Spain,  when  the  tardy  envoy  ot' 
A'asci;  Nunez  arrived  at  court,  and  craved  audienco 
of  the  king,  l^edro  de  Arbola'  ^  had  unibrtunately 
delayed  his  departure  from  1  .en  for  two  montlis 
after  the  return  of  the  South  Sea  discoverers.  On 
this  [)oint  of  time  turned  the  destinies  of  A'asc(t 
Xuhez  and  of  the  New  AVorld.  l\'d]arias  wt)u](l 
scarcely  have  been  made  governor;  IM/.arro  wouKl 
jtrobably  never  have  become  the  conqueror  of  Pens, 
and  \'asco  Xuhez  might  possibly  have  reached  jMexito 
before  Cortes. 

"  irfl[)s,  Simn.  Cniitj.,  i.  ns.",  mid  Ii  nnir,  iii.  2.W,  say  I2Hi  April.  lii.luTt- 
poll,  Hist.  Am..,  i.  -(17,  stiLrii!iiti/cs  l-'cnliiunKl  for  c  lev;; 1 111,14  I'olr.'iria.s,  iiiiil 
iili!isiii',f  A'lisco  Xiiric/;  ill  wliii'Ii  lli<>  Iciinud  liisloiiiiii  is  \\  liully  wroii;,'.  \\r. 
wild  know  tlic  liH'iils  ot  \"!isco  Xiifiiv,  iiiiiy  In-  <li--)io.siil  to  (■xiilso  liis  fiiilll~, 
lint  tilt'  kill','  I'liiiiil  not  do  otlicrw  i.-c,  Iroiu  a  iuIii'h  stiindpoiiit,  tliiiii  di  i'n.--,> 
tlic  unknown  iidvcntiircr  L'nilty  of  uiil.iwful  cxri'ssi's. 

'■'  l''ivi'  or  six  nioiitli^  liittr  rcdiariiis.  iiistitutid  lorniiil  jinn'ccdiims  to  ]iiovi> 
liis  iiiKiiliordiiidtioii.  Tlic  |iro|il(!  iiiririiiiin'd  n.u'idnst  tliiit  hiisty  jii^tiic.  imd 
iittrilmtcd  it  to  moiiio  foniicr  di.siili'asiuo  of  tlio  jrovcrnor  aj^iiiii.  t  tin'  n  ini. 
>'!'},■  lo,  iii.  •_'.">.  I'art  of  tlic  vi'sucls  n  tinned  to  S|  iiiii;  scvcr.il  of  tlit^  old  lUid 
Avonn-cati  II  were  .sunk  in  Urali;i  (Jiilf;  one  foiindirid  at  sea,  on  I  lie  voyiun 
hack,  tliL!  Clew  c.icajiiiijj;  to  l^iiauolu.  Oriido.  iv.  -171-3;  Ihrnnt,  ii.  i.  vii.i 
Amlaijui/u'n  Aai'.,  l-ll;  lluiniinw,  I'/Hj/j/i,  iii. -08. 


AEKIVAL  OF  rEDRARIAS. 


303 


Ai'liolanclia  ^vas  contlucted  into  tlij  royal  jircsoncc. 
]{('  displayed  lii:i  treasures  and  told  his  tale.  The 
sovei'ein'n'.s  heart  was  touched  at  the  sohHer's  rcital. 
Those  ])carls!  Tliey  would  make  the  darlcest  deeds 
ii'splendent  in  I'ighteousnes.s.  And  that  new  Soutliern 
Sea!  Surely  it  would  wash  away  far  deeper  .stains 
than  any  which  sullied  the  hands  of  its  gallant  dis- 
I'ovcrer.  Oil  I  that  this  man  had  sooner  come;  for 
ilicu  the  many  thousand  ducats  spent  on  old  l^edra- 
lius  miiiht  m^t  have  been  out  of  their  box.  What  this 
cosily  armament  was  sent  out  to  do,  a  handful  of 
roviii;/  Spaniards  had  done,  under  the  leadership  of 
a  conclenmed  man,  against  whom  tho  royal  wrath  up 
to  this  moment  had  burned.  And  in  this  achievimjT 
llu.1'0  had  been  neither  much  bloodshed  nor  any  cost 
to  Spain;  the  current  formulas  for  securing  possession 
bad  lieen  observed,  and  even  the  king's  iiflh  and  tho 
Iving's  [)resent  were  not  forgotten.  In  such  perl'orm- 
aiice  there  was  manifest  no  mean  mind;  any  I'urther 
tli.iuglit  i'oY  the  punishment  of  so  meritorious  a  cava- 
lier could  not  be  entertained;  and  King  Ferdinand 
icsolved  that  \'asco  Xunez  should  not  go  unrewarded. 
So  rides  success  triumphant,  oven  sagacious  royalty 
biiidinLr  its  stilf  neck  before  it." 


^Nreanv/hile  Pedrarias  entered  Urabd  Gulf  and  an- 
clinred  his  ileet  before  Antigua.  Not  knowing  in 
what  temper  the  redoubtable  chieftain  of  the  town 
night  receive  n  successor,  Pedrarias  despatched  an 
ollicer  to  accjuaiiit  the  colonists  with  his  ])rescncc,  and 
with  the  nature  of  his  commission,  l^andiijg,  the  mes- 
sciigcr  asked  of  the  lirst  men  he  met  for  their  leader. 
ll((  was  pointed  where  some  native  workmen  were 
tliatcliing  a  small  cottage  under  tho  direction  ol'  a 
man   clad   in  cotton    jacket  and  drawers  and    ])ack- 

''II  \Mi'<  ,1  <l'"iiH'nit(^  giiiiii'  N'ir-.ia  Xiific/.  Ii.hI  liccn  ]iliiyin,i:^;  iiinl  iiltliiiii.rli 
Fnci.'c^s  ii|i  ti)  tlii*  tiiiio  liiul  liii'ii  v.iri(  (1,  it  wiis  snii!  in  tho  iml  to  1m'  iiiaiiist 
li  II,  .Aiconliiiif  to  till!  I.ii'i'iiii.iila  Ziiii/u,  a/  in";/  i/ii>lr<'  n  I'l'ir  Mtiii.^<  nr  ih< 
A'''/rv,  in  /V/<7/('C()  iiiiil  C^iriliiiriM,  ('</.  /Jor.,  i.  III.'  1,'{.  I'ii->;iiiuiiit!!  w  ns  j;iiilty 
(il  ilniilil(  .ilialin;,',  iii'W  iccriviiiu'  rialhoii's  lu'csculsinicl  wiitiii','  ilu'  Kin  ,'  in  U'm 
favor,  unci  lit  any  thcr  liiiio  bccomliii^  the  iiuisislctit  (.Uyits  of  KiicUy  uyuiust  liiiu, 


; 


3f)t 


ri'.DItAniASi  AT  DARIKX. 


thread  slioos.  Now  silk  and  lirocado  was  ilic  oovcr- 
iiiL?  this  petty  ofKcer  had  ])r(>vided  liiiiisc  H"  wilh.al  t:) 
llauiit  it  in  Italy,  while  this  cotton-clad  iMlow  looked 
more  like  a  common  lal^orer  than  the  i^ovcrnor  ot'  a 
S[)anish  colony.  Nevertheless  the  oflicer  knew  his 
duty  and  a])proached  t!ic  man  in  cotton  respectfully. 
"1  co)ne  from  ]3on  ]*edrarias  do  Aviki,"  said  ho, 
"lately  appointed  governor  of  Dai'ien." 

It  was  sudden;  like  death,  which,  even  wlitii 
expected,  seems  abrupt.  How  swiftly  in  his  brain 
revolved  probabilities  and  possibilities.  "With  seli- 
possession  and  coui'tcous  dij^nity,  however,  he  an- 
swered pi'esently:  "Say  to  iJon  l'e(h'arias  that  he  j.s 
welcome  to  AntiL,nia." 

Next  day,  which  was  the  -TOtli  of  Juno,  Pedrari:is 
disembarketl.  The  landinLjf,  where  he  formed  his  1)rill- 
iant  retinue,  preparatory  to  the  entry  into  the  metrojt- 
olis,  was  a  lea^'ue  Irom  the  town.  On  one  side  l!ie 
<;"overnor  held  by  the  han<l  his  wile',  ]  )oua  ls;ih(l, 
and  on  the  other,  arrayed  in  episcopal  i-obcs,  walked 
the  bishop  of  Darien,  while  dii4'nitarie>s,  oflicers,  cava- 
liers, and  adventurers  followed  in  the  line  <>f  mareli. 
Near  Anti^'ua  they  were  met  by  the;  sallow-l'aeid 
colonists,  who,  thoU''h  ra-j^L^'ed,  were  rich  both  in  <  x- 
pericnce  and  in  gold. 

The  two  leaders  met  with  great  courtesy;  Vasco 
Nunez  was  reverent,  Pedrarias  gracious.  T'lien  all 
went  Ibrward  to  the  town,  the  IViars  cluuitiiig  their 
Te  ])t'um  laudamus  for  (Udivery  from  ocean  ])erils. 
Vasco  Nunez  conducted  IVdrarias  and  the  oilieers  to 
Ids  own  dwelling,  while  the  remainder  of  tin;  coni- 
l)any  were  distributed  among  the  colonists.  And  soon 
a  New  World  rc>past  was  spivad  before  the  new- 
comers, consisting  wholly  of  native  products,  mai'.o 
bread,  esculent  roots,  lish,  and  fruit,  and  to  drink 
water. 

And  now  begins  a  game  played  by  malevolent  craft 
oil  one  side,  and  honorable  frankness  on  the  other, 


IIYPOrnisY  AND  HATRED. 


SOJ 


Nvliicli  is  uiiapj)r();ielu'(l  by  any  of  the  Xi'W  World 
liiclicik'S  and  ti'i'aclicrie.s.  For  wluitover  liis  faults, 
v.liatcvor  the  })itfalls  his  tuninltuuus  destiny  jiad 
j-javad  for  him,  A'aseo  Nunez  was  by  nature  f^ini^lo- 
licarti'd  and  chivalrous,  whereas  I'edrarias  J.)iivila  was 
al'.iiost  satanie  in  jealousy  and  cold  hatred. 

SiekiuL,^  an  early  interview,  tlic  latter  assumes  an 
air  of  friendship,  praises  Vaseo  Xunu.-  for  his  abilities, 
(■  ii^-ratulates  him  on  his  successes,  and  speaks  of  the 
];!'.di  a])preciation  of  the  kinuj.  And  as  the  object  of 
liolh  is  only  the  welfare  of  the  colony,  will  l>e  not 
Isiiuily  write  down  what  he  has  done  and  what  he  is 
jest  nowintendiuf.^  todo?  Thrown  from  his_i,Miai'd  by 
I  his  semblance  of  sincerity,  A'asco  Xune/,  consents, 
and  writes  not  only  what  will  enable  l*edrarias  to  . 
|.i-()!it  by  his  experiisnce,  but,  as  the  n'overnor  hopes, 
1>  occasion  his  overthrow.  For  tlu!  old  man  is  not 
^liw  to  perceive,  on  arriving  at  Antigua  and  l(\»rnin;^ 
III"  llie  wonderful  discovery,  that  he  is  now  and  must 
1,''  in  reality  second  in  tliese  jiarts  where  so  lately  ho 
v/as  a]»])ointed  iii'st.  ])ro])pinn'  the  mask,  he  insti- 
iMtes  char'-es,  and  orders  N'asco  Xuuez  to  sta^.d  trial 
1"  r  his  life. 

As  alcalde  mayor,  the  investiu^ation  must  be  brou-^ht 
hcforc  the  licentiate  J'^spinosa,  and  he,  in  conformity 
with  royal  instruct  ions,  had  to  be  associated  with 
the  bisliop  Quevedo.  Though  inex[>encnced,  ]']spi- 
nesa  is  honest.  As  I'or  the  preiate — does  not  the 
accused  })ray  devoutly,  and  pay  lil)erally?  and  does 
lie  not  S(;nd  the  ujood  bishop  uilts  of  slaves,  and  share 
with  him  scvci'al  lucrative  cnterjiriscs  f  (Jo  (ol  Ho 
of  the  cask  is  not  so  great  a  simpleton  after  all. 
1  fe  ibrces  even  ])oiia  Isabt  1  to  smile  upon  him. 
He  is  acquitted.  The  enraged  JVvlrarias  tlu'ii  hurls 
civil  processes  at  him,  until  he  is  nearly  ruined. 
Iliiciso  meanwhik!  mamilacturi^s  IVesh  guilt  relative? 
to  the  allair  of  Xiciu^sa.  It  is  of  no  use;  for  the 
liisho])  fattens.  l\'(lrarias  now  swears  he  will  send 
the   fellow   to   Spain   lor  ti'ial.     'J'his  does   not   suit 


noo 


rKDnAHTAS  AT  DARIKX. 


Quovodo.  "AVhiit  madiioss,"  dnuvls  tlu>  Msliop,  "to 
Hi'iul  a  sucoossful  luaii  to  court.  Know  you  not  that 
ore  tliis  all  lluroiu!  is  i-iii<riiiL(  liis  ])ralse,s?  ])i'tt(r 
l«:i'('P  l)iii)  within  your  jj^rasp;  Ikujoiuc  rot-onciliMl,  tin  u 
crush  Iiiui  under  your  jirotcctinij  wing."  Xcvci-  i> 
more  diaholical  mercy  solicited  i'or  a  friend.  TIk^ 
govi.'i'uor  ])erccivcs  more  than  the  ])relate  intends,  and 
immediately  arrays  his  villainy  in  I'riendship's  smiiliii,' 


garh. 


Amid  such  ]m)lltless  pastime,  too  often  the  cliiif 
oecu])ation  of  rulers,  the  so  lately  hilarious  iift'i  a 
huntli'ed  were  hecoming  hungry.  The  provisions  tiny 
had  l)i-o^ight  were  exhausted.  Looking  at  the  i\\r. 
.hundred  old  settlers,  the  renmant  oi'  other  iiftccii 
hundred,  the  unseasoned  opened  sjieeulation  as  io 
their  own  similar  contraction.  And  straightway  lluy 
lu>gan  t()  ilie;  twenty  a  day,  until  seven  hundivd  w*  le 
l.uried  in  their  hrocades.  Sending  umh'i-  a  slr(*ng 
guard  some  prt»visioiis  to  a  secret  spot,  at  a  distain'.! 
Irom  the  town,  l*edrarias  repaired  thither  and  led 
liimself. 


iiiiriir-i   iMMii  Mil  III  Mil,      u>  iiiii.iA;  r>ui  injiiu,iu.>,  m;u'<  uii'^ 

tlu'rejor  healthy  sites,  where  was  good  watei-;  also  lo 
huild  a  town  on  the  shore  of  San  ^liguel  (lull",  an  I 
thri'c  or  four  caravi^ls  likewise,  giving  tluMu  in  ( !iai';i! 
of  skilful  captains  foi*  the  ])ros(>cution  of  new  discox- 
eries  in  that  dii'ection.  Accordingly,  at  o)ice  lo  plaiil- 
the  lino  of  posis  and  circumvent  any  ell'orts  of  \'a>  o 
Xii.iez  in  that  direction,  Juan  de  Ayoi-a  with  four  huii- 

"  ('(i/ii/ii!it  ill'  frtntn  f.irritit  pnr  1 1  Hi  ii-Cittiilii-n  li  Pnlriirin^  DiU'rln,  fulirr  /"< 
Vlriliim  ill'  Jiirililin'  la  nuiiiniifririoii  nit.r  In.  rit-./ii.  ilil  l)iirii  il  i)  In  >iliii'  il>l  "I'l', 
iii/'ir  jinr  I  r.Di/iiiinir  I'll  1 1  lii-iili  sriihiimii'iilousc  liuijuniUli  tren  d  citti,'  I'u  atniln  la", 
ut  Saciii  nil ,  Cot.  ile  I'kiijin,  iii,  3iV)-7. 


rvrQuinr.MFA'T  of  the  ixthaxs. 


3fr: 


(:!V(1  men  was  (lespatchocl  across  tin-  inoiiiiiains  fi-oiu 


( 'an '(a,. 


\\<'  linvo  round  T>all»on's  policy  in  liis  iivafiiK^iit  of 
I'll'  natives  severe  enou'^h,  hut  t'lat  whicli  was  now 
to  ln'  inaULCurated  nialu-s  Iiis  conduct  seem  luuiiane  in 


CO 


niparlson.    ^VIlatever  liarsli  measures  circunistan 


( •(  'S 


at  times  seemed  to  liim  to  render  necessary,  the  tact 
iviiiains  lliat  on  liis  i-etui-n  IVom  the  South  Sea  cv- 
]K'ihtion  he  left  the  nations  iViendly.^''  In  all  their 
liloody  ])acilyin,L;'s,  pi'(thahly  not  oniiof  the  Xew  \Vorld 
I'onnnanders  so  nearly  ohsorved  the  wislies  of  tlieir 
( "atholic  majesties  as  Yasco  Nunez. 

AmouLj  the  rules  respect ini,^  th(>  natives  was  ono 
('.iri'ctini^'  how  war  should  he  made,  and  what  the 
f-ava''"cs   mu^;t   do    in   order   to    save;    tliemselves   and 


tlicu'  land 


The  \ 


ornni 


la  drawn  .'.'t,  an  earlier  dato  1)\' 


a   <'o 


N 


iK'lavc  of  Spanish  jurists  and  divines,  hy  whieh 


mesa, 


Oied: 


otl 


I,  and  oiners  wer*: 


tot; 


iKti  posse 


<lon  ol 


t.iiiiories,  was  sujK'rsedi-d  hy  a  Ju'tjuirement  of  the 
hiilians  furnished  l*edrarias  hy  his  sovereign,  a  trans- 
lilioii  of  v\"hich   I  u'ive  in  full  helow 


.  Ki 


Tl 


us  re(|Uire- 


^'('rtrfa  ih-  I'lfrn  Xiihi-,  in  X'iriirr<  '••,  <'"/,  i/c  ]'iiiiir<.  iii,  'A'Tt.  Ovicilo 
riiMliicKilcs  till!  l'i)ll:i\vili'^  I'liicl's  W  itli  \\  lini:i  Cal' >i la  li;iil  inailr  )icacr  :  ( '.Mi-l.i, 
r^ai  :i,  ('a;'<'c;i,  ('liiaj)f.<,  ('iKi'.ici;',  .liiaiiaL'a,  l'..iiiiiiiiiiiaiia,  'I'lira,  (  oniajri', 
CnriiiDsa,  l;iii|tU'l)iKii,  ( 'Iniyiii-a,  Ottiinii',  Clioriia,  I'aiia,  'ri.uiiDra,  'I'liliau- 
ina.i,  'I'lMiua,  'raiiiaca,  Taiiiao  aii<l  utluTs.  'I'Ih!  I.irciniadu  /iia:'i)  ^.-lyi,  /'ic 
(7,Mr)  iilicl  (',ir<l' 11(11,  ('('I.  J>"r.,  i.  ;il."),  that  \  asio  Nlim/ willi  lii.i  jiidirioiin 
jLilicv  Ii.hI  won  (iviT  iiliiiiit  tl'iirty  caciipics. 

' '  I  Viiin  tlii^  nu>st  liiirli  ancl  iiii.;lit y  <  'ailidlii'  ilcfcn  liTof  tlic  Cliui'cli,  always 
tflminilianl  ami  ni'Vor  \aii!|iiisla'il,  tin-  jmat  Kin  ;  1  >(in  I'li'n.ini'iK,  t!ic  lildi  cf 
tliat  iiaino,  I>wiii,.<  tif  till!  Spain.'S  of  tliir  l\\c>  Sii'ilii'.s,  iinil  ni  .Irniialcni,  iiiul  (if 
till!  lMili('>«,  i. Km  anil  liiin  land  nf  tlio  nccan  M'a,  tanirr  n|'  liaibarnas  jii''i|ilc:( ; 
iiinl  ti-oni  till!  viTV  lii'-'li  ami  imi.ssant  Inly,  the  (.'-.rcn  I  )i';i;i  .Juana,  lii.i  ilcari'^t 
iiiiiliaii.it  IilI  ivi'd  daii;.;litrr,  (mi'.si)ViTii.:in;  I,  i'cdiarias  h.iviia,  tlu'ii'srivanl, 
iiiriscn'rcr,  (iiid  cajitain,  notily  imd  niako  known  lit  yen  ii-i  lu-it  I  can,  tliat 
I  iiid,  our  Ijoi'd,  oni'  ami  triiino,  cfcati'd  I  lit;  lK'aMii:<!iml  t!it!  rartli,  and  ono  man 
iind  o'K!  woMiaii,  iVoiii  wlioiii  you  and  we  and  all  mankind  wi'ro  and  arn 
lii'^fcmlf'd  iind  jirocrcati'd,  ami  all  tliosi!  who  uliall  fonu'  iiUcr  ns,  lint  I'ldiii 
til!  innhitiidiM  itsnin'-j  out  ot'  that  t'rncratioii  during'  tliii  live  t'lvini-iind  and 
laott!  yi  at  I  sim'i'  tho  world  wa.i  niadi',  it;  licianu!  ni'irssarv  tliat  i  mi;'  «honM 
(."  one  way  and  Hoinn  anollior,  di-<in'i'.siu','  ovit  many  kin.'doiii.i  ami  inovini'i'.s, 

ii  i  il  ono  IllolK!  tliry  loilld  not  Sll:.taill  nor  (Urs'TVO  tlliMllr.ilvr<. 

All  llic.c  ju'opliM  ( lod,  oni'  liOid,  j^ravi!  in  I'haf.'c  to  one  jic!-  ,on,  caniil  Saint 
rilof,  tiiat  ho  .should  lio  iii'inco,  lord,  .'Uid  iai|ii'rior  ovor  idl  luon  in  t  lo  world, 
V.  Iiniii  all  ilioulil  olioy,  and  that  lu!  ihIiouM  I>o  thn  head  of  all  t!io  human 
li:iia  ;i',  wlicro-oovor  man  miM;ht  livo  or  ho,  and  of  whali  \'<  r  liw,  noot,  or 
I'l  li'l ;  and  to  lii'n  ^^  i^ivon  tho  wholo  world  lor  ]i'n  kin'^'dom  and  1  >vi\  iliip  ami 
jiin.idiciioii.     .\nd  aliluui^li  lio  was  ordorid  to  pkico  liin  oliair  in  Koi.io,  u.-i  I  lio 


308 


rEDP.ARIAS  AT  DAHTKX. 


inent,  Avliirli  luTulded  to  the   licntlit'ii  tlic    name    >>l' 
Christ  and  Eur()[)caii  civilization  in  terms  ridiculous 


mopt  siiitnMo  Rpnt  wlirnno  to  rule  tlio  woiM,  yet  was  lie  nlso  jicnnittcd  to  lio 
jiiid  ii'aco  Ills  cliiiir  in  any  <it!ii'r  iiait  of  tlu'  woilil,  iiixl  jiul.^'*.'  fiml  ;iivi'rn  all 
Jl(•(l]^l(•^,  (liiisliaiis,  jiml  Mnoi's,  niid  .Irws,  iiinl  ( Icntiks,  ot  wliatcvcr  .sect 
<<[•  liclicf  they  iiiiulit  lio.  And  lii.ii  tlicy  callfd  I'lijn',  thai  is  to  say,  Aihiiir- 
ii'ili',  SuiUfii.c,  I'atluM',  and   Kccju'r,  I'ccau.-o  Ik;  is  tatliir  and  Iu-c'ikt  of  all 


nun. 


U).', 


And  tlii.s  Saint  I'l'ti  r  was  olicvcd  and  lit  Id  in  ivvcri 


lord. 


HMprcnu!  in  tlu!  univcrso,  liy  tlioso  who  lived  in   that  tinio,  liUcv.is 


d 


oUu'is  wiio  alt<  V  him  wcii'  ilcctcd  ti)  tho  jiontiticati;  wen-  no  cstccnu'd,  and  so 
it  has  coiiliinird  until  now  anil  will  continnu  to  the  end  of  the  world. 

( tui!  of  t!ii'  )ion*ills  who  Miivcdcd  ."s  iiiincc  and  lurd  of  tin?  woild,  to  tl.o 
chair  and  iliu'Mity  afore  -.lid,  math'  a.  dunation  of  tlu  .-<;  isles  and  lirni  l:in<l  of  tlio 
mc-in  H(';i  to  tlie  said  Kiu'.'  and  (^>iieen,  onr  .'^ovcrei^ns,  and  to  their  suecessors, 
with  all  therein  eontaineil,  a.s  it  aj^jears  in  eei-taiii  writings  made  therefor, 
vhieh  yon  e;iii  Kee  if  desiralilo.  So  tliat  liy  virtue  of  wiid  <lonalion  their 
liiu'hnesses  arc  kinu'.s  ami  lordc  of  these  i.slis  ami  liiin  land,  and  n-s  Hiieli 
liavo  lieen  reeoi^ni/ed,  ami  oheyed,  and  swerved  I'V  the  inhaliitar.ls  of  jdinost 
nil   the  i>land.s  to  wlioni  notification  Iia-i   been  made,   who  vlill   obey  and 


nerve  llieni  as  subjeets  kIiou 


ihl; 


d  of  their  fre(!  will,  without  resi.stanee. 


innnediately,  without  dilav,  as  soon  nn  infonneil  of  the  ai'f)resaiil,  they  obevcil 


d 


_'ni.'ed  the  learned  mel 


d  friaiH  who  were  sent  by  their  lii'^lnnsses 


ti>  iireaeli  and  ti'aeli  our  lu'ly  <  'utholic  faith  ;  (loim;  this  of  their  free  and  >i);in- 
taneous  \\ill,  witliout  ])r<  s  nro  or  eondition  i>(  any  kind;  and  (hey  lucr.ni 
W,  Hlid  tiieir  hi..'!iness(  s  iHceived  tlieni  f,'la(llv  inid  lu'ni" 


nio 


Christian; 


i.s  anil  iwv  no 


lianily.anil  ordered  (hat  (!iey  t.hould  In-  treated  in  every  respect  as  then- ov.ii 


Kulijeels  .-ind  vassals  ;  an 


I    VI 


held  and  ol. 


d  1.)  do  1 


ikewise, 


Ti 


fore,  as  iirst  I  may,  1  i>ray  and  reqi'.ire  you  Mell  to nndeistand  what  1  have  told 


y 


Dli;  to  l.dvc  the  timewliieli  miv  bei 


iee(','-s;'rv  toeoin]reheni 


1  itand  t(Mle!il)er;,,o 


ijion  it ;  and  torceo^-ni/e  tlie  <  'Inueii  !\t  Su]irenie  Mistress  of  (he  l'i!iv<'ri<c,  and 


the  Suiireme  I'oMiill',  called  rope,  and  (lie  Ki 


(in  ns  anil  suju'eme  sovereigns  ot  tliese  i  -les  ani 
donation  .•ilonsaid,  and  to  eonsent  and  alh.vv  tliese  reli'.' 


d  tjucen  in  Ins  ]i|aeeas  men- 
d  llrni  land,  bv  virtue  of  iho 


and  iire.Miii  to  vouas  aforesaii 


If  th 


nis  vo\i  do,  von  w 


mils  latliers  to  es]i!;nii 


ill 


.11, 


il  do  tiiat 


vvliicli  yon  are  In 


Id  atid  liinind  to  do,  and  their  hiuhnei 


dl 


m  \:\viv  n.nne, 


wi 


receive  vou  with  a 


II  h 


ive  and  eiiaritv 


your  V.  ives,  .tiwI  ehili'n'.i 


nd  i)iii])crty  will  lie  freely  left  to     'lu  without  lien,  tliat  you  may  do  wall 


them  ami  wiih  your.n  Ives,  whatever  y. 


Ill  may  laeiist 


\'ou  w  ill  not  be 


jH'lled  to  turn  (.'hristians,  esei  pt  when  informed  of  the  truth  yuu  desire  tu 


JO  converted  to  our  holy  Cntliolie  faith,  like 


st  all  the 


tl 


le  other  i:iles 


And   besidci   this   tlieir  hi. 


will 


jiiivile.'es  and   exemptions,  an 


j^'ran 


diitants  of 
t  yoii  maay 


I   do  vou  maiiv  favor.s.      Ihit  if  you  do  ii.>t 


thus,  or  malieimisly  delny  to  do  it,  1  ceiiiiy  to  you  that  with  tlie  help  ef 
(Jod  I  will  invade  your  lands  with  a  ])oweriul  force,  and  will  make  war  np'a 
Vou  in  all  jiart.s,  and  in  every  manner  in  my  jiov.cr,  and  will  sulijiet  you  to 

' ' ' Ill  1  will  t:::.o 

11  mn!;o  ih-;!! 


th(!  yoke  and  obeilieiiee  of  the  Chureli  and  (heir  hi''iiiie.s.se: 


your  persons,  am 


1  ( 


ios(-  ot  vonr  wives  ami  elulilren,  ami  wi 


h!:i 


d 


US    HUell    wi 


11   .sell   (1 


d 


1  disiioso  of  tiieni  as  their  hiu'lines,.eH 


sImII  oiler;  and  1  will  t:ike  your  property,  and  I  will  do  you  all  ]ioHsi 


il.luh; 


d  evil, 
d 


to  vassals  \\ 


hod 


>  not  oliev  cr  i'eco;ni;'.e  tlieir  lord,  but  who  resi-t 


ami  oiipose  Inm 


And  I 


conduct  ]u:\\  result  w  ill  I 


]iliitest  that  i  lO  dealh.t  a 


ml  dania''e  which  from  nr.rh 


(cat  voiireiiai 


id  hotattliatof  their  hi'ihnc.-scs,  n.  r 


at  mine,  nor  at  that  of  (ho  L'cr.tlemen  w.iocome  wilii  me.    And  now  toihatwiiicli 


1 


id  1 1 


ri'iiiiiro  the  notary  here  i  resi'iit  tou'ive  me  a  ccrtilii'ate. 


1 'a  lent  inns,  comes;  I'.  l!ern:irdus,  'I'linopolitanu.s  episcopiLs;  I'.'i  iioma  uU 


,piscop;is 


.M.I 


til 


I'.Ai.  r.iistiii. 


I. 


i','istcr;  Lieeiiciatusde  S:;iietiaij:o;  ill  1  )oetor  I'niacioi 


nci.-.tnsde  Sosa ;  (Jic^orius,  lieenciatus.     'I  he  ori'.'iiial  in  'Ir'i 


iii.  'JS-K.     To  the  iistuto  Euciso  lielout;s  the  honor  of  lirut  rcudiiip'  tiiis  reijiuii 


AYORA'S  OUTRAOKS. 


non 


iiniuc   i>t 
ridiculu;; ; 

cnnittcd  to  1  • 
mill  ;m)Vi'iii  :  .1 
wliiitcvi  r  .sect 
to  Miy,  Ailiii;:- 

.  Ivt'ClKT  (it  ;  1 
•e  iix  liinl,  ;;:)  I 
time,  likcvi-o 
li'cincd,  and  ;  i> 
Vdild. 

!  wciild,  tl)  tl.li 
inn  l:iiiil  of  tliu 
ii'ir  (•lu'ccssiits, 
Hindi!  tliLTc;";', 
di)ii;ilioii  tlu  ir 
I,  iuid  ll;^  h;ii  :i 
;ii:1m  of  idiii"  t 
•UU  obry  ii'.d 
tmt  rcsi.itiiii  r, 
d,  they  olio;  .1 
lioir  liiuliiicsM'S 
■  five  iiiid  H)u;i- 
l  llicy  lii'CMUL' 
idlv  Mid  Itt'lli'- 
L't  iif  tlair  «v,  ii 
cwiM'.  Tli(  r.'- 
lilt  1  Iiavc  !'M 
id  todi'lilu'l:,  '• 
I'nivcivf,  :iiid 

U  JillU'CilS  l.n  !1- 

virtiii;  (it  1  .  ! 

l('l:i  tl)  t'\]>!;:il 

1,  Jilid  <!o  ti;  it 

ill  I'lL'ir  iiaih", 

,;nd  (.■Iiildiv.i, 

iii;iy  da  wull 

imt  l«o  fo'il 

V'mI  desire  *.u 

llili;diit;iiil.-i  it 

it   Villi   lii:i;!y 

f   ymt  di)  II' it 

I  till)  lielp  if 

I;o  -war  n;'':i 

iliji  et  von  t'> 

1    I   will  t:i:.<i 

IiKlhe    ll;     :l 

r  hiu'lil'.e    1  1 

oHsilili!  l::ir  .1 

tt  wlio  re  i  t 

h  from  ?•■•:'  'i 

hmvse  i.  !!■  r 

olliatv.-i'.i.  'i 

i;i)i:-eii|   ;i 

niiiMdo  M  I- 

torraliu'i"* 

111  ill  (ir'c'l ', 

ills  irqui^ri 


,111.1  (lisfnslcfiil  ('n()n<;li.  was  mild  and  luLrical  in  its  in- 
li'ution  as  c;()nij)aivd  willi  i\\r.  liorrors  altcndiiiL!:  its 
c\t'CulIon.  In  tlio  InstruclionH  acconipanyiiv^  the 
yi(iueriniiciiti>,  Pudi'arias  had  l)eon  cliarj^ed  n('\tr  to 
Ma;j^o  war  unless  Iho  Indians  were  the  au^n'ivssors,  nor 
until  they  luid  heen  sumnioneil  to  ohiMhenco  once, 
twice,  three  tinu's.  This  the  i;'overnortt)ld  his  lieuteii- 
iiiit,  hut  Peih'ariris  liUewiso  told  Ayora  to  send  him 
t'.Mid  and  gold  without  delay.  It  was  seldom  diliicult 
Id  (>xt'ito  savages  to  acts  of  a'j^'jfrossion,  and  as  I'or 
I'eadint^  to  the  natives  the  i-equerimiento,  as  ivijuii-ed 
liy  law,  that  mi;^ht  he  done  hy  the  notary  at  his  con- 
veiiienee,  hut  never  so  as  to  interiere  witli  the  advan- 
laL^es  ol"  a  su  Ideii  siu'i)rise  or  ])reliminary  hutcherv. 


li 

til 


II  a  word,  llie  re(|Uirement  wtis  no  less  voul  m  i>ra 


d 


tl 


Kill  aijsun 


lintl 


leory 


The   lirst  action  of  Avora   was   evidence   of  t!ii> 


1 


ver  since 


tl 


le  union 


of  Vasco  iS'uiie/-  and   (\ireta's 


(lau;j;hter,  equivalent  with  the  luitives  to  a  mania;j^e, 
the  most  friendly  relations  had  existed  hetweeii  tlio 
Spaniards   and   C'iuvta's   })eonle.      Not   only   did   the 


caciiiue  presen 


,|ue  I 


t  1 


lis  res 


|)oct> 


s  ill  person 


1 


to  Pedi-ai'ia.- 


hut  many  times  he  sent  I'ood  to  the  iainishin_u;'C()l(ini--ts. 
It.  seems  incredihle  that  creatures  in  human  foi-m,  to 
sav  nothliiL^  of  luu'opean  or  Christian  men,  should 
iv]iay  such  kindness  hy  sudden,  un])roveked  attack, 
such  as  surprisiiiL!;  peacel'ul  vilhc^es  hy  night,  iiriicg  the 

111'"  iito  to  tlio  savn'xos  in  AnicM'ioa.  The  place  was  tlio  port  of  Conn ;  and  wlien 
the  lawyer  liad  liiiislicd,  t'.i'!  chief,  whose  iiaiuc  wan  ( 'itarajjii,  and  his  pcojilo 
1... lulled  at  him  ;  th(«se  lieui^lid'd  liarliaiiaiis  laui:lied  at  tlio  learned  liailiiller, 
Mid  said  that  the  Pope  must  have  heen  driliiU  when  he  did  it,  for  he  Mas  I'iv- 
la,' what  was  not  his;  and  that  the  Kin,'  who  ashed  and  tooU  siieh  a  L'niiit 
liiiist  1)1!  a  eia/y  one,  siiu'e  he  asked  lor  wlnt  was  another's.  'IMxei'on  <|  el 
I'pa  deiiiera  estar  lioi-railio  (|iiado  Id  hi/o;  puis  daiailo  i]  no  era  siiyo,  y  I'l  el 
rev  i|  peilia  &  toiii ma  tal  iiiereed  ileilia  ser  .•iIl,'iih  lneo  pues  jiedia  lo  que  era  it 
tili'Ds.'  J;'iic}sn,  ,Siiii}ii.  (A'  (Ic'iijnijlit,  .")().  A  eojiy  of  this  piviioiis  doeiiiui  nt  wan 
lil'd  ill  ilio  f  'iisii.ili't  'i}iilriilit''ioii,  at  Seville.  .\/</iiiiri(i/  'ini'iHiii  I  linr/iilli  r  /.'iirl.iit, 
ill  /'iii'icn)  and  ('iii-i!i'ii((<,  Cul.  J>nr.,  j.  H'J-".  llerreia,  i.  vii.  xiv.,  },'iveH  tlio 
ti'\t  of  till!  vi'iiii  riiiiiaitt)  ]n<H\o,  for  Ojeda  and  others  in  l.'iDH.  See  aNo  /i'..(/ 
'■  ■'"//(,  ill  /hir.  /ill il.,  i.  1  I  1  •_•;  y.aiiiiii(t  II  ( 'iiriiiifiilo,  llih.  Li  ij,  ('It.,  iir.  'Jl-;!! ; 
J  in  II  >i  I'll.  Ill,  I'd//.,  i.  I  ll-'Jl);  Aii)s/(i,  I  list.  (\t  iijii  inf.  Xiii  i"i  <lniiinil't,  'Jit  'i, 
yliire  is  iilso  ^iveii  t!ie  text  of  Xieiiesa's  i-e'pii^ition ;  L'H  ('ii-^it-i,  lli-l.  Iii'l., 
iv.  l"il-(i;  Hr/iis'Sjiiii.  I'liii/,,  i.  'JIJ;  I'nria  iluiijldil  at  II' i/  /lor  I'ltinj Xtiiicz, 
ill  .\u,curnl(',  Col.  dc  I'kijvs,  iii,  i{7.i-6U. 


400 


rnDRAHIAS  AT  DAllIEN. 


houses,  and  nmrdrring  some  of  tlie  sluiiiliei*ers  wliilo 
takinuf  ca))tiv(i  others,  all  be'mi^  attended  hy  waiitnu 
eruelt y  and  pillaL^^o.  Xct  such  was  the  late  of  ( 'areta, 
I'anciaeo,  and  other  friends  and  allies  of  ^'^ase()  Xune/.. 
l^'roni  the  accident  of  conquest,  captives  for  slaves  li;i  1 
heconio  one  of  the  objects  of  con(|Uest. 


o        '•'        ■'■       ^/ 


COMAfinK     "\ 

YcconosA  \ 


ccx^' 


.y.VV'^'' 


roNCA        S 

CAKKTir^l^. 


n. 


^^' 


■}  \i;r  A  iiK'.iTA 


ciiRi'A  I'm 


Y ^  '  '(     <-"'r  ""  K  A  " ''  I' "  -^  '^ 


>>;     ,'s('0(ii!v 


>< 


1    A 


<'^ 


After  this  brilliant  achievement  at  Careta,  Ay 
])assed  on  to  a  small  port  whieji  he  named  Sai 
('ru/.,"  Avliere  lie  planted  the  initial  settlement  of  1 
line  which  was  to  extend  from  sea  to  sea.  Liavi 
there   ei-^hty  men,   he   marched  southward,  roM)i 

'■I  foildw  till!  Xnni<  Orli'm  of  Do  Lnot,  vlio  I'liu-cs  rocorosa  nml  S. 
(Santa  Cni/)  north  and  west  of  Co'iiai:;ro;  altlioiii,'li  Oviido,  iii.  .'>7,  •s'lys, 
jnurlo  do  Sanc'ta  ("rii/  <|iu!  P3  on  ticrra  del  cai/i'iiK!  ("omo-iv.'  It  i-<  ottiii 
jiossililo  to  H'foncilo  the  sclf-contradiftiouH  of  a  writer,  t)  say  notliin-,-  of 
conlliotiii'4  statrmenti  of  tlio  si'Vcral  cln'onirlcrf.  Ovicdo  usually  iilaccs 
native  tuwiia  and  provinow  where  moat  convcuiunt  fur  hid  narrulivo. 


■r.i 

1 1  r 
!!■  '■ 

x. 

-.1 

iiu- 

till! 

Iho 


iiriiTADo  srxT  orT. 


401 


ami  luurdcrinL!,-  as  lie  went.  "Tlie  ('acI((U(s  wovo  tort- 
uvcd  to  luaki!  tlii'iii  disclose  tlieir  J4<>1(1,"  writes  ()vie(l(>. 
'Sonio  thev  roasted,  otlicr^i  they  threw  to  the  dogs, 


Olil 


ei.s  were  liansrod."'* 


ir  not  for  the  cliurdi,  tlieu  lor  liiniself  tlio  nf"'id 
lii>hoj>of  Darien  was  interested  in  the  s[)oilsot"  (iod's 
enemies  cvijrywhcro.  In  Ayora's  niaraudinLjs  lie  had 
special  interest;  and  no  intellin'ciiee  reaching"  Ant iL;ua 
for  some  time  concerninu^  them,  (^uevedo  sn'LC.i^ested 
to  l^.>(h'arias  tliat  a  niessen^'er  he  s(Mit  to  ascertain 
his  heiitenant's  progress.  JJartolonu'  Jlurtado,  onee 
the  iViend  of  Yasco  Xunez.  hut  aiix 


loiis  now  hi'lore 
the  new  j)owers  to  wij)C  out  that  stain,  was  JicconHnj;ly 
sent  to  hrinu^  in  tlie  phnidei'. 

On  the  way,  to  please  IVdrarias,  Hurtado  soujjjht 
to  exrcl  Ayora  in  rapine;;  hut  that  was  impossihle.  In 
returnini,'  with  the  plunder,  however,  he  stopped  ut 
Careta's  villaij^e  and  asked  I'oi"  men  to  carry  hurdens  to 
Antigua,  and  this  was  readily  gi'anted  hy  the  chief, 
anxious  as  ho  still  was  for  the  Irieiidship  of  the  Sjian- 
iiirds.  After  honorahly  ilischarging  his  trust  with 
r("4nr<l  to  Ayora  and  IV'drarias,  in  niamier  heconiing 
;i  (  hristian  and  a  cavalier,  he  selected  from  Careta's 
mill  six  of  the  finest  s})eciniens  and  presentetl  them 
as  slaves  to  the  governor;  to  the  worthy  hishoj)  he 
uavo  other  six;  antl  to  Ksjtiuosa  four.  Alter  thus 
uoing  tho  rounds  among  the  high  oflicials,  the  re- 
mainder were  hranded  and  sold  into  slavery  at  jaiMie 
sale."     llurtado  was  forijiven  his  lormer  humanitv. 

'"I  do  not  know  tliat  it  is  ncccssnry  Iuto  to  cntjilopuo  Ayora's  crimes. 
•  hii' \vlii(.h  tlu^  l^iciMiciaili)  /ua/o  nHiitions,  VVk'/cco  mul  Cciili  nas,  I'ol,  Jh,,-., 
i.  .'M"!  !((,  if  sutlit'ii'ntly  pluiali/i'il,  vill  answrr  lor  all.  Mrt  ono  ilay,  iii  ap- 
IH'iimIiui  .r  a  villagi",  liy  natiws  licaiin;,'  )  rc-cnts  ol  viiiisoii,  lowl  an<l  li>li, 
"111. •mill  inai:'e,  who  tlioui,'lit  tin?  white  til)a  to  Ik;  tin  if  tiirnd,  N'asio  NurH/, 
AvMia  sij/cil  tlui  c:u'i(nie  ami  his  chief  men.  tortured  them  with  hie  and  do;,'i 
until  Jill  their  pild  was  fxiven  up,  and  then  burned  them  alive.  '  Thid  internal 
lii.iit  l,i-i(ed  several  months,'  says  Oviedo. 

''"I.o.s  (jiiales  lue^'o  fneron  vcndiilos  en  almoncil.a  e  herr.idos,  e  los  mas 
ililliis  se  saeaion  de  la  tierra  jior  mar,  e  los  llevai-on  ti  otras  p.nte-;.'  (iririln, 
lii.  .')!•.  '  I'oi  mando  ancoi'a  liii  altri  C'apitani  pet'  (nulla  ('o>t;i,  eome  In  l'.jii- 
t'llui.uM  \'rtiido  in  Achla,  o  naltato  in  tena,  .M)tto  eulure  di  piiee,  pi^'io  tiitti 
t'  liiai.mi,  ehe  ixite,  o  gli  vende  per  ischiulli.'  i>t«-o((<,  JIUl.  S  cwo  MvhUo,  4i), 
Hist.  Ck.n.  Am.,  Vol.  I.    26 


•n: 


rnnn  ARIAS  at  dariex. 


II 


KnttM-iiiLj  ilic  (loiiiiiiioiis  of  T!il)niinni,i.  Jnnn  (\t> 
Ayora  ])i;»iili(l  tlu'i-e  aiiotluT  iorli-css  uliidi  ]\v.  Itlt 
in  (•liari,^'  of  Mcm'scM.     ])iit  iiislrad  of  coiitliiuiiii^'  hi 


la  I 


tors  across  the  Isthimis,  as  ordoivd,  lu>  <U.'t\n'niiii((l 


to  ^ive  hiiiist'lf  wholly  up  to  rohht-ry,  and  fsca])c  thu 
<'ountiT  IxToro  liis  oifcnccs  sliould  \n:  i'lilly  known. 
I"'ollowinuf  this  plan  lie  soon  found  himself  ovciloadt  d 
with  hooty,  and,  Icavin;,'  his  captains  to  overrun  thv' 
land  at  ]»leasurc,  lio  returned  with  his  captives,  .^'old, 
and  provisions  to  Antiij^ua.  The  j^ohl,  ho  said,  nnist 
remain  untouched,  for  future  division.  Tho  pntvi- 
ions  wei'e  dej)osit(Ml  with  the  governor,  and  t!ie  cap- 
tives distrihuti'd  anionijf  the  I'oval  ollin  rs,  who   hail 


been  sent   hither  at   the  kin<'''s    cost,  to 


si'e    anioir^ 


otiu'r  thiui^s  that  the  natives  were  not  (tnslavt'd.  \rt 
Ayora  was  ill  at  ease.  His  dreams  and  nwditatioii^ 
were  not  pleasant;  he  knew  that  there  nuist  he  a  day 
of  ivckoninuf  when  his  atrocities  hecame  known.  The 
villain  determiniHl  to  esca})e  hefore  the  ri>turn  of  the 
cai)tains.  AlakiuL,^  roaily  with  his  men,  ho  watched 
his  oj>poi'tu'Hty,  and  sei/iuL^  one  of  the  shij)s  lyi':.;  at 
the  anchoran'c,  not  unknown  to  thi^  _L'"ovei'nor  howcxci-, 
as  many  think,  he  i>sca])ed  with  liis  booty.  JVtcr 
^[artyr,  while  acknowled^inc  a  loni>"  actiuaintance  with 
Ayora,  says  that  "  in  all  the  turnioyles  and  traL,ncal! 
atfiyres  of  the  Ocean,  nothin<j|;  hath   so  muche  di-- 


)leasetl   nic,  as   the   couetousnesse  of  this  man,  who 


hath  so  disturbed  the  pacitied  minds  of  the  Kini;'c^. ' 
And  "if  Juan  do  Ayora  had  been  }>unished  for  liis 
many  injui'ies  to  the  peaeoablo  caci(pies,"  wrote  A'asco 
Nunez  sul)se(|Uently  to  the  kin«',  "the  other  captains 
would  not  have  dared  to  ctMumit  like  excesses."-" 


The  chrt)nieles  continue  in  al)out  the  same  sti' 


iin. 


Shortlv  after  Avora,  I'^rancisco  JJecerra  came  in  IVoia 


the  hunt  with  <rold  to  the  vahie  of  seven  thousand 


H'MiS 


^Tarfn  nf  /'(//,  in  Xdrnrrili.  Co!.  iIn  I'Jm/c.f,  iii.  37'>.  Oviedo  st;itrs  tint 
Pec'.ftU'i.is  sent  a  sliip  after  Ayora  Id  Santo  l)(>niin!.'i),  luit  lu'foro  it  n'aola'il  timt 
iwrt  Ayora  luul  .'<aik<l  tor  Sjiain,  win  ri'.  soon  al'tcrwanl,  \w  ilifil,  k'aviii,'  liio 
nishop,  tlio  alialilo  mayor,  ami  tiio  irovcrnor  rcsjionsililo  for  liis  I'rinics.  K\'  u 
if  this  were  liiu-,  tlii;.jj  u;iiclioa;.iitn  may  liavo  \vinl;u«l  at  Ayora's  escaji  ■. 


DESTRUCTION  OF  SANTA  CRrZ. 


403 


(\c  oro,  nnd  witli  over  one  luindi-ed  captives,  by  the 
judicious  distribution  ;.(  v.iiich  ollicial  iiKjuii'y  was  not 
only  quieted,  but  Beceiic  olt '.lined  u  new  coinniissiun. 
lie  Mas  sent  with  one  hunured  aiul  eighty  men  and 
three  pieces  of  artillery  to  Conu,  to  avenge  the  death 
(if  i'orty-eight  men  lost  by  Francisco  de  X'allejo  some 
time  bel'ore.  It  was  here  that  lOiicIsco  once  atte]n])ti'd 
to  violate  the  native  sepulchres  in  search  <-t'  iroldtii 
ornaments.  Becerra  went  with  the  dc! erminaLi>  i,  to 
?pare  niMther  age  nor  sex;  but,  on  landing,  the  party 
was  decoyed  into  and)Ush  and  every  man  of  ihcni 
slain  bv  the  poisoned  arrows  of  the  enemy  .  nali\e 
servant-boy  of  Uecerra  alone  escaping  to  carry  il;u 
news  to  A  ;! ' .  ua. 

Since  the  whole  region  was  in  arms  the  eigiity  mm 
at  fe;i;ita  Cruz  found  it  every  day  more  dilHcult  lo 
sustain  life  by  stealing.  Where\'cr  tlie  savages  could 
catch  them  they  repaid  their  cruellies  in  kind, cutting 
olf  the  lindxs  with  sharp  stones,  or  pouiing  melted 
gold  down  their  throats,  crying  "  KatI  Kat  gold, 
Cliiistians!  take  your  till  of  gold  I"-^ 

(irowing  yet  bolder,  Pocorosa  collected  ;x  largo 
force  and  ca})tured  the  f*!rt,iive  Sjianiards  onlyesraj)- 
ing  to  Antigua."  Thus  within  six  mouths  after  esta!)- 
lishing  Santa  Cruz,  not  a  vestige  of  the  settlement 
remained. 


Antonio  Tello  dc  Guzman  was  sent  with  one  hun- 
died  men  to  continue  the  work  abandoned  by  Ayora. 
Departing  from  Antigua  early  in  Xovend)or,  If)  IT),  he 

"  Tliooiloro  do  liryand  Iii'ii/diii  give  grnpliio  I'ligravinga  of  tin:  riittiiiL;  Jind 
roastiii,'  ami  fatiiiii  of  Spaiiianls.  Sav-J  tlio  latter,  '  (j>iR'j.'li,  tiiu  iiijliaiiMiio 
villi,  f^iHtinlniciitc  il  ( 'aiiitaiii,  li'Lratcu'H  It'  iiiaiii  o  i  jiicdi,  grttali^'H  in  ti  ira, 
C'lLmaiH)  jure)  dcU'oro  in  lH>coa,  difiiidn,  iiiaiiuia.  inaii;.;i:i  did  C'ii-,li.iiii).'  J/'^t. 
yruro  ^/(,l/<lo,  V.K  Nor  li;iH  Las  ('a^;as  t'ailvd  to  iiii|'roV'  *lio  suliii'i.t,  as  may 
lie  .-iooii  ill  the  cuiioiia  illustrations  and  extreme  tleiniiKiatujiis  of  liis  l^ijiuucm 
iiiilhoriiiu  i/r  vu^tuloinii),  iS-"_''_  et  s»,<|. 

--  /lirrcra,  ii.  i.  ii.;  J'llir  Mftrti/r,  iii.  (i.  Oviodo,  iii.  4'),  nsscrts  i\\iVu  ran- 
ciaco  joined  I'ooorosa  in  the  attack  on  Santa  Cm/,  and  that  not  ii  .'inirlo 
Si'aiiiard  escajied.  Andagoya,  in  Xar.,  12,  .says  tiiat  all  were  Icilkd  save  one 
V'linan,  whom  I'ocorosa  kept  several  years  as  his  wife.  She  was  linally  kilhd 
through  jealousy  liy  an  Indiun  woman  who  reported  her  to  have  been  eaten 
liy  a  crocodile  while  bathin;^. 


■     ; 


i 


\k 

i, 

ii 

■'■' 

1 

1 

1 

40 1 


rF.DRAKI  \S  AT  DAPJEX. 


proceeded  to  the  province  of  Tiibaiuiniir''  and  found 
the  fortress,  in  conmiand  of  Captain  Meneses,  )«'- 
sie_u^cd  by  the  savages,  and  the  garrison  reduced  In 
the  last  extremity.  The  place  was  abandoned,  and 
!Meneses  marched  soutliward  witli  Guzman  into  tlu; 
])rovinces  of  Cliepo  and  Chepauri.  There  they  wei'i; 
met  by  several  caciques  combined  to  oppose  them; 
but  the  savages  were  persuaded  to  tliink  better  of  ir. 
Che})o  presented  his  visitors  with  a  large  amount  of 
gold  and  feasted  them.  AVhile  seated  at  dinner  :i 
young  caci(jue  I'ushed  in  greatly  excited  and  denounced 
the  host  as  a  usurjier,  who  h.ad  defrauded  him  of  his 
inheritance,  "]veinstate  me,"  he  urged,  "and  I  wiil 
give  you  twice  the  gold  Cliopo  has  given."  The 
argument  was  irresistible.  Clu^po  was  hanged;  seven 
of  his  principal  men  wt^re  given  to  the  <logs,  and  th.o 
adjuilicatoi's  received  gold  to  tlie  value  of  six  tliousand 
pesos.     Then  they  went  their  way. 

As  they  approached  the  seaboard  they  heard  a  ])laco 
much  spoken  of  which  the  natives  called  l\mam;i.  It. 
n.uist  be  that  gold  or  pearls  were  there,  the  Spaniards 
thought;  ibr  how  otherwise  could  any  j'lace  be  famous: 
On  reaching  it,  however,  they  were  disapjiointed  to 
ihid  only  a  collection  of  fishermen's  huts,  t!ie  \\<  rd 
■jiananni,  in  the  aboriginal  ^ongue,  signifying  "a  ])]a<o 
where  many  iish  are  taken."**  Ivcsting  here  witli  part 
<»f  his  company,  Tello  do  Guzman  despatched  Diego 
de  Albites  with  eighty  men  to  the  rich  province  of 
Chagre,  ten  leagues  distant;  and  this  captain  ])laiiies 

-■'Ovii'do  cmII  i  tlii>i  jilapi"  TMinao. 

■''riiis  \\!i:i  the  fito  of  iilil  IVii.uiiii.  Al)oriL.'in;\l!y  flsli  in  Inrzn  fpi.-iiititii'S 
woiv  (Irioil  tlKTo.  '  (i^iic  t'siiroviiiciiinilondi'  losiiyit'ssdii  lnu  no.MjUiunl.)  'i  ii  in  ii 
(Ii'lil  iiiiir,'  h;iys  Hcriciii,  ii.  ii.  x.,  '  y  iiU'los  (|u:iii<li)  )>viil'iiIo  (In  ticiiii.'  in 
l'it,cli(i.f,  ffi-i  /''il'iriiitcK,  iv.  .SSI),  isMrittcn,  '  It  iiii^lit  iiimc  luid  a  licttirswiti', 
iiiiil  iiiiiio  \v'ii)Ii\-;i)iiii>,  mid  to  tlio  jiiii'iK'so  for  till!  tiallicko  lit'  tlio  Soiilli  Si:i> 
Hot  goiiiji  vi'iy  f.irru  from  wlioiico  tlio  Citioiiow  utaiids.'  Sou .//«<;;  and  /.VA.", 
I'"//.,  i.!'!);  lit  iihlii'sCihinuiii.,  1(>S.">;  /Jm/i/,  in  Loindul  dfiii/.  iSor.,  Jinn:^  i.  ^ 'i; 
Fiiiitldii'H  J)i,<<t.,  i,  vli;};  (I'l'isini/il's  I'djiiniKi,  1 1 ;  I'",'/'  ;■')  /  'iiii:,  .\ii.  .'iu.'l  Mi, 
Aiiiluijotid'n  Xur.,  'l',\.  Aniliiuiioii.sly  ( ioiiiiirii  uritcs,  llisl.  /ml,,  'Sfl,  'l>i.'-tci 
j;oll'')  a,  raiK'iiiiaay  mas  dc  i'iiii|U('iita.  <|\ic'  di  seiiluio  (iasjiar  <le  Morales  (."ajiil.ni 
d(!  I'l'draiia.s  do  Auila.'  Si  ill  moiv  iiidcliiiito  i.-i  Jii'iizoiii,  J/isl.  M'jutli)  M ''"I'-u 
Si,  '(.Hic'sta  ^irouiiKia  ili  I'aiiaiiia  .solctia  is.si'io  liaiiilata  da  iiiolti  i(i)Kili  In- 
diaiii,  (•  ])ir  tiitti  ((Uii  niii  mi  v'oni  uboudaiiza  doio ;  ma  gli  Spagnuoli  liai^uo 
cuii.ii.im.ito  oirui  cusa,.' 


TELLO  DE  GUZMAN  AND  ALBITES. 


405 


'  and  found 
Lcncsc:-;,  bc- 
rcdiicc'd  i') 
idoncd,  and 
an  into  11  lo 

0  tlicy  wi-'i-i! 
)posG  them; 
better  of  if. 
i  amount  of 
it  dinner   a 

1  denounced 
liini  of  liis 

"and  I  will 
ven.  lln! 
iiged;  scvtii 
)i^s,  an<l  tl'.o 
;ix  thousand 

leard  a  ])l;ico 

\inani;i.     It 

o  S}ianiar(ls 

1)0  famous  r 

ipointed  <o 

;,  the  \\r,vA 

u<>'  "a  placo 

V.  with  jKU't 

■hed  ]Jii',U'> 

province  of 

lin  phniiis 


iPTo  f|nnntitiis 

iiiianil>)  'i  ii  111  'I 

n-  tinrii.'     Ill 

I  :\  lictti'l'Pt'iiti'. 

tin!  South  Sill, 

l,i<iiiiu\>\  I'H'.'i, 

i,i\,./(>iir.,  i.  >'-"i; 

.,  xii.:!(i:i  :!ii, 

irali  ^^  t'liiiiliiu 

ilti  1  niHiH  111- 
i;ii;UUuli  liai^iio 


lilniself,  an<l  we  permit  him  in  God's  name,  that  lie  did 
not  nnu'der  the  sleepy  sava_L«'es  when,  roused  at  dead 
oi'  night,  they  in'azed  with  stolid  astoinshment  on  their 
strang'o  visitors,  and  jtromptly  jiaid  twelve  hundred 
pesos  for  the  jti-ivile'^-e  to  be  left  alive.  Ac(|uirinL? 
so  nuieli  so  easily,  All)ltes  deeme(l  it  oidy  ju'ojx'r  lo 
demand  more,  and  handing'  another  lar^x;  sack  to  the 
(■;iri  [ue,  he  told  him  to  till  it  vv-ith  _l;-o1vI.  "I  can  lid 
youi'  sack  Vvith  stones  from  the  orook,"  was  the  reply, 
'•  l)ut  I  cannot  make  gold,  neii.lier  have  I  any  moro." 


y.wrn  lor  this  the  good  Albites  did  not  cast  him  to 
tiie  dogs,  but  too!;  his  de])arture  for  J^u-ora,"  where 
joined  by  (jiu/.nian  the  entii'e  company  returned  to 
Tulianani:!. 

Thus  I'ar  the  expedition  of  'i'ello  <1e  riuzman  h.id 
been  prosperous,  r.iid  more  im|)ortant  than  lie  liimsilf 
imagined,  for  his  was  the  tirst  visit  of  Spaniards  to 
tlie  site  of  the  al'terwards  renowntid  city  of  J*anania. 
Ui'nce  to  Antigua,  however,  the  march  was  distress- 
ing.    Lilted  by  his  success  at  Santa  i'vw::,  Pocoi'o^a 

''It  may  li.'  the  sanio  at  IVnicra;  from  the  autlioriticH  it  i^  iiuipo.isiljlo  with 
Certainty  tu  <loti.'i'uuiio. 


I 


I . 


m 


i  i 


ni 


:i'i 


406 


PEDilARIAS  AT  DARIEN. 


ajjpcai'nd  at  Tiibanamil  with  an  increased  force. 
Hoisting  as  banners  the  bloody  raiment  of  slaiii 
(."liri.stian  ,  tlie  savages  brandished  tlieir  gory  jxii- 
nons  on  every  hillside,  crying,  ''Behold  the  late  of 
the  accursed,  who  leave  their  homes  to  mar  the  peace 
of  iinolfending  nations."  All  along  down  the  mount- 
ain and  over  the  [turning  plain  of  i)arien  to  the  very 
tiueshold  of  Antigua,  the  Sjjaniards  fought  a  hidden 
foe,  who  never  oifered  })it(.'hed  battle,  but  so  har- 
assed them  that  ol'ttinies  they  were  on  the  point  df 
throwing  away  their  heavy  plates  of  gold,  and  lying 
down  to  die  from  thirst,  hunger,  and  exhaustion. 
Nevertlieless  they  arrived  at  Antigua  with  many 
slaves  and  much  treasure. 

All  this  tunc  Vasco  Nunez  was  left  in  the  back- 
ground; and  while  such  dastardly  doings  were  in 
order  it  was  as  well  for  every  honorable  man  to  reni;iin 
unoccu[)ied.  It  was  hard,  however,  to  ren:ain  idle; 
anil  in  an  evil  moment,  at  the  earnest  solicitalimis 
of  the  old  comrades  who  had  no  coniidence  in  iiiiy 
other  leader,  he  consented  to  take  part  in  anotlier 
expedition  to  Dabaiba,  in  search  of  the  gold  and  the 
golden  temple  there.  It  was  a  desperate  uiideiialdng, 
as  the  former  adventiu'e  had  proved,  but  the  colony 
was  an  Ixion's  wheel  that  ke[)t  the  government  e\ cr 
moving. 

When  two  hundred  men  were  ready,  and  the  qucs- 
tiou  of  leadership  arose,  J?edrarias  named  Lui.i  Car- 
rillo;  but  there  were  those  who  would  not  go  except 
under  A^asco  Nuhex.  Then  it  occurred  to  the  gi)\- 
ornor  to  divide  the  leadershij)  in  such  a  way  that 
if  tlie  exjiedition  ])i'oved  successi'ul  his  own  c;ip(;iiu 
should  have  the  credit,  and  if  a  j'ailure,  the  blaiiio 
should  fall  upon  his  enemy.  And  so  it  was  arriinged, 
to  the  inlinite  disgust  of  J)alboa,  who  plainly  saw  the 
governor's  ])ur[)ose,  and  would  have  di-clined  could 
he  have  done  so  without  ju'ejudice  to  his  iVien(h. 
Kmbarking  in  June,  lata,  and  ascending  the  Atralo 


EXPEDITION  UP  THE  ATRATO. 


407 


fill'  some  (listaiice,  tlio  exjtcditioii  was  suddenly  sur- 
iDiiiuk'd  1)}'  lujstde  cuiiocs  which  dai'tud  shimltaiio- 
(iiisly  iVoia  houcath  the  iuha-^a;  ovcrhau^iiiL;'  cither 
liaiik.  The  Si)aiiiards  were  taken  at  a  ilisadvaiitage; 
U)V  beside  attacking  them  with  woudm  lanci'S  the  sav- 
ages, who  wciv  more  ex[»irt  upon  the  water  than  the 
tSjianiards,  dixed  under  and  overturnt-d  their  canoes, 
to  the  destruction  of  one  hali'  the  ex|)i;(Htion.  Among 
the  lost  was  1  ^uis  Carrillo.  'J'he  oiu'  hundred  surx'ivors 
fiimd  their  way  back  to  Antigua  with  no  small  ditli- 
ciilly. 

One  might  think  that  this  v.'ouhl  be  enough  of 
tiK.'  g(jlden  temple  for  the  ])rescnt.  J>ut  not  so. 
These  men  were  not  Castilians  if  danger  and  defeat 
acted  otherwise  than  as  stinudants  to  ne'W  adventure. 
l'i;iih(^rmore,  like  the  honors  of  the  an-mi  which  are 
i!Mgnili(>d  by  the  diiilculties  (if  their  attainment,  the 
mysleri(jus  dominion  so  strJ)l)oi-nly  deieiided  nnist,  hold 
t'.i'eat  treasure,  ;uid  in  the  inllaiaed  minds  of  the  S])an- 
i. litis  the  s;ivage  jiantheon  of  J)abalb.a  had  i-isi  ii  into 
a  loi'ty  edilice  glittering  with  gold  and  gems,  and  situ- 
ated in  a  region  rich  and  beautil'ul  btyond  comparison. 
And  J  nan  de  Tabira,  the  iacior,  was  coniidi'iit  he  could 
caiiiure  it,  as  likewise  was  Juan  de  J>iriiest  lu-  inspector. 

and  with 


Tiiev  would  build  three  li''-ht  brigantine 


tl 


leso, 


tllKI 


and  a  small  licet  of  canoes,  and,  say  one  hundud 
-ixty  men,  bid  dehance  to  tlu;  demon  host  <»1"  J)a- 
I'.iii^a.  'J'his  tiny  did,  Taliira  conunanding.  'J'he  cost 
fell  heavy  on  the  factor,  l>ut  the  king's  chest  hel[>ed 
liiin  out,  if  .llerrera  s|)eaks  ti'uly. 

As  hitherto,  the  invaders  wert' attacked,  Itul"  the  sav- 
ages were  easilv  beaten  otf.     Not  so  the  goddess  ol'  the 


Cl'S, 


gulden  temj)le,  who  sent  such  a  llood  as  upi'ooted  tr 
oveiturned   the  I'actor's  vessel,  and  drowned   among 


>(heis   both  Tabira  and   Dii'U 


eS. 


J< 


rancix'o 


i 


i/.aii'o 


btingof  the  paity  was  asked  to  assume  connnaiid  and 
'eiitinue  u])  the  river,  but  he  declined,  .and  further 
ellui'ts  in  that  tlircctiou  were  abandoned."" 

-'■i'cUr  Miu'tyr  .Sj[)euli^  of  lour  ftttuiiipt.s  to  yaia  tl  o  golik'ii  tmiple.     Tho 


403 


PEDRARIAS  AT  DARTEN. 


! 


Humors  arriviiiL*-  from  Spuiu  of  tlie  rccof^nitioii 
by  tlio  India  Council  of  the  services  and  merits  of 
A'^asco  Xunoz,  IV'drarias  liastened  to  move  men  1o 
the  southern  seahoanl,  lest  he  slioidd  see  his  enemy 
])laced  ill  power  tht're.  For  this  mission  wt-re  cliosen 
the  governor's  cousin,  Gaspar  dc  ]Morales,  and  J'^raii- 
cisco  Pizarro,  to  Avhom  were  j^iven  sixty  men.'''  They 
were  told  to  cross  tho  mountains  hy  the  slioi-test 
route,  and,  takiiiLj  ])ossessi()n  of  the  l*earl  Islands 
found  and  named  l)y  N'asco  Xuhez,  to  Leather  the  IVuit 
thereof.  "J'he  ohject  of  the  Europeans  in  attackiii;^' 
the  islanders  was,  of  course,  to  extend  the  Ijoundaries 
of  their  enlii^diteiied,  just,  and  humane  eivili;:ation, 
and  hi-in^-  the  l)(ni'_;htetl  healhen  to  a  knowledge  d" 
the  ('hri;,tiau  reliL;ion.  True,  they  mij^'ht  5>a(h(  r  a 
little  u'old,  oi"  ])ick  \\\)  such  pearls  as  fell  in  their  Vvay, 
foi"  the  laborer  is  v.oitliy  of  his  hire. 

On  rea(;hinu;'  tlie  seashore.  Morales  f|nartered  lialf 
of  his  men,  under  Pc>nalosa,  on  a  caciijut'  named  Tuti- 
l)r;i,  and  tht.^  remainder  on  the  neiij;'h!>(jrin;^  chiel'laiii, 
Tunaca.  C'hia[K's  and  Tumaco,  still  loyal  lo  the 
S|)aniarvls,  joined  them  there.  ]']vei'y  recpiisite,  I'ood, 
boats,  and  men,  was  })rovi(Uul  by  the  sava;^es  with 
alacrity,  for  they  who  .should  despoil  their  ancient 
enemy  were  welcome. 

One  day,  ju^t  beibre  <lark,  ]\rorales  and  Pi;',ani> 
with  thirty  Spaniards  and  a  lar^'C  company  of  native > 
end)arke(l  in  a  lleet  of  canoes,  but  so  boisterous  was 
the  sea  that  they  were  unable  to  I'cach  the  island-; 
before  the  next  day.  J^andin^'  on  one  of  tlu>  smalK  r 
islands  and  meeting' but  sliL^lit  resistanee,  th(!  invaders 
passed  over  to  Jsla  liica,  as  it  was  called  by  A'asco 
Nuhe/.,  tlie  lai'L;"est  of  the  jj^roup,  wlii're  dwelt  lln' 
terrible  king,  who  made  tlie  caci(pies  t)f  the  maiulai:d 

tirst  nttniiicd  n  distaiu"!-  up  tin-  livor  (if  foity  K'.iL'iU's,  tlu!  k'i'dikI  of  iil'ty 
li:i;_;iU's,  1111(1  till!  tliiiil  of  ciiility  Iim^^iics.  Al;.uii  tiny  eio^iscil  the  i  ivcr  i.ii'l 
lUDi't'cilcil  liy  laliil,  'Imtoli!  \\oii(Uifiil  iiiiscliiiiicc,  the'  uiiiniiu  d  iiiul  li.ilvi  il 
|)(ii[iU!  always  o\'c4iaiiu"  tlie  aniit'il  iiml  aniioiviL'  .laco!).)  Alvarez  OmuIo.  :i 
trial'  of  tin:  [iriory  of  J)aiicii,  .spent  iimiiy  years  in  Kcaivli  of  the  pri>\iiKi'  of 
baliaiha. 

''  iiulbua  says  ciglity.   Carta,  in  J'aclu  co  unil  CurJciian,  (Jul.  Jhic. ,  ii.  ."iliil. 


A  VISIT  TO  THE  PEARL  ISLAXD3, 


409 


pofriiitioii 
iicriis  (if 
I  men  lo 
is  ciR'iiiy 
I'C  clioscii 
lul  J-'raii- 

'.'7        fP) 

.1  JU'V 

s]u)]-icst 

[  Islands 
tlio  jVuit 
ittackin;^^ 
)un(lai'":f.s 
■ili;;ali(in, 
I((1l;'(j  (»t' 
gatlici-  ii 
leir  V\ay, 

:'re<l  lialf 
loil  Tuli- 
['liic'l'taiii, 

U\  1(1(1' I, 
'S   \\\\\i 

l^izarri) 

nativ(v-i 

!)ns  was 

islands 

snia!!(  r 

ii\a'!('i's 

\'asco 

•I'll,    llic 

laiiilaiid 

11(1  of  lll'ty 
I  ivcr  Mi'l 

111(1    Ilillv<  ll 

Ojiorio.  a 

IIMVilH'.'  lit 

.,  ii.  r),')!). 


ti'iMnl.'lo,  nn:l  who  now,  notliini^  daunted,  came,  for- 
ward at  the  head  of  his  warriors  and  lou'^iit  the 
slrani^'ers  bravely.  And  notwlthstandinLj  Ca'-tiliaii 
mnipowder,  steel,  and  hloodhoiuuls  heajun^'  in  lifeless 
Masses  bei'ore  his  eyes  his  best  and  bravest,  the  stub- 
born kin,n'  i'oU!nht  on  as  if  he  kneu^  not  how  to  yield, 
j'inally  (  Iiiapesand  Tuniaco  spoke  to  him,  and  showed 
];)W  vain  resistance  was,  how  valuable  the  i'rieiid- 
sliii)  of  the  stran<>;ers.  Jjelievin"'  this,  the  island 
i.ionareh  submitted,  and  broUL,dit  the  Sjianiards  to 
the  spacious  jialace,  as  the  old  chroniclers  called  his 
house,  and  set  belbre  them  a,  basket  of  lar';e  and 
Instrcius  ])rarls  to  satisly  their  avai'icious  };oi;ls.  Jn 
I'cturn  the  kiuL,^  was  made  passin;jc  rich  by  a  present 
(if  a  few  cheap  hand-mirrors,  some  hawk-bells  and 
liatclii'ts,  and  I'xhibited  almost  as  ibolish  a  deliL,Hit 
over  his  trinkets  as  did  the  .ljUi'o])eans  over  theiis. 
'•Commend  me  to  the  friendshij)  of  these  ^ods,"  crit'd 
tlio  kin;.;-,  as  he  sou<_;ht  his  swarthy  other  self  behind 
llie  mirror,  and  jingled  the  hawk-bells,  so  nmch  moi'o 
Icaulirul  than  pearls,  and  ti'ied  the  keen  ed^-e  of  his 
hatchet  on  the  skull  of  a  skive  standino"  by.  I']m- 
bracino"  ^forales  he  led  him  to  a  tower  whicli  crowiu'd 
th(!  dwelling',  and  coimnanded  a  vii'W  of  the  isle- 
dotted  ocean  on  every  side.  "IJehold,"  he  said,  "'tho 
infinite  sea  (ixtendiuLT  beyond  the  sunbcamr-!;  iudiol  I 
these  islands  on  the  I'i^'ht  hand  and  on  the  iei'i.  .Ml 
are  mine;  all  abound  in  |)eails,  whereof  you  shall 
h 


:ive 


(iiy  as  desired  ii'  you  continue  my  Iricnd."' 
V  aI.;o  sjioke  of  the  nalions  of  tlie  di.sbud  mainhind 


1  by  t 


le  shi[)S  w  oich 


w  hose  nuL;Mily  power  was  evidenced 
lie  had  sometini(!S  seiMi. 

.Moi'alis  I'eadily  jiromisc^l  eb-rnal  friendship,  sti'pu- 
laliiiH'  only  that  one  hundred  marks  of  jtearls  should 
!)('  annually  i>aid  tlx^  kin^L*-  of  Castile,  and  to  thi.-! 
iissenlcd  tlie  kInL>'  of  Dites,'-"*  as  the  natives  called  Isla 
]'ica.      in  Older,  so  far  as  possible,  to  i-eiidcr  insin'- 

''  Ooiii.ira.  //:•/.  /ji</..Kl.  L:i\rs  the  i-il.iiiil  n\  (lie  cliicitiiiii  \it  ;;nnllic  r  niiiiu', 
'>  iliiiio  liiicii.i  iiiiiria  cnlii  y.sKi  ilu  Tciiuviiui  ii rowcalur  [k ila.i. '  Uvicdo,  iii.  Ilj, 
taliS  ihu  isluml  Toe, 


410 


PEDRARIAS  AT  PARIEX. 


i?K  4 


iiifiennt  the  acliiovcinciifcof  A'usco  Xune^c,  ^lorali'sljad 
])vvu  iiistrwctcd  to  take  ] jossessien  of  tlio  Soutli  St;i 
i'or  the  kiiii^of  Spain  in  ihe  name  ol'  Pedrarias.  'J'liis 
Avas  now  (lone.  The  name  ol'  Isla  tie  i''loi\'s  was  suh- 
slituted  for  that  of  Jsia  lliea,  and  the  liolv  riti;  of 
l)a[>tism  was  administered  to  the  kin^^,  who  received 
the-  name  Pedro  Ai'ias.'-' 

The  n'ood  foi'tune  of  ^lorales  now  forsook  him. 
On  nstui'ning  to  the  mainland  he  i'ound  tliat  the  coun- 
try was  in  aims,  owinuf  to  the  excesses  of  INuialosM, 
who  was  a  relative  of  Jsahel,  wife  of  IV'drarias.  'i'h>! 
villain  had  rei)aid  the  hospiiality  of  Tutihra  hy  ou(- 
rai^es  on  his  women,  and  the  ciru'ftains  had  in  cousc- 
quence  confedei-ated  for  the  ])rotection  of  their  honics. 
In  rcvenij^e  i'or  this  Morak^s  spread  lire  and  swor  I 
thronu'liout  that  re<;i(Mi.  On  one  occasion  eigliteeii 
caci(jues,  calkul  to  a  i'riendly  council,  W(!re  treacherously 
seizi'd  and  i^iven  to  the  dogs;  at  another  time  sevni 
hundred  sava^'es  are  sai  1  to  have  1)een  slain  within  nn 
hour.  ]jut  in  hurniuL;'  the  vilhcLi.'e  of  a  caci(jue  naiut-d 
]>irii,*'  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  <j;'ulf,  the  SptmianU 
were  repulsed,  and  in  atteiiiptini^  to  cross  the  moun- 
tains to  Darien  they  lost  their  way,  and  after  consid- 
erahle  wandering"  and  suffering  found  themselves  haik 
at  the  starting-] )oint.  Again  they  essayed  the  transit, 
a  handful  of  men  amidst  ini'iu'iated  hosts.  In  relaha- 
tion  for  night  attacks,  and  darts  showered  hy  d;iy 
from  clhls  and  thickets,  the  ICui'opeans  strtnved  their 
path  with  murdered  and  mutilated  captives  to  th<i 

'■''■'  Writin;^  tilt!  ]\'uv^,  Vasco  Xiiric/  tells  tho  talt!  soiiu'wlmt  (liU'crciitly.  '  N'> 
BiXHliT  luid  tlioy  arrivvil  at  Isla  Kicii,'  jio  Mays,  'than  ciitciiii'^'  a  village  tlicy 
captill-ril  all  tliu  Iiiiliaiis  tlicy  I'ouM.  'i'lu;  caeiiiuc  ]ir('|>ni't(l  tor  war,  Imt  ntin  4 
for  scvi  ral  il.iys,  during'  wiiii'li  (iiiio  tlio  Christians  liiinuil  lialf  tlie  liousi's  with 
all  tlio  )ii'ovi.-<ioiia.  At'teiwaiil  tho  i;K'ii|uo  pcaccalily  rrtiuii('<l  willi  liltccii  or 
sixti'iii  marks  of  |n'arls  and  four  tlionsaiKl  ju'sos  in  (.'old.  'i'li'ii  he  took  tlio 
Spaniaiils  to  tlio  placo  wlicro  llicy  obtained  tlio  pearls,  and  made  iiis  iieoplcj 
^Mtlier  tiiciii,  und  remain  at  )>eaoe.  Not«  itlistandiii'^  all  this  the  i'a|it.iin 
\\  ithotit  eonseienee  iravo  away  as  t  laves  nil  tho  men  and  all  the  women  wlioui 
lie  lirought  away  from  tho  Kioli  Island.'  'J'hc  statement  may  lie  t  dieii  witli 
iiUowanee  as  from  ,i  man  Hmartin;^  under  wron;;;  and  it  is  not  a  little  aiuusiii^' 
to  see  how  suddenly  tender  lieeoine.s  tiie  eonseienec!  of  the  ingeiuious  \'a-iei), 
who  never  wtolo  uiiy thing  from  tho  natives,  or  burned  their  hoiises,  or  mail'- 
them  sl.ives ! 

•'"  I'^rroneously  supposed  by  uoino  to  bo  tho  urigiu  of  tho  word  IVru. 


MISFORTUNES  OF  MORALES. 


411 


)ra]oslia(l 
loutli  Si 'a 
ias,     T\i\.<. 

was  sul»- 
ly  rito  of 

receive.  I 

ook  liiiM. 

the  (,'()U!i- 

J  V'ualosn, 

ias.      Tin; 

a  1>y  ()u(- 

ill  ceiise- 

•ir  li()lii(>;-;. 

11(1  swor.l 

eiii^litijeli 

c!ier<nis]y 

mo  seven 

within  .'111 

iiu!  iianicJ 

~ij)aiiiai'(U 

he  iiiouH- 

■r  eoiisid- 

Ives  haek 

e  transit, 

11  relali;i- 

hy  (lay 

ived  iheii" 

s   to   ilir. 

iTfiitly.  '  N') 
villiiiri!  till''/ 

K  lint  iitin  I 
lidiisi's  with 

|il!i  littccii  or 
lie  tiKik  tlio 

ll-   Ills  |>('ll]l|o 

itliii  c'liit.iia 

IciIIK'll  wllulll 

t  lUca  witli 
ftli!  illllllsill^' 
liiKlis  Vasci), 
Ics,  or  iiKi'l'- 


iinni1)or  of  one  hundred,  liopinc,'  to  intimidate  the 
(iHiny,  wlio  was  only  th(!  mole  maiMeiird  theichv. 
Thus,  midst  this  Moody  (Hsturljaiice,  wliirli  in  lerocity 
I'ar  exceeded  anything  of  ^\■hich  wild  heasts  i;r(!  ca- 
]  altle,  this  hand  of  Sj)aiiish  marauders  esca])iiiL(  their 
Just  deserts,  inaiiaui'ed  with  L;reat  tiibulaiion  to  ivadi 
tiieii'  setllemi'iit,  sli'l  clint^in:n'  to  the  1^)1(1  and  pearls.''' 
To  (Caspar  do  ^Morales  A  as('o  Xiuk.'/C  pJi.y^  the  same 


iicomiuins  as  to  the  other  cai)tains  of  J*edraria:- 


J 


JC 


it  known  to  y(jur  ^lajesty,"  he  writes,  "that  durini^ 
this  excursion  was  ])or[)etrated  tiie  greatest  cruelty 
e\er  heard  of  in  Arabian  <)r  Christian  country,  in  any 
gi'ueratiou.  And  tliis  it  is.  This  cai)tain  and  the  sur- 
\ivlng  Ciiristiaiis  whiK;  on  their  journey  took  nearly 


oiie 

c!i 


uiih'.ns 


d  Ind 


lans  o 


f  hotl 


I  sexes,  mo; 


.:tly 


women  aiH 


ildreii,  I'astoned  them  with  cluuns,  and  allerward 
o'.'dt'red  tliem  to  he  de('apitated  and  scal[)ed."  J  hit 
"hcing  cousin  uikI  servant  of  the  governor,"  adds 
()\iedo,  he  suilers  "neither  pain  nor  punishment." 

■■'  Some  of  t!ic  pearls  wcro  of  extriiordin.-iry  size  uii<l  beauty.     ( )ii( ,  iti  par- 


\i',  itlta'iiril  no  small  colo'.irity.     It  wai  ])(iir-sliapoil,  ouo  iucli  in  l«'ii,:,'tli 

Nuiaz  ilcsciihcs  it  lis  wci^liiiiL; 

iili- 


li.-nln 

niul  iiiiK!  line.!  ill  it.i  lar;.'i'.^t  diaiiutcr. 

'ti'U  toiiiiiii.'s' — :iluniiii  is  altuiit  onu  third  of  a  druilnii — '  \  iry  jKifi'i't,  \v 

out  a  scratfli  or  stain  and  of  a  very  ImlUv  tcilui'  iilid  liislro  and  luaki';  whirli 

ia  trillh,' artlessly  intiuiatiiig  what  wou'd  liu  iii.i  coiir.so  iiiidir  tho  circiiiii 

Ktaiu-c;:<,  '  i.i  a,  'u'.\w' 


l.-J.j;) 


ilarly 


1  will  \\orLhy  t)i  jii'u:  <ntali()ii  to  your  .M,i  jc^ty,  more;  ]ii 


13  comim,' Irom  tlir;;n  |iarLs 
(1 


Jt 


IS  put  u[)  at  aai'timi  ami  sold  tor 


(Unos  do  oro  to  a  iiicrcliaiit,  and  lliially  IcU  into  t!iu  liands  of  tlu;  ^n 
Oviodo,  iii.  4!l,  says  it  wtiighud  .'ll  uarats.     ,Siil).s(i|ni  ui  ly  it  Mas  p 


R'liUid  through  Uoiia  l.salxd  to  tiie  (|uccn,  and  was  va 


ducats 


(•(Iraiias  is 


iurll 


1" 
icr  cliar^cil  wi 


ilui'd 


Ih  (1 


-I' 


nil  at  4,()(K) 


nxTS  iiu-iicmca 


A  /■  /riiilrii/o  i'li-ifu Xi 


do  Jlii/liu'i.  (Jc'tol)'jr  I 


,  J',i.-/i. 


nois.  ( 'uiiii  till 

Ild  f  'di'il'  li(i<. 


/>n 


II.  .)■_'(),  am 


LV. 


in  i'tukei-ton'n  \ujj.,xiv,  llG-7. 


ll-',  (  ul.  (/('  \'iaij(ii,  iii.  o7."j ;  OfuUc,  UiM.  liil.  iJlidv, 


vru. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

DARIEX  EXPEDITIOXS  UNDER  rEDRARIAS. 

iril5-1517. 

G(i\ZAi,o  r>F.  T5ad.\,to7  Vir.iTs  Tin:  Sorrir  Si:a — What  ITi;  Si:i:s  at  X<iMni:R 
DK  Dios— lli.i  Dkalincs  with  Totonacca — Amj  wirit  I'atahaciii:- 
nrm — Aukivks  at  Naya — Tin;  Si'amakuh  Gatiikii  jiicii  (Jolu—  Tiikv 
Kncoi'ntku  Tin;  RKuoriiTAi'.LE  I'akis— A  Di.srr.iiATi:  I'KiiiT — Radajh/, 
L<wEs  ins  (!()i,i)  ANU  RLTfUNs  TO  l)Aun;.v — Rkdrauias  ti\  Tin-;  \V.\:;- 
TATii — JIu  Stuikks  Cknu  a  Dlow  of  Rkvkn'ge — AcLiV  rolNDKI)— 'i'lli; 
Govr.uxoii  RuTruNs  Ii.i,  to  Antkita — Expedition  of  fiAsi-AU  iii; 
Esi'iNosA  TO  Tin;  SorTii  Sea— 'I'm:  Licentiate'.s  Ass— Roiir.EKV  i.v 
Law— ]'2si'inosa's  Relation — A  Rloouv-iia.ndeu  I'kiest— Kspinosa  at 
KatA — He  Coi^uts  the  Acqi'aixtance  of  I'akis — Who  ICn.i.s  ti.i; 
Amiiassaiious — llriiTAHo  SriiVEvs  the  Soithi:iin'  Seaiioakh  to  ,\i- 
covA — I'ana.ma  FofNOEO — An  AiiuuidiNAL  Tautakis— Retpun  ov 
Esfinosa's  J]xi-;:i)Ition. 


While  tlioso  cx]icditions  were  directed  to  the  cnst 
side  of  PiinaiiKi  ]3ay,  other  captains  were  ecjiially 
active  on  the  west  side. 

Conzalo  de  Jjadajoz  cnd^arked  at  Antigua  for  11  in 
South  Sea  in  March,  151;"),  with  one  liundred  and 
thirty  nien.^  Ijandin^;"  at  Nonibi'e  de  J)ios,  whiMv  int 
white  man  had  touched  since  Xicuesa's  dcparturr, 
a  (iisnial  sjiectacle  was  there  prescntccL  The  di-- 
niauLxed  fort  stood  surrounded  liy  tenantless  dwell - 
inijfs,  whoso  walls  were  once  the  silent  witnesses  nf 
despair;  while  crosses,  heaps  of  stone,  and  dead  jiifu's 
scattered  bones,  seemed  to  tell  how  rl^slloss  wcrr 
these  adventurei's  even  in  their  last  restinj^.  T\\i'. 
most  impassive  of  all  that  callous  company  was  struck 
by  a  momentary  shudder  as  he  gaz-ed  on  these  ghastly 

'  IV'tcr  Martyr,  dec.  iii.  c.'iii.  x.,  says  ho  sot  out  lu  May  vitli  80  iiicii,  »iul 
vas  aftcnviird  juincil  \>y  Mciciulo  with  oO  uicu. 

(412) 


ADVKX'irnK.^  OF  r.ADAJOZ. 


413 


]iMf1(>iits  of  Ills  own  j)r(tl);il)l(>  fiifo;  iind  tli<\v  would 
ii;i\e  turned  back  on  the  spot  luul  not  their  leader 
liiii'i-iod  liiu  ships  awfiy  hcyond  tlicir  ivafli. 

The  versatiKs  adventurer  (juiclJy  recovers  liimsdf, 
liowiiver,  and  what  is  more  wonderl'ul  is  the  indiil'ci-- 
( lice  with  wliich  sauL^uinary  recitals  oiten  repcatc^d 
;  IV  soon  received.  The  homely  adau^e  tliat  I'amiliarity 
lirceds  contempt  is  nowhere  more  sti'ikinL;ly  true  than 
ill  our  own  intercourse  with  dani^'er,  j)ain,  and  deatli. 
1 1  is  not  altogether  a  ]lihernicism  to  say  that  men 
L^i't  used  to  these  things,  even  to  hanging.  And 
V,  hen  the  ort-re])oated  disasters  arc  distant,  and  only 
th(!  survivors  with  their  priz;es  are  present,  the  ter- 
]'ihle  tale  makes  still  less  impression.  That  colony 
til'ter  col(jny  in  the  New  World  occu})ation  shoidd  ho 
s\ve|)t  awav  or  divided  1)V  death,  and  divided  vet 
iigain,  ten  times,  or  twenty  times  cut  in  twain;  or 
tliat  expedition  after  expedition  should  return  to  An- 
tigua, leaving  half  or  two  thirds  oi'  its  munher  rotting 
on  the  heated  ])lain,  or  scattei'ed  in  the  mountains 
fill  nisliint''  Ibod  ibr  carrion-hirds,  and  yet  new  colo- 
iiisls  contiiuie  to  come  out,  and  new  expeditions  con- 
liiiue  to  be  organi/e(l  by  those  willing  to  take  the 
same  even  chances  of  never  returning,  shows  an  igno- 
ivmce,  or  indilference,  or  both,  to  which  fear  of  con- 
siMjuenccs  is  as  inaccessible  as  ever  was  the  feeling  of 
I'tve  to  Narcissus. 

The  mission  of  Badajoz  was  the  usual  one.  IIo 
was  to  cross  the  Isthmus  at  its  nari'owest  ])art,  take 
j)ossessi()n  of  the  country,  and  gather  in  its  treasures. 
We  all  know  what  this  imj)lied.  Were  any  lait  civ- 
ilized Christians  so  to  do  il  would  l)e  called  nnu'der, 
robbery,  treachery,  violation,  and  the  n^st. 

Totonagua  was  tlu;  iii-st  victim  on  tliis  occasion. 
Jiis  dominions  were  of  great  extent  and  thickly  j)eo- 
j'led,  the  village  where  he  resided  standing  on  the 
mountains  opposite  Nonibre  do  Dies.  Surj)riscd  by 
iii.iht  he  sui'rendered  gold  to  the  value  of  six  thou- 
sand [)esos.     Tataracherubi,  a  wealthy  cacique  on  tho 


4U 


DARIEN  EXrEDITIOXS  UXDER  PEDRARIAS. 


sniitliei-n  sido,  was  similarly  relieved  of  fijold  to  tlio 
value  of  eiu^ht  tlioiisaiul  pesos.  Seeinu^  tlio  S|)anian!.s 
so  dcei'ly  in  love  with  ^'old,  Tataracheruiii  told  tlieiii 
of  a  chief  naiiuxl  Nata,  some  distance  to  the  south- 
west, very  I'ich  and  with  lew  tightinijf  men.  Thiily 
men  luuler  Alonso  I'erez  da  la  llua  were  deemed 
am[)lo  for  tho  adventure,  but  after  a  niL;'ht's  march 
the  Sjianiards  found  themselves,  as  mornimx  hrokc, 
in  the  midst  of  a  cluster  of  villaij^es  belon^inij^  to  a 
numerc)us  and  warlike  People,  lletreat  was  imjio-;- 
sihle,  and  not  a  moment  was  to  be  lost.  ltushiii;j^ 
for  the  v>i'ii^fipiil  village  they  seized  tho  leadiuLT  ca- 
CKjue,  Nat;t,^  and  were  masters  of  the  situation.  For 
when  the  savai^es  pressed  them  hard  in  the  iis^ht  that 
ft)llowt3(l,  and  would  have  slain  them  all,  they  threat- 
ened Nat:l  with  instant  death  if  ho  did  not  cause  his 
men  to  lay  down  their  arms.  Natii  obeyed.  1^-cs- 
cntly  ])adMJ()z  joined  Perez,  and  the  chief  was  re- 
leased to  collect  for  his  captors  gold  in  value  to  iiitt'cii 
thousand  castellanos.  After  remaininc:  at  Nata  two 
months  tho  con(|Ucrors  surprised  the  village  of  I's- 
eoria,  ten  leagues  to  the  southward,  and  secured  goliP 
to  the  value  of  nine  thousand  pesos.  Westward  iVoin 
Kscoria  lived  Ijiru(}uetc*  and  a  blind  neighbor,  who 
were  relieved  of  six  thousand  pesos  worth  of  gold. 
In  the  vicinity  were  the  villages  of  Taracuri,  I'ana- 
nomc,  Tabor,  and  Chiri'i,  where  the  Spaniards  obtained 
another  considerable  quantity  of  gold. 

(lonzalo  do  Padajoz  was  gathering  a  rich  harvest. 
Thus  lar  his  accumulations  reached  eighty  thousand 
castellanos,  equivalent  to  more  than  half  a  million  of 

*Oii  Mcroa tor's  atlas  tliore  is  a  tn\ni  and  river  south-west  from  PaiiiimiV 
nniiK'd  \(tl(i.  lldixlii.is,  Dainpior,  .Jellerys,  and  Do  l^aet  give  \ula;  IVi'"!- 
liidischc  Sjin'ihcl,  Aafo;  K'n/icrf,  Xdladc  lu'<  <  'dhallcrua,  iind  thence  eastwiiiil, 
Ji.  A</i(((lilaiini,  an<l  opposite  this  river,  /  Vh'irn. 

■'  Seurly  all  the  gold  louhd  here  wa.s  wrought  into  plates  and  various  kinds 
of  uteuMili. 

'It  i.-i  groundless  speculation  on  the  jiart  of  Ilerrcra  to  fiml  in  this  wonl, 
a*?  many  do  in  otiiers,  the  origin  of  the  term  Peru.  'V  prosiguien<li>  mi 
descuhriniiento  hi'izia  el  Oeidente,  Uegaron  a  la  ticrra  del  Ca/.iijue  dieho  llini- 
quele,  do  (juicu  t>c  dizo  (juc  ha  deriuudu  el  uonibro  do  Piru.'  Hid.  Ind.,  ii. 
i.  xiv. 


TIIK  f  ACIQUK  PARIS. 


41.'> 


(Inlh 


.t<] 


IT  t!io  Jln'^;('Mr.  <l;iv 


t  «1; 


Tt 


Wiis  no 


t  a  (1 


jsii'.nvM^aMc 


\v;iy  oi'  inal;iii'4'  r.ioiicy.  It  wns  (H'.ilo  lioiioriiMf  stcal- 
ii!"'"  in  llio  eyes  of  the  pluiidcM-ti's  tlicmsclvcs,  altlioiiLrh 
tlu'  ,>;tin)i(l  sava'jfcs  never  eoiild  v^liollv  maki;  out  the 
I'lLiht  ot*  it.  In  addition  to  ijold  tlu-ro  were  tdwiivs 
jilcnty  of  women  for  slavery,  .'Hid  so  ilie  adventni-ers 
Vvlio  fortheso  henelitsliad  staked  tlieirliveswerel!;i|>j>y. 
J'^dated  l)y  their  suceesses,  the  coiujuerors  eontinut'd 
the  'j^iunl  work.  Not  far  from  Chiru  were  the  <loniin- 
iiins  of  a  eaeicpu^  callc.'d  hy  the  Spaniards  Pari/.ao  l*a- 
riha,  sul)se(|Uently  ahhreviated  inf(»  l*aris.°  Advised 
of  their  apiJioaeh  I'aris  lied  1o  tlie  mountains  with 
all  his  people  and  treasure.  Hadajo/  sent  a  message 
tlireatenin_!j^  to  put  the  do^'s  upon  his  traek  iiides.s 
he  returned.  Paris  retui-ned  word  that  he  was  ex- 
ceedingly oeru])ied   and    hoj)i>d    the   Sj)anish    captain 


M'oul  i  excuse  Jiis  cominL! 


llel 


)( >. .•! !•(>(  1  hiin,  lioweV(M' 


to  accejit  an  accom])anyin'L?  _<;ift  from  his  women,  and 
wished  him  a  prosj)eious  Journey  out  of  the  country, 
'flic  n'ift  so  carelessly  ])iesenti>d  was  carried  hy  four 
jirincipal  men  in  baskets  madt>  of  tlu;  withes  of  ])ahn- 
lea\es  and  lined  with  deerskins.  In  dimensions  they 
wvn)  ahout  one  and  a  half  hy  two  leet,  and  three 
inches  in  di'pth.      '^^I'he  contents  consisted  of  fahi'icated 


<j'o 


Id,  hreast-plates,  bracelets  and  I'ar-riuLjs,  valued,  a^ 
the  S[)aniartls  allirmed,  at  forty  or  lil'ty  thousand  cas- 
tcllanos. 

So  much  treasure  so  royally  jirescntcd  only  excited 
tlicir  cu])idity  tlu'  moi'o.  '^riiaid<in!^  the  sava^vs,  ]>a- 
(hijoz  retircil  with  his  men,  hut  as  soon  as  Paris 
ri'turned  to  tlu;  villa^'e,  he  sur|)!-ised  it  at  ni^ht  and 
ohlaiiied  as  nuich  moie  u'old  as  had  already  heen 
sent.  This  gi-eediness  resulted  in  their  ruin.  Paris 
sent  out  upon  the  road  one  of  his  princi[)al  men  who 

'  riuis  was  nil  Iiidiitn  prf)viiioc  nml  >;nll'  twelve'  Icm^ucs  from  Xati'i.    Ovinlo 


nntl 


lon/i's  lis  to  write 


'iiri'ti  or  I'liiilfi 


Tlio  I,- 


Mills   the  western   lioiinc 


I1M(K 


ein  wntiis  /  aritd,  and  the  I'li 


to    tl 
I  th 


ic!  ^riil 


if    !• 


v<j,t:  s(|iiare  peiimsiila  w 


lit   wli 


iiuinia,  is  .some 
ito  tl 


times  called   i)V 


liih  eiits  into  the  ]ieiiinsiila  (in 


ll'o  ili: 


\h 


'■ir'ilfi.     Sei-  lliimlioldt's  Al/ii"  t'l'  Xcii'  S/iiiiii.      Iviliii'o  uivis  f/.  (/.' /''/;•/'.<,  \'az 


inado,  ( 


,!,■  I\ 


rii  and  Ik.  iIc  /■ 


u  )  Well  as  tl 


lu  el 


tyr 


LI  ita, 


De  l.;iet,  Holhi  ili  I'lirlta, 


utli  of  which  is  luhratia,  and  north,  E.icui'ia. 


410 


DAUIEX  KXI'rniTTONS  rXDKI!  rHDIIAIMAS. 


p. 


m 


al; 


was  iiistmctod,  wIk-m  cajiturcil,  to  jtas-;  liinisi  IT  off  a>J 
Ix'loii'^iiiL,^  to  all  adjoiiiiiit;  villa<jc<',  tliirc  IcaLCiU's  (lis 
taut,  and  to  say  that  it  was  well  stodvcd  with  !l;<'|.|. 
111!  was  on  liis  way  to  tho  river  to  lisli,  hut  would 
show  llicin  his  town.  The  strateiLii'y  succct-dcd.  IJada- 
jox  sfiit  ;i  i)ortioii  (»!'  tlu!  iiuMi  uiidci*  his  t^uidancc  to 


bi'iiiLi'  ill  the  treasure.  ^Meanwliile  I'aris  liad  rai^  d 
an  army  of  four  tliousand  warriors,  and  the  invaders 
heinjjj  now  divided,  as  had  hei'ii  desi^'iied,  ho  liereely 
attacked  and  ahnost  exterminated  one  ))art  hef'oie 
the  other  could  join  it.     The  Spaniards  Ibught  until 


ATTACK  o\  ri:\r 


•«I7 


si'vciilv  of  llicir  iiuiiil)rr  wvm  slain,  \vlurfU])nii  (licv 
altaudoHi'd  t!u'  tri-asiirc,  cut,  their  way  Iliron^Ii  IIk; 
^:l\^l^•^!S,  Jilltl  lied  to  t  lie  territory  ot"  ( 'liaiiie."  Tlienet! 
tliiv  erossetl  i()  an  island  occupied  liy  'ral>or,  and 
it'ti  I'ward  to  Taho^-a  1 -land,  wlierc^  tliey  reinaini'd  I'oi' 
tliii'iy  <lays  rcci'uilinL;"  their  si  renntli  lor  the  desj)erate 
;:liein|)t  to  ri'ucli  J)ai'ien.  This  they  linally  aecen;- 
I  !i>Mi' I,  hut.  IVrt'Z  do  la  Una  '  ■  I  his  lil't^  iinnie<ha1ely 
I'M  returning"  to  the  nir.inland.  Since'  they  I'aihnl  to 
liiin;^'  honu!  tlie^'old  of  which  their  stories  were  lull, 
\vc  niav  each  ef  us  helieve  tlieni  accordiiri;  to  our  I'ailh. 


T!io  voar  lala  was  now  drawin<'  towai-d  its  close. 


II    h:iil    heen   clouded   with   more   th.iu 


OUl' 


disast 


er, 


aiK 


1  l*edrarias  was  anythiii!^  hut,  pleased.  Jlinisell'  a 
ti;4'!itin!^'  man  as  well  as  ci\il  ollicer,  he  delei-mined  to 
show  his  yonnu;'  captains  what  an  old  man  could  do  in 
ihe  lii'ld;  lor  whatevei'  his  general  character,  and  it 
letx^stahle  enou-'h,  I'edrarias  was  not.  a  cowai'd. 


was  ( 


Hi 


Mrs 


t  1)1' 


'W  was  to  he  dii'ected  against  the  ( "ein'i 


|'i';i[)le,  toward  whom  he  liad  not  I'elt  kindly  since 
l!ie  slaughter  of  tlu;  two  companies  under  Vallejo 
and  J]ecerra.  What  rij^ht  had  these  savn/j^es  to  kill 
Spaniards^     And    yet   winv    his   purpose.'    known    of 


caierinLf  within  ivui^'e  of  those  poisoned  arrows  he 
Would  have  lew  followers  to  the  wars.  An  expedi- 
tion of  three  hundred  men  was  therefore  orijfanized 
ostensibly  a^'ainst  J?ocorosa,  and  with  this  he  coasted 
wes'ward  until  after  ni^ht-fall,  when  he  ordered  tin; 
pilots  to  turn  back  and  make  for  Cenn,  whose  ti'istful 
!-!inre  the  next  morniu'n"  saw  them  clost;  a[)proachin'jf. 
Aiicliorinfg,  Jlurtado  was  st-nt  with  two  hundred  men 
1o  lire  the  villa^'e  and  do  what  killinuf  was  convenient, 
1  [e  nianai^ed  to  cut  in  pieces  a  few  wi)men  and  children 
a-;  they  escaped  the  ilames,  and  secure  some  ca])tives 
\'''V  slaves,  but  the  poisoned  arrows  soon  termiuat(;d 

Tov.  n  mill  province,  bcsitlc  liiiiiL;  tlio  iianic  of  tlin  first  prDiiiinciit  i>oiiit 


v.i-tof   1' 


lii.     CdIoujiiuI  llihi'ri)  liiivu  it,  pile  i'htu 


I  »>iuraili)  wiittM 


1!   t 


ic  siiiiii;  ouc'o,  ami  a;_'iuii,  j 


u:iil  utliur.s  al'Lor  him,  (  luiiiii',  with  Otoi/ue  caat  of  it. 
lllsr.  CiiN.  Am.,  Vol.  I.    '27 


(')iiiv;  CuUmi  f^ivi's  J' de  Cltaiiv;   iJi;  l^uiot, 


■lis 


DAPIIIX  EXPEDITIOXS  UXDER  PEDRAPvIAS. 


tlic  sport,  and  llic  expedition  turned  again  toward 
the  ]«rovince  of  Pocorowa. 

Tlie  i)ur})ose  of  the  governor  was  to  found  at  least 
two  po.sts  of  the  Hnc  ordained  \)y  the  king,  but 
which  his  cajitains  had  failed  to  establish.  J?edrarias 
resolved  that  the  termini  of  the  intended  line  on 
either  ocean  should  be  at  once  selected  and  towu- 
building  begun.  Coasting  westward  in  search  of  a 
site  he  came  to  a  pleasant  port,  northward  of  Careta, 
beyond  which  extended  a  dry  and  fertile  plain  witli 
timber  suitable  for  ship-building,  and  from  which  Kd 
a  now  well-kninvn  route  across  the  Isthmus.  'J'liu 
natives  called  the  place  Ada,'  that  is  to  say,  'Bones 
of  !Men.'  There  the  governor  began  to  build  a  M'oodcii 
fort  with  such  enthusiasm  as  not  oidy  to  direct  tlic 
laborers,  but  to  assist  them  with  his  hands,  until 
excess  of  zeal  brought  on  a  feve.-  "»^'hich  rendered  it 
necessary  for  him  to  be  carried  bedridden  to  Antigua. 
Gabriel  de  Ilojas  was  left  in  conunand  of  the  unlin- 
ished  enterpi'ise,  and  Gaspar  de  Espinosa  with  a  stout 
force  was  permitted  to  try  the  fortunes  of  war  on 
that  permanent  object  of  the  spoiler,  Pocorosa. 

It  seems  that  tlie  youthful  magistrate  on  hndiiig 
his  oflicial  duties  spiritless  without  the  mellow  growl 
and  inano  wit  of  pettifogger  or  pundit,  had  laid  aside 
the  long-robe  and  buckleti  on  the  sword,  this  being  in 
his  opinion  the  more  significant  emblem  in  the  arbitra- 


llllln'  ! 


'  '  Dondc  ilospuos  IVdrarias  pobl6  iin  pticblo  do  cristiaiios  que  so  dice  A^  li, 
y  jintcs  (juc  lidliii'sf  I'sta  liatnlla  ti'iiia  otro  noinhrc,  piin|Uo  Ada  cu  la  Icii^'iia 
do  ai|iu'lla  ticria  (jui'ii-  dci'ir  luicsiw  du  lioiiihics  u  Manillas  dv  IkhiiIphs.' 
Aii(li(iioi/(i,  Itiliirioii,  \\\  X(iri\rril(\  Col.  ilv  Vhiiji'n,  iii.  .'{11".  Seo  al^o  ^foV't  i/i; 
Aloiixo  ilr  la  J'lii  nil-  //  D'lcijit  Man/iK-.,  in  I'licluro  and  Cdrdnia^,  Col.  J>iii\,  ii. 
r).'j!S-40;  ]t(>l)i'rt  I'it/Hiiy,  in  /.niitlaii  l/nu/.  Sue,  Jmir.,  xxiii.  17'.',  j;i\isiis;i 
fair  R)H't'iiiirii  uf  liistorical  wiitiiii,'  hy  an  iiiti'llijjciit  gciilK'tium,  ulm  l;ii"\v> 
notIiiii,i;  of  what  lu'  i-<N;iyinj,' wlu'ii  Iw  dcscrilK's  '^Vtla,  or  A;_da,'  as  sittl'  '1  i  i 
1514,  fi  few  mill's  inland  from  tliat  jiort  oi'  hay  now  faniod  in  lii.-<toiy  .inl 
ronianc'o,  calli'il  liy  Patterson  Caledonian  Jlarboiir.'  Aela\\a.s  mi  the  eo,i-it, 
three  or  fonr  leagiu's  north  of  ( 'aledonian  l!ay,  as  m  i?  lind  in  J'/ircliu-^,  J/'(<  I'd- 
(]r'nni'.-<,  iv.  88l>,  'right  against  the  Hand  of  /V«(w,  \\  heri'of  a,t  this  jiresent  tluii) 
\B  no  nioro  niemory  than  that  therc^  was  the  death  of  that  famous  ( 'a])1,\iiM', 
whose  name  will  last  eternally,  tlii^  President  Jliiuro  Xiiinic.  of  llnliion.  aii'l  "f 
his  eonipany.'  Fernando  Colon,  I.VJ7.  ealls  the  town  acani;  Diego  de  Uil"  i", 
acra;  "*'uz  Dourado,  l.'iTl,  Minilrh  Alia.-!,  No.  x.,  axca,  laid  on  No.  \i.,  "•"'.' 
l)c  Laet,  Colom,  and  uther.j,  Acta, 


'4    ;   r 
(4  -rit  ; 


il  Ii 


IAS. 

ain  toward 

lud  at  least 
Iciiijj^,   lint 
Podraiias 
cd   line  oil 
and  tow  11- 
■fcai'ch  ot"  a 
[  of  Caret ;i, 
plain  M"illi 
11  which  Ird 
mills.     Tilt! 
say,  'l^oiii's 
Id  a  woodru 
)  direct  the 
lands,   nntil 
rendered  it 
to  AntiL;'n;i. 
f  the  uiiliu- 
witli  a  stt)iit 
of  war  oil 
lorosa. 
on  lindiii'j; 
llow  growl 
.  laid  asidi! 
is  brinn'  in 
he  arbitia- 


rjuo  so  (lico  Ai'l.'l, 
\clii  cii  hi  lciii.'iiii 
IS  di'  ii(iiMliri'.s.' 
I'li  also  <  'dii'i  'I''- 
«.-••,  (\,l.  J)<,r..  ii. 
17",),  jiivis  II-  A 
mil,  ^^llll  Um"W> 

H,'  MS  Slttl"!   'ill 

in  liistoiy  inul 
IS  on  till.'  rn:ist, 
■/ovA«.v,  lli<  I'd- 
lis  |in'M'iit  tlui'ii 
nuius  ( 'iiiil.iiiM', 

lliihiii'i.  iiii'l  "f 
)W'ff>  (li-  Itil'ini, 
11  No.  xi.,  "■(">■ 


THE  LICENTIATE'.S  ASS. 


410 


tion  of  Indian  affairs.  And  as  the  liis^host  wisdom  is 
that  wliicli  adapts  learning  to  the  duties  of  the  day, 
the  licentiate  would  not  be  bound  by  the  niechanical 
restrictions  which  governed- the  illiterate  cavaliers  in 
their  encounters  with  the  natives.  "J'lierc  arc  soino 
whom  travel  improves  but  little,  though  like  lEaddad 
Ijcii  Ahab,  they  should  climb  to  the  toji  of  the  woi-ld's 
wall  and  look  down  the  other  side.  Our  juvenile  judge 
was  not  one  of  these.  Bonum  est  J'lKjicnda  ((c/spiccrc 
In  (dleno  mala,  was  his  motto.  It  is  good  to  note  in 
the  misfortunes  of  others  what  we  should  avoid,  for 
so  Publius  Syrus  has  said.  He  would  go  to  the 
wars  as  a  warrior,  not  plodding  his  way  wearily  OA'er 
mountain  and  through  morass,  like  a  common  i'oot- 
soldier,  but  he  woukl  enter  the  domain  of  the  enemy 
mounted,  and  in  a  manner  becoming  a  general  and 
a  judge.  Athena  went  to  war  mounted  on  a  lion, 
Alexander  on  a  horse,  Espinosa  on — an  ass.  History 
gives  the  licentiate  this  honor,  and  as  an  honest  man 
1  camu)t  deny  it  him;  he  was  the  first  to  cross  the 
Isthmus  on  an  ass.  Some  horses  had  of  late  b(.>en 
brought  to  Antigua,  which  were  cnijiloved  to  a  very 
limited  extent  in  the  wars  of  Tierra  k'irnie  and  also 
on  the  present  occasion;  but  the  alcalde  mayor  )»re- 
ferrcHl  to  bestride  an  ass;  it  was  a  nioi'e  judicial  beast, 
not  say  .surer-footed  or  more  safe.  IMoreovcM',  it  was 
staid,  aiid  not  liable  to  rush  reckl(\'-sly  inio  battle. 
There  was  [mother  advane(\  Se\'eral  pieces  of  arl II- 
lerv  were  drau'Li'ed  across  tlu;  Jstlimus  in  this  exne- 
ililion. 

Vv'lien  thfi  savagc^^  iirst  beheld  tin*  coiKiueiing  b.ero 
hoi'iu'  triumphantly  tliroiigli  crowds  of  admiring  y\\vv- 
t;ilors,  they  fell  back  (luinrounde<l.  Tliey  knew  the 
roi'i'(>  of  Sj)anish  steel;  bloodhounds  they  knew,  and 
ai(|uebnses  vomiting  lire  and  hurling  tlmnderbc  lis. 
]]nt  what  was  this.^  Its  eyes  were  not  \\vv\\  nor  ils 
nostrils  distended,  nor  its  teeth  llesh-tearing.  Its  coun- 
tenance betokened  mildness,  and  niind-al)scnc(>,  mieh 
iis  attend  beiievol'iit  contemplation;  thei'c  was  in  it 


V  ! 


4*   f  i 


ii 

1 

t 

1  ■■  '• 

3     1     I 

i 

1  -^ 

1 

fill 

B 

ill 

420 


DAniEX  EXrEDITIOXS  UXI)ER  PEDRAIITAS. 


notliin^'  of  that  rofinod  lust  or  voracious  i)ioty  wliirli 
cliaract.L'rizod  the  faces  of  the  Spaniards.  And  surdy 
Apollo  was  in  crn)r  v/lien  lie  gave  Midas  sucli  eais 
l)ecauso  lie  could  not  appreciate  music.  For  listen  to 
its  notes.  Ah,  that  voice!  When  Sir  Balaam  liftcil 
up  liis  voice  the  savai>'es  fled  in  terror.  Trenihlinnly 
llioy  returned  and  eiKjuircd  for  wliat  the  creature  was 
asking.  The  Spaniards  rejilied  that  he  was  asking 
i'or  ixold;  and  during  the  campaign  liis  musical  beast 
l)rought  the  licentiate  more  gold  than  did  ever  Leoii- 
cico  earn  for  A'asco  Xunez.  And  throuLi^hout  that 
region  tlie  learned  licentiate  became  known  to  the 
natives  l>v  the  noble  animal  that  he  bestrode,  so 
much  so  that  those  who  entered  the  Sjxmiard's  camp 
to  sec  the  n'cneral  used  to  announce  their  oljject  bv 
braying  like  an  ass,  an  a])peal  to  which  the  chief 
oliicer  ever  obligingly  responded. 

As  alcalde  mayor  it  was  the  duty  of  Espinosa  at  all 
times  and  in  all  places  to  administer  the  law.  For  so 
(^od  and  the  king  Iiad  connnanded;  so  he  bad  sworn 
to  do.  Now  it  was  often  somewhat  inconveni(.>nt  to 
rob  and  murder  at  pleasure,  even  under  the  li!)eral 
provisions  of  tlie  king's  Ivcquirement,  according  io 
the  governor's  ideas  of  business.  Therefore  it  wa-^ 
deented  wise  and  prudent  to  issue  an  edict  iVoni  t!i'' 
imperial  city  of  Antigua  declaring  all  American-;  iu 
arms  against  the  Eui'opeans  to  be  outlaws,  dooniel 
to  slavery,  mutilation,  or  deatli.  Those  who  Invi 
taken  jiai't  in  the  destruction  of  Santa  Cruz  shoulil 
1)0  burned;  and  it  was  quite  remarkable  in  so  youn.;' 
a  jui'ist  how  quickly  he  determined,  no  matter  liow 
distant  the  evitlence,  whenever  the  destruction  of  a 
peo))le,  while  jiromoting  the  sovereignty  of  law,  wouM 
at  tlie  same  tinit^  yield  profit  to  the  lawgiver. 

The  judge  had  not  |)roceeded  I'ar  upon  his  urw 
circuit  before  he  met  JJadajoz,  who  was  retuniiii'^ 
dejecitedly  to  Antigua,  sulfering  I'rom  the  etfects  nt 
excessive  cupidity.     Informed  of  the  immense  treas- 


DEPOPULATION  OF  THE  PROVIN'CES. 


481 


ni'c  Uadjijdz  liud  failed  to  l^rini^  l)adc,  Espinosa  wroto 
IV'drarias  for  more  men  that  he  ininlit  j^'o  and  ^-atlier 
it.  ])adajoz  claimed  the  command  as  i\  ri^ht;  hut 
l\'di'arias  said,  "Xot  so;  ]*]sj)inos;i  is  alcalde  mayor; 
I'liitheruiore,  Captain  ]>adajoz  hrings  luick  neither 
slaves  nor  gold  whciewith  to  ])urchase  favor. "  ^^'ith 
tliis  the  licentiate  received  one  hundred  and  thirty 
aiKlitional  men  under  (Jei'onimo  Valenzuela.  So  givat 
was  becomin'j;  the  ahliori'ence  of  the  colonists  for  the.-e 
lia/.artlous  and  unli(Jy  adventures  that  this  ca]»tain, 
in  conformity  to  his  instructions,  scuttletl  his  shi])  on 
reaching  Ada,  in  order  to  deprive  the  men  of  the 
means  for  returning  to  Antiu'ua. 


Ciesar's  Commentaries  on  the  Gallic  wars  are  not 
more  minute  in  detail  than  the  narration**  of  incidents 
<Im'ing  this  expoditi(Mi  as  given  l)y  ]']s[)inosa  to  the 
g(.)vernor.  The  licentiate  was  exceedingly  careful  in 
every  instance,  tirst  of  all  to  propitiate  tlie  law  hy 
observing  its  smallest  letter,  sucii  as  reading  and  ex- 
pounding tlie  king's  lle([uirement,  and  nc'ver  to  roh 
or  l;ill  tlie  nali\"i's  rxcejjt  in  tlie  name  ol'  the  king  <!t 
Spain,  and  the  riglits  of  man.  1  lis  judicial  eons(  icii 
thus  (piietcd,  he  went  to  work  witli  a  will 


CO 


Tl 


le  ])rovmces 


)f  1 


Locoros 


;i  and   Conifi'-To  were  at 


this  time  almost  depopulated,  and  the  licentiate  covdd 
ilh  dilliculty  obtain   Ibod   Jbr   the   mm  (U 


exerc 


Ibr  his  arms.  On  the  a[)[)n)ach  of  llu;  Spaniards, 
the  ])oor  renmants  of  these  once  happy  nations  lied 
allVighted  to  their  hiding-places.  This  the  Irarnod 
licentiate  I'uled  I'pxo  J'lrc  a  declaration  of  hostilities; 

*•  l!i!  tr'nit  lirr/id  /or  (ii-<iinr  ili'  ]:'.'■>  liiio.^ri,  dlrtilJi'  iiiii'inr  dc  Ca^lilhi  ih'  (irii, 
(Inla  (l  J'iih'iiri(H  tin  Arihi,  hiijiir  /miiii'i'  [i  m  nil  ili;  n/i 
I'i'lii  /.» ipii'  /('  HIKC1V6  ell  i'l  nih'inlii  1/1(1'  Ili:. 


1 


IllHtll    tll'OI'illii'l-', 


('//'(.'!,  (/('  di'ili  II  ill'  /'ill 


J'lirliiro  mid  ( 'lii'ili 


Col.  //..■.,  ii.  -k; 


Till'  liociitiatc  In 


/•</ /'/'(•>■,  III 
'iiH  his  \rr- 


liiHi;  ii:irr;itivo  with  !i  lloniish  nl'  tiuiii|ii't.s  hcfdru  tho  kiiiL(  aii'l  <|Uui'm,  in  ii 
li'ir^'thy  sayiii;-!  "f  (^>iiiiiti!iaii,  and  an  aiml  lu'V,  saving'  tiiat  h  I'i  ho  .'uillicioiit 
11!  hiMv'mi  I  p:i\\'.  tlie  paiticiilars  of   his  laid.     'I'hc  dMiiiiu'iit  is  .' i^'in'd,  111 


tin 
I 


.i''i'n(iado  Iv-iiiiiiDsa  ;  ( icvuiiiiiu) 


\'al('ii/uchi ;   I'alili)  Mi'\ia  ;    I'c  Irn  dc  ( Jan 


]).irtiiliiiu  ■  lliu'tado,  (.■apitaii;  (i.'diiicl  ih'  IJoxas,  I'or  su  iiiaiiilado,  Martii 
N:iK'i'il(),  Tlio  I'lUtiirs  i.C  thi'  ciiUiM'tiiiii  in  wiiii'h  tiio  iiapiT  ii|)p.ai's  ciiiniilaii 
of  iti  uri'ors  in  ri^'anl  to  jilarcs,  wliirh  tht  y  havi'  cndfavofi'd  to  rcclit'y  wIkii 


tviL'  pu^.^iljlo.     Tlnj  tiulii  of  il.j  inciilfnl.-i  Ihcy  of  coiir.sc  cou 


Id  not  dispulu 


422 


DARIEX  EXPEDITIONS  UNDER  TEDRAPJAS. 


i      I 


mil  ! 


in  a  word,  if  tlie  law  could  not  bo  twisted  to  fit  llio 
occasion,  tlie  cliiof  sjfuardian  of  the  law,  liinisrlf  tiiiMud 
law-breaker  and  spoiler,  w;is  as  ready  to  throw  over- 
board the  law  as  was  the  most  lawless  cavaliei-. 
Whole  nations,  I  say,  were  declared  outlaws  by  tlio 
honorable  chief  juds^c,  because  they  would  not  conio 
for'ward  and  embrace  slavery  of  their  own  i'ree  will. 
If  any  fut^itives  were  jiarticularly  hard  to  catch,  tlint 
was  proof  of  })articii)ation  in  the  Santa  Cruzallair,  and 
tluy  were  burned  accordin<j^  to  law. 

The  caprice  of  the  law,  however,  does  not  exliil)it 
the  pretensit)ns  of  civilization  and  Christianity  in 
these  parts  in  their  j^rossest  absurdity.  In  the  oul- 
rai^'eous  raids  under  Pedrarias,  the  most  revoltiiiL,' 
crimes  were  committed  in  the  njune  of  relij^'ion.  The 
itching-  ])alm  of  Quevedo,  the  bishop,  has  been  more 
than  once  referred  to;  and  now  we  see  his  dean  actu- 
jdly  enter  the  iield  of  inliumanity  in  ])erson  against 


tht!   unhappy  natives. 


Tlie   licentiate   writ 


es ; 


W 


ju'oceeded  on  our  way  about  one  leaij^ue  and  a  half  to 


()( 


pi 


ina's  land,  whei'o  the  Indians  set  tin'  to  t 


K  ir 


huts  and  ran  away.  I  sent  the  dean  wilh  one  s(piad, 
and  Ojetla  V\ith  another,  and  they  brought  l)ack  some 
Jndians,  the  nu.mber  whereof  will  apjieai'  in  the  distri- 


bul 


ion. 


gave 


CI 


uarna  sonu;  o 


f  tl 


lese 


Ind 


laiis,  aiK 


that  over])aid  him  for  the  provisions  he  had  furnislicd 
us."  ITiilbrtunately  this  is  not  the  only  instance  \.e 
iwc  dt)omed  to  encounter  in  this  history,  of  a  juic-t 
disgracing  the  faith  by  ])lacing  himself  beside  blood- 
hounds and  l)lootlv-minde(l  men,  and  joinin'''  a  lui'st, 
ill  Christ's  name,  to  bring  innocent  men  and  womcu 
and  children  to  slavery  ami  death. 

After  sending  to  Santa  (^-uz  in  the  hope  of  findiag 


1 


)ro\isions  JVom  Antiiiua,  "we  went  to  tln'  m-ovin 


on 


it  ;;H 
l)')t!i 


of  Tamame,"  continues  Espinosa,  "whence   I 

the   caj)lains   to   explore    the    Ivio  (Jrandi 

banks,  as  i  had  been  informed  that  Pocorosa's  people 

wi-i'i'   there   JiidiuLi:.     Some   Indians   were   caiiulit,  as 


'  Probably  tlio  Rio  Clu'po,  or  Ujiyuiio. 


ESriXOSA  ON  THE  PACIFIC. 


Avill  a|))K>ar  in  the  distribution,  five  of  M'lioni  wore 
liurnt  to  ashos,  on  conlL'ssinij^  tlu'ir  partit'i|)ation  in 
llu!  niurdors  of  Santa  Cruz."'  Jndccil,  "i  used  to 
send  men  after  the  Indians,  and  jus(i<-e  was  done 
u|)on  all  those  who  had  jiarticipati'il  in  the  Santa 
Ci'u/  outrage,  either  by  lian^-inL;-  or  burninn',  and  two 
were  shot  oil'  iVoni  the  canut^n's  mouth  the  nun'e  to 
IViuht'.Mi  them." 

Crossinii:  the  eordillei'a  by  way  of  Tubanama  and 
ChejM)  to  l*anama,  where  he  hoj)ed  to  obtain  ibod, 
l)iit  Ibund  oidy  some  huts  aiul  one  woman,  J']spinosa 
passed  on  to  C'hiru,  sendini;'  out  his  captains  in  every 
(liivetion  for  ])lunder.  \t  C'hanie  the  Sjianiards  Ibund 
only  four  hRlians;  and  as  the  chief  had  I'urnished  corn 
to  Uadajoz,  they  did  not  molest  him.  1'he  caciijue 
tif  ( 'liiru  was  ca})tured  with  his  women  and  ,t;old,  l)y 
llui'lailo,  l)ut  apj)earinj^  peaceable  he  was  liberated, 
;uid  made  the  custodian  of  sonu;  slaves,  and  ornanuMits 
f:ir  thi!  mass,  f  )r  a  chui'ch  was  to  be  <)i'L;'anized  on  the 
;^h(;i-es<)f  l\icilic.  ("hiru  sent  lOspinosa,  i^^uanas  to  eat, 
;iii(!  chivlid,  lish,  deer,  and  salt,  and  was  given  some 
liaimnocks  in  return. 

Al'ler  this  the  Spaniards  charg(>d  on  Xata  on(>  night, 
stM'uring  one  hundred  captives,  and  gold  to  the  \ahie 
(if  lil'tcen  hundred  castellanos.  The  caci((ue  esca])ed, 
iiiid  rallying  his  warriors  prepari'd  to  attack  the  Span- 
i;ii(ls;  but  when  the  natives  saw  the  horses  tlu!_y  lied 
ill  terror,  fearing  that  tliey  would  be  torn  in  ])i(>ces  by 
tlinu.  As  it  was,  the  horsemen  i)ursue(l  the  fugitives 
and  liewed  them  down  in  grt-at  numbers.  Ms|)inosa 
iiiaivelled  at  the  multitudes  of  people  lu;  here  v\\- 
itiuntered,  and  at  tlu;  number  of  their  villages.  Jle 
fniuid  also  an  abundance  of  mai/e,  fish,  and  deer,  and 
and  turkevs.     l''our  months'  supply  <>f 


\\\ 


ere  W(>re  u'eese 


iKi'ii  was  at  once  secured  Ibr  the  army;  and  Ibr  better 
]ant('ction  during  thi;  sojourn  palisades  wei'e  ereeted. 
One  morning  while  the  licentiatti  was  r(>i)osing  in 
liis  lodge,  Nat;i  with  oni;  atti>ndant  I'ushed  uneere- 
iiituiiously  into  his  [tresenee,  des[)eration  de[)icted   in 


I 

* 

I; 

iiij 

si 


m 


DARIEX  EXrEDITIOXS  UNDER  PEDRAEIAS. 


tlicir  coiiiitciianccs,  and  with  empty  (juivrrs  in  ilnir 
luintls.  "You  arc  too  stronix  for  mu,"  cried  tlu-  cliic'r. 
"  You  have  taken  my  warriors,  my  wives,  ni}"  children; 
do  with  me  as  you  please."  Espinosa  received  liim 
kindly,  returned  Iiim  his  wives  and  children,  and  tt)M 
him  to  bring  his  people  I'roni  their  hi(]ing--j)laces  and 
I'ear  notliini*-.  The  gold  which  had  been  taken  from 
I>adajoz  was  then  demanded  of  him,  but  Nata  denied 
liaving  any  of  it,  saying  that  Paris  had  ke])t  it  all. 
Jx'ing  well  established  here  the  Spaniards  proceeded 
against  the  neigliboring  })rovinces.  The  people  lied, 
but  were  compelled  by  hunger  to  return.  Among  tlu! 
captives  taken  some  were  em[)loyed  in  planting,  an.l 
if  any  became  unruly  tiiey  were  hanged.  Others  as- 
sisted in  Iniilding  a  little  chapel,  for  the  zealous  dean 
had  now  sheathed  his  bloody  sword  to  jireacli  through 
an  inter})reter  the  glad  tidings  of  good-will  to  man, 
and  many  were  baptized. 

]\[eanw]iilo  a  deputation  composed  of  the  natives 
of  Xat:i  was  sent  to  the  cacique  Pai'is,  demanding  his 
allegiance  to  the  king  of  S})ain.,  and  the  restoration 
of  the  gold  taken  from  Badajoz.  Z'aris  replied  by 
hanging  all  the  and)assadors,  save  two,  ly  whom  ho 
sent  bade  word  that  every  Christian  caught  within 
jiis  territories  would  be  tnxited  in  like  manner.  The 
licentiate  prej^ared  inunediately  to  march  against  the 
redoubtable  chieftain. 

On  the  'JDtli  of  dul}',  15 IG,  every  memher  of  the 
army  was  confessed  l)y  the  priest.  Vows  were  made 
to  Oiu'  J^ady  of  Antigua,  "and  in  the  name  of  (h)d."' 
says  the  licentiat(>,  "we  began  our  journey."  llurtado 
liad  been  sent  with  tifty  nuMi  to  h^scoria,  and  the  rulei' 
of  that  ])ro\ince  together  with  Ohiru  and  Xat;i  was 
forced  to  accom]>any  the  expedition  against  J.*ari>."' 

'"  The  Iii.'oiiti:iti;'s  iiiii'i'ittivo  Iicroliocoinosascmifu'^i'il  jim  liisspusoof  ju-tic. 
Tlio  iiMinos  (if  towns,  ](ii)viii('i'.i,  ami  ohicfs  ai'(!  now  liroULilit  t(\ii;otli(  rani  I'lni 
m'a.tcrcd  as  if  tlnn^;  at  ramloni  from  tin.'  liaml,  niakin.;  it,  in  no  wiso  ililliniit 
to  inia^ino  ritlu'r  tuiit  the  licontiuti'  ni'vi  r  ni:iil<i  tin'  journoy,  or  that  lio  liil 
not  write  the  relation.  'I'here  i^i  iiodouht,  however,  on  either  of  the.'.e  iioiiii-. 
'J'heie  i-i  thi.-t  to  .siv;  lap;,nia;,'e  was  not  then  wiiat  it  i.i  now,  aiiil  tiiort'  wi  ;o 
lueu  who  knew  how  best  to  use  it  even  in  those  days. 


VALEXZUI^LA  JOINS  ESPIXOSA. 


4St 


Tlio  iiiluil)lt;iiits  melted  before  the  invaders,  ;ind  it 
was  Avith  difficulty  tliat  men  coidd  be  captured  for 
guides.  The  Spaniards  lia.d  not  advanced  far  before 
tliey  learned  that  a  council  had  been  lield  by  the  chiefs 
confederated  for  S(df-[trotection,  to  determine  whether 
tlio  gold  taken  from  JJadajoz  slnnild  be  returned. 
Some  were  in  favor  of  restorintx  it;  but  others  objected 
lliat,  this  being  given  up,  as  much  more  would  be  de- 
manded, and  since  light  they  must  in  either  case,  it 
was  agreed  to  do  so  before  surrendering  the  treasure. 
It  so  hapjiened  that  Diego  Albites  with  eighty  men 
was  marching  in  advance,  and  comiirj:  to  a  rivulet 
he  espied  some  Intlians  hidden  under  the  banl:  and 
luidertook  to  capture  them.  Instantly  the  country 
v/as  alive  with  savau'es;  Albites  found  himself  sur- 
rounded  by  four  tliousand  of  the  enemy,  wholly  cut 
oif  from  the  main  body.  The  Sinmiards  fouglit  des- 
iirratelv  for  six  hours,  and  would  have  been  destroved 
juul  not  lilspinosa  ajipeared  and  let  loose  u]>on  tlie 
assailants  the  bloodhounds  and  the  horsemen.  Twenty 
caciques  and  a  host  of  warriors  were  slain,  and  many 
ol"  tlie  Spaniards  were  badly  wounded.  "That  night 
v^e  slept  u[)on  the  battle-liekl,"  says  I'lspinosa,  "and 
y\o\t  day  I  tlircw'  up  a  jirotection  of  jipJisades  and  sent 
out  in  scarcli  of  the  cacique  Paris."  The  cunning 
chief  had  burned  his  village  and  lied,  thus  leaving  the 
iiiNaders  neither  gold  nor  ])r()visions.  .Vlbites  went 
out  to  ibrage,  with  instructions  to  fu'e  a  cannon  in 
(\ise  of  danger.  Nine  times  that  night  the  lIciMitiate 
heard  the  I'l'port  of  a  gun,  and  was  not  a  little  alarnu' I 
for  the  safety  of  the  captain,  (ireat  was  his  jov, 
therefore,  when  early  in  tlu!  morning  \'a!en/.uela 
a]ipeared  with  reiidbreeinent  of  one  liundi-ed  men 
iVdiu  Antigua  and  iidbrnied  the  licentiate  that  it  was 
he  who  had  fu'ed  the  guns  while  in  search  of  the 
ciiuunandtjr's  camp. 

Tlspinosa  having  now  three  Inmdred  men  felt  hini- 
s^'ll'  strong  enougli  to  prosecute  discovery  according 


!       t 


111 


-,  S| 


i 


420 


DARIEN  EXPEDITIONS  UNDER  PEDRARIAS. 


to  the  full  tenor  of  his  histructions,  wliieh  were  to 
explore  the  coast  westward  as  I'ar  as  ])raetieabk'. 
As  a  first  step  he  sent  a  detachment  of  eighty  men 
under  A^alenzuela  into  the  province  of  Cuarari,  near 
the  seashore,  in  search  of  tn^es  for  canoes.  !Mean- 
whilo  the  treasure  lost  hy  Badajoz  must  if  ])Ossil)le  be 
found  before  abandt)ning  these  parts.  Companies  were 
sent  out  in  various  directions  under  Albites,  llurtado, 
and  Pedro  de  Gamez,  between  whom  arose  no  small 
rivalry  for  securing  the  honor  of  thfc  capture.  Their 
jmrposj  was  to  seize  the  caciques  and  wring  from 
them  tlie  secret  by  torture.  At  length  Gamez  Came 
upon  the  scent,  and  followed  it  into  the  province  of 
Quema.  lie  was  even  so  fortunate  as  to  ea]>ture  tlu! 
chief,  but  for  want  of  an  interjireter  nothing  delinito 
could  be  learned,  lie  nevertheless  reported  favorably 
to  Espinosa,  who  ordered  Albites  and  llurtado  to  go 
to  his  assistance.  Under  the  gentle  persuasion  of  tlie 
rack  Cinema  disclosed  the  })laee  where  part  of  tlu; 
gold,  some  thirty  thousand  castellanos,  was  hiddrii. 
but  denied  any  knowledge  of  the  remainder.  AVith 
this  gold  and  other  })lunder,  the  three  captains  rejoimd 
their  connnander,  who  had  passed  on  to  Guarari. 

Two  canoes  being  completed,  each  capable  of  carry- 
ing seventy  men,  and  three  smaller  ones  having  been 
brought  by  Pablo  ^lejia  from  ( 'liiri'i,  thcsy  were  placeil 
in  charge  of  Partolome  llurtado,  who  with  ei-'hty  •'!• 
ninety  men  coasted  south  and  westward,  while  Espi- 
nosa with  the  remainder  of  the  comjiany  followed  l)y 
land.  The  rain  fell  in  torrents,  and  tlie  wt)rthy  licen- 
tiate was  soon  tired  of  wading  through  the  thick 
mud;  and  so,  after  four  days'  march  to  a  small  port 
called  Jluera,^'  in  the  province  of  Vera,  a  council  wis 
held  M-hich  arranged  that  llurtado  should  continue 
the  survjy  with  one  hundred  men,  in  boats,  while  tlie 
land  l>arty  should  return  to  Quema  and  search  Ibr  tlio 
remainder  of  the  Ijadajoz  treasure. 

The  lirst  province  at  which  llurtado  landed  w;is 

"  Named  by  Ivspiuosa,  Puerto  ilu  las  Agujas. 


J  i ' 


SOUTH  SEA  EXPLORATIONS. 


427 


cilli'fl  Guanata,  wliciict^  tlio  iiilialtltants  liad  fled,  and 
wlii'i'e  hy  reason  of  continuous  rains  the  Sj)aniard.s 
iisU'd  si'vcn  (lays.  Socuimu'h'  nuidos  tlioy  llicn  |)asse(l 
oil  to  an  island,  calli-d  hy  the  natives  Cauljaeo,  or 
(  ehaeo/"  throe  days  distant,      llurtudo  was  ac.juiring 


cxpeiienoc,  and  found  it  hetter  io  ireat  tin -^i^  \vil;l 
|!i'i!|)|(«  o(>iilly.  This  ])()li('y  succeeded,  and,  althou^'h 
liis  l;iiidin<4"  was  at  iirst  opjiosed,  he  and  ilie  i.^^laiKh-r.s 
>-i»\\\  liei-anie  the  hest  ol"  friends.  Tiieir  ruler  was 
iiliseiit  on  4he  mainland,  h^'htinL'';  and  when  lie 
ivlurned  his  .;nl)jects  inti'oduced  the  strangers  with 
Midi  warmth  that  he  at^  once  exlend(Ml  his  j^ood-will, 
i;iviii<4'  llui'tado  a  i^'olden  armor  valued  at  one  (liou- 
.-■iiid  casit'llaiios.  Indeed,  he  prox'ed  most  ali'alile  ;uid 
necenunodatinn',  williuL;'  to  acknowled'4(?  the  kin;^  of 

>o  un 
Ai 


accept  Christianity,  or  any  thiuL;'  they  de-^ired 
leh  so  that  tlu^  Spaniai'ds  called    him   ('aci(|Ut. 


•(». 


A 


n   exiJiMlilion   was   or'>';uii/.e(|    a'';iiii 


;t   th 


iiili.iltitants  of  a  neii;hl)oriii'4'  island,  named  hy  the 
Sp.miards  Jsla,  de  N'ai'oiies,  in  which  Ihey  were  joined 
l*e<|ueari,  brother  of  ('ehaco,   with    nine   canoes. 


i>v 
'ill. 


IS 


land 


ers    were    found    ('utreia 


ne( 


1 


111 


loiire; 


sui'rouni 


led    1 


)V  a  ( 


lit 


<-ii, 


nul 


so    ( 


1 
liilicult   t 


Oif 


o 


caiTV  that  the  assailants  wer(i  repeatedly  tlir(»v.n  hack 

■  ( 'ill  I  III  mill  liilici'd  In  it  1 1  \viit("  //"  (Ir  ('<  hiicii :  McrcatcH'  ]i!:n'(s;i  tnwii  on  tli<! 


Iliiiililaiiil  (iiin-isito,  Si'hi 


Otrilliv,  /.(AN.  Ma, 


ncl.:u!.  /  h^'hl  y.rh, 


L'ul: 


oni  iuul.k'iioi 


ry.s,  Zdn 


Kic'pcrt,  1.  i'cbaco.  jiml  iiuar  it  1.  ilil  iiubfnuuhr. 


iS» 


DARIEX  EXPEPITIOXS  UNDER  PEDRAniAS. 


niid  must  liavc  failed  hut  for  tlioir  artillery.  Seven 
leuLjues  to  the  westward  was  an  island  called  Calto," 
where  the  Spaiiiai'ds  found  a  liUle  ^'old.  Thence 
the^'  ke[)t  alon;jf  the  mainland,  hut  the  inhahitants 
were  so  liorcc  they  dared  not  land.  Some  l.>oatnic;i 
told  them,  however,  that  through  the  lands  ot"  the 
ndjoinin<4"  ])rovinces,  Torra  and  "J'ahrah'a,  the  distance 
to  the  North  Sea  was  hut  three  days'  journey.  Ai;  1 
here  they  met  with  rumors  of  a  rich  and  i>o\veii"r,l 
nation  to  tlie  westward,  with  double  faces  and  rounded 
feet — an  allusion  prohahly  to  the  table-land  civilizal  ion. 
^J'hcre  are  people  with  the  former  characteristic  vwa 
to-day,  and  among  our  su}>crior  European  culture. 

llurtado  explored  the  coast  as  far  as  the  guli'  of 
Nicoya,^'  about  one  hundred  and  forty  leagues  from 
Nata.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  Golfo  Dulce,'^  tlie  ))e()- 
ple  were  called  Chiuchires.  The  beauty  and  fruit  ful- 
ness of  the  countiy  ])roved  a  c(mstant  temptation  to 
tlie  Spaniards  to  land  and  dispute  possession  with  i!ie 
owners,  who  apj)eared  ak)ng  the  shore  with  drum  and 
trun)i)et  to  frighten  the  visitation.  But  such  was  not 
Hurt  ado's  pur[)ose,  nor  his  ability;  from  Nicoya  lie 
returned  to  join  Esplnosa. 


After  duo  delil)eration  it  was  determined  at  An- 
tigua that  the  lishing  station  of  Pananul^"  should  Ix; 

'■'If  Ci>il);i\\\isi)io:iiit  \vc  liml  cnniioctcil  the  ancient  luuneof  Onln^,  i/i  i/nOi'i, 
y  <li'  iinhh-i,  cio.  'J'luii  tlu!  iianu'  cliiiniirM,  iiiiil  We  1kiv('  liy  Va/,  Ihmiailo  /.'.  '.V 
</iH>i'i'iiii(i':  Mcrcatdi',  (Jiiicurc;  Daiiiiiiir,  K'  ;ii(j'  (Jiiirura  ov  (Jiiiho;  J.cleLait 
j.avus,  ('ofiiii/i,  (^'//'Vcov),  auil  L'l  Miridioxii ;  (.'uluni,  Coi/lxi,  (Jiiirari\nuA  l.iriin- 
hio<ii :  JcH'erys,  ( 'dv'"',  (Juiara,  aii4  (niposito  ( 'oiba,  I'l.  Uinnvo,  ami  west  (.'<)<•<), 
ami  llihiila.     llenerji  calls  the  islaiul  '  'uIji(i/i)-<. 

"Not  tio  calleil  at  tlie  time,  Imwevei'.  Aeeor(lin'_j  to  TTei-rcra  tlie  nalivo 
iiamcwai  ("liii'a.  The  f,'nlfwaslii-itknii\vu  to  civili/ationaMSanLueai'.  andSau 
Lazaro;  before  this,  even,  wo  have  liy  Colnn,  (•'.  do  S.  I'iaiii/c.  Va/.  J>()nr::  In 
gives  .S'f(o ////(■«;•,•  Mereatov,  in  \'>~i,  jilaeesin  the  interinrtho  town  A'jVoJ'/.aa'i 
on  tlu!  i-astern  Hh(jroof  the  jjulf  tlui  town  J'riri.  (),L';illiy  j;ive.s  cm  ihe  (I'o'j') '''''■ 
Sd/'nias,  as  \\ellas  on  the  land,  jierhaiis  town  and  inovince,  Xifniid,  andji  litlle 
to  the  west,  Puro.  ]),iin))iei'  gives  (.'.  I'J' Xiroi/d,  and  tlu;  town  of  vicni/a.  I'e 
I^iet  locates  the  town  of  \ir<iii(t,  east  of  which  is  Pun).  U'cft-/ii(/if<c/i<'  Sjiicjhl, 
(i.  (I'oat.;  and  Jellirys,  Ximrd,  and  near  it  emptying'  into  the  gulf,  JL  Uiyiui.id, 
J'.  T((iii!ii.-<i'o,  A'.  (/('  ( 'oy/arird.  It.  tie  /(w  ( '<iidt.<,  and  A'.  So/djio. 

''failed  t'lo  hay  of  Osd  liy  llcrreva;  lidhi  (/.'  ix/iia  liy  Vaz  Donrado;  .1/  • 
virli  Al!d:<,  no.  xi.,  />:.  (IxK/iid.-  Do  Eaet,  Uv^j'odv Salina-^;  and  by  ]Janipier,  aud 
Jell'erys,  (!.  J>iilrc,  and  </«//'.   l)idci'. 

'''\\'it!i  singular  lidelity  to  itsorigiual,  this  uanio  has  retained  its  proper 


COLD  HUNTING. 


429 


{]\o  site  of  tlio  cliicf  ciiy,  the  tonninni  post  of  tlio 
transcoiitiiK'iital  liiKj  on  the  slioiv  of  the  Soutli  Sea. 
And  after  the  return  of  ILurtado,  wliieh  was  early  in 
1  Jl7,  Ivspinosa  jiroeeeded,  under  present  instructions 
from  Pedrarias,  to  place  an  estahlishnient  there.  Its 
lii'st  connnander  was  llernan  l*oiice,  who  liad  just 
]eturncd  with  llurtado  from  the  Xicoya  expedition.'^ 

J  )urin_uj  the  absence  of  lEurtado,  JCs])inosa  had  pro- 
ceeded to  Quenin  in  his  search  for  l^iris,  and  the 
!>old  that  Badajoz  had  lost,  but  he  was  soon  oblit^ed 
(o  leave  that  province  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of 
provisions.  Two  days'  Journey  inland  brou;4ht  the 
Spaniards  to  a  village  governed  by  a  cacique  called 
Chiracona,  who  Avas  accused  of  haviuL;'  been  instru- 
mental in  the  defeat  of  Badajoz,  and  who  now  held 
ill  his  possession  two  of  the  Ixiskets  of  gold.  Into 
(his  province,  famous  for  the  l)ravery  of  its  men  and 
the  beauty  of  its  women,  and  also  as  being  haunted 
l)y  t>!)/racs,  or  devils,  Diego  do  Albites  was  sent  for- 
ward with  sixty  men,  tlie  remainder  of  the  company 
following  at  a  slower  march  while  feeding  on  i-eed 
I'oots.  "  By  God's  will,"  says  the  })ious  lictintiate, 
"the  cacique  was  captured  with  his  women  and  chil- 
dren." Chiracona  at  iirst  denied  the  im})eachment, 
but  when  tortured  he  promised  to  produce  the  gold. 

Tho  poor  fellow  really  knew  nothing  of  the  treas- 
ure, but  he  saw  that  it  was  necessary  for  him  to 
confess  something  if  he  would  live.  And  under  the 
})ressure  his  wits  (piickened.  According  to  tradition 
the  I'endezvous  of  devils  was  a  mountain  fastness,  ten 
leagues  distant,  into  which  Tartarean  retreat  no  man 


iittlKi,'ni]i!iy  M'ithout  rc^r.rd  to  time  or  pliico.  Tlic  cliart-makcra  of  every 
iKinic  and  nation  gixo  on'y  I'dnanu'i.  I'Vrnanilo  ('ilun  apiilit's  tlio  word  a:i  to 
a  ]ir(i\ini'(',  hut  usually  it  is  given  as  to  ii  town.  ]>ainiiirr  gives  the  Jim/ of 
/''(//'(//(ft as  well  as  the  eity.  l)o  l.iiet  sends  Ihiwin','  into  this  liay  A".  ('Iii> j>o, 
I'.  J'rtinm,  Jl.  'J'liliaintiiia,  J!,  dr  In  bat.^a,  wliilu  to  tiio  north  are  Jt.  J'd/iii, 
Viiitn  dc  Crtcru,  and  I.iinunt. 

'' llerrera,  dec.  ii.  Ill),  ii.  eap.  x.,  jilaccs  I'onco  at  Pananul  in  151(J.  Al- 
though the  ehronieles  and  relations  are  all  exeeedingly  c<jnfused,  yet  I  am 
f^atislied  tliat  the  estahlishnient  of  ii  post  at  I'ananiii  was  not  elL'eted  heforo 
"haniary,  I.">i7,  .sineo  ]'>spinosa  was  hunting  for  Paris  in  .ranuary,  during  tho 
nhsenec  uf  Ilurtudo  and  I'unee  upon  tliu  coa.st  toward  the  north- west. 


1 


4no 


DARIEN  EXPEDITIONS  UNDER  PEDRARIAS. 


I   f 


i  :■ 


liad  ovor  voiiturod.  "  If,"  tliounlit  tlio  sadly  bntf  orc(l 
('liii-act)na,  "  tlicsc  infernal  ("hi-istianw  can  bo  enticed 
thitluT,  there  will  bo  a  liappy  end  of  thcni."  ]>iit  wlitii 
he  told  them  of  the  beauty  and  fertility  of  the  phicc, 
and  of  the  vast  stores  of  wealth  the  ages  had  i^arnert.l 
there,  a  woman  of  Escoria,  whom  the  chaste  licentiate 
rocrarded  with  tender  favor,  besoun'ht  her  master  not 
to  enter  that  dangerous  recess,  for  she  had  heard  say 
that  Chiracona  souiiht  only  the  destruction  of  tlic 
Spaniards,  confident  that  the  earth  would  open  to 
swallow  them.  But  the  licentiate  replied,  "Jlavi; 
no  mis<jfivin<]:s,  amiija  mia;  Christians  fear  not  devils; 
devils  fear  Christians,  and  ilv  before  them."  And  so 
l*edro  do  Gamcz  was  sent  with  seventy  men  to  the 
abode  of  the  devils.  The  ni<jrht  followinjif  there  was 
a  terrible  earthquake:  both  heathen  and  Christian 
believed  his  hour  had  come;  and  as  Chiracona  rode 
in  his  house  the  oscillating  earth,  as  in  a  cano(.'  lu' 
rode  the  billowy  ocean,  he  smiled  to  think  how  well 
his  plan  was  working. 

Next  day  G  amez  returned  without  the  gold ;  whereat 
both  white  men  and  red  were  disappointed,  the  formiT 
because  the  treasure  was  not  forthcomincf,  the  latter 
because  the  Spanish  had  returned  unharmed,  sinct; 
this  would  beside  require  Chiracona  to  invent  soiiu; 
new  pastime  for  their  greedy  avarice.  The  Spaniards 
remained  at  this  place  two  months,  living  on  supplies 
forced  from  Chiracona,  and  i.rging  upon  him  Chris- 
tianity, allegiance  to  Spr.i'.i,  and  the  delivery  of  the; 
gold.  Finding  him  obdurate  on  all  these  points,  they 
gave  him  to  the  dogs  and  went  their  way.  Paris 
being  hoard  of  at  Quema,  Diego  do  Albites  was  sent 
thither,  but  was  unsuccessful  in  the  primary  object 
of  his  mission.  The  2d  of  January,  1517,  all  passed 
into  Escoria,  whence  Albites  was  despatched  on  a  thrc  i; 
days' journey  to  the  northward  to  capture  a  caciqu(! 
named  Tabraba.  He  was  successful,  and  secured  goM 
to  the  value  of  four  thousand  castellanos. 

Espinosa  now      ade   ready  for  returning   to   the 


nETURX  OF  ESriXOSA  TO  ANTIGUA. 


4.11 


Xi'Hli  Sea.  It  iillrd  liim  with  inili'^niatioii  to  witno.'^s 
the  ingratitude  of  thu  low  c'ac-i(|iio.s  whose  lives  ho 
had  .s])ared.  Xat;i  apostatized,  luinied  the  Spaniards' 
pahsades,  destroyed  their  j^Towinij  grain,  and  joined  a 
hostile  conlederacy.  The  people  of  Chiru  and  else- 
where retiri'd,  thus  addiui,'  insult  to  the  failure  to 
sui)ply  artieles  for  plunder.  While  passing  througdi 
Tubanaui;!,  Kspinosa  overthrow  a  chief  named  Channia, 
who  had  heeu  hostile  to  Vasco  Nuficz.  In  Coniagre 
ho  found  Serrano,  sent  again  to  scourge  that  almost 
desolate  province.  Half  fainislu'd  the  Spaniards  ar- 
rived at  Ada,  and  wore  overjoyed  to  find  Vasco  Nunez, 
who  gave  them  I'ood  and  provided  them  a  vessel  in 
which  to  return  to  Antigua. 

The  alcalde  mayor's  were  the  mightiest  stealings 
of  them  all.  Ilerrera  estimates  the  returns  of  gold 
a^  eiglity  thousand  })esos,  and  two  thousand  ca])tives 
lor  slaves.  After  giving  the  king  his  fifth,  and  the 
governor  and  offi  iials  each  a,  liberal  share,  there  was 
enough  distributed  among  the  soldiers  to  make  eacli 
esteem  himself  rich.  Then  folk)wed  days  and  niiihts 
of  glorious  debauch,  in  which,  beside  women  and  wine, 
gaml)ling  was  cons}*icuous.  A  second  distril)uti»>n  of 
capital  was  speedily  effected  under  the  auspices  of  the 
goddess  unfathomable.  It  was  paltry  to  bet  less  than 
a  peso  on  any  game,  while  a  slave  was  a  common 
wager.  The  governor,  his  counril,  and  the  sohlici's 
took  jovial  parts  in  the  exercise,  and  it  is  said  that 
Pedrarias  at  one  sitting  played  away  a  hundred  slaves, 
it  was  of  great  avail,  indeed,  with  such  servants  and 
subjects,  for  the  king  to  forbid  pla3'ing-cards  to  bo 
sent  to  the  Ni>w  World,  and  for  the  Council  of  the 
Indies  to  restrict  a  twenty-four  hours'  loss  at  play  to 
ten  castellanos. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


THE  FATE  OF  VASCO  NU^EZ  DE  BALBOA. 


U  -I 


Wl 


151G-1517. 
Affairs  at  Axtigua — Diffkrext  QcAHTirs  of  Pacification— Cojiflaints 

OF  VaSCO  Xr^EZ  TO  THE  KlNO — A  XeW  ExrKDITIO.V  ri.AXNKI) — V.\S- 
C"()   Nl'NEZ   MaUK   AdeLANTAIK)    and    CAlTAlN-(ii:Ni:RAI,  OF    THE    SotTU 

Sea — I'EiJiiARiAS  Ki'Ei's  Secret  the  ArpotXTMEST — Recoxciliatkiv 
OF  Balroaaxi)  Pedrarias — Betrothal  OF  Dona  ilAiUA— VasooXiSkz 
Goes  to  Acl.v — .Massacre  of  Oeaxo— The  ^Mcnicipalitv  of  Ai  i  v 
Established — Materials  for.  Siiifs  Carried  across  the  Moi-y- 
TAixs— DiFFicrLTn:s,  Perils,  axd  Mortality — IUldoa  at  the  Peak.. 
IsLAxns — Predictiox  of  Micer  Codro,  the  Astrologer — Rcmoiied 
Arrival  of  a  New  Goverxor  at  Antigua — Mi:i)itated  Evasion-  (H- 
New  AiTiioRiTY — The  Ixfamy  of  Gararito  — Vasco  XcSez  Sim- 
MONED  RY  Pedrarias  to  Acl.v — IIis  Jocrxey  thither — Trial  \m> 
Execution. 

During  Espinosa's  absence  in  the  soutli,  affairs  ;it 
Antigua  wore  exceptionally  dull.  The  illness  of  ilic 
governor,  unfbrtunatel}',  was  not  fatal.  ]>usiness  had 
approached  its  end,  for  the  lighting  men  were  away, 
and  the  thrifty  arts  oifered  few  attractions  to  piratical 
adventurers.  So  low  was  the  colony  at  one  time 
reduced  that  the  Casa  de  la  FundiciiMi,  or  melting- 
house,  was  closed  and  public  fasts  were  appointed — • 
a  honireopathic  ]iolicy,  in  truth,  ior  a  sta)'ving  com- 
nmnitv.  l>ut  for  the  feud  between  I'edrarias  ami 
Vasco  Nunez,  M'hich  in  that  infamous  environment 
was  easily  kept  alive,  little  would  have  occurml 
w(»rthy  of  record. 

It  should  be  no  fjudt  of  the  governor  if  the  cavnlii  i' 
was  not  ruined.  His  choicest  schemes  were  marrid 
by  incompetent  and  evil-minded  men.     He  was  vili- 


•li 


QUARnELS  WITH  THE  OOVErvXOR. 


433 


f^'il  at  C(nirt,  and  in  the  colony  every  indin'ni'y 
jiossible  was  laid  n])on  him.  The  ohsei'vant  reader 
r.iust  already  have  ih'awn  a  <'ontrast  in  tin;  res])ective 
(juality  of  enterprise  pursued  hy  these  men.  What- 
(■\  er  may  have  been  the  innnediato  results,  whatever 
the  v.Tongs  and  cruelties  inflicted  by  eitlier,  in  the 
one  case  there  was  the  lofty  aim  of  discovery  and 
]u^aceful  occu[)ation;  in  the  other,  no  higher  object 
ihan  })Iunder  was  apparent.  Balboa  had  not  time  f(»r 
J I  null  gold-oathering;  the  captains  of  Pedrarias  had 
lime  for  nothing  else. 

l^xccpting  the  raid  of  the  alcalde  mayor,  the  expe- 
ditions planned  by  Pedrarias  were  not  remarkable  for 
tlu'ir  success.  Nor  did  Balboa  scru])le  to  rail  at  the 
I  lid  governor  in  consequence.  "All  the  enterprises 
(if  l*edrarias  met  with  such  ill  success,"  says  Ben- 
zoiii,  "that  Balboa  laughed  at  him  and  mocked  him, 
wliei'cat  the  governor  became  irate,  and  serious  con- 
tentions resulted." 


Balboa  M'as  now  in  the  prime  of  manhood,  approach- 
ing fort^',  and  had  during  the  past  few  3'ears  developed 
i'l'ttni  a  careless  randder  into  a  thoughtful  I'uler,  with 
a  Xew  World  fame  sect)nd  only  to  its  iirst  disoovei'er. 
'■  iV'hold,"  says  Peter  Martyr,  "this  rash  royster 
liiiiied  into  a  ])olitic  ea])ta n.  a  violent  Golirdi  trans- 
i'oniied  to  lleliseus,  anJ  from  Anteus  to  HercuU'S 
tlic  ('on(]uer(>i'  of  monstiis."  .\nd  of  all  monsters  iie 
might  encounter  b}'  set,  or  land,  old  man  Pe(h'arias  was 
the  most  monstrous.  It  was  e\as[)er:iting  beyond 
(.n(hu"ance  to  an  ardent  and  chivalrous  nature  like 
Jialhoa's,  thus  to  have  his  glories  rea|)ed  and  liis 
I'liei'gies  ^>l.\ced  in  circumscription  by  a  supei'lati\e!y 
srhish  pvi.-onof  far  inferior  natui-al  abilities,  iwiulc  ly 
iiii4ake  his  ])olitical  su'pei'ior.  And  he  never  civised 
I'l  sti'ike  back  with  all  vhe  force  at  his  connnand.  By 
"•\ciy  departure  he  a[»[)ealed  to  the  royal  authorities 
in  Spain,  laying  before  them  vivid  accoi.'uts  (  f  oui- 
iim's   on   th(>   natiNes,    perversion   of  the   law  >,    and 

Uisi.  CUN.  Am.,  Vol.  I.    28 


iU 


THE  FATE  OF  VASCO  XU!sEZ. 


n  '1 


jrrrrss  inisninnoiT^orncnt  of  tlio  roloiiy.  "^vFost  pov.'ci'- 
I'lil  sovereijj^ii,"  lie  wrote  the  kinjj^,  "1,  .'i  ii'no  and  l;i\v- 
al)i(liii!jf  servant,  sensible  of  tlie  many  oM'iLjjation-;  I 
am  under  to  do  loyal  si^rvice  for  benclils  l)er;to\ved  - 
and  may  your  ]\Iajesty  live  lonjj^  to  <j:rant  me  moit! 
— Immljly  desire  to  nndeeeive  your  ]\[ajesty  reu'iu'd- 
ing  the  governor,  Pedrarias  Davila,  that  your  ]\la  jesty 
may  order  such  provisions  as  may  he  deemed  hcsl.' 
He  urged  Oxiedo,  when  about  to  de[)avt  for  Spain,  to 
])laee  l)ei'ore  the  Council  of  the  Indit's  the  true  eondi- 
ti(Mi  of  tilings.  And  again  he  writes,  "I  beseech  ymn- 
ISrajesty  not  to  regard  me  as  a  calumniator,  or  a-; 
stating  aught  in  malice,  but  that  you  will  order  ;m 
investigation,  that  you  may  know  all  T  have  said  is 
true."  Jle  still  cnitertained  h.opes  that  the  re[tori  of 
Arbolancha,  accompanicnl  by  the  presents,  would  Ik; 
graciously  received,  and  that  his  successes  would  abnx! 
tor  past  irregularitic!S. 


WIiil(^  awaiting  the  results  of  iho'^c  endeavoi-s,  1 
di^terniined  to  make  an  ex|)edition  to  the  South  S" 
without  ])ermission  or  aid  from  l*edraiias,  and  i 
extend  his  discoveries  there  in  either  direction.  I 
pin'siianc(^  of  this  ])urpose,  and  with  the  c()(i])ei'alii 
of  the  small  i-enmant  of  those  who  had  sworn  I'cnit 
on  the  luMghts  of  (}uare(]u;i,  he  stn-retly  despat<ln 
to  Cuba  for  men  and  arms,  a  small  Ncssrl  in  chiii';. 
of  Andres  (Jarabito.  Having  thus  set  in  motion  ll 
wheels  of  his  i'atc,  he  awaited  developments. 


■•>, 
I.) 

11 
Ml 

V 
■d 


^^^^  have  seen  how  King  I'erdinand  i-ect'ived  Ar- 
bolancha, how  the  royal  heart  was  tduched  hy 
the  discoveries  and  jiearls  of  the  generous  ca\aliii'. 
And  we  must  confess  the  monarcirs  .idemma.  Tlio 
cstablisliiiig  of  Pedrarias'  govei-nnuMd  bad  cost  liiiii 
nuich  money,  and  the  very  (jualitii's  which  ac!iic\id 
desp(>rat»!  adventure  tended  to  loosen  the  bond,-,  et" 
allegiance.  Put  Vasco  Nunc/  had  manilested  no  d  ~- 
ijosit.ion  to  throw  otf  roval  authoritv;  furtln  ■iiioi'c  'i 


ADELANTADO  AXD  CVrTATX-GEXEnAL. 


4n3 


isl    ])mV,-c1'- 

'  and  l;iv,- 
i!j;';ilii)n-<   I 

mo  iiinrc 
by  roujai'i!- 
[V  ^lajcsiv 
nod  Ix'st. ' 
•  Spain,  1i» 
:ruo  condi- 
scocli  ynr.r 
t(ir,  or  a-; 
1  oitki'  an 
ivo  said  i-i 
:  rcjioii  (if 

would    111' 

'ould  atoiu! 


loavors,  li^^ 

-loiitb  S'V), 

,    and    1'> 

ion.      In 

(('IporatiiMi 

i-n  fcaltv 

"spati'licil 

n  rliai'i;'o 

otioH  illt^ 


("1 


ivcd  Ai- 
iclicd     I'V 

caxaliii'. 
iia.  'I'lii; 
cost    liini 

acliii'\'  I 
lioiids  III 
I'd  no  (1  - 

■iiiorr,  'I 


liad  l)00omo  a  principle  of  colonial  economics,  that  tlic 
services  of  successful  commanders  should  l>e  paid  for 
out  of  their  I'uturo  u^ains.  J  low  then  could  any  sov- 
(•rei;^n  expect  the  extension  of  his  dominions,  if  suo 
ci'.sful  adventure  was  dtdrauded  of  its  riij^ht?  It  was 
till  reCoro  determined  that  the  reward  of  Vasco  Xunez 
slinuld  be  the  title  of  ailelantado  of  the  Southern  Sea, 
and  captain-general  of  the  provinces  of  ('oiba  and 
l\man);i,  but  subject  to  the  supervision  of  Pedrarias 
as  superior  officer. 

The  royal  despatches  conferring  this  appointment 
readied  Antigua  early  in  ir)15,  prior  to  the  departiu'e 
(if  JiSpinosa.  Pedrarias,  of  course,  was  at  tlie  same 
time  informed  of  the  fact.  ILis  nutrtilication  was 
only  exceeded  by  his  dastardly  resolve.  1\d;e  from 
Castilla  del  Oro  its  southern  seaboard  and  the  gov- 
rrmnent  was  not  worth  the  havin<ji;,  even  thou'j'li  the 
jiiilsdic'tion  of  Aidigua  did  extend  nonunally  over 
the  wliole.  The  north  coast  was  already  sti'ippe<l, 
and  the  <'limat(  was  sucli  as  no  JMirop(>an  could  long 
endure;  while  in  the  south  wealtli  and  dominion 
aw.iite:!  romantic  adventure.  All  des])atc]ies  ai'riv- 
iiig  at  Ai\i\gua  had  to  j)ass  thi'ough  the  governoi''s 
Ikuk' ;,  'i  hose  IbrYasco  Xunez  on  this  occasion  were 
withJicld. 

i*edi  arias  v,  ell  knew  that  some  excuse  would  be 
ncces.ar  fo''  iiis  conduct;  and  he  began  to  look  about 
I'll'  one.  It  was  unlawful  in  the  j)rovin('es  for  any 
gnwrnor  or  cajitain-genei'al  to  exerciso  the  func- 
tiiiiis  of  office  while  undergoing  his  resideiicia.  New 
(•Iiaig(>s  against  the  Ibi-nier  governor  of  the  colony 
nm  t:  therefore  ho.  inN'entcd,  and  litigious  j)i'rsecution 
riii'wed,  JJy  collusion  with  the  judg(!  this  invest i- 
'U,  as  the  law  then  re(|uire(l,  could  bi;  continued 
'is'itely.  Still  better,  the  alcalde  mayor,  wiio  was 
,  i'soii  most  ])roper  in  this  instance  to  tak(!  tlie 
liiicia,  might  be  alhu'ed  from  his  friendshi[)  for 
discoverer   by  the   otli'r  of  a   military  <'ommand 


I'', 
n,  i 
till' 

tl,:' 


al'.rr  j)r(»cet'dings  had  Ijeen  instituted,  Ibr  it  was  well 


436 


THE  FATE  OF  VASCO  XUJTEZ. 


i 


known  Hint  tlio  licentiate's  vanity  was  not  less  than 
liis  cupidity. 

Believing  liiniself  prepared,  tlic  governor  summoned 
Lis  council,  reveaksd  the  secret,  and  urged  that  the 
oomniission  should  be  witliheld.  All  agreed  save 
Bislioj)  Quevedo,  who  had  real  Iricndship  for  A\-isc() 
Nunez,  and  who  saw  more  honor  for  Spain  an<l  foi- 
the  Churc' '  hi  the  elevation  of  the  free-handed  cavalier, 
than  in  th  i  '  ''"'.ry  ruid  of  the  alcalde  mayor.  And 
so  seeing,  Ji<_  w  zealously  virtuous,  and  began  In 
storm  al)out  it.  Oubnund)ered  in  the  council,  he 
mounted  his  pulpit  aiid  hurled  invectives  at  his  op- 
ponents. "Can  it  be,"  he  cried,  "that  the  execrable 
passions  of  envious  and  designing  men  may  thus  suh- 
vert  the  royal  di^sign,  and  withhold  the  just  rewaid 
of  eminent  service  i"  Furthermore,  he  threatened 
to  spread  the  l^are  facts  before  the  authorities  iu 
Spain. 

J.VMlrarias  quailed.  He  had  not  anticipated  tlic  vio- 
lent ojiposition  of  the  prelate,  and  he  feared  the  rising 
strength  of  his  advei'sary,  now  that  the  royal  favor 
and  a  royal  connnission  w^ere  known  to  have  been 
granted  him.  Vasco  Nunez  might  have  his  office, 
l)ut  the  old  man  swore  it  sliould  be  the  death  of  him. 
]''<»r  he  would  lay  around  him  such  snares  and  ]iit- 
falls  as  would  surely  j)rove  his  destruction  in  llio 
end.  Pech'arias  would  be  the  jxjwer;  and  })lay  upon 
tliis  l»raggart  as  ho  would  upon  a  pipe  for  devils  to 
dance  by. 

Tho.  public  acknowle<lgment  of  dignities,  attended 
by  the  congi'atulations  of  fritiuds  and  the  discussion 
of  southern  [)i'ojects  in  wliich  alone  interest  now- 
centred,  raised  in  ])opularity  and  importance  the  inw 
governoi',  to  the  overshadowing  of  the  old  one.  lint 
once  moi-e  th(!  destiny  of  Vasco  Nunez  is  to  turn  on 
the  l)ad  advice  of  a  friend.  Thrown  upon  himself,  his 
own  sound  judgment  had  ever  been  sufficimit,  but  llu) 
counsels  of  piety  or  erudition  were  as  (juicksand  under 


QUEVEDO  AS  MEDIATOR. 


4.17 


less  than 

Limmoiicd 
that  the 
•ccd  save 
i\)Y  A'asco 
n  and  l<'i' 
dcavuhi'i-, 

,-or.     And 

ouncil,  ht; 
at  his  op- 
5  exccral)li! 
r  thus  siih- 
ast  reward 
threatened 
horities  in 

;ed  tlic  vi<»- 

I  the  rising- 

oyal  iavor 

have  l)i'('ii 

his  oili<'', 

th  of  liini. 

[^s  and  ]iit- 

ou   iu   till' 

play  upi'ii 

r  devils  to 


^,  attend;! 

discussion 
lerest  n"\v 
\o  tlic  niw 
lone,     l-'it, 

to  turn  I'll 
id  111  sell",  lii> 

nt,l)ut  llu! 

[and  umKi' 


liis  feet.  Qucvedo  induced  him,  for  the  sake  of  peace 
,111(1  in  order  to  enter  without  delay  u])on  liis  South 
Sea  schemes,  to  waive  in  favor  of  ]*edrarias  some 
jiortiou  of  the  rights  the  king  had  granted  liim.  E^- 
jiiiiosa  and  others  were  accordingly  permitted  to  over- 
111  n  the  southern  provinces  at  pleasure.  This  was  a 
mistake. 

I'lius  reconciled,  in  appearance  at  least,  Pedrai'ias 
liinisclf  would  fain  1  ave  had  rest,  if  it  liad  been  per- 
mitted by  his  evil  i^atire,  which  still  demanded  its 
daily  bitter  pabulum. 

Scarcely  were  these  pacific  fictions  consummated 
wlien  the  vessel  of  Andres  Garabito  returned  Ironi 
Ciiha  with  men  and  supplies  for  the  projected  exj)e- 
dition  of  Vasco  Nuiie/.  Arriving  oif  the  coast  of 
D.irien  (iarabito  despatched  a  messenger  to  Balboa, 
iiil'i inning  him  of  his  return,  and  askinj;  orders.  It 
Soon  readied  the  ears  of  Pedrarias  that  a  suspicious- 
lo.  )I;ing  craft,  armed  and  equipped  as  if  on  some  illicit 
missionj  lay  hidden  in  a  small  bay  some  six;  leagues 
distant.  He  was  furthermore  informed  that  the  cap- 
t'tin  of  this  vessel  was  in  secret  communi(?ation  with 
A'iisco  Nunez,  and  that  ])reparations  wave  being  made 
for  some  mysterious  undertaking.  I?edrarias  became 
li  lih  i'rightened  and  furious.  J  le  calh.'d  to  mind  the 
I'al  I'  (jf  Nicuesa.  Alarm  for  his  own  safety  was  miiigh '<  I 
with  ire  and  envious  regr(;ts  for  ever  having  3ielded 
c'Vi'ii  in  aj>])earance  to  ail}' recognition  of  this  upstart's 
tillcs  and  honors.  Jfo  oi'dei'e'd  llu;  instant  arrest  <d' 
n.illtoa,  and  even  threatiHied  to  conliiu!  him  for  s;''i! 
k(v]iiiig  in  the  lai'ge  wooden  cage  stationed  in  the 
middle  of  tlie  ]daza. 

Tlie  I'ears  of,J?e(lrarias  M'cre  calmed,  liowever,  by 
tilt"  ('ool(.r  h(,'ads;  the  natui'e  and  purpose?  of  the  in- 
ItiiiK'd  ex])edition  were  explained;  no  lurkmg  trea- 
son was  discovei'0(l,  no  |Mot  against  tin;  |)eace  <■[' 
AiiligUii  or  sinister  designs  u|ton  i\\r,  pei'soii  <d"  iis 
,H'o\,'nior  were  found;  and  having  l>!»un<l  hinisell'  t  > 
111  w  and  nioi'e  strinoent,  jv-^tiietions,  X'asco  Xune:-:  \\as 


433 


THE  FATE  OF  VASCO  XU5rEZ. 


set  at  liberty,  and  the  precarious  fiieiitlsliip  ostensiljlj 
renewed.^ 

Aljout  this  time  the  bishop  of  Dai'cn  was  seized 
Avitli  a  hiuiiiious  idea.  Throujjjh  Ids  pe.-tiuacious  dr- 
V()te(hiess  the  worthy  prelate  had  twice  rescued  liis 
friend  fr-oin  a  lite  of  inde[)endencc  and  lu)nor,  and  liad 
twice  consigned  him  to  the  mercies  of  an  insidldiis 
enemy,  lie  had  ])re\ented  IVdrarias  from  sendiiiL;' 
him  in  chains  to  S[)ain,  which  would  have  sounded 
his  renown  and  enlisted  for  him  syn)i)athv  throuijliout 
Christendom;  he  had  persuaded  him  to  reliiupiish  liis 
rights  to  such  an  extent  as  to  place  his  fortune  at  the 
disj)osal  of  ar.  inveterate  foe.  I  do  not  say  Quevedo 
was  an  Ahithophel;  yet  the  machinations  of  all  his 
eiu'mies  could  not  bi'ing  upon  Yasco  Nunez  the  e\ils 
consununated  by  this  one  friend.  Nevertheless,  tht; 
present  conce[)tion  haj)pily  brought  forth,  and  nudice 
and  suspicion  will  Ibrever  give  place  to  coniidiiig 
atlection. 

Four  bloommg  daughters  Pcdrarias  had  left  in 
Spain.  I'lio  health  of  the  governor  seemed  to  hs; 
yielding  before  the  condjined  inlluenco  of  temper  and 
climate.  AVlu)  could  bo  a  more  litting  successor  in 
tlie  govei'imient,  and  who  a  moi-e  suitable  son-ind;i\v? 
Ia'L  l)alb(,)a  take  to  wife  Doha  ^Taria,  eldest  daughd  r 
of  IVdrarias,  and  so  bind  the  North  Sea  to  the  Soiilh 

'  Aiillmritifs  Hum  far  for  HiIm  cliajitor  firu  for  the  most  ))iii't  llio  wmii'  ns 
iliohi- la-it  (|Uo!('il.  1,11.1  Cdsiifi,  l/ist.  /ml.,  iv.  I(!!t-'_'IS,  who,  1  (liliilc,  j^ivi  <  tlm 
Ih'sI  ai'fouiit  of  any  liy  loiitoiniioiary  wiitcrs  ;  //i  c/v /vr,  ilic,  ii.  HI),  i.  tap.  ili.; 
Or!((/ii,  iii.  (i  S;  7*1  .'(';•  J/fi/-///;-,  iK'c.  iii.  cap.  iii.  and  ih'c.  iv.  inyi.  i.\.;  Jli.r.nui, 
///•</.  .Uiiiiilo  A'roro,  ,")().  l'"oi-  liallioii'.'i  coiniilaiiits  1o  tlio  kitij,',  hi'O  Citvtn  iHri- 
ijli/aiil  //((/.in  X'irinn  /i\  ('t)l.  (fc.  \'i((iii'.t,  iii.  .'t7').  I'rii'f  or  <  .\toii(l('(l  gi  iicral 
m'l'oiuils  may  lio  foiiinl  in  Viiiiiiijm,  Ciiriinix  dii'l  ]',iitnt(i'iii'iiij,\~^)-\  ;  /'nu':iiii'', 
7A.s<v.,  ill  /'(/'//('CO  anil  ('lirdfiKti,  Col.  J>ii-.,  ix.  KO;  ManUi,  l\t>l}  Xmi  ()r'''<, 
hi;  A  iiilihiiiiift'.i  A'fir.,  ii.-iii.;  d'ulniiio'-i  J>l-"-<ii\,  IJ.I  S;  Oriil/c,  llht.  I.'J. 
Ci'iili',  ill  I'hil'i  rliiii'n  I'd//.,  \iv.  lol  ;  vI'Vi.v///,  lli.-'f.  (  '(ini/h ihI.  jXhi'i'd  (iraii'i'ln, 
(>_';  Mdi'i'li  1/  t,'il)(iir.i,  Miirhia  iJ--</i<ii)ii/ii,  i.  lOO,  ]iortrait;  J)u  I'crr'nr,  '''■'/. 
JJi.-</.  \  01/.,  I(i(i;  Miu'/irc,  Siiiinniirii),  in  Jidiiiiisin,  liuii;/!,  iii.  ;tl!(;  J)ii'.  IJ"'. 
»/(■  la  Li-iKjita  JJ.-'/i. yi.  .'KIS;  ('arid,  in  I'dilntit  and  I'drdcnut,  <\il.  Dar.,  iii.  ."I'JiI; 
J'lK  iil(\('dr/d,  in  ill.,  K\S  W):  Mdiilldiiu.i,  St.  rrdiiri.'t  unil  ri'diic'i>iCduit,  K\"i  ^; 
J^'  ilntitd.i.  III n.-i-Tt'ijIcii,  If  IT"),  nnil  Cuvtltdi,  Sr/iti /i.i-T'ii/l,  "Jii  II",  in  .1",  vii.j 
/li'^piridii  MdiJ.,  W.  '.\1  .'1;  (idiiidi'd,  lli.-it.  ///(/.,  H.'i  ".">;  Irrhiijx  < 'uliniili'i.-.  iii. 
'J  (J.Sii;  /'(,'('()(<•/'(/(',  /I'l  7.W- '/'(i(/'(7/,  !t;i-."iO,  ill  (I'l'i'j'riii/,  /,'(//.</■//,  iii.;  Uiiii'-'tl, 
Jiist,  L'hjaini,  IU3;  Uouuikr.  IKiviht,  Carta  at  Uij,  SnuUr's  MS.,  i.  10. 


BALBOA'S  BETROTHAL 


430 


liy  coi'ds  of  love  Such  was  tlic  jtlan  of  iho  jivi'lad". 
A'lisco  Xufu-/,  uothinu-  loath,  assi'iitcd,  I'oi'  (he  <laiinh- 
li'i'was  as  aiiiiahK;  as  the  tatiicrwas  malicious.  Dona 
ls;il>cl  "was  uoi  the  inotlicr  to  look  cokll}'  ou  so  j^al- 
l.mt  a  [)i'o[)osal ;  as  lor  (he  daughter,  Ihcu  (h'l'auiiii^-  her 
iiiaidi.'n  days  away  iu  a  cou\cut  at  Seville,  iui-  o\\  u 


tiiseiit  io  the  hutrothal  was  a  (juostiou  which  ^j;;\\< 
]iaients  lillle  eoucern  iu  those  days;  the  eliiet"  dilli- 
ciilly  was  the  s])leuetic  lather.  A]»[)i'oacliiuLi'  the  ,n'o\- 
ei-iioi',  uol  without  niisL-ixiu^s,  (^uevedo  said:  "Tiini! 
jxisscs,  Souor  IVdrarias,  aud  with  (iuie,  all  llesh. 
Those  who  shall  take  our  places  follow  dose  ;i(  our 
heels.  A  powerful  rival  cou\ertetl  iuio  a  lirni  ;illy  is 
(louhle  coui})eusatiou,  and  the  lather  of  lour  daughters 
has  not  the  opportunity  every  day  to  refuse'  a  ^'ov- 
( iiior  for  a  son-in-law.  Vasco  Nuiiez  do  l-ilhoa,  a  man 
cf  no  mean  parts,  well-l)orn  and  famous,  asks  your 
cl.iunhter  in  marriaL;e.  (Jrant  him  his  desire,  ami  s(> 
heal  discord  and  fortify  your  declininii,'  year;." 

Xotwithstandinj,^  the  obvious  advantages,  IVnlrai'ias 
lu'sitatod.  It  was  no  easy  matter  at  once  to  ])urlly 
tlie  poisoned  stream  of  thou_!j;-ht;.  lUit  the  ,oli'cr  N\as 
till)  teiu))ting  to  bo  tleclined,  although  l^edrarias  v.ould 
lia\e  nuicli  pi't'l'erred  for  his  ad\'i;-er  a  TIira;;ybuhis, 
^\lli)  coun.H  lied  ]*eriander  to  cut  olf  the  ta!!e',.t  heads 
it"  \\c  uould  maintain  his  power.  "^IMio  okl  man,  slid 
luin'gin;^'  his  sus-picions,  !-,iL;ncd  the  marriage  coiilract. 


aiul   oi-,|.'re(l 


air 


J) 


ona 


.M 


iria 


to  api 


•car  and 


accc 


lis'iiiia 


1    honors.      ]hlt    e\eu   tht!  uift  of  tlie  dan  jhler 


^^as  li!:e  the  u'ift^i  of  ^ledea — en\enonied. 


Xow  surely  mi ^'ht  Vasco  X"n no/,  walk  the  fh'ni  eai'ili, 
]ii>  fortune  ascendant.  Adelantado,  captain-'^i  nn-al 
t'i'  I  lie  Southern  Sea,  sen-In  law  of  IV'drarias,  and  in 
l".i\-ir  Mitii  the  royid  authorities,  tiioUL;h  I'^ei-fhiiand, 
pii'.f  kiui;',  was  dciul.  The  clouds  which  had  so  Ioul;' 
<:  'Urtul  JJalboa's  risini?  fame  were  by  tliis  mait^'i'ly 
invocation  of  the  bisjiop  forexer  dissipaied.  Tlnie 
V. a;  no  loiiLier  any  fear  Irom  the  unclean  «jho,-.(s  of 


440 


THE  FATE  OF  VASCO  NU5JEZ. 


ontombod  mistiikes,  wliilo  liis  crood  deeds  woidd  sliiiic 
^vith  stcndior  and  evei'-incrcasiiif^^  lustre.  Ho  ]iiii;!it 
now  ])r()sccute  adxtMituic  to  the  uttermost  of  Iiis 
Miiil)ition,  while  liis  friend  uiid  counsellor,  tbo  bislioji, 
carried  the  luipj)j  tidings  of  reconciliation  to  court. - 

The  year  1510  was  adv;uicing  toward  its  middle 
term.  Vasco  Nunez  craved  permission  from  liis 
lather-ill-law — for  betrothal  was  equiv.-ilent  to  mar- 
riage so  far  as  the  political  aspect  of  the  case  \v;is 
concerned — to  pro(;eed  to  Ada  and  continue  tlic 
business  there  begun,  which  was  indeed  none  other 
than  part  of  his  original  scheme.  Pcdrarias  assented. 
}ilacing  every  requisite  at  the  command  of  his  (I'.n- 
son.     The   South  Sea  expeditions  had  drained    tlie 

^  '  La  lk>^'fi(la  del  (iliispo ii  Castilla  no  sc  vcrifico  liasta  on  ir>18 ;  y  por  eititi> 
que  no  giiai(l('>  a(|iii  ;i  sil  aniigo  los  rcspotos  y  cf)nso(.MU'ncia  quo  lo  dcliia.     l'.\i 
nu  (lispiita  eon  Cmsmh  (K'lanlc  di'l  (^uijiiTadDr  assoguro  (pie  il  primer  guberna- 
doi'del  JJaiR'ii  lialiianiilo  nialo,  y  t'l  segundo  nniy  pior.'  (Jinii/diid,  I'idas,  '■DA- 
boa,'  ;{.").     In  the  matteror  detinitedatcH  for  the  eveiitHof  this  ohapter,  autlim- 
itiis  diller.      All  arc  more  or  lesn  vagnc.     Most  of   tliein  end  tlie  e.nvcr  i  t 
A'asi'o  Xunez  Mitli  llie  eiul  of  1517;  which,  if  eorrect,  wo'.iUl  lix  tlu^  tiiuc  if 
liis  departure  from  Antigua  al)out  May,  151(i,  for  in  his  agreement  with  I'c- 
drarias  it  vas  arranged  that  the  time  (jf  absence  on  the  Soutli  Sea  ex|ie(iilii  u 
.■•hnuld  be  limited  to  eighteen  months,  anil  one  of  the  prinei]i;d  cjiai-ges  of  t!ie 
governor  Mas  tiiat  lialboa,  had  faileil  in  this.    Among  t  lie.  collect  ion  of  (lociniK  iits 
ill  the  royal  archives  of  the  huiies  apjiears  ji  jietition  )ii'eseiited  by  l-'enu'inio 
de  Argiicllo  to  I'edra  lias  and  his  council,  in  behalf  (jf  A'asco  Niine/,  rec|  nesting 
an  exieiision  of  the  time.     At  the  foot  of  the  iietition  is  ii  decree,  dated  .l.iii- 
uary  1.'!,  lolS,  granting  an  extension  of  four  nujiiths.     Jutliir  the  doci;iiM  :it, 
is  fictitious,  or  its  date  erroneous,  or  eontenqiorary  writers  are  in  error.     J  iim 
(juito  sure  that  J'edrarias  never  gave  any  t'.xtension,  since  the  authorities  are 
cle.ir  and  j.ositive  on  that  iioint,  and  the  incidents  of  the  nairafive  hin.c 
U[ion  it.     tVimpare  co])y  of  this  document  in  /'(ii/i<i<ituu\  Ciirdi  iKt.-',  ('(J.Jii'i-., 
ii.  ri.'KJ-S;   ('mid  dr  AIoiiko  (A.'  In,  I'lii-iilv  ij  Jihtjn  de  Mitniiu-.,  in  hi.,  filW-l!!; 
.Moreii  and  ^Iira\cl  y  (\i.sadevante  in  Kl  (•'rini.  I>ic.;   JliiriKi/'n  J)i.ir(,i\  Svii'k 
>S'(f(,  i.  Ii2;  A'li/uirrn,  llihuitni,  in  J ><><•.  fiiul,  jKira  llint.  />/'.,  xxvi.  'J.'i'J.     As 
to  the  date  of  (i)uevcdo'.s  leaving  J)ari(U  and  his  arrival  in  Spain  there  aro 
grave  ditlcrcnces.     llcrrcra,  sends  the  bishop  to  Sj>;iin  in  i.-ibs,  to  report  t lie 
niisgovi'iimicnt  of  I'cilrarias.     Oviedo  states  that  (.Mievedo  left  ]>aricn  .''in 
after   the  I'cconciliation  of    Vasco   Nunc/,  and    Tedrarias,  and   yet  iUn-.^  i;  t 
speak  of   his  being  in    S|)ain  until  l.")l!t,   'era  llegado.'     It  is   ]uio\vn  tli,;t 
yuevedo  spent  some  time  in  Cuba,  urging  ])iego  Wlayque/  to  a)iply  for  tlie 
govcrnoi'sliip  of  C-istilia  dil  Oro.     The  petition  of  Argiicllo  Uw  the  I'vteii  i'li 
of  the  time  of  absence  of  N'asco  Xilficz,  before  meiitioiieil,  contains  the  iianio 
of  (.Mievedo  as  one  of  those  who  acted  upon  it,  «  liich  only  liie  more  (ini- 
I'hisiveiy  ]iroves  that  docuineut  lictitioiis.     Stranger  than  all  this,  lio\ve\tr, 
is  the  stateuu'iit  in  the  loyal  ci'dula,  ihited  .liine  IS,  l.")|!l.  ordering  the  ships 
of   lialboa  to  be  delivereil   tt>  <lil  (Jon/alez,   that  ^'asco  Nunez  was  tli<  ii  •<• 
prisoner.     So  singular  is  this  cnlpuble  iiruorancc-.  or  c;!reli"<sn('.ss.  or  il' ■      ■ 
tion,  regarding  the  death  of  \asco  Xnfie/,  on  the  )iart  of  the  I'oyal  ollicia's 
;m  al    lir-l  to  raise  grave  doubts  regarding  the  date  of  his  death,  were  il  int 
pio\(.(l  by  many  collateral  incidents. 


SOUTH  SEA  EXPEDITIOX. 


441 


lid  sliiiif 
Lo  ini.n-ht 
t   of    his 

L3  l)isll<)p, 

court.- 
s  iiii(lt!l<! 
rom    liis 

to    IIKU'- 

case  \v;i.-; 
inuo  the 
no  otlK  T 
assented, 
liis  (Iv'.'ir 
iiiod    till' 

y  por  cifito 

UVV  golillllil- 
ptlT,  illltllov- 

tlio  cairii-  I  t 
c  tho  tiiiio  i.f 
cut  vith  I'c- 
ki  rxju'iiitii  11 

irp't)  iif  till! 

[■(lin'niMciits 
I'criK'iiO" 

l('(|i;f:-.tili;i; 

(liitcil  .laii- 
(linuincnt 
iior.  I  .'1111 
li(iriti('s  firo 

iti\c  liiiu'o 

CnL  J ■'"':, 

.'■I.e.    St:llfk 

•_';!-2.     As 

ic|iiirt  tliu 

iMfit'll    SIHlll 

(lues  lii^t 
aiiiwn  tli::t 
|,ly  for  till! 

I'xU'usii'n 

s  llio  iiiiiiin 

inori'  I  nil- 

liowcvi  r, 
1,'  till'  sliil't 

MIS    llltil   ib 
,.,•    -Ivr,     - 

il  (iflioiii's 
icli;   it  let 


colony  of  most  of  its  availaMc  men,  yet  so  esteemed 
was  A'asco  Xunez  that  all  who  were  at  Antiuuu 
(.au-cily  iloclcc'd  to  liis  standaj'd.  T'ernando  do  \v- 
^tullo,  a  notiiry,  i'onnei'ly  the  ()])j)onent  of  Xieiiesa, 
l)Ut  always  a  ])artisan  of  Vaseo  Xunez,  liavhig  aecii- 
mulated  wealth  ))laced  it  at  tho  disposal  of  liis  iViiind, 
and  >oon  after  IJalhoa  cmbarhed  Avith  eighty  men. 

.\rrived  at  Acla  ho  found  the  [)ost  destroyed  and 
the  coinandante  Olano,  the  siieeesscjr  of  (ialniel  de 
iiojas,  together  with  twelve  soldiers,  had  been  mas- 
sacred by  the  men  of  C'areta,  in  retaliation  lor  tlie 
act  of  I.Iiir(ado  wliich  consigned  one  hundred  of  their 
iiuinher  to  slavery.  For  this  outrage  the  people  of 
the  province  w<'re  declared  outlaws.  iJalboa  immedi- 
ately organized  a  municipality,  aj^pointed  an  alcalde 
and  a  i-egidor,  laid  out  a  new  town,  and  began  (o 
hiiil!.  J']acli  citizen,  eitluT  in  jierson  or  by  slaves, 
wa-;  re(|uired  to  plant  sufHci>^,it  for  his  sustmanc^e. 
]li'(juii'ing  more  men,  l^alboa  accom}iani(Ml  Ksjiino-^a 
to  Antigua,  early  in  I.VIT,  and  returned  wild  two 
liund rod  j'ecruits.  The  restoration  of  Acla  Mas  in- 
Icmlcd  only  as  ])i'climinary  to  further  Soutli  Sea 
(Hscoveries;  but  this  aeconiidished,  an  obstacle  inior- 
}i<)sed  itself,  at  tlrst  glance  insurmountable.  In  order 
to  navigate  the  now  ocean  ships  were  necessary.  The 
voyages  hitherto  undertahen  in  native  canoes 

I  been  perilous  in  the  extreme.  Herein  lay  ihe 
liiliiculty.  The  cordillera  hei'o  rises  abrujitly  from 
the  northei'u  side  of  tlie  Tsihmus,  undulating  gently 
(HI  1heop[)osite  side  toward  the  Southern  Sea.  On  the 
iiorilu'rn  slope  grew  trees  suitabU;  i'or  ship-buil(hng; 
on  the  southern  side  vegetation  M'as  more  diiniiiuti\-e. 
l!ut  of  what  avail  were  trees  on  the  border  of  oi\e 
ocean,  for  the  pur[)oses  of  naA'igation  on  the  othei':' 

The  true  standard  of  gr(>atni'ss  is  in  tlie  aj)plication 
of  meaiis  to  ends.  The  magnitude  of  tlu;  means  has 
no  more  to  do  with  it  than  the  results,  Avhich  may 
oi'  may  not  prove  successful.  With  a  few  IiuikIixmI 
^'paniards,   and   such   savages    as   could    be   whip[ied 


liol 

:i(l 


V  " 


lit:  I: 


?: 


.!» 


41-2 


THE  FATE  OF  VASCO  NU5;  KZ. 


into  tlio  service,  Vusco  Nunez  dared  conceive  an<l 
execute  the  project  of  building  ships  on  one  side 
of  a  chain  of  mountains  for  use  on  the  otlier  side;  to 
navigate  his  vessels  in  pieces  or  sections,  on  the  l;acks 
of  Indians,  over  hills  and  s\vam])s,  and  that  under  a 
sun  so  hot,  in  an  atmosphere  so  poisoned,  and  througli 
vegetatit)n  so  rank  and  tangled  as  successfully  to  have 
deiied  the  efforts  of  science  for  ceutuiies  thereafter. 
"  Xt)  living  man  in  all  the  Indies,"  testiiles  the  mod- 
erate lleirera,  "  dared  attempt  such  an  enter[)risL', 
or  v.ouhl  have  succeeded  in  it,  save  Vasco  Xuhez  ile 
Ualboa." 

The  plan  of  Vasco  Nuilez  was  to  prepare  his  timber 
as  near  as  i)OSsible  to  some  navigable  point  on  one  of 
the  many  streams  llowing  into  the  South  k:'.ea,  wliich 
ai'e  generally  torrents  on  the  mountain-side,  but  which 
become  bread  and  calm  before  reaching  the  occai!. 
The  stream  chosen  lor  the  j)uri)Ose  was  called  the  iJio 
de  las  l>alsas,^  or  lliver  of  the  llafts.  Carpenters 
and  buiklers  are  sent  out  in  search  of  trees  suitable 
for  the  purpose,  and  the  preparation  of  the  tim- 
ber is  begun.     With  fifty  men  Francisco  Companeii 

'  There  arc  several  streams  of  this  name  bct'U'ccn  the  Atrnto  ami  the  Cul 
orado,  Init  lumc  of  them  suit  the  occasion.  ^Modern  maps  f,'ivc  a  ]!io  J>al^,■ii 
llowiir^'  into  Lho  gulf  of  San  Miguel  from  tlic  south,  its  hourco  turucl  tlii^  f:;r- 
thist  ijos.sihlo  av.iij'  from  Aela.  On  a  map  of  .Toaniii-!  de  l.a'-t.  1(!.'5;'.  A'l  ■•. 
OiIk,  'Ml,  midway  Itetween  tlic  gulf  of  San  Miguel  ami  I'anamii,  au  tlic 
Moid  i  A' i/c'  III  //<(.'..i«.  Th(>y  are  p'aerd  opposite  Aula;  tlie  iiioiilh  vi  i\  liwi'  oi:Iy 
is  given,  the  stream  not  being  hiid  down.  'J"he  same  may  be  said  of  the  /,'.  ilcli 
h(il!<t'  of  Montaiuis,  Aieiiwe  ]t'i(:rcld,  Kill,  wideli  is  in  aliout  the  same  looaiity. 
The  llio  Chepu  is  the  only  ,'<heam  ajiproai'hing  the  de^i.iiption  iu  that  vi>  la- 
ity. In  my  opinion  liolh  of  tluso  map-mal;ers  were  wrong:  iif^ither  the  Kid 
C'lie[)0  nor  any  otlici'  stream  lU  that  neighborliood  was  tlio  l;io  Jialsa.i  of  Va-i  n 
!Nnfie;^  Tlio  head-waters  of  tlie  l\io  Chucnuaipio  are  nearer  the  old  .'-itc  i  t 
Aela  than  those  (^f  the  Hio  ('he]io,  or  of  any  otlier  southward  flowing  .stre;iiii; 
and  yet  1  do  not  thiidv  the  C'hueiinaque  the  Ikilsasof  \'aseo  ^I'uuez.  Says  1':;.- 
c'ualile  ^\nilagoya,  A'icviyn/c,  ( 'aLilc  I'/ir.^yr.v,  iii.  404,  '  Le  en\ir)  i'l  la  provim  ia  i!i' 
Aehiii  jioblar  un  jmeblo,  (pie  cs  el  que  agora  estii  que  .'^e  dice  Aela,  y  de  alii  h 
dii)  genlu  (jue  fiiese  ul  rio  de  la  Lalsa,  y  hieiese  dos  navios  jiara  bajariii' 
(■\  n  la  mar  del  sur.  .  .  y  liaja<los  algolfode  S.  JIignels(\  anegalian,'  etc.:  fi'i  i 
wliieli,  ami  from  the  objects  and  incidents  of  the  enti'r)(rise,  as  given  ly 
Various  authors,  I  am  inclined  to  believe  the  liio  d(^  las  I'.ai^^as  of  Vasco  Nui'ir.'. 
to  be  the  stream  now  known  as  the  liio  Sabana.  The  fact  of  distance  aloiK. 
C(;nHnonly  estimated  at  '22  leagues,  Viut  which  Las  Casas  makes  '24  y  2'i 
lc;,'uas  dc  sierras  alli^imas,'  inclines  mo  to  this  opinion,  not  to  nitati'U 
peveial  others  pointing  iu  the  same  direction,  which  will  clearly  ap[)car  ia 
the  tc.vt. 


CARRIES  SriIP.S  ACROSS  THE  MOUNTAINS. 


443 


jiasscs  owv  the  cordilU'i'ji  and  si-kcts  a  place  upon  the 
)iv(  r,  t\vcuty-t\vo  Iraj^iU's  iVt>iii  Ada,  t'roni  whicli  to 
launch  the  ships.  Ijikcwise  on  the  suiuniit  of  tlie 
bicrra,  twelve  leagues  from  Ada,  he  huilds  a  loit,  to 
serve  as  a  halt'-wav  house  lor  rest  and  |)rolcc<ion, 
hi'^dde  stations  cstahli.shed  at  oilier  points.  All  is 
l)Ui;tle  and  activilv  at  Ada  and  in  the  nei^hhorini^ 
forests;  some  art.'  Idlin<^  ti'ees,  some  measuring'  and 
hcwinix  timber;  .sonic  prcparinLj  anchoi's,  riifL^inij',  and 
stores.  "  In  all  labors,"  says  Las  ( 'a>as,  "  N'asco 
Nuiiez  took  the  foremost  part,  Avorkin;,;*  v.iih  his  own 
hands  and  giving  aid  and  encouragement}  everywhere." 
]\raterials  for  four  bri^'antines  lieing  at  Icni-'ili  i)i'e- 
})ared,  the  herculean  task  of  transjiortatiou  across  tlie 
mountains  is  next  to  bo  iierformetl.  Thirty  iio^roes 
have  been  secured  from  Anligua,  but  these  are  not  a 
tenth  part  of  the  force  i'e(|uired.  Squads  of  ; oldiers 
are  therefore  sent  out  in  every  direction,  and  natives 
ai'O  driven  in  to  the  number  of  sevei'al  thousand. 
U|»on  their  naked  backs  the  heavy  timbers  are  laid, 
and  goaded  forward  by  merciless  overseers,  among 
v.Iiom  is  the  black  African  as  well  as  t!ie  white 
l]uropean,  they  are  forced  through  the  marshy  thicket 
and  up  the  rocky  steep  until  tliey  sink  exhausted 
beuealh  their  burden.  Unused  to  labor,  ill-fed,  made 
desperate  by  their  distress,  some  attemp-t  escajie,  but 
the  bloodhound  is  (jiiickly  on  tlieir  track;  some  kill 
tluinjclves,  but  more  sink  lileless  under  their  lieavy 
loads.  All  along  those  terribk)  h'agues  the  newly 
cut  \)nth  is  strewed  with  dead  savages,  and  soon  the 
air  is  rank  from  putrid  carcasses.  "More  tlian  live 
hiu'slred  Indians  ]»erished  in  the  transportalijiu  of 
tl;e:e  shi])s,"  allirmed  ]>ishop  (juexedo  beiere  the 
court  of  Spain,  and  J^as  Casas  says  tlie  der.ths  were 
nearer  two  thousand  in  mnnber.*     To  take  the  places 


*  '  Yd  vi  firmadi)  ilo  sii  iininliit^  del  niisiiio  Ohispo,  vn  iiiui  rcl.iciim  <|iic 
lii-;!)  ill  lliii[irr;i(lor  cii  naivcloiui  ol  am)  do  l.")l;),  (.■iiiHido  i  1  d(>  la  tii  na  limit) 
viaii,  conio  iiias  lar^o  adflaiitc,  iilaiicndo  ;i  Jiins,  sii:i  iit'iridn,  (|Ui,'  lial)i;v 
ii'.acrto  el  ^'asc()  Niuioz,  jhh'  hacir  los  lii'i't,'antiiic  ^  ."i(!()  iiidins,  y  <\  [^rci-c- 
t;aiu  Jul  luisiiio  Obis|>o  iiic  diju  4110  au  (jui.^u  ituicr  luiU  miiin-iu  [luniUc  uo 


I 


444 


TITF,  FATE  OF  VASCO  NUNRZ. 


t  9» 


of  tlii>  (load,  ivcruits  arc  caii'jlit  in  the  foivst;  tlio  worl: 
goes  ln'avL'ly  on,  and  the  stupendous  feat  is  finally 
acconii ill.' lied.  'I'lie  wild  baidc  of  the  ]^alsas  was 
[strewed  with  materials  for  this  new  .sea  naviLjalion. 
P>ut  on  ])ultin!L;-  the  pieces  toi^ether  it  is  found  that 
after  all  the  toil  there  is  timber  enoUL,di  for  only  two 
vessels  instead  of  I'our;  the  rest  has  been  lost  by  the 
way.  And  this  is  not  the  Avorst  of  it.  That  which 
has  been  brought  over  at  such  cruel  cost,  cut  near  t  ho 
coast  and  hewed  groen  as  it  was,  is  so  full  of  worms 
that  it  caimot  bo  used.  All  must  bo  thrown  away  and 
tho  work  begun  anew." 

Timber  is  sought  nearer  at  hand  this  time,  and 
with  fair  success.  \'asco  Nunez  now  divides  his  force 
into  three  })arties,  and  sends  one  to  hew  timber,  one 
to  bring  .su[>|)lios  from  Ada,  and  a  third  to  forage 
on  tho  natives.  Again  thc^y  aro  ready  with  new  ma- 
terials to  beu'in  construction,  when  tho  heavens  sud- 
donly  darken  and  drop  such  a  deluge  on  them  that 
they  arcobliixod  to  take  rofuLTc  in  trees.  l\u't  of 
tho  timber  is  swept  away,  and  part  buried  in  nuuL 
To  add  to  their  misfortunes,  foraging  fails;  hun-jii- 
pinclios;  and  "when  Vasco  Nunez  himself  was  forced 
to  feed  on  roots,"  says  Las  Casas,  always  with  an  eye 
to  his  proteijfes,  "It  mav  well  be  imauined  to  what 
extremity  six  hundred  Indian  ca])tives  were  reduced."' 

It  now  looks  very  dark  to  Vasco  Nuhc:%  and  \w 
begins  to  consider  if  it  were  not  better  to  move  on, 
one  way  or  tho  othei",  than  to  die  there.  But  thes(.! 
misLjivinu^s  are  only  foi"  a  moment.  No,  it  is  not  bet- 
tor.  Throwinuf  a  brid<_>'0  of  lloating  vrithe-tiod  logs 
across  the  river  ho   sends   over    Com[)ahon    with  a 

pfirocii'so  cosa  incrcible,  poro  que  l.i  vcrdad  era  que  llogahan  o  pasaLan  do 
*J,(V->).'  Lux  ('(txrt.-<,  ]ll<t.  III'!.,  iv.  'JIJo-L  'No  so  hallo  (lun  Castellaiio  iii;i- 
giuii)  inniiossc,  iii  iieu'ro,  n\iii(|Uo  ile  Ids  Lulios  fuerou  luuehos  los  que  pcic- 
cit'i'Dii.'  Jicrnni,  iloc.  ii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  xi. 

•'  Pa  I'll.. I  (le  Audau'iiya  jisserts  that  the  worm-eaten  timber  was  put  toiTetln  r 
on  tho  llalsa:!  and  navigated,  thoui^'li  with  great  dilliculty,  to  the  gtdf  of  Sail 
Mi;!;uol,  and  thenec!  to  tho  I'earl  l.shnids;  and  that  tliero  tlioy  soon  lomidi".<>l. 
Ji'ldrioi!  (/<<  /(IS  Kiiir'-os  lie  J'ci.'iiii-'tds  J)(ir:lii,  in  A'dvariX't'',  Col.  ili:  \'i(tiji::,  iii. 
404.  Tiiii  statement,  tiiough  entitled  to  great  weight,  is  not  au.staineil  by  llio 
other  uuthoriUed. 


AT  Tin:  IT.AIM.  Isr.WDS. 


4I.> 


strciipf  rf)in|>any,  iwA  tells  liiin  ncxcr  (o  rclui'ii  cn- 
crpt  with  lood.  Hui'tado  \\c  dcspjitclirs  to  AiitiujUii 
i'or  more  lUfii,  and  j^-ocs  himsrll"  to  Ada  loi-  iicccs- 
.vary  oftects.  Jn  all  Avliidi  he  is  succcssrul;  and  lu-  is 
successful  liually  in  lloatiui;-  two  hrisj^aiitiues  upon  tlu' 
.l)alsas.  Thero  is  no  sudi  thing  as  t'ailuie  this  side  of 
death. 

What  ahrirrlit,  visi(Mi  it  is  that  greets  him  as  he  dioj^s 
down  into  the  sea,  liis  own  sea  that  he  had  found  and 
well-nii^li  lost  ai]jain!  Ifeaven  is  indeed  beautiful  il' 
i(  he  anythinpr  fairer.  Silver  and  gold  and  pearl  art) 
tlie  sunshine,  land,  and  sky;  while  tiie  sea,  th(>  mtu'- 
iiiiu'ing,  gladdening,  niajestic  sea;  it  would  inspire  a 
brute  with  nobility,  one  sight  of  it! 

]Jreams  and  realities!  Wild  as  had  been  the  dreams 
of  these  ignorant  and  voracious  men,  di'eams  with 
their  Indies  and  Araby  isles,  tliey  I'ell  far  short  ol' 
ivalitv.  How  could  they  dream  of  a  ]\[onte/,uiiia 
empire  M'aiting  expectantly  to  welcome  the  desK-oyer, 
or  of  an  Inca  liictioii  so  evenly  balanced  that  so  hiiiit  a 
liell-ilako  as  a  Pizarro  might  turn  it? 

Selecting  Isla  Iiica,  the  largest  of  <he  Pearl  Islands, 
as  a  rendezvous  and  place  of  settlement,  ]]alboa  (hs- 
chargcd  his  vessels  there  and  sent  them  back  to  bring 
IVom  the  Balsas  the  remainder  of  the  com])any,  to- 
gether with  materials  for  two  more  ships,  which  were 
in  duo  time  completed,  making  four  in  all.  !More 
.'^u])[)lies  were  brought  from  Ada,  and  JouriKys  be- 
tween the  two  seas  were  from  this  time  fi'e(juent. 
^leanwhile,  after  jiacifying  the  Pearl  Islands,  Ik;  em- 
hni'ked  with  one  hundred  men  for  a  cruise  eastward. 
After  sailing  twenty  leagues  a  shoal  of  whales  so 
IVightened  the  sailors  that  they  anchored  for  the  night 
luar  the  shore,  and  embraced  the  opportunity  to  kill 
a  ^  illage  of  Indians  for  having  put  to  death  Pei'nardo 
^Forales  and  his  men  in  a  former  exi;)edition.  Hie  wind 
being  contrary  the  tleet  next  morning  returned  to  the 
Peail  Island.- 

Thus  haply  laundied  upon  the  tide  of  glorious  ad- 


4^16 


THE  FATE  OF  VASCO  NUJvEZ. 


i.,i 


venture, with  full  freedom  in  the  south, and  in  harmony 
with  superior  powers,  what  could  fortune  offer  more 
satisfactory  or  secure?  But  fickle  the  goddess,  anrl 
malignant  the  while,  keeping  alive  suspicion  and  envy 
where  onl}''  honor  and  good-will  should  be.  It  hap- 
pened about  this  time  that  as  one  of  Balboa's  captains 
was  setting  out  on  his  return  to  the  South  Sea,  rumor 
reached  Ada  that  Lope  de  Sosa,  a  native  of  Cordova, 
then  acting  governor  of  the  Canary  Islands,  had  been 
ap})ointed  tt)  supersede  Pedrarias.  At  one  time  such 
a  prospect  would  have  been  hailed  with  deiiglit  ly 
Vasco  Nunez,  but  now  that  his  fortunes  were  so  hajv 
pily  linked  with  those  of  his  ancient  enemy  he  could 
desire  no  change. 

One  evening  while  in  friendly  conversation  with  the 
vicar,  Rodrigo  Perez,  and  the  notary,  Valderrabano — 
for  on  these  Pearl  Islands  now  were  all  the  para[)hcr- 
nalia  of  spiritual  and  temporal  rulership — u})on  the 
pr( )!  )al)le  effect  of  a  change  of  governors  on  South  Sea 
affairs  Vasco  Nunez  remarked,  "  It  ma}?-  be  possible 
that  Lope  de  Sosa  has  ere  this  received  his  commis- 
sion, and  that  even  now  he  is  at  Antigua,  in  v.liich 
case  my  lord  Pedrarias  is  no  longer  governor,  and 
all  our  toilsome  undertakings  will  profit  us  nothing. 
In  order  therefore  to  know  best  how  to  pr(>r'ee(l  in 
tliis  emergency  I  am  of  opinion  -that  it  would  be 
well  to  scud  some  faithful  messenger  to  Ada  for  our 
furllier  necessities;  and  if  the  new  governor  has  come, 
we  will  furnish  our  ships,  and  pursue  our  enterprise  as 
best  we  can,  trusting  to  his  fuLaro  approval.  Bat  if 
my  lord  Pcnlrarias  is  still  in  power,  he  Nvill  allay  our 
fears,  and  we  will  then  set  out  upon  our  vo3'age,  whicli 
I  trust  in  God  will  succeed  according  to  our  wishes." 
I  b(\g  the  reader  to  remember  these  words,  and  say  if 
in  them  is  hidden  the  venom  of  treason  to  tlie  lather- 
governor  when  morbid  acrimony  decides  them  criminal. 
1  do  not  say  that  at  this  jiinciuro  Vasco  Nuiuv.  woulv' 
not  have  disregarded  any  whimsical  malevolence  on 
the  part  of  his  future  father-in-law  which  miglit  stand 


MICRR  CODRO,  THE  ASTROLOGER. 


447 


ill  tliG  way  of  liis  liio-li  purposes.  I  think  ho  \\o\M 
liavc  (lone  so.  But  that  he  saw  no  lu'cessitv  lor  so 
doiiiU",  and  never  dreamed  of  disobedience  or  disloy- 
alty, I  am  very  sure. 

As  his  ill-fate  would  have  it,  just  when  Yasco  Nunez 
v.as  concluding-  his  remarks  on  this  suhject,  a  sentinel 
on  Li'uard  in  front  of  the  general's  quarters  stepped  up 
under  the  awniufj^  to  shelter  himself  from  a  passiii'^' 
sh(  )\ver.  This  fellow,  whose  sense  of  smell  was  so  acute 
that  he  could  detect  disloyalty  though  hidden  in  a 
barrel  of  salt,  found  here  at  once  a  mare's  nest.  Oi' 
course  his  general  was  talking  treason ;  ho  had  often 
bcoii  suspected,  and  now  he  openly  admitted  that  if 
affairs  planned  in  Spain  or  at  Antigua  did  not  suit  h:ni, 
lie  would  sail  aw^ay  and  leave  all  emperors  and  gov- 
ernors in  the  lurch.  And  if  he  alone  might  have  the 
disclosing  of  this  villainy  his  fortune  was  made. 

A  story  is  told  of  one  Micer  Codro,  a  Venetian 
astrologer,  who  followed  his  stars  to  the  Indies  and 
there  interpreted  nature  for  a  consideration.  Vov  up 
and  down  the  world  the  devil  used  to  lead  him  with  the 
fiintest  thread  of  comct-liiijh.i:.  While  at  the  heii^fht 
of  his  power  in  Darien,  th  j  horoscope  of  Yasco  Nunez 
was  cast  by  tills  ^jliilosoplier,  and  his  fate  foretold  with 
all  the  precision  characterizing  the  profession.  Direct- 
ing the  attention  of  his  auditor  to  a  particular  star  he 
said:  "When  you  behold  that  star  at  yonder  point, 
Iviiow  that  3'our  fate  approaches;  your  fortune  then 
will  be  in  jeo]iardy,  and  your  life  in  peril.  Ihit  if  you 
escape  that  danger,  wealth  and  renown  su'-h  as  have 
fillcii  to  the  lot  of  no  captain  in  all  the  Indies  will  bo 
yours."  Amidst  the  bustlini.'-  activities  of  life  Vasco 
Nunez  had  well-niLjh  forgott<Mi  the  word.s  of  tlu^  sftoth- 
saver.  ]3ut  while  waiting  the  progress  of  his  plans 
at  the  Pearl  Islands,  he  chanced  to  take  a  stroll  upon 
iho  beach  one  night  in  company  with  his  I'riends. 
The  air  was  clear  of  moisture,  and  the  heavens  abla  .(3 
with  stars  whidi  seemetl  by  their  own  light  r;;":b  iplicd. 
Nor  was  this  gorgeous  firmament  more  glorious  than 


443 


THE  FATE  OF  VASCO  XU!sEZ. 


the  hopes  which  then  thrilled  the  breast  of  the  cav- 
iilier.  While  in  careless  conversation  his  eye  was 
siuldenl^^  arrested  by  the  star  of  his  destiny  wliicli 
hung  [)ortentous  in  the  exact  spot  designated  ])\ 
Micer  Codro.  The  prediction  of  the  astrolog'cr  at  once 
ilashcd  upon  him.  "  But  surely,",  he  thought,  "  the 
worthy  fellow  read  careless!}'',  or  else  possesses  little 
knowledge  of  his  art,  for  my  time  of  peril  has  passed. 
I  will,  however,  accept  the  saving  clause  of  his  j)ie- 
dlction,  and  now  achieve  the  fame  and  wealth  whereof 
ho  spake."  Then  with  a  smile  he  turned  to  his  com- 
panions. "  Have  a  care  of  soothsayers,"  ho  said  gayly. 
"  You  all  know  Micer  Codro.  According  to  his  jn-o- 
diction  I  stand  this  moment  on  tl:e  verge  of  demo- 
lition. But  I  defy  thee,  fate!  See  there  those  slii[)s, 
and  this  wealth-bordered  sea;  see  hero  this  good 
right  arm,  this  stout  heart,  and  you,  my  friends,  three 
hundred  faithful  men.     Docs  this  look  like  collapse  f' 

Notwithstanding  the  rumor  of  a  new  governor  at 
Antigua,  this  South  Sea  enterprise  ought  to  be  prosc- 
cutetl  at  all  hazard.  By  authority  both  of  the  king 
and  of  his  representative  in  Darien  the  expedition  had 
been  undertaken.  Money  had  been  spent  and  inilnito 
toil;  life  had  been  adventured — the  lives  of  Spaniards, 
that  is  to  say,  for  a  thousand  or  two  dead  savages  were 
scarcely  to  be  regarded  in  the  account.  Ami  now  it 
behooved  them  to  o'ive  no  now  king  or  new  governor 
the  opportunity  of  ruining  tlxeir  hopes  by  countei'- 
manding  the  expedition. 

It  was  linally  arranged  that  Andres  Garabito, 
liuis  Botello,  Andres  do  Valderriibano,  and  Fernando 
jNiunoz  should  })rocced  to  Ada,  and  as  they  drew  near 
the  town  the  party  should  halt;  one  of  them  shouM 
enter  at  night  alone,  and,  proceeding  to  the  hou.-e  of 
A^asco  Nunez,  should  ascertain  from  the  servant  to  lio 
found  there  if  Pedrarias  was  superseded;  and  if  tlio 
new  governor  had  arrived  the  {)arty  would  withdraw 
unobserved,  return  to  the  South  Sea,  and  proclaim 
A^tisco  Nunez  govei-nor  of  Tierra  Firme,  at  the  same 


TREACHEROUS  MESSENGERS. 


440 


siovcnua' 


time  .i^'ivhiii^  him  a  paper  purporting  to  be  liis  com- 
mission. Thus  would  liis  comnuind  be  deceived  into 
the  belief  that  he  was  legal  ruler,  and  so  follow  his 
Lidding  without  question.  This  was  a  glance  toward 
treason;  it  was  as  bad  as  treason;  but  neither  now  nor 
ever  was  it  treason.  The  projected  stratagem  was 
tlangerous,  and  wholly  useless,  and  most  unfortunate, 
as  the  result  proved;  complicating  aft'airs  and  aiding 
his  enemies  in  casting  over  him  that  cloud  of  suspicion 
which  ultimately  involved  him  in  ruin. 

Likewise  the  agents  fortius  errand  were  unhappily 
cliosen.  Garabito  was  the  deadly  enemy  of  Balboa, 
though  the  latter  did  not  know  it.  Worse  than  that, 
far  more  dastardly  and  damnable  than  enemy,  ho 
was  a  treacherous  friend.  Balboa  had  often  shown 
hiiu  favors,  and  placed  implicit  confidence  in  him,  as 
tlic  prominence  given  him  in  this  delicate  mission 
plainly  indicated.  Within  a  friendly,  even  fawning 
exterior,  lurked  deadly  hate.  It  originated  thus: 
While  Vasco  Nunez  was  3'et  under  the  cloud  of  the 
governors  displeasure,  Garabito  had  attemj)b'(l  im- 
jii'oper  intimacy  with  Careta's  daughter,  JJalboa's 
wile  after  the  Indian  fashion.  One  word  from  her 
jtrotector,  one  glance  from  his  eye — for  the  miscreant 
saw  perdition  in  it — was  suiBcient  to  check  his  jire- 
smnption;  but  Garabito  never  forgot  it,  and  awaited 
only  his  reveng'\  While  on  the  Jialsas  he  had  even 
Avritten  Pedrarias  that  it  was  Balboa's  purpose,  on 
reaching  the  ocean,  to  thn)w  oil' allegiance  to  him,  and 
to  every  one  but  the  king.  lie  I'urther  afHrmed  that 
A'asco  Nunez  cared  nothinijf  for  his  dau'diter,  loved 
only  the  Indian  girl,  and  never  intended  to  ratify 
his  betrothal  ob^'gation.  Though  Garabito  knew  well 
enough  he  deserved  hanging  for  this,  and  might  even 
achieve  that  infamy,  yet  he  understood  both  himself 
and  Pedrarias,  and  he  knew  these  lies  would  fatten  on 
tho  old  man's  soul. 

When  Garabito  arrived  at  Ada,  instead  of  <loing 
as  he  had  been  told,  he  sot  about  to  perform  a  littlo 

UiiT.  Ogn.  Am.,  Vol.  I.    39 


4.50 


THE  FATE  OF  VASCO  NU5fEZ. 


drama  wliich  slioiikl  at  once  precipitate  revenge  and 
free  liini  from  the  odium  of  traitorous  friendshij). 
Mingling  with  tlie  gossips  of  the  town,  he  talked  mys- 
teriously about  South  Sea  affairs,  threw  out  insinua- 
tions, and  dropped  dark  hints  concerning  Vasco  Nunez 
and  the  government.  By  such  means  he  succeeded 
in  causinix  himself  to  be  arrested;  and  when  brouLiiit 
before  the  magistrate  for  examination,  no  torture  was 
requii'ed  to  draw  from  him  all  he  knew,  and  morij. 
An  abstract  of  the  evidence  taken  in  this  investiga- 
tion, together  with  the  letters  and  papers  of  Garablto, 
was  forwarded  to  Pedrarias. 


Wlicn  Vasco  Nunez  embarked  from  Antigua  on 
this  enterprise,  it  was  stipulated  that  he  shoidd  re- 
turn at  the  expiration  of  eighteen  months.  Tlie  time 
having  expired,  ho  wrote  Pedrarias  requesting  its 
extension,  giving  as  a  reason  for  requiring  it  the  ex- 
traordinary difhculties  under  which  he  had  labored, 
and  the  attendant  delays.  He  requested  I'ernandodo 
Argiiello,  who  had  a  large  pecuniary  interest  at  stake, 
to  gain  further  time,  if  possible,  as  otherwise  tlieir 
expenditure  and  toil  would  all  be  lost.  In  answer  to 
the  a[)plication  of  Argiiello,  Pedrarias  said  little;  but 
within  the  caldron  the  black  stuff  sinunered. 

This  inopportune  revival  of  the  ancient  feud  be- 
tween the  governors  excited  no  small  stir  at  Antigua. 
And  when  tidings  of  (larabito's  arrest  wert>  recelvcnl, 
and  the  character  of  his  testimony  vas  made  known, 
the  friends  of  A^asco  Nunez  entertainetl  fears  I'or  ]\U 
safety.  It  made  little  difference  whether  wli;it  this 
villain  had  said  was  true  or  false — though  no  one  be- 
lieved that  Vasco  Nunez  contemplated  anything  eriii!- 
inal — old  man  Pedrarias  with  his  malignity  aroused 
was  a  iiend  incarnate.  Argiudlo  wrote  Palboa  1  hat  the 
governor  would  neither  grant  nor  deny  an  extension 
of  time,  and  the  notary  advised  him  to  put  to  sen  at 
once,  and  ])lace  himself  beyond  the  rancorous  cajjiiei! 
of  Pedrarias.     He  further  informed  him  that  in  tlic 


GARABITO'S  INFAMY. 


4ul 


event  of  a  rupture  lie  could  appeal  to  the  Jeroniniite 
]"'atlier.s,  at  Santo  Domingo,  who  would  see  justice 
(lone  him.  Unfortunately,  this  letter  was  intercej)ted 
and  sent  to  Pedrarias. 


The  conflagration  which  sweeps  a  city  is  often  kin- 
dled by  a  spark.  The  South  Sea  discoverer  entertained 
a  harndess  ruse,  justifiable,  in  his  opinion,  as  tending 
to  settle  the  minds  of  his  men  and  ensure  their  more 
)erfect  obedience  in  hazardous  enterprise;  he  har- 
joi'cd  at  the  most  the  intention  of  placing  himself  lor 
no  unlawful  purpose  beyond  the  call  of  the  new  gov- 
ernor until  he  had  consummated  his  long  clicrished 
schemes,  and  not  of  deceiving  the  old  governor,  to 
vliom,  if  still  in  power,  his  messengers  were  to  dis- 
close fill  his  fears,  in  the  belief  that  his  necessities 
would  certainly  be  relieved.  These  trivial  thoughts, 
Hung  distorted  by  Garabito  into  the  inflammable  breast 
of  Pedrarias,  w^cre  more  than  sufficient  to  light  a  flame 
beyond  the  power  of  man  to  extinguish.  On  former 
occasions  the  enmity  had  been  rather  of  a  politic  il  than 
n  ])ersonal  nature;  now  it  enters  the  private  chambers 
of  the  affections,  and  beside  crimes  plotted  against  the 
I'ulor,  the  father  is  to  be  wounded  and  insulted.  And 
his  liate  becomes  unto  death,  murderous. 

With  the  several  pretended  disclosures  of  Garabito 
liefore  him  his  mind  ran  quickly  back  over  the  career 
ol'  Vase  J  Nunez,  his  ill  treatment  of  Eiiciso,  his  ex- 
])ulsi()n  of  Nicuesa,  his  irregularities  whiU)  in  office, 
the  kinix's  order  to  call  him  to  a  reckoning,  tlie  brill- 
lant  discoveries  intervening,  the  fadure  to  convict 
Jiiin  of  crimes,  the  king's  favor,  and  at  last  the  nearer 
and  to  be  hoped  final  reeouciliatIt)n.  Warinm"  yet 
williin  him  gU)V'ed  the  thought  of  these  things,  as 
liis  mind  dwelt  u})on  tlie  letters  disparaging  to  hini- 
stir  wliieli  Vasco  Nunez  had  sent  the  king,  and 
lecalled  once  more  what  Garabito  liad  said  concern- 
ing tlie  re])udiation  of  both  liimself  and  liis  daugli- 
ler.     He  talked  with  Bachiller  Corral,  who  had  been 


432 


THE  FATE  OF  VASCO  NU5sEZ. 


onco  arrested  by  Vasco  Nunez  for  improper  conduct, 
and  to  the  royal  treasurer,  Alonso  de  la  Pucntc, 
■whom  Vasco  Nunez  had  onco  offended  by  demanding:; 
the  payment  of  a  debt,  he  read  the  letter  of  Fer- 
nando de  Argliello,  and  then  ordered  the  arrest  of  the 
writer. 

rie  communed  with  his  heart  In  his  rage  and  was 
glad.  And  he  wrote  his  son-in-law  a  letter,  his  dear 
son-in-law,  a  friendly,  fatherly  letter,  requesting  his 
presence  at  Ada  for  the  purpose  of  consultation  over 
affairs  affecting  their  mutual  interests.  This  letter 
was  despatched  by  messengers  urged  to  the  greatest 
haste,  that  the  friends  of  Vasco  Nunez  might  not  have 
time  to  warn  him  of  his  danger.  "Once  within  my 
grasp,"  muttered  the  old  man,  "he  never  shall  esca[)o 
me."  That  he  might  not  embark  on  some  lengthy 
voyage  or  otherwise  delay  his  coming,  Pcdrarias 
ordered  Francisco  Pizarro  to  place  himself  at  the 
head  of  as  large  a  force  as  he  could  muster,  and  im- 
mediately to  find  and  arrest  his  former  comrade  and 
commander,  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa,  and  bring  him 
under  safe  guard  to  Ada. 

Now  the  dissembling  letter  of  Pedrarias,  so  the 
chroniclers  tell  us,  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  Vasco 
Nunez  while  yet  the  star  of  his  destiny  hovered,  im- 
patient of  flight,  about  the  spot  whereon  it  was  to  de- 
termine his  fate;  which  proves  to  any  reasonable  mind, 
1)eyond  perad venture,  several  things;  item,  that  tlio 
hoavcidy  lights  are  fingered  by  Omnipotence  for  indi- 
vidual import;  item,  that  Micer  Codro  knows  the  stars; 
item,  that  the  stars  know  Micer  Codro;  item,  jKivca 
momenta  in  s^pem  metiimqiie  impeUere  animos. 

Conscious  of  no  wrong,  Vasco  Nunez  suspected  no 
ti'oachery,  and  on  receipt  of  the  letter  ho  set  out  ;tt 
once  with  the returninsj messenjxers  to j^rant his fatlu  i- 

o  or? 

in-law  the  desired  interview,  leaving  his  connnand  ;it 
the  Pearl  Islands  in  charge  of  Francisco  Companoii. 
As  they  journeyed  toward  Ada  he  interrogated  his 
companions  concerning  the  afl'airs  of  the  colony.    At 


THE  ARREST. 


4SS 


first  they  were  cautious  in  their  replies,  and  made 
evasive  answers;  but  the  prompt  and  cordial  manner 
ill  which  Vasco  Nunez  responded  to  the  summons  of 
Pedrarias  carried  conviction  of  his  integrity.  Further 
than  this,  they  had  long  known  Vasco  Nuiiez  as  a 
gallant  cavalier  and  a  genial  friend,  and  they  resolved, 
conic  what  might,  he  should  not  fall  into  the  clutches 
of  his  enemy  without  a  word  of  warning  from  them. 
Enjoining  secrecy,  they  told  him  all;  that  current 
opinion  considered  not  only  his  liberty  but  that  his  life 
was  in  jeopardy. 

Balboa  would  not  believe  it.  Pedrarias  might  bo 
very  angry,  though  he  had  written  in  so  friendly  a 
strain;  it  was  his  nature  to  be  suspicious  and  treach- 
erous; he  could  not  help  it;  he  was  martyr  to  a  hate 
wherein  he  was  created,  and  not  unlike  that  of  Acri- 
sius  who  quarrelled  with  his  twin  brother  Proetus  be- 
fore they  were  born.  There  might  be  some  difficulty 
ill  pacif3'ing  Pedrarias,  but  as  for  fearing  him,  the  idea 
was  preposterous.  Even  though  he  had  meditated 
treason  against  the  governor,  which  he  had  not,  he 
was  not  guilty  of  any  criminal  act;  and  surely  a  man 
cannot  be  hanged  for  his  meditations.  Of  course  lie 
would  go  forward. 

As  he  descended  the  mountains  and  drew  near  Ada, 
Vasco  Nunez  was  met  by  the  force  sent  out  by  the 
f^ovcrnor.  As  the  leader  advanced  to  make  the  arrest, 
his  old  friend  and  patron  cast  on  him  a  reiiroacliful 
look  and  exclaimed,  "How  is  this,  Francisco  Pizarro? 
You  were  not  wont  to  come  out  in  this  manner  to 
receive  me!"  He  oiTered  no  opposition,  however,  and 
HKule  no  remonstrance  when  the  irons  were  put  upon 
hiiu  and  he  was  led  away  to  prison  rt  Acla. 


History  presents  few  sadder  pictures  than  the  clos- 
ing scenes  in  the  career  of  Vasco  Nunez  do  ]>all)oa. 
And  as  we  look  at  it,  our  sorrow  waxes  liot  with  in- 
dignation over  the  triumph  of  wrong.  Occasionally, 
ill  the  hostile  encounters  of  men,  jubtico  seems  to 


454 


THE  FATE  OF  VASCO  NU^TEZ. 


i 


abnndon  the  arena,  leaving  iniquity  master  of  tlic 
field;  at  which  times  the  spectator  burns  for  the 
power  which  Omnipotence  declines  to  exercise. 

The  game  hero  played  was  for  a  valuable  life.  Oi] 
one  side  was  a  singularly  morbid  hate,  envenomed 
and  pitiless,  united  with  unscrupulous  treachery  and 
hypocrisy,  which  in  an  old  man  of  ability,  breeding, 
and  position,  was  hideous  beyond  expression.  On  tlio 
other  side  were  recognized  talents  of  so  exceptional 
an  order  as  to  make  the  possessor  the  most  popular 
man  in  the  colony.  This  is  what  kept  his  irascible  ad- 
versary on  nettles.  Vasco  Nunez  was  the  hero  of  this 
conquest.  He  was  to  Pedrarias  as  Loki  to  Baldur, 
or  as  Hyperion  to  a  satyr;  and  in  their  strangely 
assorted  friendship  they  were  more  unequally  yoked 
tlian  in  their  enmity  they  were  divided.  He  Mas 
the  mirror  in  which  by  comparison  the  governor 
most  clearly  saw  his  own  infirmities.  Like  Otiiollo 
ho  was  of  that  free  and  open  nature  which  thud;s 
men  honest  that  but  seem  so.  His  faults  were  iliosc 
of  the  times  rather  than  of  the  man.  He  was  as  am- 
bitious as  Achilles,  but  it  was  a  laudable  ambition  as 
times  went.  He  was  neither  voracious  nor  avaiicions; 
cruel  he  unquestionably  was,  but  not  wantonly  so;  ho 
gatliercd  gold,  but  he  scattered  it  open-handedly.  llo 
coveted  fame;  and  in  those  days  neither  equity  nor 
humanity  were  essential  to  greatness.  I  do  not  re- 
gard him  as  greedy  of  office;  he  loved  power,  but  ho 
loved  adventure  more.  Of  course,  in  principle,  llio 
robber  life  he  led  was  wrong,  though  sanctioned  1)V 
])hilosophers  and  divines,  and  Vasco  Nuiiez  aspired 
to  belong  to  neither  class.  He  was  an  illiterate  cav- 
jdier,  honest  and  religious,  ready  to  accept  the  theories 
of  the  day  if  they  did  not  too  greatly  interfere  willi 
his  desires  Neither  his  loyalty  nor  his  religion  Avns 
suflicient  to  be  of  great  injury  to  him;  althougli, 
if  we  may  credit  Peter  Martyr,  he  never  attenqilcd 
any  adventure  without  the  invocation  of  the  dcily 
and  all  the  saints.     Among  his  comrades  he  had  c•^ cr 


HYrOCRISY  AND  CUXXING. 


wSv 


at  oommand  a  light  artillery  of  wit;  in  logical  argu- 
ment ho  was  not  equal  to  his  archeneniy,  but  in  action 
ho  was  the  inl'erior  of  no  man.  A  natural  and  perfect 
leader,  he  was  out  of  place  as  second.  Conception 
and  execution  were  one  with  him;  he  could  not  bo 
bound  by  another's  ideas.  Latent  in  him  were  inex- 
haustible resources,  known  to  uxist,  even  by  himself, 
only  as  occasion  required  them.  Only  with  emo- 
tions of  pride  might  any  Spaniard  regard  his  frank 
intrepidity,  chivalrous  beariuij:,  and  affable,  generous 
di.spobition.  In  crueltv,  subtlety,  and  base  cunninij 
I'eJrarias  was  his  superior,  but  not  in  war,  or 
statesmanship,  not  to  mention  honorable  enterprise. 
Throughout  his  entire  career,  whatever  A^aseo  Nunez 
touched  by  himself  was  a  success;  there  was  no  chanco 
about  it,  but  simply  energy  and  ability,  temperate 
couraixc  and  connnon  sense.  His  final  overthrow  was 
accomplished  not  by  fair  and  open  opposition,  but  by 
means  most  foul  and  danmablc.  Some  might  say  that 
in  tliis  contemplated  assumption  of  authority  he  was, 
like  Icarus,  Hying  too  near  the  sun;  yet,  in  truth,  it 
was  no  sun,  but  iires  infernal  that  melted  the  wax  of 
his  wings.  His  trial,  to  which  let  us  now  pass,  was  a 
judicial  assassination. 

Old  man  Pedrarias  could  scarcely  conceal  his  exul- 
tation in  thus  having,  as  he  imagined,  outwitted  his 
})ii,:;oner.  He  could  with  difficulty  rel'rain  I'rom  feast- 
ing his  e^'cs  upon  him;  nay,  he  would  not,  and  ar- 
raying his  features  in  fatherly  concern,  he  rei);ured  to 
the  }ni.:;on.  (jiently  he  accosted  Balboa,  assuring  him 
tluit  he  had  been  forced  to  this  sto[)  against  his  will, 
that  the  trca:-auvr,  l^iente,  was  the  ace  sor,  and  that 
1)0,  the  govenior,  was  in  duty  bound  to  in-.estigato 
all  charges,  particulai'ly  accusations  made  by  a  royal 
ollicer.  "Hut  be  not  cast  down,  my  son,"  said  the 
Venerable  liyjiocrito,  "neither  give  way  to  fear;  for 
the  more  ck>arly  your  actions  are  brought  to  light,  the 
blighter  will  shine  your  eminent  und  loyal  services." 


456 


THE  FATE  OF  VASCO  NUSTEZ. 


Going  his  way,  Pcdrar'  s  threw  himself  with  all 
his  strength  into  the  prosecution,  or  rather,  I  shoukl 
say,  persecution.  The  laws  of  Spain,  transported  to 
the  colonies  and  administered  by  passionate  and  un- 
principled men,  were  capable  of  almost  any  construc- 
tion desired,  and  hence  were  as  often  used  to  cloak 
villainy  as  to  punish  crime.  The  law  was  ever  on  the 
side  of  him  who  possessed  the  power  to  enforce  it. 
All  the  accusations  of  former  trials  were  in  this  in- 
stance brought  together,  and  old  charges,  long  since 
obliterated  by  royal  forgiveness,  were  renewed.  To 
the  oft-told  talcs  of  Enciso's  imprisonment  and  Ni- 
cuesa's  death,  were  added  misdeeds  conjectured  or 
invented  by  the  listening  sentinel,  Garabito,  and  the 
rest.  Argtiello's  letter  was  offered  in  evidence,  and 
all  his  enemies  had  their  fling  at  him.  The  licentiate, 
Es])inosa,  before  whom  the  case  was  brought,  was 
now  a  firm  adherent  of  the  governor.  He  had  been 
paid  his  price  in  the  South  Sea  command,  and  the 
downfall  of  Balboa  would  open  for  him  further  empire 
in  that  quarter. 

All  is  going  well;  Pedrarias  is  content.  The  pris- 
oner's chains  are  doubled.  A  little  torture  now 
applied  might  be  pleasing  in  effect.  Dropping  tlio 
mask,  Pedrarias  enters  the  prison.  "  So,  villain!  you 
thought  to  escape  me,"  he  cried.  "Your  governor 
has  become  your  tool,  j-our  plaything;  his  daughtci- 
an  idle  jest,  jilted  for  a  savage  strumpet.  Thank 
God !  your  days  are  numbered." 

Balboa  at  first  made  no  reply,  did  not  even  mani- 
fest surprise.  He  had  seen,  soon  after  the  trial  began, 
that  his  judges  thii'stcd  for  his  blood,  and  that  ho  was 
foredoomed.  Finally  he  spake.  **  I  am  here  at  your 
bidding.  Since  last  we  pledged  friendship  I  liavc 
toiled  fiiithfully  in  your  behalf,  and  mine.  I  have 
suffered  many  hardships,  and  have  overcome  obstacles 
deemed  insurmountable  by  most  men.  Never  for  a 
moment  have  I  entertained  one  thought  disloyal  to 
my  betrctlicd  or  3'ou.     For  the  truth  of  this  I  refer 


THE  SENTEXCE. 


4r.7 


you  to  my  actions,  and  call  God  to  witness.  If  I  am 
jTiiilty,  as  you  say,  why  am  I  hero?  Think  you,  with 
lour  good  ships  and  three  hundred  devoted  men  at 
my  command,  with  fortune  beckoning  me  from  every 
direction,  that  had  I  harbored  treason  I  would  not 
have  spread  my  sails  and  sought  a  land  unknown, 
beyond  all  fear  of  capture?  You  know,  my  lord  Pe- 
drarias,  that  I  am  innocent." 

It  was  patent  to  all  that  Vasco  Nunez  was  to  bo 
sacrificed  to  the  insatiable  hate  of  the  hoary-headed 
governor.  Even  Espinosa  was  becoming  tired  of  it, 
and  would  have  discharged  the  accused,  had  it  not 
been  for  Pedrarias  and  Puente,  who  insisted  on  what 
they  called  a  verdict  in  accordance  with  the  law  and 
evidence.  Under  such  pressure  Espinosa  was  forced  to 
adjudge  the  prisoner  guilty.  The  penalty  was  death. 
Vasco  Nunez  claimed  the  right  of  appeal  to  the 
Council  of  the  Indies,  which  was  denied  him;  to  the 
Jcronimite  Fathers,  which  was  also  denied.  Espinosa 
became  alarmed;  he  shrank  from  having  on  his  soul 
the  blood  of  this  man,  so  gallant  a  cavalier,  so  eminent 
a  discoverer;  he  never  really  desired  more  than  to 
drive  him  into  obscurity,  and  he  begged  the  governor 
that  the  petition  for  appeal  might  be  granted.  "No," 
said  Pedrarias,  "  if  he  has  sinned,  let  him  suffer." 

With  horror  the  colonists  heard  that  Vasco  Nunez 
was  condemned  to  be  beheaded.  Four  of  his  friends 
were  to  suffer  with  him,  Andres  do  Valderrdbano, 
Luis  BotcUo,  Fernando  Munoz,  and  Fernando  do 
Argliello. 

It  was  a  dismal  day  at  Ada,  the  chroniclers  tell  us, 
that  on  Avliich  five  brave  men  were  doomed  to  die,  not 
for  any  crime,  but  as  victims  of  a  ferocious,  savage- 
lioartcd  old  man.  At  an  early  hour  the  dull  strokes 
of  the  carpenter's  hammer  were  heard  in  the  plaza 
where  the  scaffold  rose.  Troops  of  men  gathered  on 
the  streets  and  talked  of  the  coming  exceut-ion,  won- 
dering if  there  would  be  an  attempt  at  rescue.     But 


458 


THE  FATE  OF  VASCO  NU5JEZ. 


Pcdrarias  had  taken  care  of  that.  Were  the  heav- 
enly powers  a-dreaming  that  they  should  without 
interference  permit  this  horrible  crime?  Alas!  these 
very  men  had  just  as  iniquitously  slain  their  innocent 
thousands.  Why  should  we  pity  them?  And  the 
same  oft-invoked  Omnipotence  had  permitted  the 
ghastly  work  to  be  done  in  his  name.  Of  what  avail 
is  it  to  wonder? 

Heavily  chained,  and  surrounded  by  a  strong  guard, 
the  men  were  brought  forth.  First  came  Vasco  Nunez. 
His  step  and  bearing  were  not  those  of  a  malefactor. 
Fire  flashed  from  his  eye  and  indignation  (lushed 
his  cheek  as  he  beheld  the  preparations  for  his  igno- 
miny. But  this  renowned  and  honored  chieftain,  even 
W'hile  marching  to  the  scaffold,  was  less  to  be  pitied 
than  Pedrarias,  who  from  behind  ?.  screened  window 
was  this  moment  feasting  his  eyes  upon  the  victim. 
Before  the  prisoner  walked  the  ti-wn-crier,  who,  as 
he  approached  the  middle  of  the  squai-e,  exclaimed 
in  a  loud  voice,  "  Behold  the  usurper,  a  man  recreant 
to  his  trust,  and  disloyal  to  his  king.  Let  death  bo 
ever  the  doom  of  traitors."  "  'Tis  false!"  cried  Vasco 
Nuilcz.  "  Never  have  I  been  disloyal  or  untiue.  To 
infamous  treachery  and  wrong  I  yield  my  life,  and  not 
to  justice."*^ 

•■  If  I  have  applied  strong  tcrmsof  denunciation  to  Pedrarias  Davila,  it  is  be- 
cause he  niiqiiestionubly  deserves  it.  lie  is  by  far  the  worst  man  who  came 
officially  to  the  New  World  durinr;  its  early  government.  In  this  all  authori- 
ties agree.  And  all  agree  that  Vasco  Nuilcz  was  not  deserving  of  d'.'at!i. 
Andagoya,  IMtv'mn,  in  Kararrdc,  Col.  de  Vinfjc-),  iii.  403-3,  ia  an  exoclloiit 
authority.  S;iys  Las  Casas,  ll'i.4.  IikL,  iv.  240,  '  Dijeron  que  esta  fal.-seilad  6 
tc'stiinouio  falao,  o  (jin.;;l  v.-rdad,  cscribiu  Garabito  I'l  I'edrarias  ponjiio  Vji-^co 
Nunez,  por  una  iudia  que  tenia  por  uniiga,  lo  habia  do  palabra  inaltiatado.' 
Some  of  the  more  knowing  among  the  chroniclers  say  that  (jod  ii'iiii.shud 
Vaaco  Nunez  with  t!iis  deatli  for  his  treatment  of  Niciicsa.  M  ill  tin  y 
at  the  same  time  tell  us  for  what  God  permitted  Pedrarias  to  live  ?  '  \)^'■An, 
manera  acabo  el  adelantamiento  de  Vasco  Nunez,  deseubridor  de  la  mar  did 
Sur,  6  pago  la  mucrte  del  eapitan  Diego  du  Nicuesa;  jwr  la  <|ual  o  por  oti:ii 
culpas  pcrmitio  Dioa  cjuo  oviesso  tal  nniertc,  J  no  por  lo  quel  ])rrg(jn  dcri;!, 
porque  la  que  llamaban  trayoion,  ninguno  la  tuvo  por  tab'  Oriulo,  iii.  liO. 
Herrcra  everywhere  fjpeaks  in  the  higiiest  terms  of  Vasco  Nunez,  and  pro- 
iiouuccs  the  character  and  conduct  of  I'edrarias  dctcstjiblc.  Says  Gumara, 
Jlinf.  Iiul.,  85,  '  Ni  parcciera  delanto  del  gouernador,  aunqne  mas  su  suc^io 
fuera.  Junta  so  Ic  con  csto,  la  niueiie  de  Diego  do  Nicuesa,  y  su:j  cesenta  com- 
paucros.  La  prision  del  bachiller  Enciso,  y  (jue  era  vadolcro  reboltoso,  criul, 
y  malo  para  Lidios. '    Of  Balboa's  denial  of  guilt,  in  Hist.  Aloitdo  2^'covo,  i.  Jl, 


THE  EXECUTION. 


450 


The  Rficraniont  having  been  previously  achninis- 
torod,  and  liaving  made  confession,  Yasco  Nunez,  with 
liis  usual  firm  step  and  calm  demeanor,  mounted  tlio 
scaffold.  Raising  his  eyes  to  heaven  he  called  on 
God  to  witness  his  innocence.  Then  with  a  rajiid 
i'arewell  glance  at  heaven's  light  and  earth's  beauty, 
at  the  eager  upturned  faces  of  his  friends,  he  jdaecd 
his  head  upon  the  block,  and  in  a  moment  more  it  was 
rolling  trunklcss  on  the  platform  ! 

Valderriibano,  Botello,  and  Munoz  each  suffered  in 
turn.  ArgLiello  i'omaincd.  A  last  attempt  was  made 
to  move  Pedrarias.  "  It  cannot  be,"  was  the  re])ly, 
"  Rather  than  one  of  them  should  live,  I  myself  will 
die."  It  was  dark  before  the  last  dull  heavy  stroke 
told  the  crowd  that  the  sickening  work  was  done. 
With  the  death  of  the  offender  justice  is  satisfied;  not 
f- )  vengeance.  By  order  of  Pedrarias  the  head  of 
"*  a^ico  ]Nuuez  was  placed  upon  a  pole,  and  displayed 
in  the  market-place. 

Time,  which  throws  a  misty  cloud  betw^ccn  tho 
present  and  the  past,  and  strips  the  hideousness  from 
many  iniquitous  deeds,  drops  no  friendlj^  mantle  over 
tlie  horrors  of  that  day  at  Ada.  One  century  after 
another  rolls  by,  and  the  colors  on  the  canvas  deepen; 
the  red  gore  dripping  from  the  scaffold  becomes  red- 
dor,  the  black  heart  of  Pedrarias  blacker,  and  tho 
generous  qualities  and  brilliant  achievements  of  A^asco 
Nunez  shine  yet  brighter. 

Boiizoni  writes,  '  Vtilboa  con  giur.imcnto  ncab,  dicomlo,  die  inquanto  toccatia 
iilln,  infonnatioiic  clic  contra  lui  s'ora  fatta  ui  soUcuargH  la  gcnto  clio  I'era  h, 
torto,  c  falsanicnte  accusato,  c  clio  considorasso  bone  (jucllo  clio  facoua,  o  ko  lui 
luau'sso  till  cosa  tcntata,  non  saria  venuto  alia  prcscntia  sua,  u  lainilinc'.ito  del 
rcsto,  si  difcse  il  mcylio  die  puoto  ma  dove  legnauo  le  for/c,  poco  j^'ii>ua(le- 
It'iidorii  cull  la  ragionc.'  And  Tetcr  JIartyr,  dec.  iv.  cap.  ix.,  tcdilies, 
'  Va-^eluiin  ah  Austio  acccr.sit  lVtru;<  Arias:  paret  dicto  Var.chus,  in  catinaa 
coujicitur.  Ncgat  Vasclius  tale  consilium  cogitii.sse.  Testes  <]u;cTuntur  iiiale- 
fai  Luruiii,  qu;u  patraverat:  ab  initio  dicta  coUiguntur,  niortc  digmi.s  ccusttiir, 

"liiuitur.'    And  '  wliat  stomach'  he  further  adds,  '  I'odrarias  Uiivihi  may 

lavc,  should  ho  over  return  to  Spain,  let  good  men  judge.' 


CHAPTER  XIIL 

DECLINE  OF  SPANISH  SETTLEMENT  ON  THE  NORTH  COAST. 

1517-1523. 

Dishonesty  the  Best  Policy — Pedrarias  Stigmatized — His  ArTiioniTY 

CiRTAILED  —  QUEVEDO    IN    Sl'AIN  —  IIe    EmCOITNTERS    LaS    CaRAS  —  ThE 

Battle  of  the  Priests— Oviedo  Enteiis  the  Arena — Business  in 
Darien — The  Intkroceanic  Road  Aoain — Its  Termini — Pkurauias 

AM)    EsriNOSA  AT    PANAMA— TlIE   LICENTIATE   MaKES   AnOTHER    IiAII) 

— The  Friars  of  St  Jerojie  have  their  Eve  on  Pedrarias — Tm; 
Cakildo  of  Antigita  Shakes  its  Finger  at  Him — Continued  At- 

TEMl'TS  TO   DePOITLATE  THE   NoRTH  COAST— AlBITES  BcILDS   NoMl'.IlE 

DE  Dios — LccKY  Licentiate — Arrival  and  Death  of  Lope  de  Sosa 
— OviEDo  Reti'rns  and  Does  Battle  with  the  Dilvgon — And  is 
Beaten  froji  the  Field. 

For  tlie  villainous  acljuclging  of  Vasco  Nunez, 
Gaspar  do  Espinosa  received  his  place  on  the  South 
Sea.  And  when  true  tidings  reached  Pedrarias  of 
the  appointment  of  Lope  de  Sosa  as  his  successoi-, 
the  grizzly  old  governor  did  exactly  that  for  whieli 
he  pretended  to  have  beheaded  Vasco  Nunez.  Stiilc- 
ing  corollaries  from  the  historical  propositions  of  the 
preceding  chapter. 

That  Pedrarias  was  not  at  once  deposed  may  seoin 
strange  to  us.  He  was  deposed,  however;  but  slip- 
ping south  he  sought  new  fields,  as  we  shall  presently 
see;  and  b}''  the  intercession  of  powerful  friends  iit 
court  he  managed  to  retain  rulership  for  a  term  of 
years.  Then,  too,  the  changes.  It  was  trouhlesoiiK^ 
and  expensive  for  royalty  to  establish  subordinate 
govermnents  in  the  Indies;  and  as  ncarl}'  all  of 
Spain's  New  Wc  .'Id  governors,  and,  iidc^ed,  oflieials 
and  subjects,  wei"  j  wrong  in  some  particular,  there 

( lUO  j 


THE  COXDUCT  OF  TEDRARIAS  CONDEMNED. 


4C1 


was  not  always  ciicourai^cniciit  to  iiiako  a  change. 
Yet  Spain  and  all  Cliristondoni  were  indignant  (jver 
the  infamous  doinfjs  at  Ada.  The  friars  of  St  Jerome 
instantly  clipped  the  wings  of  the  cormorant,  by 
ordering  him  i.u  the  king's  name  "to  resolve  upon 
nothing  by  himself,  but  to  follow  the  advice  of  the 
rdl'-Jdu^  of  Darien ;  and,  moreover,  to  send  to  Espanola 
i.iil  the  gold  taken  from  Cacique  Paris."  This  was  of 
little  practical  avail,  liowever.  Royalty  might  issue 
edicts;  but  those  appointed  to  enforce  them  seemed 
to  turn  to  corruption  on  entering  the  atmosphere  of 
the  Indies. 

Some  said,  if  the  good  bishop  had  been  there,  Vasco 
Xuuez  had  not  died.  But  according  to  Miccr  Codro 
it  was  scarcely  among  the  possibilities  for  the  inau- 
spicious friend  of  Balboa  to  have  been  present  at  the 
right  momont.  Associated  with  the  alcalde  mayor 
and  the  governor  in  magisterial  authority,  the  bishop 
could  without  doubt  have  diverted  the  quarrel  from 
^uch  gory  channels;  for  there  was  always  enough  of 
the  temporal  in  his  spiritual  polities  to  give  his  inilu- 
cucc  \'\'eight  in  balancmg  power.  It  was  a  wolfish 
il(K'k.  The  bishop  complained  of  it  to  the  king;  and 
oil  the  other  hand  the  royal  officers  complained  of 
the  bishop.  Botli  were  right.  It  was  imj)Ossible  too 
severely  to  censure  such  acts  as  were  constantly  por- 
jictrated  by  the  officials  of  Castilla  del  Oro,  and 
altliough  Quevedo  had  gone  to  Spain  on  the  more 
ll(  asiiig  errand  of  love  and  reconciliation,  ho  tonnd  it 
c'tiiiveiiient  occasionally  to  sav  a  word  to  the  kinu;'  in 
liis  own  defense,  and  not  without  mfluence  on  the  iin- 
iH'iial  ear.  Once  the  I'oyal  officials  wrote  the  king  that 
the  bishop  neglected  the  conversion  of  the  liwliaiis, 
i'avt)red  Vasco  Nunez  against  the  government,  ami 

'  Tho  city  or  tomi  council,  composed  of  tlie  alcalde,  rcgidorcs,  and  other 
(illu'cis  liiiviiig  the  ndiniiiistriitioii  or  economical  iind  political  munaLTempiit  of 
imuiiripal  nll'airs.  Tho  word  '•(tliihlo  liaa  essentially  tlie  Ram«  Bij,Miiticatii)u  ns 
tiiiiiiiliiiitii'iilo,  rcijimiciilo,  coiiscjo,  viiiiucijialiilail,  and  coiimJo  viuiiiciiKil.  A 
(■'/'.(('(/()  (rlf.iiantico  is  a  bishop's  cotmcil  or  dianter.  Tho  authority  invested  in 
tl.i^  body  at  iVjitijjua  at  this  time,  to  check  I  drarias,  was  wholly  unusual  and 
ixt  Inordinary . 


JfrrfM  J     It JEji 


4G2       DECLINE  OF  SETTLEMENT  ON  THE  NORTH  COAST. 

discourogcd  colonization  l)y  speaking  ill  of  the  country; 
and  again  that  tho  bishop  was  a  source  of  constant 
disturbance,  and  praying  that  a  provisor,  talcnt(>d 
and  upright,  be  appointed  to  superintend  sacred  af- 
fairs.^ 

Before  tlie  sovereign,  Quevedo  spoke  disparagingly 
of  both  Pedrarias  and  Vasco  Nufiez;  the  prelate 
alone  was  peifect.  But  beside  the  genuine  ring  of 
Las  Casas,  the  base  metal  of  Quovedo's  composition 
sounded  Hat.  The  protector-general  was  at  this  timu 
busy  at  once  with  his  colonization  scheme  and  his 
impeachment  of  the  Jeronimite  Fathers,  who,  although 
meaning  well,  were  slack  in  exacting  the  right  as 
measured  by  apostolic  zeal. 

On  oi  e  occasion,  in  the  royal  antcchambor  at  ]\To- 
lin  del  Bey,  while  waiting  for  the  bishop  of  Batlajoz, 
one  of  the  king's  preachers,  with  whom  lie  had  an 
cngngcmcnt  to  dine,  Quevedo  was  bluntly  accost -(l 
])y  Las  C*asas.  "I  understand, my  lord,  that  you  arc 
the  bishoj!  of  Darion.  I  too  am  interested  in  the  In- 
dies, and  it  is  my  duty  to  offer  you  fellowsliip."'  ''Ah ! 
Seiior  Casas,"  I'udely  re])lied  Quevedo.  "And  ironi 
what  text  will  you  preach  us  a  sermon  to-day^"  "I 
have  ready  two  sermons,"  retorted  the  always  armed 
Protector,  "which,  if  you  would  listen  to  tliem,  might 
prove  to  you  of  higher  import  tlian  all  the  moneys 
which  you  bring  from  the  InJics."  "You  are  beside 
3"ours('lf !  ^""ou  are  beside  yoiu'self !"  was  all  tlie  bishoji 
could  stanmu'ras  his  host  appeared  and  withdrew  him 
from  tlie  merciless  shots  of  Las  Casas.  But  Quevedo 
was  not  to  escape  so  easily.  Presenting  himself  after 
dinner  at  the  house  of  the  king's  preacher.  Las  Casas 
tortured  liis  enemy  into  yet  hotter  dispute.     Young 


.<* 


Charles  hearing  of  it  ordered  tho  battle  of  tlu>  pri( 
to  bo  continued  before  him.      This  was  the  iii'st  auth- 
once  by  the  prince  in  matters  rehitivc  to  the  Indies. 

'First  l>y  tlm  Innd  of  PodmriasdnAvila,  tlic  fjovcrnor's  nrphcw,  Fclirnniv 
10,  I."il.'»,  luid  ii^.uu  .Ijituiiirv  l!^S,  l,")l(i.  S('t)/'«i«^',  ('(irlit,  in  J'urlKro  and 
(Jui'denctD,  Col.  lji.li: ,  ii.  5tl-S;   UoiimIcz  Ddc'da,  Tmtro  Ecdcu.,  ii.  o7. 


QUEVEDO  AND  OVIEDO  IN  SPAIN, 


403 


JRroujjflit  into  the  royal  prosoiico  Qucvodo  tliankcd 
( Jod  Ibr  tlio  lionor,  pronounced  the  iirst  governor  of 
J)arien  a  bad  one,  the  scicond  niiicli  worse,  and  the 
savages  in  a  deplorable  condition.  Las  Casas  follow- 
ing charged  the  fault  as  much  to  royal  officers  and 
clergv  :is  to  hidalgos  and  lesser  subjects. 

Soon  after  this  discussion  Quevedo  presented  two 
nieniorialw,  one  against  Pedrarias  Davila,  and  the  other 
for  restricting  the  power  of  governors  in  general,  and 
of  the  military,  and  for  the  better  protection  of  tlie  na- 
tives. ILe  pledged  himself  to  name  a  ruler  for  Castilla 
del  Oro,  meaning  Diego  Velazquez,  then  governor  of 
Cuba,  wh(j  would  expend  from  his  own  private  means 
iilteen  thousand  ducats  in  the  service  of  the  colony. 
Within  a  few  days  thereafter  (Quevedo  was  seized  with 
an  illness  which  terminated  in  his  death;  Charles 
was  summoned  to  accept  the  imperial  ci'own,  and  f  )r 
a  time  little  attention  was  paid  to  tlie  alfairs  of  tlie 
Indies.^ 

.Vnother  political  agency  appeared  in  Spain  about 
tin's  time.  Gonzalo  J^'ernandez  de  Oviedo  y  VaUK's, 
first  chronicler  of  the  New  World,  who,  as  we  h;i\o 
seen,  came  with  Pedrarias  to  Tieri'a  Firme  as  super- 
intendent of  liold-meltintx  and  acting  notarv-genci'al, 
becominix  dis^■usted  with  both  the  jj^oveiMior  and  the 
l)is]n)p  tlejiarted  from  that  shore  in  October,  15 1. "i. 
Scarcely  had  Oviedo  arrived  at  Madrid  when  he 
r(MX'i\-od  word  of  Jving  l^'crdinand's  death,  which  was 
a  severe  blow,  as  he  iiad  hoped  through  the  iiillui'Uce 
el"  his  former  patrons  to  ivorganize  the  goN'erniuent 
el'  Castilla  (h'l  Oi"o  and  placi;  it  oil  a,  beller  basis. 
I'vocec-ding  to  Flanders  Ik;  laid  the  matter  before  tht; 
niiiiistiM's,  and  was  rel'eri'ed  to  C^irdinal  -limenciz,  who 
listt'ued  an<l  did  nothing.  Tliere  th(!  matter  rested 
iiiilil  the  (K'atli  of  the  cardinal,  when  Oviedo  again 

■'.liKiii  (Ir  (JiK'vcilo  w.'iw  a  fii.iinf  tlnMirilcfdf  St  I'liiiii-is,  a  iritivo  of  Ilcjiiri 
in  OM  CiisliK';  wjih  ciinsci'iiiti'd  liisliop  liy  l.i'o  X.,  uikI  iUimI  iH'cciiilur  \H, 
I'llit.  Jlc  wii.s  a  iloiihlivt'acctl  diviiio,  iiu'ivi'iiary,  lint  witli  j,'i"i<l-ii;ituri'c|  jiici- 
•  livitios.  (i()ii/.,il('/.  IVivilawlin  ^'ivcs  liis  l)iojj;raiihy,  Tinlro  /-Jilr.t..  ii.  .''i.S,  ,«,iys 
tli.it  ho  was  (li'lVatud  in  tlio  tli.icu.sHiouM  with  Las  Ciwuh.  Hue  also  litmvMl, 
Jli--t.  U/iynjia,  To  0. 


4C4       DECLTXE  OF  SETTLEMENT  OX  THE  NORTH  COAST. 


rl'i: 


appeared  at  court  and  succeeded  in  obtaining  the 
aj)])ointment  of  Lope  de  Sosa  to  succeed  Pedrarias 
in  the  government  of  Castilla  del  Oro.  Satisfied 
thus  far  in  his  attempts  to  benefit  the  cok)nists  at 
Antigua,  he  sohcited  for  himself  the  government  of 
Santa  Marta.  The  appointment  was  conferred;  but 
Ijeing  refused  one  hundred  knights  of  Santia<xo,  who 
were  deemed  indispensable  to  the  subjugation  of  the 
country,  he  declined  the  office.  Like  Quevedo,  ho 
aroused  the  enmity  of  Las  Casas,  through  liis  oppo- 
sition to  the  schemes  of  the  fiery  philanthropist  in 
the  management  of  the  natives.  Nevertheless  Oviedo 
obtained  many  beneficial  decrees  for  Darien.  The 
duties  of  the  governor  were  defined  anew;  royal  offi- 
cials were  forbidden  to  trade;  the  royal  assayer  was 
I'cquired  to  give  bonds;  orders  were  issued  regulating 
the  gold-melting  house;  duties  were  abolislied  for 
four  years;  tlie  export  duty  on  gold  was  reduced 
nearly  one  half  for  a  term  of  five  years. 

A  business  paral3'sis  succeeded  the  dark  days  at 
Ada.  Little  was  done  in  1518  in  the  way  of  now  ad- 
venture, though  Pedrarias  liad  enough  to  occupy  liiiu- 
seh'  withal,  in  keeping  his  own  head  on  his  slioulders. 
]\rorc  than  one  lofty  scheme  was  cut  short  by  tho 
stroke  that  laid  lifeless  Vasco  Nunez.  The  young 
and  liardy  seal cely dared  achieve  prominence;  the  old 
and  imbecile  could  not;  even  the  ferocious  genius  of 
Prancisco  IMzarro  lay  dormant  all  througli  his  fiery 
youtli,  and  past  early  impatient  manliood,  unlcnowu 
even  to  liimsclf. 

INIade  captain-general  of  the  Soutli  Sea,  not  \o\v^ 
after  the  catastrophe  at  Ada,  Espinosa  was  unal)lo  at 
once  to  take  connnand  in  [)erson  of  the  Ibrce  at  Isla 
Pica.  Though  tlie  licentiate  was  of  a  mild,  ()l)e(lient 
disposition,  it  was  not  without  misgivings  that  I'eclia- 
lias  permitted  him  to  assume  so  important  a  trust,  tlio 
most  dangerous  for  purposes  of  revolt  of  any  witliia 
the  government  of  Castilla  del  Oro;  for  inatrumenld 


SOUTH  SEA  ATTRACTIONS. 


4G5 


cin]iloyc(l  in  the  acconnillshmcnt  of  base  purposes  arc 
not  apt  to  inspire  the  greatest  confidence.  But  Espi- 
nosa  was  not  a  mere  rover;  lie  was  an  anchored  judge 
already  high  in  colonial  office,  whose  robberies  and 
murders,  however  unjust  and  lawless,  were  of  a  quasi 
judicial  nature;  moreover  he  was  popular  with  the 
soldiers,  for  his  legal  decisions  by  no  means  interfered 
with  popular  rights  in  pillage  and  licentiousness.  In- 
dexed, when  Pedrarias  afterward  contemplated  absence, 
the  people  of  Antigua  begged  that  Espinosa  might  be 
left  there  to  govern  them,  but  this  excited  the  jealousy 
of  the  governor,  who  refused  the  petition.* 

The  much  talked  of  interoceanic  chain  of  posts,  with 
a  commercial  city  fit  cither  end,  was  not  yet  an  accom- 
jiliished  foct.  As  the  breadth,  coast-trends,  and  con- 
iiguration  of  the  country  became  better  known,  Ada 
was  found  situated  too  far  to  the  eastward.  Tlie  nar- 
rowest part  of  the  Isthmus  had  been  ascertained,  as 
also  the  most  practicable  route  for  a  road,  requiring 
a  north-coast  seaport  somewhere  opposite  Panamil, 
which  had  long  since  been  decided  upon  as  the  best 
Hite  for  a  city  on  the  southern  seaboard.  Ilernan 
]\)nco  de  Leon,  temporarily  stationed  there,  had 
abandoned  the  place,  so  that  both  termini  of  the 
proposed  road  must  be  founded  anew.  The  point 
scK'cted  on  the  north  coast  was  Nombre  de  13ios. 

liofore  Espinosa  was  ready  for  his  South  Sea  com- 
mand, positive  information  of  the  ap])ointment  of  Lope 
(Ic  So^;a  reached  Antigua.  It  now  behooved  both 
Lcdrarias  and  the  licentiate  to  look  to  their  footing, 
ii>r  it  was  not  unlikely  to  fare  hard  with  tluMn  in 
llioir  con\ing  residencias.  It  might  be  as  well,  after 
all,  for  these  astute  an<l  subtle  minds  to  fall  back 
ii])ou  the  idea  of  Vasco  Nunez — indeed,  the  cavalier's 
ideas  seemed  l)etter  than  nnv  of  their  own — of  with- 
chawing  jjcyond  the  possibly  too  restraining  iniluences 

Mfcrrura,  HUi.  (i<n.,  dec.  ii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  iii.,  gives  the  erroneous  impres- 
simi  iliiit,  wln'it  I'cilriiria.s  rotiivd  to  Pii'miUii,  Kspiiiosa  was  left  to  ^ovnn  at 
Aiiii'.;iia  as  i'Miitaiii-{,'i'iiural.  Acosta,  CuitqJi'itd.  JJi^t.  A'uem  tiraitiula,  7J-li, 
•^uinc:-!  Uii'  crnir. 

IIiuT.  CCN.  Am.,  Vol.  I,    30 


466       DECLINE  OF  SETTLEMENT  ON  THE  NORTH  COAST. 


r 


of  superior  authority,  and  establishing  themselves  in 
freer  latitudes.  The  north  coast  offered  no  furtlior 
attractions  in  any  event.  Give  them  the  South  Sea, 
and  Sosa  might  have  the  north,  and  die  there  at 
his  convenience.  For  it  was  assuredly  the  abode  of 
death. 

Pedrarias    accordingly   determined    to    make    the 
southern  seaboard  his  future  base  of  operations,  and 
to  convey  thither  as  much  as  possible  of  what  he 
esteemed  valuable.     To  this  end  he  embarked  from 
Ada,  and  laid  before  the  council  at  Antigua  a  pvo- 
posal  to  abandon  that  site,  and  remove  the  ca})ital 
to  Panamd.     The  plan  was  not  regarded  with  fiivui-, 
as  he  neither  expected  nor  desired  it  to  be;  for,  if 
Panamd  was  made  the  capital,    Sosa's  government 
would  be  there,  and  might  seriously  interfere  with 
his  projects.     Two  advantages  were,  hoAvover,  gained 
by  making  the  proposal.     By  opening  the  question 
it  unsettled  the  minds  of  residents  at  Antigua,  and 
enabled  Pedrarias  with  less  difficulty  to  enlist  recruits, 
and  it  could  not  afterward  be  said  that  he  had  souglit 
to  abandon  the  government,  having  offered  to  carry 
it  with  him.     Nevertheless,  he  could  not  part  witli 
the  people  and  their  council  without  a  fling  at  them; 
so,  one  night  he  summoned  the  cabildo  to  appear  at 
his  house,  and  took  from  them  their  insignia  of  oihcc, 
leaving  the  municipality  to  manage  as  best  it  miglit 
duriiiir  his  absence.     Returnino-  to  Ada,  ho  ordc^ixd 
Espinosa   to    sunnnon    the    forces    stationed    in    the 
province  of  Pocorosa,  and  unite  with  tJiom  all  tlio 
available  troops  of  the  colony.     With  these,  and  sink 
provisions  and  articles  of  trade  and  use  as  they  couM 
lay  their  hands  upon,  the  governor  and  the  alca!  lo 
mayor  set  out  across  the  cordillera  for  the  Southern 
Sea. 

I'odrarias  \vas  not  altogether  satisfied  witli  the 
site  of  his  proposed  Pacific  city.  On  eitlier  side  ot 
the  old  fish-drving  station  thick  tangled  woods  lo-o 
from  marshy  bottoms;  so  that,  while  the  spot  cali'd 


rOUXDING  OF  rAXA:siA. 


4G7 


Panama  was  obviously  malarious,  tlicro  seemed  at 
liand  no  ))etter  one.''  At  the  Pearl  Islands  afiair.s 
were  found  as  Yasoo  Nunez  had  loft  tliem.  Coni- 
paiion  had  proved  faithful  to  his  trust.  More  acts  of 
])osscssion  were  now  inflicted  on  this  thrice -gulped 
wilderness,  one  on  the  mainland,  January  27,  151!), 
and  one  two  days  after,  on  the  Isla  Rica  of  Yasco 
Nuucz,  called  by  Pedrarias  as  Morales  had  christened 
n,  Isla  de  las  Flores.*'  Taking  the  ships  Balboa  liatl 
liuilt,  the  governor  and  Es])inosa  embarked  the  forces, 
and  proceeded  to  the  island  of  Taboga,''  where  Badajoz 
liad  been  three  3^ears  before,  opposite  and  some  hve 
leagues  distant  from  the  proposed  settlement. 

Pedrarias  and  Espinosa  had  now  at  their  command 
al)out  four  hundred  men,  most  of  whom  were  opposed 
to  city-building  as  detrimental  to  the  nobler  profession 
(if  plundering.  But  calming  their  fears  in  this  regard, 
IV'drarias  sought  to  secure  their  interest  in  his  scheme 
by  partitioning  the  lands  adjacent  to  Panama,  and 
giving  to  eacli  man  a  section.  Foraging  expeditions 
were  sent  out  at  once,  and  tlie  soldiers  were  encour- 
aged to  make  ca])tures,  and  so  secure  laborers  for  tlicir 
lauds  and  means  for  the  indulgence  of  their  lusts.  TJius 
c\ory  settler  soon  had  from  forty  to  ninety  slaves,  aaIjo 
did  not  live  long,  however.  Nor  wei-e  the  colonists  at 
Antigua  forgotten  in  this  division,  to  the  end  that  by 
oH'cring  superior  inducements  here,  the  northern  coast 
niight  the  sooner  be  depopulated. 

^  111  fact,  neither  Nonibrc  tic  Pios  nor  Panamii,  as  at  this  time  hirntcd, 
niniiiucil;  the  lornicr,  by  order  of  I'hilip  II.,  hcing  removed  iWc  h'a:,'ijes  to 
t.'io  westward,  to  I'ortoliello,  and  the  city  of  I'aiuiniii  being  refoiiii(h<i  two 
K'l.'ues  west  of  the  original  site,  each  jiort,  at  the  time  of  its  depopdlatinn, 
tluiiiiing  over  40,()()()  Spaniards  as  vietiin.s  to  the  niiwholesonieness  of  the 
iliuKite,  dining  a  period  of  tweiity-eiglit  years.  It  was  not  until  after  theso 
1i!m(  (  H  iiad  beeoine  tlie  entrepots  for  a  hirge  trallic  with  IVru  and  tiiu  nortii- 
Westeiii  eoast  that  the  ehanges  were  made, 

''  it  was  in  the  former  instaiiee  that  I'eilrariaa  sought  to  pluralize  his  owner- 
flii])  by  taking  jiossession,  (piasi  jiossession,  ami  repossession,  as  fully  related 
ill  lli;it  euiious  (ioeunient  by  Mozolay,  Tcnliiiiiniio,  in  I'drlaro  and  ('iirdnian, 
t'lj'.  J>or.,  ii.  ri4!)-r)t!,  of  wliieli  I  iiave  made  an  ab.'^traet  in  a  )irevioiis  eiiii)itt'r. 

'  A  l>etter  cneliorage,  owing  to  the  wide  streteh  of  shelving  bcaeli  at 
raiiaiiia,  which  was  uncovered  at  low  tide.  Ilerrcrii  says  that  in  liis  day 
Vis-i  l-i  in  sumiiier  rode  in  the  strand,  and  in  the  winter  in  the  haven  of  I'erieo, 
tuu  leagues  from  the  port  of  I'auamd. 


■h:    ■!' 


4C8       DECLINE  OF  SETTLEMENT  ON  THE  NORTH  COAST. 

The  forma]  act  of  founding  the  city  of  Panamd  was 
consunnnated  August  15,  1519;  the  public  notary  certi- 
fying that  Pedrarias  Diivila  founded  then  and  there  a 
city,  the  name  whereof  was  Panamil,  and  that  in  the 
name  of  Ood,  and  of  the  queen,  Dona  Juana,  and 
of  Don  Carlos,  her  son,  he  would  defend  the  same 
against  all  opposers.^ 

Not  the  least  important  or  successful  among  the 
foraging  expeditions  at  this  time  sent  out  from  Pan- 
ama was  one  U!ider  Espinosa,  who  with  a  hundri'd 
and  fifty  men  embarked  in  one  of  the  brigantines  in 
search  of  the  gold  that  Badajoz  liad  lost.  Ah!  that 
gold;  the  Spaniards  could  scarcely  sleep  for  thinking' 
of  it.  But  now  the  br-entiate  should  judicially  recover 
it;  then  might  Panamd  have  rest. 

Dropping  westward  a  few  leagues,  Espinosa  antli- 
orcd  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  river  flowing  througli 
the  province  of  Cutara,  called  after  the  son  of  the  late 
l\iris  who  now  ruled  that  province.  Ascending  tlio 
river  in  canoes  the  Spaniards  surprised  by  night  thu 
>'illage,  and  no  opposition  being  offered,  the  robbers 
took  such  plate,  provisions,  cotton  cloth,  and  Indian 
weapons  as  they  could  lay  their  hands  on.  It  then 
occurred  to  the  more  ghoulisii  of  the  company  to 
search  the  death-cliamber  of  the  cacique  Paris,  wliose 
body  was  then  lying  in  state.  And  there,  to  their 
unutterable  joy  and  thankfulness,  round  the  cor\)so 
wore  not  only  the  golden  plates  before  captured,  but 
piles  of  vessels  and  ornaments  of  the  same  blessed 

^As  Pasoual  ilc  An<lagoya,  lidivhn,  in  Xavnrretc,  Col.  de  I'lrt'/rs,  iii.  -i'W, 
says,  '  I'aiiaiiui  so  fuiiil()  cl  auo  ilo  10,  ilia  «lo  Ntr.i.  Sra.  do  Agosto,  y  lu  tin 
til'  aipu'l  lino  polili)  al  Nombic  <lo  Dios  uii  cajntan  Diogo  Alvitos  por  mainhi'li) 
lie  I'l'drarias.'  Ami  llorrera  vi'itea,  doe.  ii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  iii.,  '  Ciincurihai- 
(l)so  todo.s  on  cstd,  llanio  IV'drariiis  a  iiu  oscrivano,  y  lo  i)idi()  por  tostiiiiniiio 
cdHio  alii  dc  positiva  una  villa  <"[  so  Uaniasso  Panama  en  nulirc  do  ])ici.s  y  'lu 
la  Koyna  dufia  luaiia,  y  don  Carina  sn  liijo,  y  proto.stava  dola  defendor  iii  <  1 
<Uelio  noml)i'cs  a  (pialo^rjuior  cotvarios.'  Sco  fuvtlier  Lcui  ('a'<ns;  lll-<t.  I'l'-, 
V.  ■_>(K)--2();  Monlli,  FaMi  iXori  Orhix,  17:  Ovmlo,  J/ixl.  Gen.,  iii.  ()l-4  ;  down't, 
JD.-^i.  l:id.,K>\  Bcir.oiii,  /li'<f.  Moiulo  Xroro,  TA;  Dii  /'<  nrr.  Gen.  lIUl.V'-i-, 
1()7  ;  /''"'  nni'i,  JMnrrij).  in  I'ucfKcn  nnd  ('<'ir</niax,  Col.  Dm-.,  ix.  8!)-!)0;  Z/'^'. ', 
Ciirta,  mid.,  xi.  312-11);  Goir.ak:  L>diltu,  'J'catro  £dcs.,\i.  oO;  Purch'M,  U'n 
I'dijrlmcv,  iv.  882. 


Ill 

h 

m 


i 


.ST. 

uiui  wa?5 
ry  ceitl- 
l  there  a 
.t  ill  the 
ma,  and 
ho  same 


Lon<x  the 
oin  Paii- 
hundri'd 
,nthies  in 
Ml!  that 
thinking 
y  recover 

3sa  anth- 
thronu;h 
f  the  Lite 
iding  the 
iiiMit  tho 
robhers 
d  Indian 
It  then 
[iipany  to 
■is,  whoso 
to  their 
|ic  cor  I  ISO 
ired,  hnt 
blessed 

laijcfi,  iii.  -lOJi, 
Vstt),  y  i'i»  ''" 
Ipor  nwtulnilo 
•  Oimciiriliin- 
lir  tcstiiniinio 
](1(>  l)i(i.s  y  '1*J 
jfeiKk'V  »'•  u  il 
L,  JIM.  hi-: 

1-4;    (lolll'li-il, 

\i.  //;.^•^  1  ■■,''■- 

|)_<)0:  /i"'-'. 
Purch'.'^,  •'^"* 


THE  STUBBOIIX  CABILDO. 


409 


inotal.  By  this  desecration,  gold  to  the  value  of  forty 
thousand  castellanos  was  secured,  which  made  glad 
the  heart  of  the  old  governor  at  l*anam;l.  And  who 
shall  sa}'  the  learned  licentiate  was  not  an  humane  and 
pious  man,  a  just  judge  and  good  Christian  withal, 
wlien  after  takhig  the  trouble  to  drive  the  inhabitants 
of  that  village  captives  to  the  sea,  he  liberated  them 
all  at  the  entreaty  of  the  j'outhful  caci(|Uo,  who  had 
iollowed  them  wildly  wailing,  and  faithiully  promising 
a  lansom  of  as  much  more  gold  as  had  been  already 
taken?  On  the  way  back  the  licentiate  stopj)ed  at  tho 
landing  of  the  cacique  Biruquete,  of  wliom  he  bought 
a  cargo  of  maize,  witliout  paying  lor  it.  Lest  the 
treasure  should  fall  into  imjH'oper  hands,  half  of  it 
was  buried  at  Pananul  by  Bedrarias  and  Espinosa; 
witli  the  remainder  the  worthy  couple  set  out  imme- 
(hatel}'  for  Antigua,  where  the  latter  paid  over  tho 
king's  share,  and  then  made  preparations  I'or  a  voyagu 
of  Tiiscovery  along  the  coast,  towai'd  the  north-west. 

It  occurred  to  Pedrarias  that  while  Espinosa  was 
al)sont  from  Darien  with  the  men  and  ships  malcing 
(lis(Y)veries,  it  would  be  well  for  him  to  visit  Spain  anel 
place  his  declining  power  on  a  firmer  basis.  But  in 
nrder  to  leave  lie  must  have  permission  from  the  chief 
authority,  or  .Isc  lay  down  liis  oflice  and  submit  to  a 
risidencia.  Since  tlie  J(>ronimite  Fathci's  had  mndc 
the  cabildo  of  Antiu'ua  their  auftMit  to  watch  Bedrarias, 
;uid  if  [)ossible  keep  him  v.'ithiii  tho  l)ounds()f  hum  lu- 
ity  and  decency,  he  applied  to  it  for  [)ermissioh  to 
leave  the  country,  and  was  refused.  It  was  very 
hard,  he  said,  that  the  king's  governor  should  be  thus 
Mihjoct  to  clieck  by  a  vulgar  town  council;  but  the 
friars  at  Santo  Dominu'o  must  be  obeyed. 

Since  he  could  not  go  to  Spain  Bech'arias  wrote  tho 
royal  authorities  there,  setting  forth  wliat  he  had  done 
at  Panama,  soliciting  a  Soutli  Sea  government  i'or 
liiiiisi'lf,  and  tlio  removal  of  the  numicipality  and 
cathedral  of  Antigua  to  the  new  city.     Again,  midst 


470       DECLINE  OF  SETTLEMENT  ON  THE  NORTH  COAST. 


-i?  1 


'  1 


iiiucli  storiiiing,  he  applied  for  leave,  saying  he  had 
been  ehose?i  jji'ocui'ador  in  Castile;  and  again  he  was 
refused  perinission.  Then  he  dissembled,  spoke  softly, 
and  said  he  loved  the  councilmen  as  his  children,  but 
nothing  availed. 

An  act  of  this  council,  passed  during  his  absence, 
greatly  exasperated  him,  as  tending  to  show  a  dis- 
regard for  his  authority.  This  was  the  granting  uf 
a  request  by  Diego  de  Alb'tes  to  jilant  a  colony  on 
the  coast  of  Yeragua.  Fearing  that  the  friars  might 
impose  upon  him  further  restrictions  he  abruptly  broke 
olf  all  conference  with  the  council  of  Antigua,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  Panama. 

There  he  found  the  soldiers  and  colonists  more  than 
ever  dissatisfied.  Provisions  were  scarce,  and  there 
was  fever  among  them,  and  they  said,  Espinosa  amoiin' 
the  rest,  if  they  were  to  become  citizens,  they  wouU 
prefer  the  pure  air  of  Spain  to  this  pest-hole,  "  Wry 
well,"  replied  the  governor,"  let  the  gold  bo  unearthed, 
and  that  with  all  the  rest  returned  t(3  the  people  ot' 
Paris,  as  the  Jeronimito  Fathers  have  ordered,  ainl 
lot  US  return  to  Castile.  I  assuredly  can  live  tlicio 
without  huno'cr. '  A  threat  from  Pedrarias  to  do 
a  rio'liteous  act  ^vas  uncommon  and  terrifying.  Th.e 
disaifcctcd  were  silenced ;  and  ^vhile  Pedrarias  yielded 
so  far  as  to  agree  to  the  search  for  a  more  favorahlo 
country  to  the  westward,  it  was  at  the  same  time 
determined  that  the  building  of  Pananul  should  ho 
proceeded  with. 

^Meanwhile  the  cabildo  of  Antigua  proceeded  as  best 
it  could  with  the  establishing  of  a  northern  seapi'i't. 
By  several  successful  raids  on  the  north  coast,  to^\  ard 
A'eragua,  Diego  de  Albites  had  accumulated  wealtli, 
antl  with  wealth  ambition  more  vaulting.  During  the 
war  between  Vasco  Xunez  and  Pedrai'ias  he  pictured 
to  himself  political  dissolution,  and  sent  to  Spain 
Andres  Nino,  a  pilot,  and  two  thousand  castellanes  to 
purchase  for  him  a  South  Sea  government.  ]^i  tci- 
skilled  in  navigation  than  in  diplomacy  Xiho  returned 


>T. 


THE  DOINGS  OF  ALBITES. 


471 


he  liad 
he  was 
3  softly, 
•en,  but 

ibsenco, 
!  a  dis- 

\W\VX  <'f 
loiiy  (Ml 
s  ini;j;lit 
ly  brol^o 
Liiul  pixi- 

are  than 

id  there 

a  ainoii^' 

ly  would 

"Very 

eavthid, 

♦eoplo  <it 

ed,  and 

0  IIk'I'o 

s  to  do 

r.     Tlie 

yielded 

voral  lie 

10  time 

lould  I'O 

as;  1)1 '-t 
■^eapiift. 

toward 
iwealth. 
[in  12;  the 
lietund 

lauo--  to 

l]^t'-trr 

[turned 


.vithout  the  oHiee  and  Avithout  the  money.  At  another 
time,  while  ki't  in  coiuniand  at  Aehi  durin<'  Vasco 
Nunez'  absenee  at  the  Si)uth  Sea,  Albites  sHjiped 
eable  and  sailed  for  Espanola,  where  he  applied  for 
authority  to  build  a  town  at  Xonibre  do  Dios  or 
establish  a  eolony  on  the  coast  of  Veragua.  Referred 
by  the  friars  to  Pedrarias,  as  an  excuse  for  iiis 
absenee  he  eidisted  sixty  men,  loatled  his  ships  with 
nuich-nccded  provisions,  and  returned  to  receive  tho 
thanks  of  the  governor  whom  he  had  sought  to  cir- 
cumvent. For  this  faithful  service  ho  received  per- 
inissit)n  from  Pedrarias  to  make  an  incursion  into  tho 
]>rovince  of  Vm'agua,  which  greatly  ollended  Vasco 
Xuuc/.;  and  when  Albites  returned  successful  from 
this  raid  the  cabildo  at  Antigua  granted  him  permis- 
sion to  establish  a  settlement  not  only  in  that  i)rovince, 
but  at  Nombre  do  Dios,  to  Pedrarias'  extreme  aniujy- 
auce.''' 

It  was  in  1517  that  Albites  returned  to  Antigua 
from  Veragua,  Cha^jro,  and  Nombre  do  Dios  with 
much  gold  and  many  slaves.  According  to  Ilerrera 
he  attempted  an  ex])editi(m  to  Veragua  in  1518,  l)ut 
was  driven  back  to  Nombre  do  Dios,  where  he  founded 
a  city.  Andagoya  is  correct,  however,  wdien  he  places 
the  settlement  of  Nombre  do  Dios  in  the  latter  part 
of  1511),  though  it  was  not  by  order  of  Pedrarias  as 
he  alHrms.  Embarking  from  Antigua  in  a  brigantino 
and  caravi;!,  Albites  touched  at  the  isle  of  Basti- 
nient(js,  and  coasted  westward  a  fi>w  leagues,  raiding 
upon  the  natives  for  gold  with  meagre  results.  One 
of  the  ships  becoming  leaky  he  returned  to  Pasti- 
lucntos,  where  it  foundered.  Thence  he  was  conveyed 
by  the  cacique  in  canoes  to  Nombre  do  Dios,  and  at 
once  set  about  building  a  town. 

Two  opposite  posts  being  thus  established,  a  road 

'  Moivlli,  F.i^'i  XnriOrfiii,  Irt,  st.atos  tliat  An)itosi  rntnvd  the  llio  Chagro  in 
I'll.").  '  l)i(huMis  AUiitoz  itidiMu  His;iamia  ('hagro  lliiviiiiu  siibiit.'  In  l.")l(J 
wvvo  put  iDi'waril  his  protcnsiDas  to  r(in(((U'st  in  tho  tUri't'tioii  of  Voragiia. 
Jlirnrn,  (Uv.  ii.    lib.  ii.   cap.  xi.;  Andajoijas  Xar.,  "23;   Ocle.lo,  iii.  Gl-71; 

(jdifUlto'x  IJiiiCOl'.,   '31. 


47. 


DECLINE  OF  SETTLEMENT  ON  THE  NORTH  COAST. 


was  constructed  from  sea  to  sea,  "throu'-li  tlic  mount- 
ains  overgrown  with  thick  woods  never  touched  from 
all  eternity,"  as  Peter  ]\fartyr  expresses  it.  At  (^wnt 
labor  and  cost  both  to  the  crown  and  to  the  colonist  ■;, 
a  way  wide  enough  for  vehicles  was  cut  through 
the  thickets;  trees  were  felled  and  thrown  into  the 
marshes,  obstructing  rocks  torn  from  their  beds,  and 
bi'idgcs  made  where  necessary.*"  Thus  was  opened 
through  primeval  shades  a  passage  for  the  bless  i<gs 
and  the  curses  of  that  Atlantic  civilization  vrhich  was 
to  illuminate  the  Pacific. 


This  same  year  the  lucky  licentiate  and  alcalde 
mayor,  Gaspar  dc  Espinosa,  was  gaining  further  re- 
nown as  discoverer  and  treasure-seeker.  With  Juan 
de  Castaneda  as  pilot,  he  coasted  one  hundred  and 
eighty  leagues  toward  the  north-west,  touching  at 
Huistii,  Nata,  Chirii,  Chame,  and  other  posts,  and 
returned  to  Panamd  well  laden  with  maize  and  otluT 
provisions,  and  gold  to  the  value  of  thirty-three  thou- 
sand castollanos.  During  this  exploration  he  entered 
a  gulf  to  which  he  gave  the  name  Culobras,"  from 
the  many  snakes  of  various  colors  seen  there. 

A  stroke  of  better  fortune  than  he  deserved  like- 
wise befell  Pedrarias  not  long  after.  In  May,  lai'!), 
Lope  do  Sosa,  with  three  hundred  men,  arrived  and 
anchored  in  the  harbor  of  Antigua.  Pedrarias,  who 
was  there  at  the  time,  immediately  made  preparations 
to  receive  him  with  becoming  ceremony.  Having 
Gfiven  orders  concerning  his  disembarlv.vtion,  the  new 
governor  entered  his  cabin  to  dress.  While  there  lie 
was  seized  with  a  sudden  illness,  from  v.'liich  he  shortly 

10  Peter  Martyr  says  the  road  was  widn  enough  to  give  pa'<sarje  for  two  earn 
side  by  side,  'to  the  intent  that  they  might  passe  ouer  M'itli  case  to  soarch  yo 
oCuretsof  cither  spacious  Sea;'  but  at  the  writing  of  his  tsixth  decade  the  road 
was  not  completed. 

"  Lying  north  of  Nicoya,  and  so  called  to-day,  that  is  to  say  Puerto  do 
Culebra.  South  of  Lalce  Nicaragua,  on  Colon's  and  Kibero's  maps  we  fhid  '-'. 
dcS.  tiii'io;  Va/  Donrado,  />;.  dc  Siiin'M;io.  IJy  some  cliart-makers  tl;e  results 
and  names  of  one;  discovery  were  known,  Ijy  others,  those  of  anothcrj  the 
final  appellation  depended  on  circumstaucea. 


INOrPORTUXE  DEATH  OF  SOSA. 


473 


nftor  oxpirod.  With  mournful  pomp  nnd  outward 
(Imnonstration  of  grief  Pcdrarias  oonvcycil  tlio  l»o(ly 
in  the  church  and  buried  it  Ijofore  the  ahar.  duan 
Alonso  dc  Sosa,  the  son,  and  all  the  followers  of  tho 
l.itc  governor  were  treated  with  that  show  of  distinc- 
tion which  the  old  courtier  could  so  well  assume. 
Juan  Rodriguez  dc  Alarconcillo,  who  came  as  alcalde 
mayor,  and  before  whom  the  residencia  of  the  outgo- 
VA'X  governor  would  have  been  taken,  was  favored  with 
marked  consideration.  By  way  of  prudence,  some 
time  before  the  anticipated  arrival  of  his  judge  Pe- 
(Irarias  liad  sent  his  wife  to  Spain  with  all  his  gold 
and  pearls. 

• 

Sosa'a  appointment  to  supersede  Pedrarias  was  one 
of  the  reformatory  measures  which  the  chronicler 
Oviedo  claims  to  have  cfFected  w4iile  in  Spain. ^^  For 
liimself  he  had  obtained,  besides  the  offices  of  veedor 
ami  cscribano-gcnoral,  those  of  collector  of  chamber 
penalties  and  regldor  pcrjietuo  of  Antigua.  Orders 
v.'cre  issued,  furthermore,  to  all  New  World  governors 
to  furnish  him  a  truthful  report  of  all  their  acts,  so 
tliat  he  might  complete  the  Coneral  History  of  the 
Indies  already  begun.  Ho  was  also  appointed  re- 
ceiver of  the  property  of  Vcasco  Xuhez  and  his  accom- 
plices which  had  been  confiscated  to  the  king.  Ho 
arrived  at  Antigua  with  his  wife  and  two  children 
soon  after  Sosa. 

But  the  heart  of  the  scholar  was  not  in  the  coarse 
fimning  of  Darien  politics;  he  became  discontented, 
irritable,  and  while  commanding  the  respect  of  the 
colonists  ho  was  not  popular  with  them.  They  did 
not  want  reform  so  much  as  jilunder.  Pedrarias  was 
Lis  enemy,  as  he  was  the  enemy  of  every  well-mean- 

''Oviotlo's  statements  concerning  liimsrlf  during  tliis  period  of  angry  cx- 
citi'inent  must  bo  taken  witli  (lii<;  allowance.  Tlio  chronicler  gives  liinisclf 
aiiil  his  affaii's  at  great  Icn'jtli;  but  I  will  endcavoi-,  in  niy  curtailment  of  his 
ri^ dtiut,  not  to  forget  that  thei'o  were  at  tliis  time,  and  before  and  after, 
twenty  equally  important  issuer  of  which  there  are  less  full  records.  Sco 
III-:,,! ,,  iii.  -U-adaud  T--KS;  ./n.tr  .hiiadonli'  lo-i  l!^o-\  I'idaj L'6crUu:idc  Ovkdo, 
ill ;/.,  i.  pp.  ix.-cvii.;  Ilcrrcra,  doc.  ii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  x. 


f 


474       DECLINE  OF  SETTLEMENT  ON  THE  NORTH  COAST. 

ing  man  of  ability.  The  deaths  first  of  a  boy  and 
then  of  his  wife  did  not  tend  to  sweeten  his  disposi- 
tion. "  Many  times  would  I  have  returned  to  Spain," 
he  exclaims,  *'had  not  need  and  shame  prevented  mo." 

The  powers  of  the  governor  having  been  enlarged 
by  means  of  the  vcedor,  Oviedo's  was  the  firi^t  head 
on  which  they  were  visited.  The  principal  quarrel 
was  over  the  depopulation  of  the  northern  coast.  The 
vcedor  protested  in  the  king's  name,  but  the  governor, 
now  lord  of  all,  was  determined  to  execute  his  cher- 
ished project  while  he  possessed  the  power.  There 
was  no  longer  any  need  of  a  north-coast  capital;  Pe- 
drarias  would  make  Panamd  his  metropolis.  Before 
introducing  further  changes,  however,  it  was  necessary 
that  his  residencia  should  be  taken.  But  this,  with 
his  experience,  need  be  nothing  more  than  an  arraign- 
ment and  trial  of  himself.  At  his  request  the  licen- 
tiate Alarconcillo  published  the  residencia  for  thirty 
days,  during  which  time  the  governor  continued  to  ex- 
ercise the  functions  of  office ;  no  one  appeared  against 
him,  and  a  certificate  of  the  proceeding  was  sent  to 
Spain.  Pedrarias  then  took  up  his  permanent  abode 
at  Panamil. 

Xot  long  afterward  the  vcedor  and  contador  were 
obliged  to  visit  Panamd  to  weigh  some  gold  and  re- 
ceive the  royal  share,  since  the  governor  would  no 
longer  send  the  metal  to  Antigua.  The  contadtir 
tool;  up  liis  residence  there,  but  Oviedo  returned  to 
Antigua,  more  than  ever  determined  to  stan<l  by  (hat 
city.  Seeing  whicli  J'edrarias  was  satisfjc(  he  could 
no  more  efiectually  ruin  his  adversary  than  jy  permit- 
ting hini  to  have  his  own  way.  Beside,  it  were  as 
well  to  stop  the  tongue  and  p(,'n  of  one  vho  coull 
make  and  unmake  governors.  So  when  next  OvioJo 
co!ni)Liined  Pedrarias  answered,  "  Senor  Veedor,  since 
you  know  so  well  how  to  achieve  such  desiral)le  re- 
sults, accept  from  me  what  power  I  possess,  and  govern 
Antigua  according  to  your  jdeasure." 

Alter  some  hesitation  Oviedo  accepted  the  proposal, 


OVIEDO  AS  RULER, 


473 


J-cforc 


nd  ro- 
ilvl  no 
iitador 
10(1  to 
ytliat 
could 
cnnit- 
cro  :i>j 
fouU 
) vie Jo 
i^iuco 
>lo  ro- 

■OVC'l'U 

Iposul, 


and  presented  his  credentials  to  the  municipal  council 
in  November,  1521.  Opening  his  administration  witli 
tlie  enthusiasm  of  a  novice,  he  straightway  set  about 
correcting  abuses.  He  forbade  blasphemy,  keeping 
mistresses,  and  selling  or  eating  meat  on  Saturday. 
He  prohibited  gambling,  and  burned  all  the  cards  in 
the  public  square.  A  dishonest  notary  --vas  required 
to  make  restitution  fourfold  and  bo  suf  |y:mded  from 
office  for  one  year.  Indian  women  must  no  longer  be 
employed  as  beasts  of  burden,  and  Indian  children 
nmst  not  be  sold  and  bought  as  slaves.  Certain  more 
practicable  provisions,  however,  saved  Antigua,  for  a 
time,  from  the  effects  of  a  morality  which  standing 
alone  would  have  killed  any  colony  in  the  Indies. 
The  new  ruler  bought  for  small  sums  the  houses  of 
those  leaving,  and  sold  them  to  new-comers  at  cost. 
He  erected  a  market,  opened  mines,  built  shl,  ■=,  and 
sent  out  expeditions  to  smooth  the  ruffled  plumage 
of  the  savage.  He  made  of  old  iron  five  hundred 
hatchets,  which  were  sold  to  the  Indians;  and  when 
they  became  dulled,  their  owners  not  knowing  how  to 
sharpen  them,  he  placed  on  board  a  vessel  three  large 
grindstones,  covered  so  that  the  uncivilized  might  not 
steal  the  secret,  and  proc 'cded  along  the  coast  grind- 
ing such  implements  as  ihe  Indians  brought,  and 
charging  therefor  a  sum  equal  to  the  original  cost, 
which  was  chccrfuily  paid.  It  is  claimed  that  more 
than  seven  thousand  castellanos  were  thus  secured 
during  one  voyage. 

A  greater  prosperity  followed  these  measures  than 
])Iea,scd  Pedrarias.  But  by  revoking  the  many  (l(>ci- 
sions  of  his  dejaity  that  came  up  on  appeal  from 
dissatisfied  colonists,  tlio  govei'nor  was  enal)letl  to 
render  Oviedo's  pot-ition  one  of  lit.Io  jKjwer. 

The  staff  of  officials  was  increased  by  yet  another 
alcalde  mayor,  the  licvntiate  Sancho  de  Salaya,  for 
tlie  South  Sea  government  })articularly,  who  arrived 
at  Antigua  in  a  caravel  from  S]>aiu,  the  1st  of  July, 
1522.     With  him  came  Rodrigo  l*erez,  the  friend  of 


47*       DECLIXE  OF  SETTLEMENT  OX  THE  NORTH  COAST. 

Vasco  Nunez,  vicar  wlicn  sent  in  chains  to  Spain, 
but  returned  arch-deacon." 

About  this  time  a  rcbclHon  broke  out  on  the  Tvio 
Grande  San  Juan,  caused  by  outrages  perpetrated  by 
the  bachiller  Corral  and  Martin  Esteto  durinix  n-  for- 
aging  expedition.  Heedless  of  the  warning  of  Ovicdo, 
Martin  do  IMurga,  visitador  of  the  Indians,  in  com- 
pany with  three  Spaniards  and  ten  friendly  Indians, 
paid  a  visit  to  Bea,  the  cacique  of  this  province,  who 
slew  the  entire  party.  Juan  do  Escaray  with  forty 
men  was  sent  against  the  revolted  chieftain. 

Soon  after  some  christianized  Indians  came  down 
from  the  mountains,  eight  leagues  distant,  and  rcjiortcd 
outrages  on  them  by  the  cacique  Corobari.  Thirty- 
five  men  were  sent  to  capture  him,  and  when  brought 
in,  Salaya  sentenced  him  to  be  burned;  after  which  the 
licentiate  proceeded  to  Panamil.  Several  spies  caught 
near  Antigua  about  the  same  time  conicsscd  under 
torture  to  an  insurrection  contemplated  by  the  cacique 
Guaturo,  who  had  joined  Bea.  It  was  his  plan  to  lire 
the  town  and  slay  the  inhabitants.  Oviedo  in  person, 
with  forty  men,  proceeded  against  the  new  rebel,  m'Iio, 
with  several  of  the  conspirators,  was  captured  and 
hanged.     This  was  the  last  of  the  wars  of  Antiiiua. 

At  length  it  pleased  Pedrarias  to  depose  Ovicdo, 
and  appoint  in  his  place  the  bachiller  Corral,  who  had 
shortly  before  incurred  the  anger  of  the  chronicler, 
and  had  by  him  been  sent  in  chains  to  Spain,  on  the 
charge  of  having  there  a  wife  while  living  himself  in 
the  Indies.  The  ubiquitous  bachiller  re-appoared  at 
Antigua,  however,  almost  in  a  twinkling.  C)f  course, 
the  chronicler  was  very  indignant.  The  revocation 
was  read  in  council;  whereupon  Oviedo  laid  his  stall' 
of  office  on  the  chair  which  he  had  occupied  as  presi- 
dent, and  took  his  seat  among  the  members,  saying, 
"This  is  my  place,  given  me  by  the  emperor;  hero 

'■' '  Ffom  whicli  it  may  lie  soon,'  snys  Ovicdo,  'with  wliat  jnstico  Viisro 
Niiniv,  was  I'oiKk'iiiiu'il,  wlifu  hia  chief  uccoinplicc  comes  bticlv  not  only 
ttci^uittcd  but  witii  hoiioia. ' 


OVIEDO  RETIRES. 


477 


will  I  henceforth  serve  tlicir  INIajcstics,  as  hi  cliity 
boiiiul,  and  here  only."  Accompanying  the  revocation 
Avas  a  decree  from  Pedrarias,  authorizing  the  city  of 
Antigua  to  elect  a  i-eprcscntativc  to  a  general  assem- 
bly, to  be  convened  at  Panamd  for  the  purpose  of 
providing  measures  important  tr>  the  province,  and  to 
elect  pwcnradorcs  de  cartes,  or  members  of  Congress 
to  send  to  Spain.  Pedrarias  preferred  Espinosa  to 
represent  Antigua,  for  obvious  reasons;  but  instead 
of  sending  a  delegate  to  the  junta  ot  Panamd,  the 
people  of  Antigua  chose  their  own  rcji'csentative  in 
tlie  person  of  Oviedo.  While  waiting  for  a  vessel 
Oviedo  occupied  himself  b}'  presenting  cliarges  against 
Pedrarias  before  the  new  alcalde  mayor,  Alarconcillo, 
vlu)  had  ordered  a  second  residencia  of  the  governor, 
;*!'  also  one  of  Espinosa.  For  this  pastime  he  not 
ouj  /  narrowly  escaped  paying  with  his  life,  at  the 
hand  of  an  assassin,  but  Pedrarias  ordered  his  lato 
lieutenant's  own  residencia  to  be  taken,  and  even 
placed  him  in  irons  until  bonds  should  be  given.  The 
trial  was  pass(Hl  without  further  damage  than  a  fine 
of  twenty  castellanos  for  sending  Corral  to  Spain. 
Another  attempt  being  made  at  murder,  Oviedo  on 
the  3d  of  July,  1523,  stole  away,  embarking  ostensil)ly 
for  Nombre  de  Dios,  but  bearing  off,  he  directed  his 
course  toward  Cuba  and  Jamaica,  and  thence  sailed 
to  Spain.  Verily,  these  were  the  days  of  dissimu- 
lation. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

GIL  GONZALEZ  IN  COSTA  RICA  AND  NICAr^AGUA. 

1519-1523. 

Andres  NiSo  and  his  Spice  Islwds — Fails  to  Obtaiji  AtrTiioniTV  to 
Discover — Applies  to  Gil  Gonzalez  Davila — Agreement  with  the 
Kino — Royal  Order  for  the  Ships  of  Vasco  NuSez — Pedrarias 
Refuses  to  Deliver  Them — Gil  Gonzalez  Transports  Siiii's  across 
the  Mountains — Embarks  from  the  Pearl  Islands — Gil  Gonzali-.z 
Proceeds  by  Land  and  NiSo  by  Sea — Visit  to  Nicoya — And  to 
Nicaragua  —  The  Captain-general  Converts  many  Souls — And 
Gathers  much  Gold — Fight  with  Dirianoen — Nicaragua  Aposta- 
tizes— The  Spaniards  Terminate  the  Discovery  and  Hasten  to 
THEIR  Ships — NiSo's  Voyage  to  Fonseca  Bay — Return  to  Panama. 

The  pilot  Andrds  Nino  was  an  enterprising  follow, 
not  to  be  put  down  by  any  slight  frown  of  fortune.  Ho 
had  lately  seen  service  with  Vasco  Nuiiez,  and  would, 
God  willing,  follow  the  fantasy  thence  engendered. 
If  two  thousand  castellanos  could  not  buy  a  small 
slice  of  dominion  on  the  North  Sea,  he  would  try  the 
South.  And  in  the  mind  of  Nino,  as  with  other  navi- 
gators of  that  day,  the  undiscovered  South  assumed 
fantastic  shape.  There  was  the  originally  created 
strait,  actual  though  invisible,  leading  to  the  Spice 
Islands  hard  l)y.  Why  should  not  one  pilot  as  well 
as  another  sail  through  that  strait  to  those  fragrant 
sliores,  even  tliough  the  voyage  must  be  begun  by 
crossing  a  little  strip  of  cordillora? 

Sucli  was  New  World  geography  in  1510,  when  the 
inspired  pilot  found  himself  in  S])ain,  soliciting  the 
Council  of  the  In(Hos  for  the  ships  of  Vasco  Nunez, 
in  which  to  make  his  voyage  to  the  Moluccas ;  for,  if  no 

(478) 


CHARACTER  OF  GIL  GONZALEZ. 


479 


])0  he  minjht  jjct  there  for  the  askinoj,  it  would  save 
liim  much  trouble.  Nino  had  come  under  the  patron- 
age of  Alonso  de  la  Puente,  the  royal  treasurer,  and 
accompanied  by  Andres  de  Cereceda;  but  the  per- 
suasive eloquence  of  the  worthy  pilot  was  wantino-  in 
the  soft,  seductive  tones  that  come  from  the  ring^  of 
precious  metals,  and  a  second  time  Bcllerophon  fell  to 
earth. 

It  happened  that  the  contador  of  Espohola,  Gil 
Gonzalez  Ddvila,^  was  then  at  the  court  of  Spain;  and 
it  was  sui^gested  to  Nino,  who  seemed  to  have  ex- 
hausted all  his  resources,  that  if  he  could  engage  that 
gentleman's  interest  in  the  enterprise,  it  would  be 
equivalent  to  its  accomplishment.  For  ho  was  a  man 
of  no  small  influence,  springing  from  a  good  family  of 
Avila,  and  having  been  formerly  attached  to  the  house- 
hold of  the  all-potential  bishop  of  Bi'irgos.  Pos- 
sessed of  exceptional  ability  and  integrity,  he  had  been 
sometimes  sent  by  the  government  on  missions  of  im- 
portance and  trust,  and  was  engaged  in  one  of  them 
when  first  we  met  him  at  Santo  Domingo,  investigat- 
ing the  aflliirs  of  the  defaulting  treasurer,  Santa  Clara, 
llis  energy  was  of  the  substantial  cast,  autiioritativo, 
robust,  and  direct.  He  seldom  made  mistakes,  either 
in  men  or  measures;  and  seemingly  was  strongest 
when  standing  at  ease.  Neither  so  bold  as  Vasco 
Nunez,  nor  so  cunning  as  Pedrarias,  nor  so  cruel  as  Pi- 
zarro,nor  soloarned  as  Espinosa,he  was  a  man  of  doejier 
and  broader  experience  than  any  one  of  them,  with 
a  more  evenly  balanced  mind,  a  cooler,  sounder  judg- 
incnt,  not  always  a  warrant  for  greater  success  than 
witli  a  more  senseless  recklessness,  ])ut  on  tho  wliole 
innc'li  safer  as  a  collea<xue,  and  more  reliable  ns  a  IVk^ikI. 
lie  was  not  a  man  easily  diverted  by  hollow  sduiiies, 
liowover  brillijiiit  or  high-soaring;  but  when  Nino  laid 
before  him  lii^  plans,  ho  saw  at  once  that  they  were 

'  Tlicro  wore  throe  of  shis  nctiue  whom  we  shrill  oncouiiU'i',  the  coiitailoi'  of 
Es])an(/l(i;  the  luciieiiiil".  mIh'  was  iilcahle  inayi>r  of  the  Spiinish  iiwiiii  iiinler 
l.'ii^o  lie  Ortiu/,,  in  [oW:  Simoti,  ('o«'/.  Virrrn  I'lniw,  KKi  I'T;  iiiut  theclergy- 
iiiuu  uud  eliiet  ihiouiclor,  in  Xiioo,  of  the  Indies,  anil  of  bulli  Custiles. 


430 


GTL  GONZALEZ  IN  COSTA  RICA  AND  NICARAGUA. 


cmincnt\y  practical.  There  were  tlic  ships,  and  there 
the  undiscovered  sea,  of  wliich  was  ah"eadv  Icnowu 
tliat  its  shores  abounded  in  gold  and  pearls,  guarded 
1>3'  naked  and  almost  weaponless  men — this,  and  little 
more.  What  more  was  wanted?  It  did  not  require 
a  Periander  to  tell  the  accomplished  contador  that  this 
Vvas  no  ordinary  opportunity.  Fonseca,  wdio  had  al- 
ways retained  a  w^arm  interest  in  his  protege,  heartily 
apj)roved  the  plan,  and  the  details  were  soon  arranged 
with  Nino.  Gil  Gonzalez  was  to  bo  captain-general 
f)f*  the  expedition;  to  him  was  given  the  habit  of 
Santiaci'o,  and  ho  was  recommended  to  the  newlv 
appointed  governor  of  Castilla  del  Oro,  Lope  do  Sosa. 
Nino  was  to  be  a  partner  in  the  enterprise,  with  the 
jiosition  of  pilot.  Cerecoda  was  chosen  contador  of 
the  discovery.^ 

A  royal  order^  was  Issued  at  Barcelona  the  ISth  of 
June,  1519,  diroC'dng  the  governor  of  Castilla  del  Oro 
to  deliver  to  Gil  Gonzalez  the  vessels  built  by  Vasco 
Nunez,  and  authorizing  an  expedition  for  South  Sea 
discovery,  the  expense  of  which  was  to  be  1)orne 
largely  ])y  the  crown  Witli  this  cedula  Lope  do  Sosa 
promised  faitlifully  to  f  oniply. 

During  the  year  followujg  the  execution  of  these 
documents  Andres  Nino  so  bestirred  himself,  that  his 


id  : 


S  «  -    ~    T  ■■ 


m 


-  TIio  royal  nj^rcomont  was  mado  spreially  with  Nino,  '  piloto  tl'i  nn  mn^i-« 
tail  parafliloscubrimiunto,'  Uil(  Joiizalc:'.  h^'iiig  namoil  capLiiii  '<  f/<  ril.  Nino 
Ava-i  t'.j  cxiiloro  1,0^1)  luagucs  to  tlio  wcstwar.l  for  spices,  goM,  -il'.  ,  j/Mii'l-, 
and  j)rreiou.s  stones,  in  three  sliips,  furnislii'il  half  liy  the  crown  iiii  lijU  hy 
tho  explorers,  wiio  wcro  to  I'oceivo  for  t)io  ]iiiri)oso  4, 01)0  castellau'j «  i(i-  'h'i, 
fi'oni  tho  snin  >  to  tho  credit  of  tho  crown  in  t!ie  iiands  of  the  f,i'*or  of  (':>  I 
del  Oro.  One  twentieth  of  what  God  nii;;]it  thus  give  them,  l.fter  the  lu;,{ 
should  luivc  ree  .veil  his  jifth,  was  to  ho  devoted  to  pious  purposes.  The  U  '- 
Jiroct'flils  to  1)0  iliviiled  cipially  lietween  the  erownand  tlie  disi'overers,  (f/'coid- 
injf  to  tho  amount  contributed  by  each,  AV.'iges  ))ai<l  tlie  crew  to  be  counted 
in  the  co.sts;  oi'  if  they  went  on  sliarcs,  two  thinl.s  should  go  to  the  ldri{{ai  I 
Kifio,  and  one  third  to  the  c'lptain,  olllceis,  ami  nun.  .Supplies  weie  to  h' 
twcmpt  from  duty,  and  tho  explorers  should  iiave  an  interest  in  the  lauds  dis- 
covered. Iiy  tlieui.  Tiio  crown  agreed  to  furnisii  atJainaica  2,()()')  loads  nf 
cassava-root,  and  oOO  hogs;  also  ton  negro  .slaves,  Hio  explorer  to  ]>ay  t' '■ 
ownei's  for  tin  luilian  slaves  to  .serve  as  inlerpret(^r.s.  For  tho  faithful  p 
fonuaiK'o  of  theie  and  other  oljligations,  tlie  exj)lori'r  was  recjuireil  to  gi  ' 
liond.s  ill  tlie  siiiii  of  ■_', 'KM)  ducats.  Iferrera,  dec.  ii.  lili.  iv.  cap.  i.,  lo-eioiily 
apart  of  t!ie  (i.nlracl;  iii  H'/iiiir'n  MSS.,  i.  Pi-14,  i.i  the  document  in  full. 

•*  A  copy  of  tills  ojilulu.  nuiy  lj«  found  in  S(^itkr^ti  M'')i^,f  i. 


li^UI'. 


RECEPTION  OF  A  CKDULA. 


481 


cajiiain-gcncral  was  enabled  to  land  at  Ada  with  two 
liiindi'cd  men,  ])rioi-  to  the  arrival  at  Antigua  of  Lopo 
do  Sosa.  Pcdrarias  wan  incensed  that  any  yino  .should 
])resunic  to  intermeddle  in  Tierra  Firnie  aflUirs.  Gil 
( joiizalez  nevertheless  des[)atehed  to  him  with  the 
lo^'al  order  Juan  de  Sauce,  wIkj  dul}'  delivered  it  in 
tli<i  presence  of  the  notary  Martin  Estete.* 

It  is  worth  witnessing  the  rece[)tion  l)y  this  arch- 
liypocrltc  of  a  royal  commantl.  "And  forthwith  the 
said  lieutenant-general,"  writes  the  notary,  "  took  the 
,^ald  cedula  of  his  Highness  in  his  hands,  and  kissed  it, 
and  placed  it  on  his  head,  and  said  that  he  W(juld  obey 
it,  and  that  he  did  obey  it  with  the  utmost  leverence 
lie  could  and  ought,  as  a  letter  and  connnandment  of 
liis  Ling  and  natural  lord,  whom  laa}^  it  jjlease  God 
our  Lord  to  let  live  and  reign  during  many  and  long 
vears,  with  increase  of  kinufdoms  and  seiu'noi'ies;  and, 
as  to  the  fuliilment  thereof,  that  his  loi'dship  W(juld 
see  to  it,  and  answer  and  provide  thereupon  as  might 
he  conducive  to  his  Highness'  service." 

In  which  ])athctic  demonsti'ation  no  one  who  knew 
J'tdrarias  cuuld  doubt  that  he  never  lor  a  moment 
iuteadiHl  to  do  as  he  had  said,      liather  than  tamely 

'  lu  the  Expcclionto  sobrc  cl  CumpliiiiR'iito  de  la  ('('■<lul!i — soo  Lcm  XarioH 
(A  I'd-vco  Ni(i'ii'~,  ill  Si/nhr'n  J/.nW.  is  given  ;it  wciiii.Mvme  Icii^'tli  tlie  ecre- 
iiii'iiy.-illil  s!i\in'j;s  lit  tiii.s  (li'livciyinnl  tlie  results.  JJiielly,  on  tlie  4tli(if  Feli- 
iii.n  V,  l.VJO,  I'etli'aii.i-.  hunil'led  iiiinself  to  the  ihist  liefure  the  .siiereil  ueilulii; 


linislicMl  t! 


10  SlllllS  heir 


hei^'un  Iiy 


!•'•  i',  ,-<iy,")th,  ho  tallic  i  niiidi,  wi>  in;,'  lliiit  . 
^.|••  'I  Xiific/;  tU;>t  tliey  had  ecmt  I'lon?  thiiii  r)(),(H)l)  dneailos,  licside  sweat  and 
111"  "l;  that  wiih  theiii  the  {.'leat  eity  ot  I'ananui  -'la  eilidad  de  I'unaina'  — 
with  it*  g'>ld  mines  on  one  nidi!  and  pearl  lisiicrii-i  on  the  oflKr,  had  hein 
(•■iiii(U.d  and  tlie  eoiinti'y  tljfn^ahmit  paeilied,  and  that  if  the  kiiiv'  kiu'W  all 
til  is  III'  Would  not  tak<'  the  .shi|.i:<  from  Lhow  who  had  Imilt  tlieniaiid  give  tiieni 
triiiioiiicr:  IVliruary  Ttli.  .Tnaii  del  Sanee  detlared  that,  iiiilcsi  llie  .'-liips  were 
KHrrendiireil,  all  thejfokl,  |ie!»rl :,  orother  pi'o|ierty  taken  in  tlieni  umild  helonj,', 
under  the  kill,L;">l  order.  U>-  i.n  lU'et  of  (dl  <  loli/;ile/, ;  J'ehriiiHy  Ktll,  I'eih'ariaa 
ii  iilii-d  tii:it  without  I'll  l;.)).s  till' city  (.'onld  neither  be  sustained  noi'  kiKor  lio 
""iliimed,  and  ho  ealled  oti  tlie  royal  ollii'ers  present,  Puente,  the  tiea.siii'er, 
-Mill  |itez,  the  contador,  and  .litan  lU'  Kivas,  fMotor,  to  Nay  that  t'.  '(•  tilings 
Wi  !••  so;  hut  the  I'oy.d  odiiTis  rtiiswereil  tliat  Pedrarias  nmst  ohi  y  ilie  king's 
'iiiiiniand  tiiid  give  (Jil  (h>ii/ahv,  the  ships,  ki'ipiiig  "lie,  perliaps  with  whieh 
!•>  iivotoet  tiio  city,  and  .-jelhiig  tlio  otliei-s  to  ( ;il  (  Hii/ahv.  on  siieh  ti'iliis  as  hi', 
iiiid  the  owners  nii;4lit  arrange.  In  regard  to  withholding  the  Hlii]).s  Pcdrarias 
v.. I  :  I'irtainly  iin  the  right,  though  it  wa.s  ilaiigerous,  and  lie  elaiuie  1  tlwt  ho 
w  i  lid  iihoy  (tiit'l  v.'as  obeying  the  king;  but  when,  on  prbriiaiy  !'th.  hi-  de- 
iiiindi  diat  '.i!  '.oiiiyile.^  i  Iioidd  appear  in  jierson  and  lay  before  him  tho 
hl.^l.-.iet.  .IS  and  plan  ;  of  the  '  xix'ciitiun,  lj«  bwuiUU  liiyst  ogy.ll^'  il»J»iit'Ut. 
JkNT.  Cum.  Jut,,  Vol.  1.    ai 


SiiiP 


482         GIL  GONZ.U.EZ  IN  COSTA  RICA  AND  NICARAGUA. 

admit  a  nvw  and  dangerous  rival,  liigli  in  reputation 
and  royal  favor,  sonic  lisk  might  be  run.  And  so  lie 
at  first  agreed,  then  delayed,  interposing  technicalities 
and  pretuxts,  and  finally  refused  to  deliver  the  ships, 
alleging  as  an  excuse  that  they  were  private  properly, 
and  claimed  as  such  by  individuals.  In  vain  the  caj)- 
taui-genoral  urged  that  this  was  not  a  (juestion  of 
rights  of  property,  but  of  ro3'al  command,  which  to 
disobey  was  dangerous.  Pedrarias  stood  his  ground; 
ami  fortune  sustained  him  in  the  death  of  Sosa,  who, 
had  he  lived,  would  have  made  all  well  for  the  ex])edi- 
tion.  But  in  Gil  Gonzalez  the  old  governor  found  liis 
match;  for  the  captain-general  was  no  less  decided 
than  ho,  and  far  quicker  in  resources. 

What  Gil  Gonzalez  did  was  to  co[)y  the  magnificent 
performance  of  Vasco  Nuiiez,  under  the  circumstances 
scarcely  less  creditable  in  the  imitation  than  in  the 
original.  After  strengthening  his  command  b}'  re- 
cruits from  the  officers  and  men  of  the  l*edrarias  gov- 
ernment, among  whom  were  the  treasurer  Puente  iiiid 
the  contador  Diego  ]Marquez,  ho  dismantled  his  ships, 
])acked  up  the  sails  and  cordage,  and  taking  from  tlio 
hulls  the  iron,  and  such  of  the  timbers  as  better  suited 
the  purpose  than  those  freshly  cut,  which  were  also 
necessary,  he  secured  the  services  of  some  Indians,  and 
transported  his  vessels  across  the  sierra  to  the  same 
Rio  ijalsas  used  by  Balboa.  There  he  constructed 
and  launclied  four  vessels,  but  lost  tluun  all  before 
I'caching  the  mouth  of  the  i-iver.*^  The  party,  reduced 
in  number  more  than  one  half  since  leaving  Ada,'' 
now  crossed  in  canoes  to  the  Pearl  Islands, 

A  letter  directed  to  Pedrarias  in  thi:'  emergency 
was  ])ro,iuctive  of  no  results.  Gil  Gonzalc'''-  again  ic- 
cpiested  possession  of  tlic^  vessels  of  Vasco  N  euez;  his 

^  Sfinicr,  />!<.  Xir.,  MSS.,  l.S,  snya  the  worms  doatvoyp:!  thorn,  InitGi'  (fmi- 
znh'/.  himself  only  rcniiukH,  CaHo.  ill  I'l  i/,  MSS.,  1,  '  1)(>.sj)i\i'M  ilc  luvhos  I'li  s 
iiavids  (11  hi  Y.sla  ilo  his  porhis  p"ri|uc  his  t  inimcnia  qnv  I'.o  hizicrou  i  a  la 
tierra  liriiii'  so  iiciilicfon.' 

"SuiiK!  t^i\y  tiiim  "JO!)  to  SO.  llntli  iiiiM>li.'riJ,  li(>\\cv('r,  ulitmM  Im  hirr;or;  I'lr 
tin-  (' \i»'(liti"ii  f^iiiiu'il  iiicu  itt  Ada,  nml  KKljirc  imiitiniird  ,ns  ('(iiistitutiiii.' "MO 
land  paity  duiiny  tho  lApcdition.   (iil  (.wiiLakti,  Carta  al  Jtii/,  MSS.,  3. 


THE  VOYAGE  XORTII- WESTWARD. 

mcsscnGjcr  brouo-ht  back  a  surly  verbal  refusal.  Tho 
captani-gcncral  then  presented  liiiuselt'  in  person  be- 
Ibre  the  governor  and  demanded  at  least  men  for  tho 
l)uilding  of  new  shijis.  Pedrarias  dared  not  offer 
i'urther  opposition;  and  in  time  foiu^  small  and  pooi-ly 
equipped  vessels  lay  at  the  Pearl  Islantls  ready  for  sea.'' 
"  In  all  my  experience  while  in  tlie  service  of  your 
Majesty,"  writes  (Jil  Gonzalez  to  the  king,  "  I  have  no- 
where been  handled  so  roughly  as  in  crossing  Tierra 
I'Mrme  with  the  men  I  had  brought  from  Castile, 
having  to  support  them  for  two  years,  and  sptjnd  my 
goods  and  jewels  on  them,  and  build  the  ships  twice 
over.  " 


Embarking  the  21st  of  January,  1522,  having  on 
l)()ard  a  few  horses,  with  arms  and  articles  for  traffic, 
(l'\\  Gonzalez  struck  westward,  and  after  sailing  one 
liuudred  leagues  he  was  obliiied  to  beach  three  of  his 
vessels  to  save  them  from  the  worms,  while  the  fourth 
returned  to  Panama  for  pitch  and  other  articles  I'or 
repairs.  New  water-casks  had  likewise  to  be  made, 
as  those  on  board  were  failing  through  the  rotting  of 
the  hoops."     Leaving  the  ships  in  charge  of  Andres 

'  Taraicqni  Islaiul,  Galvano,  Dincov. ,  148,  calls  it ;  others,  Tercqneri  Islaixl^. 
Oil  (Jonzulc!*  writes  plainly  enough,  ( 'arlmil  Itcij,  ^IS.,  '2,  '  Mo  hofhi  ii  la  dicluvi 
Vslii  do  las  I'orlan  .  .  .  i  <lc  ai  nio  parti  a  hazer  el  (leacuhriniiento  quo  V  M  lue 
iiiiuulo  hazcr.'  The  same  authority  .states  that  the  sceoml  four  vessels  \\<'ro 
imilt  at  the  Pearl  Islands,  the  others  having  heen  'lost  in  the  river  40  leagues 
distant.' 

"  For  conflicting  statements  concerning  this,  compare  Gil  Onir.ah'z,  f'<i,ia  nl 
Pr}l,  MS.,  1().  .■!!>;  Aii'luiini/a's  Xar.,  ',\\  '2;  Xii'to,  A-ifrnfo,  MS.,  in  S(/iiicr'.l 
MSS.,  i.  14,  and  in  Par/icro  and  C'uri/i  iin.t,  ( 'oh  Doc,  xiv.  .")-!!)•,  Orii'iln,  iii.  (!."»- 
71;  y^rls  rd.svf.t,  I  list,  /lid.,  V.  'J()()-4;  J/ir.rm,  ik'C.  ii.  HI),  iii.  cap.  .xv. ;  dec.  ii, 
lil).  iv.  cap.  i.;  dec.  iii.  i.  cap.  xvi.;  J/i/pn'  Sjinii.  t'oiK/.,  iii.  (i!t,  7",  7t-<>; 
Gurilr)ii\i  Aiic.  Mc.v.,  ii.  •J04-S;  Si/iiicr'.i  Jiix.  A/c.,  MSS..  7-10. 

'■'  I  follow  the  connuan<lcr's  own  stafcincnt,  uiado  to  the  royal  authorities 
fpiiu  Santo  Domingo,  March  (I,  \'>'H.  Of  this,  \\hirh  I  (|Uote  us  Curtii  tic  (ill 
(luir.vJvz  J)iicilii  al  J't ;/,  I  have  i-icveral  I'opics  in  nianusciipt,  liic  hest  licing  a 
part  of  the  first  volume  of  the  Squicr  ( 'oUection.  This  coUection,  eonsistin;^ 
of  twenty-three  volunu^s  of  ni;>nuscripts,  licside  separate  jiieces  on  V!iri<jufj 
early  allairs  in  Central  America  and  .Slcxico,  fell  into  my  liands  nt  tile  .sa'u 
of  the  lihrary  of  the  late  ]'!.  (I.  S([nier,  so  widely  known  as  an  antii|uari;iii 
nml  liisl(>rical  writer,  a  review  of  whose  worlis  will  appear  in  .'i  sulisei|ne;it 
ViiUuno.  'J'iie  opportunities  atlorded  Mr  Squier  liy  his  otlicial  ])osition  as 
i'liitriir  d\\lJ<ilir-<  to  Central  .Vniei'ii'a,  in  1SH»,  and  liy  hisiesenrclies,  coniMmd 
\vi;li  a  natural  lieut  as  studel\t  and  author,  prompfi'il  the  eolh-eti  f  hdoks 
and  manuscripts  relative  to  Central  Ameri'a,  a  large  proportion  <^i  whicli  i 


4S4 


GIL  GONZALEZ  IN  COSTA  RICA  AND  NICARAGUA. 


n . 


Nino,  with  orders  to  follow  the  coast  for  eighty  oi-  <a 
Imiulrcd  lca<xues,  and  there  in  sonic  safe  harbor  to 
await  him,  Gil  (Gonzalez  with  one  hundred  men  and 
four  horses  continued  his  way  by  land.  Poor  food,  a 
hot  sun,  with  heavy  rains  and  softened  ground,  made 
the  journey  excessively  irksome.  The  wading  ol" 
rivers  while  the  body  was  heated  brought  upon  the 
connnander  a  cramp,  so  that  he  had  to  bo  carried. 
Thus  they  trudged  for  many  days,  gathering  gold, 
and  christianizing  the  country,  meeting  no  resist- 
ance. 

Presently  they  came  to  what  the}^  called  an  island, 
ten  leagues  in  length  by  six  in  breadth,  ''formed  l)y 
tlie  branches  of  a  river,"  which  was  no  island,  howevci', 
but  the  peninsula  which  forms  the  western  side  of 
the  Golfo  Dulce.^°  Here  in  a  huge  wooden  shed,  as 
high  as  a  tower,  which  the  chroniclers  please  to  call  a 
[falace,  dwelt  the  ruler  of  that  land,  who  was  invited 
to  retire  while  the  strangers  took  possession  in  tlx^ 
upper  part,  the  lower  being  flooded.  For  a  fortnight 
they  sheltered  themselves  from  the  falling  waters. 
One  night  the  palace  posts  began  slowly  to  sink  inio 
the  softened  earth.  Tlic  outlook  was  not  encoura^in'J•. 
Their  only  shelter  was  sinking,  and  witli  it  they  were 
being  submerged.  They  sa,ved  themselves,  howevei', 
by  cutting  thi'ough  the  roof,  and  thus  made  their  wiy 
out,  bearing;  the  commander  on  their  shoulders.     Tluv 

fonml  nsiful  in  Cilliin,'  fnps  in  my  o^VT^  sixtccnth-fcntury  material.  It  Fcciiis 
that  'S\v  S([ui('r  intomlcil  the  pulilication  of  a  KCi-ies  of  (locnuiients  for  history, 
of  wliieh  til'.'  '  '(ir'a  c/c  Palndo  was  printed  at  AUiany,  185!),  anil  numhereil  1. 
Tlie  llrst  volunu'  of  tlic  Squier  Collection  of  ]\lanus(.'ripts  contains,  licsiilo  t!i<> 
Caii'i  (h  (HI  (iO)iyi^c~,  several  doouments  on  Nieara;4\ian  discovery  eertitiiil 
l>y  Xavarrete,  15uckinL;hani  Sniitii,  and  Sipiier,  as  ti'ue  eojiies  of  the  ori;:in;ils 
iu  tht!  archives  at  Seville  and  in  tlic  llydroi.'rajihic  Collection,  notahh:  iiiiioiiL; 
which  are  /.ck/  Cn/itla  <le  S.  M.  < .r/icdiiln  cii  JS  dc  Jnuin  i/c  JJIO,  d  P'th'or'>i< 
])itnln,  piira  ijiic  ciitniiaxe  Ion  Xnrias  ih-  Jla-'<rn  J^^iii'ic-.  a  ilU  Von~(d<!>f  ih'  Arid 
y  lo.<  rajiieriiiitoi'  tjUf  paxttrnii  siohre  cllo;  anil  I'rldcioii  l)(:l  Aslnild  ij  ( 'apiltilnniir 
ijue  Ki>  tom6  con  Aml/r.i  Xifin,  Pilolo  de  mt  MaijcKtad  pure  el  dcscuhnmiciiln  i/'ii' 
/irnmilid  fiavr  cii  el  Mar  del  Sur  con  il  A'avins,  y  por  Capiinii  de  ella-i  a  (<'il 
(I'oir.'ilci  Darila. 

'"  Peter  Martyr  states  that  they  passed  over  a  liody  of  -water  to  got  to  it; 
Ilerrera  and  Oviedo  liotii  testify  to  a  large  island,  which  v:ii  might  lu'li'  \c 
were  any  such  island  there.  Tlio  truth  i.<,  parts  of  the  land  were  itiiiii(l;ilid 
nt  tliis  time  hy  the  heavy  rains,  so  that  the  peninsula  being  cut  oil'  from  tho 
mainland  by  tlie  water  inado  it  appear  an  island, 


XICOYA. 


485 


M'cro  tlicn  obliged  to  take  to  trees,  and  to  dwell  in  tlicm 
for  several  days,  the  coiimiander's  quarters  beiiiL?  a 
blanket  stretched  between  two  branches.  During  tho 
Hood  were  lost  many  weapons  and  much  plunder. 

After  this  they  proceeded,  sometimes  going  iidand 
for  food,  but  groping  along  the  shore  as  best  they 
might.  Once  when  obliged  to  seek  the  ocean  ten 
leagues  away,  they  descended  a  river  on  rafts,  one  of 
which  floated  out  to  sea  in  the  dark,  but  was  brought 
to  shore  next  morning  by  a  lucky  breeze  and  some 
ex.})ert  swinnning.  Finally,  after  visiting  and  robbing 
a  number  of  petty  chiellains,  and  securing  gold  to 
the  value  of  forty  thousand  ]iesos,  they  came  to  a 
jiulf^^  which  Gil  Gonzalez  called  San  Vicente,  and 
where  to  his  great  joy  he  found  Andres  Nino  with 
the  ships. 

Owing  to  his  lameness  Gil  Gronzalez  would  have 
embarked  l)y  sea,  sending  Nino  with  the  land  party; 
hut  the  men  lost  courage  at  the  prospect  of  remaining 
on  shore  without  their  leader,  because  the  caci(|ues 
were  becoming  more  powerful.  He  accordingly  bound 
Xino  by  oath  to  explore  the  coast  with  two  ships, 
slowly  and  by  day  only,  and  reckon  the  distance  sailed, 
leavinix  the  other  two  vessels  with  tho  gold  in  San 
A^icente  Gulf,  while  ho  himself  phmged  boldly  inland, 
(k'termined  to  sul)jugatc  the  people,  peaceably,  if  pos- 
sible, otherwise  bv  force. 

Among  the  caci(pies  whom  Gil  Gonzalez  met  was 
one  most  ]  owerful  living  near  the  northern  end  of 
the  gulf,  named  Nicoya,  who  gave  a  friendly  recep- 
tion as  a  friend,  and  presented  him  with  gold  to  tho 
value  of  fourteen  thousand  castellanos.  When  ^^old 
(»f  God,  and  of  the  bliss  of  heaven  and  the  pai'  >  of 
hell,  Nicoya  very  sensibly  yireferred  the  former  place, 
and  })ermitted  himself,  his  wives  and  subjects,  to  the 

''Lator  ciillotl  Xiroya,  fi'Diii  tlio  ''iieiinu'  of  that  cninitry,  wliicli  iiaiiio  it 
lionis  to-day.  Tins  was  tlif  San  Li'uar  of  Iliirt'ido.  Sco  oliap.  xi.,  note  II, 
this  volume.  Kolil  thinks  it  may  liavt^  liccn  the  ."ith  of  April,  tiie  day  of  Sail 
Viirnte  Ferrer,  that  tiie  Spaniards  arrived  here,  (ioiuara  stjites  that  in  early 
tiiiK  ■;  it  was  also  ealled  ( iolfo  <le  Ortifia,  and  ( Jolfo  de  Guetares ;  (J<jldschmidt''s 
t'urto'ji-apliu  "/  ''"-'  ■/■'"<•'(/''■•  t'oa^t,  MS.,  ii.  111-13. 


*  ;'  1 

!r  'S'  I 


^'i 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


,-    122 


M 

2.2 


ii£    iillO 


1.4 


1.6 


V] 


<9 


/^ 


^>. 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STRUT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  872-4503 


<^^ 


4SC 


GIL  GONZALEZ  IX  COSTA  RICA  AXD  XICARACUA. 


nuinhcr  of  over  six  tlumsoiHl  souls,  to  be  baptized. 
Furtlionnorc  lio  j^avo  up  six  golden  idols,  each  ol'  ,1 
span  in  K-n^'th,  "  For  being  now  a  Christian,"  said  lir, 
"  J  shall  have  nothing  more  to  do  with  them."  Which 
emblems  of  })crdition  the  Spaniards  did  by  no  means 
scru])le  to  take. 

Nicoya  was  a  great  chief,  but  there  was  a  mightier 
than  ]u\  fifty  li'agues  to  the  northward,  whose  naiiK; 
was  Nicaragua,  of  whom  Nicoya  sjiid:  "He  is  wise 
as  well  as  valiant,  and  your  little  army  will  quickly 
melt  l>cfore  his  warrior  host." 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  peaceful  policy  ado[)te(| 
in  this  expedition  had  thus  far  proved  successful  be- 
yond that  of  any  other  similar  attempt  in  the  Indies, 
'i'he  sword  remained  sheathed,  and  it  was  found  jiroiit- 
able  as  well  as  humane  to  keep  it  so.  Ilcaice  these 
gentle  robbers  walked  the  land  trium])hant.  The 
truth  is,  for  the  tinu's  Oil  Gonzalez  was  an  honest  man. 
He  tells  large  stories  about  baptizing,  as  wo  shall  see; 
biii,  Ave  are  accustomed  to  some  degree  of  exaggern- 
tion  where  proselyting  is  c'>'""  led,  and  Gil  Gon/nlez 
really  believed  that  the  CI  lanity  he  gave  Nicoya 
paid  him  well  for  his  gold,  lieside  being  honest,  Gil 
Gonzalez  was  humane;  he  did  not  delight  in  blood. 
lijet  us  doublemark  thes<e  traits,  for  they  are  rare  heic  - 
abouts. 

IIow  different  was  this  from  the  usual  form  with 
which  the  eaj)tainsof  Pedrarias  introduced  themselves 
to  savagism,  may  be  seen  in  the  approach  by  Gil  (rou- 
zalez  to  a  pi^o^de  of  doubtful  temper.  When  within 
one  day's  man'h  of  Nicaragua's  town  he  despatched 
to  that  chiel'tain  an  end)assy  of  six  Indians  and  t\v<» 
inter})reters  to  notify  him  of  his  proximity  and  chai- 

ter.     "Tell  him,"  said  (Gonzalez,  "that  a  capt.iiii 


m 


Cometh,  conunissioni'd  to  these  iiarts  by  the  g!'e;it 
king  of  the  Christians,  to  tell  all  the  hu-ds  of  tlioe 
lands  that  there  is  in  the  heavens,  higher  than  the 
Hun,  one  lord,  maker  of  all  things,  and  that  those 
believing  and  obeying  him  shall  at  death  ascend  lo 


NICARAGUA. 


m 


tliat  loftiness,  wliilo  dishelievors  sliall  l)c  driven  into 
llif  lire  beneath  tlu;  earth.  Tell  him  to  be  leady  to 
liear  and  accept  these  tiuths,  or  else  to  })repare  I'or 
battle." 

Xieoya  spoke  the  truth  when  he  pronounced  Xie- 
araufua  a  wise  man.  There  is  great  advantage  in 
Ktssessing  an  intellect  unclouded  bv  learning,  lie  was 
M)th  wise  and  honest  enough  to  manifest  amazement 
^\Ilen  messengers  brought  to  him  thinijs  ama/in;'. 
'"  Tell  those  who  sent  you,"  said  Nicaragua,  "  that  I 
laiow  not  their  king  and  therefore  cannot  do  him 
liomage;  that  I  fear  not  their  sharp  swoids,  but  love 
jieaco  rather  than  war;  gold  has  little  value,  they  are 
\\i'lcomo  to  what  I  have.  In  regard  to  the  relii>:ion 
tilt  y  teach  I  will  talk  with  them,  and  if  I  like  it  I 
will  adopt  it."  Of  the  two  messages,  that  of  the  sav- 
•A\Xo  was  far  the  more  logical  and  sensible. 

Next  day  when  within  one  league  of  the  town  the 
S| laniards  were  met  by  four  of  Nicaragua's  pi-incij)al 
men,  who  told  them  that  the  king  awaited  their 
coming  in  peace.  On  entering  the  town  they  were 
)(ceived  by  Nicaragua,  who  assigned  them  lodgings 
ill  the  public  square,  and  placed  all  the  surrounding 
houses  at  their  disposal. 

After  the  presentation  of  gifts,  which,  voluntary 
or  forced,  was  always  first  in  onler,  and  which  in 
this  instance  consisted  on  one  side  of  gold  to  tlie 
value  of  fifteen  thousand  castellanos,  and  on  the  other 
nt"  u  sliirt,  a  red  cap,  and  a  silken  <lress,  attention  was 
turned  to  spiritual  affairs.  I'o  a  lengthy  harangue  on 
what  the  savage  must  do  and  not  <lo  in  onk'r  to  attain 
(  Inistian  salvation,  Nicai'agua  re[tlie<l:  "I  sec  no 
harm  in  it.  We  cannot,  however,  give  up  our  war- 
]iaint  and  weapons,  our  gay  decorations  and  dances, 
and  become  women!" 

J^efore  accepting  baptism"  Nicaragua  desired    to 

'-Which  wns  rcrcivid  liy  0,017  imtivH,  \arnc  niid  rtiimll,  in  oiiu  day,  iiml 
vith  HiU'h  I'lithnsiasin  that  tln'  S|mniiir(ls  even  wept.  'J'hi.  is  as  iiiucli  an  (Hid 
li.ivin!,'  only  ordinary  faith  can  Ikj  ex|H!etod  to  hcluivc  at  onci',  yet  the  strain 
oil  onc'rt  credulity  becoiuea  more  severe  when  the  riyht  huuoruble  tijl  lioiiiiilea 


488 


GIL  OOXZALEZ  IX  CO.STA  RICA  AND  NICARArirA. 


ask  Cil  Cronzaloz  a  few  q  nest  ions.     "You  who  know 
Ko   imu'li  of  the   niakcr  ami  of  the   inakin;j^  ot'  this 
"svorld,  toll  mo,"  said  lu;,  "of  Iho  nrroat  Hood;  and  will 
thoiv  l)o  another?     In  tho  univorsal  end,  will  tho  oarth 
be  ovorturnod,  or  will  the  sky  fall  and  destroy  us:* 
Whenet>  do  tho  sun  and  moon  obtain  their  li,nht,  and 
how  will  tlu\y  lose  it?     How  lar<^e  are  tho  stais;  jiow 
are  they  held  in  tho  sky, and  moved  about?     AVhy  arc 
the  nii^hts  mad(^  dark,  and  tho  wintois  cold;  why  (hd 
not  tho  Christian's  (Jod  make  a  better  woild;  what 
lionor  is  duo  him;   and  what  rii,dits  and  dutic>s  lias 
man,  undiT  whosi>  dominion  are  tho  beasts?    AN'hitliri- 
goes  the  soul  whieh  you  hold  to  bo  immortal  when  it 
leaves   the  body?     ])oes  tho  Vo\)o  never  die;  and  is 
tho  gr«>at  king  of  S])ain  a  mortal;  and  why  do  llic 
Christians  so  l()ve  goldf"     ^J'heso  and  otlu>r  (juestioiis 
of  like  imj)ort  tho  savage  asked,  and  (Jil  (j!on;:al(7. 
answer(>d  them.     There  was  no  (piestion  that  bra\  ' 
and  ])iou.s  (;!il  (/onzaloi!  could  not  answer.     And  ]V(('r 
jNlartyr  says  that    "  Coreccda,  the  king's  trca;  unr, 
v.itnossod  tho  manner  in  whicli  (<on:^alt>/  aiiswiicd 
tlie  (piestions  of  Nicaragua."    Strange  to  say,  tiu;  sav- 
age was  not  satisiied.      JJoubtloss  Gil  (Jonzale.',  coiiM 
have  made  himself  better  under.<t,ood  by  a,  Cluitian. 
*'(^imo   those  men  hither  from  heaven:"'  whisoercd 
Nicaragua  to    tho    interpreter.      "They    came    fi-oin 
heaven,"  was  the  reply.     "  l^ut  howT'  asked  Nicara- 
gua, "  dii'octly  down,  like  the  ilight  of  an   airow.  or 
riding  u  cloud,  or  in  a  cii'cuit  like  a  bent  bow?"     The 
inter|)i'etor  could  not  tidl. 

Nicaragua  finally  consented  to  have  the  idols  in 
his  teni])le  removed,  and  tho  Clu-istian's  cross  ]ilai(  d 
in  their  stead.  A  specimen  of  the  M'oi'ship  tiny 
Jiad  adopted  was  then  given  them  with  great  so- 
lemnity. Upon  a  high  nunnid,  whoso  sununii  was 
reached  by  ste})s,  ( Jil  (^onzaloz  had  planted  the  cross  on 

culls  licnvcn  to  wittiuHS  that  ho  told  wich  man  and  Avoman,  apart  fmiii  IIp' 
others,  Ihiit  <lod  «lid  not  want  unwilling  HiTvioo,  and  that  vnvh  for  hiiiiM  If 
oxjuvhsimI  a  dcniro  for  it.  If  we  allow  him  lo  hours  for  his  day's  woik,  it 
juuUi'8  (>l  [Ku  ons  an  hour,  ur  onu  a  niiuuto,  whu  wcro  uxuutinud  uud  bapti/cd. 


TTTE  FRESnWATKTl  SEA. 


489 


first  (^iitorinijf  tlic  town,  A  prooossiou  lioadiMl  l>y  tlic 
Spanish  and  tho  native  Icadci's  now  marched  solemnly 
jilKHittlie  town,  and  ascended  th(^  steps  of  the  mound" 
on  their  kmvs,  ehantinjjj  their  hymns  of  pi-aise  the 
wliile.  ]'ro('eedin<^  to  the  temple,  they  erected  there 
;iM  altar,  and  jointly  ])lac(;d  upon  it  tlie  sacred  einhlcm, 
ill  tok(Mi  the  one  of  <,^ivin,<^  and  the  other  of  receivini^ 
the  true  i'aith.  Such  was  the  con<|uest  and  conversion 
of  Nicara'jfua,  uni(juc!  and  spiritual. 

Nicara^'ua's  town  stood  on  a  lari^e  fresh-water  sea,'* 
into  whicli  (Jil  (ronzalez  I'ode  his  horse  and  took  |)os- 
session,  diiidduLj  of  the  water.  It  was  barely  three 
IcajjCUi'S  fi'om  the  South  Sea;  hut  tliei-e  was  no  con- 
nection, and  a  cnnoe  s(Mit  out  n|)on  it  could  discovir 
no  cun-ent.  "  Tiie  pilots  T  had  with  me,"  writes  the 
coiuniander  in  his  narrative  of  the  e\i)e(lition,  "certify 
that  it  opens  into  the  North  Sea;  and  if  so  it  is  a 
L;reat  discovery,  as  the  distance  from  one  sea  to  the 
tit  her  is  hut  two  or  three  lea^j^ues  of  very  level  road.'"", 
( )n(^  other  niattiM*  claimed  the  attention  of  <he  discov- 
e;(!r  at  this  Juncture;  which  was  to  asctnlain  whi-ther 
tlu!  invaders  of  Mexico,  whose  con(|Uest  was  known 
;it  Panamil  prior  to  the  saHinjjf  of  this  expedition,  had 
cai'iied  tlieir  operations  so  far  south  as  this  point. 
After  close  iufjuiry  amon-jf  the  natives  (jil  t^lonzalez 
was  satisfied  that  tiiey  had  not.^" 

''Tlir  S|vini:iriln  wore  at  tliis  timo  itjiionint  nf  tlic  use  to  wliii'h  tlirs«o 
rvuniil-t  wcic^  )mt.  Ihul  they  known  tliciii  to  1>i'  ^''lat  altars  \\]«>n  wiiifli 
V  nc  s.icfilircil  litiiiiMii  liciiiLTM.  tlii'  iiiilil  aii'l  )iliili)-i(i[ilii(;  Nil  iiia;,'nii  iiiiglit 
liavo  liail  circasiciM  tn  pnivi!  the  valor  ot  Iiis  wafiiors. 

"'1  lli^l>lllal•,'^ay  i'  "il  <  loii;'.a't'/,f  V(,7  ( til  lli  v,  MS.,  'pori|iuMTc/('  i  iiicni,'n!».' 

' ' '  Lo4  )ii!oto-t  i|\('  con  iiii;^o  llcliaim.  rcititiiaii  <|vi'  sale  a  la,  mar  ilcl  iiortc; 
i  ^i  !isi  r^.  4H  iiiiii  ;::iaiicl  iiiu'lia,  |ioi(|vr  aliia  clc-  \  na  mar  a.  otia  ".!  o  '.\  lci;vas  tlo 
iMiiiiiio  iiiui  llano.'  'I'lni-  it  will  In-  snii  that  tin-  i|iic'^ti  ni  of  iiitfi-ocraiiic 
riiiiniiiDicatioii  atti'actcd  th<!  attention  of  tin'  lii-it  lMiio|Mans  who  saw  l,ak« 
Xii'aiav.u.i,  ami  tiiis  viiy  iiatiiially ;  lor  it  must  Im  i-iniemlxTc,!  that  Oil  (ion- 
v.ili/  was  in  scavcli  of  a  strait  or  |iassa;;<'  thioii^li  the  i  iiitiinnt,  auil  if  jxi- 
rliMiiiM!  Ik;  hIiouUI  linil  tliu  Moliuviis  tliorculxtut,  liis  whole  olijot  wi>iil'[  l>u 
iiUaiiii'il. 

'''The  word  Niearnmid  wjis.lir.st  jiejird  Hpokcn  liy  Knroiicans  at  Nieoyn, 
wlii're  (lil  <!<iii/ali'Z  hail  Iktu  notitii'd  of  tlio  coniitiy  and  itt  rnler.  In  thci 
••ailii'st  reports  it  is  found  written  Xirnriiiiiin,  Miinrinjiiii,  Xinirriiniiii,  ami 
.Xi'iiriin.  I'non  the  ictniii  of  (lil  (ion/ale/,  the  natni!  Nicurann.i  lieeamo 
f  iiiiDU.-i,  and  ln'side  liein;,'  applied  to  the  eaeiijue  and  his  town.  \,iis  ;,'vadua''y 
(jivi'ii  to  the  .surroiiudiug  country,  and  to  tlio  lake.     It  wa.s  liy  Lioino  vuyut.y 


490 


GIL  OOXZALEZ  IN  COSTA  RTCA  AND  XTCAi.AnUA. 


April  of  tills  year,  1522,  was  now  at  haiul,  and  CJil 
Oonzak'Z,  well  satisiied  thus  far,  must  dctcnnini!  wli.it 
next  to  do.  ]5ofore  lie  was  awaro  of  it,  hajjtisni  had 
become  the  rajje  in  all  that  ro<jion.  His  stav  at  Nica- 
raLfua  had  heen  for  eight  days.  Then  he  went  forwaid 
iiorth-wcstwardly  six  leagues  into  the  next  province, 
and  found  there  a  cluster  of  six  towlis,  of  two  thon- 
f-and  inhahitants  each,  all  the  towns  being  less  than 
two  leagues  aj)art.  These  ]>eople,  jealous  h^st  Nica- 
ragua should  secure  to  himself  all  the  efficacies  of  th( 
mysterious  rite,  came  forward  in  nniltitudes  to  receive 
it,  freely  giving  the  Spaniards  gold  and  food  and 
slaves. 

Yet  farth(>r  before  the  visitors  spi-ead  their  fame, 
until  a  powerful  cacique,  cvdled  Diiiangen,  came  ingicit 
state  from  some  <listance  to  meet  them.  To  make 
the  most  imposing  a])pearance  ]i()ssiblc\  when  within 
II  short  distance  of  the  Spaniai'ds  Diriangen  lialled, 
and  arranged  his  train.  Fiv«^  hnndrtMJ  unarincd  men 
advanced,  each  carrying  one  or  two  tui'keys,  whose 
gay  plumage  made  brilliant  the  spectacle.  After 
tliem  came  ten  banner-men,  their  Hags  yet  furled. 
Then  followed  seventeen  women  nt^ai'ly  covered  with 
plates  of  gold;  after  which  were  livt^  trumpeters;  and 
lastly,  the  chief  men  of  the  naticn,  bearing  on  Iheii' 
shoulders  a  j)alan(piin  ricldy  adorned  with  colond 
cloths  and  fi-athers,  in  wiiich  sat  the  potentati>.  The 
cortege  then  moved  forward  and  entered  the  village 
where  the  Spaniards  wei'e  encam|)ed,  di-awing  u|t  in 
perfect  ordei'  before  the  connnander's  (piarters.     'flie 


used  to  <lcsignfttc  the  whole  region  holiiml  nml  lietwoon  Hilmonis  .incl  Vi  r 
ii;^un.  I^dittM' tlicro  wns  tlm  Proviiu'i.-i  ilc  \iciii;ii;uii,  ln'siilc  MI  N'nivu  llrwio 
(Ic  Leon.  IluiToni  anil  inaiiy  otIuTS  incntinn  tlic  Indian  nuclilo  liy  tlu' liikc 
For  a  time  tlio  lalio  was  known  as  the  Mnr  Ihili-v.  '\\\\\n  Cuidn  la\  ■<  it 
<lown  on  \\\a  map,  in  I.VJ7,  as  tlio  mar  dmr,  and  tlx*  town  or  jirovini't!  /»"•■'• 
rdijiiii.  UilM'i'o,  I.VJt),  calls  tlio  lako  intir  ilii/ir  and  tin;  town  iiirnriiiju'i. 
Ahniich  Atlas,  No.  vi.,  givi-s  only  Mimrntjun,  wliicli  No.  vii.  makes  iii'ii- 
raijiia.  Kiinnisio,  I'/V/;/;/;,  iii.  4.">.'»,  jjivos  Ximnii/niixH  a  iirovini'c.  Mrnatni'. 
in  liis  Atlas  of  ir)74,  gives  tiio  town  of  Airnninint.  Jndocus  Hcpiidius,  ni 
7)ca/,('",s  World  Kuromp.,  ojiplies  the  tonn  Xirnrinirit  to  a  provinei^  nr  l.ii;,'o 
••xtcnt  of  I'oiuitry.  Ogilliy,  Kanipier,  Do  I^ut,  und  other  contenipoiaiy 
uiul  lutur  unthuritios  extend  the  nunie  to  the  luke. 


DIRIAXOHN. 


401 


'  fiiinc. 

I  iii;i1<t' 
Milliiii 
liallcd. 
xl  ini'ii 
wliosi' 
ATtrr 

{\\r\ri\. 

il  with 
;  :iiiil 
their 

•loi-cd 
Tlir 

illan'i' 
ii|)  ill 

Thr 
!11h1  Vrr- 

Kl'MlM 

i\-4  it 
re  iiiii'''- 
•iiriujii'i. 
ii'.-i  ii'i"i- 
Iriratnl-. 

■  liu.x.   ill 

CI-  lilt;;r. 

inponiiy 


litter  was  pljieed  on  the  u^i-oimd,  the  ten  wliite  l);in!iers 
were  unt'urli'il,  and  the  tniiiijietcis  Mew  a  shiill  mel- 
ody. I'resently  i^ij'ijniifeii  oiihred  the  musicians  to 
cease,  and  ap|iroachin:j^  (Jil  (Jon/aloz  ho  toiU'luMl  his 
hand.  Then  tuinin<;tothe  wohk'H,  he  ordered  thejj^old 
to  he  presented,  inehidin<^  two  lnm(h"ed  *^oMen  hatch- 
et-^, which  amounted  aho<;ether  in  vahi(>  to  ei>diteen 
thousand  castelhuios.  The  live  lunuh-ed  Indians  now 
came  forward,  nntl  after  severally  touchinix  the  hand 
of  the  conunander,  presented  tlu;  fowls  to  him.  "  K(»r 
what:  purpose,"  asked  (Jil  (Jon/alez  of  the  chieftain, 
"liave  you  come  so  far  to  meet  me?"  J)irian«;eu  an- 
swered: "Ilavinuf  learned  that  a  wonderful  peoj)lc, 
hearded  and  ridiiiLj  uj)on  beasts,  had  arrived  m  this 
land,  I  come  that  with  my  own  i-yes  I  may  hehold 
thiin,  and  offer  such  hosjiitality  as  is  in  my  power." 
(lil  (ronzalez  thanked  the  c!ii(»l'tain  courteously,  ])re- 
scnted  him  some  European  articles,  and  after  further 
conversation  asked  him  if  he  did  not  wish  to  hecome 
a  ("In-istian,  and  a  suhjt'ctof  the  kinuf  of  Spain.  Diri- 
anifi'U  intimated  that  it  woidd  ;j^ive  him  «j^reat  plcvisure 
to  accept  hoth  of  thesf?  flatteiin^  proposals,  hut  that 
he  lirst  desired  to  confer  with  his  women  and  p'-iests; 
he  would  return  answer  within  three  days. 

Now  ]^irianpjon  was  a  wily  lord,  who  cared  not  a  jot 
for  the  kinji^  of  Spain,  or  for  his  relijii^ion.  He  wisln'd 
to  see  this  spectacle,  and  he  was  willini^  to  jiay  royally 
i'lir  admission  to  it.  Th(>  fiith  his  fathers  had  held 
was  sufficient  for  him,  and  he  prefei-recl  rulini^  jiiniself 
rather  than  1>ein<j  suhit^ct  to  .motiier.  !!»;  helii  ved 
lie  could  vanquish  that  little  company;  at  all  events 
Ik'  would  try.  AVith  these  r<>lh'ctions  he  hid  the 
Spaniards  a  warm  a«lieu,  mountecl  his  litter,  and  was 
canied  away.     This  was  on  the  i  Ith  of  .\pril. 

Three  days  after,  wliili^  the  <K'r<j^yman  of  the  expe- 
dition wasahsent  ata  nei!.jhhoriniLjtown  whither  h(>  had 
li'oiK*  mounted  on  tlie  hest  hoi'se  and  attended  hy  two 
valiant  men,  to  preach,  and  the  Spaniards  wer»'  tak- 
ing' their  mid-day  siesta,  Diriungen  came  down  upon 


402        GIL  GONZALEZ  IN  COSTA  RICA  AND  NICARAGUA. 


them  witli  three  tliousan<l"  men,  armed  with  flint- 
toothed  swords,  hnices,  and  arrows,  and  mailed  in  couts 
of  wadded  cotton,  ond  was  within  a  cross-bow  shot 
t)t'  them  before  the  alarm  was  given.  Gil  Gonzalo/. 
spianj^  upon  one  of  the  three  remaining  horses,  and 
shouted  to  his  men  to  rally  in  front  of  his  dwelliiiijf, 
which  faced  the  square,  lie  then  })laccd  one  third  of 
his  forc(^  in  the  rear  of  the  house,  fearful  lest  the 
enemv  should  fu'c  it,  for  it  contained  all  their  iroM. 
15y  this  time  the  square  was  fdled  with  Diriangi  n's 
warriors,  who  gave  innnediate  battle,  hand  to  hau'l. 
The  swift  deatli-blows  of  the  Spaniards  seemed  to 
carry  no  special  terror  with  them,  and  for  a  time  it 
was  extremely  doubtful  how  the  fight  would  tuni. 
The  Indians  brought  six  Spaniards  to  the  ground,  and 
captured  one,  whom,  however,  they  manifested  no  dis- 
position to  kill.  Finally,  upon  a  charge  of  the  coiii- 
nuuidor  and  tlie  two  other  horsemen  with  their  lances, 
th(!  enemy  gave  way  and  were  driven  out  of  the  town. 
(»il  (lonzalez  recklessly  pursued,  until  wearied  with 
killing,  and  alone,  he  turned,  when  there  fell  on  him  a 
shower  of  stones  and  djirts  which  hurried  him  back  to 
his  people.  Diriangen  had  kept  in  the  background 
during  tlie  battle,  and  disappeared  immediately  it  was 
over.  None  of  the  Spaniards  were  lost.  The  ca])tivo 
was  recovered;  the  i)ri(.^st  returned  in  safety,  and  llio 
Indians  w(;re  finally  permitted  to  carry  off  their  deail. 
]juckily  (jil  Gonzalez  had  taken  the  precaution  to  in- 
crease the  number  of  bearded  men  by  cutting  hair 
from  tlie  heads  of  Spaniards  and  fixing  it  to  the  chins 
of  twenty-five  young  natives  of  his  company. 

After  due  consultation  it  was  decided  to  terminato 
the  ex|)loration  at  this  point  and  return  to  Pananii. 
They  had  obtained  a  large  amount  of  gold,  aiul  hail 
baptized  many.  The  results  from  the  conversions, 
howin'er,  would  have  been  far  more  pleasing  to  the 
Sj)aidards  had  not  so  many  of  tho  Indians  aposta- 

"  Tlio  naiTativc  says  3,000  or  4,000 ;  I  uomc  Uio  lowest  number,  giviuo  tl"> 
reader  tlie  right  uf  reduciug  at  pluutiuru. 


RESULTS  OF  THE  EXPEDITION. 


403 


tizod  heforc  their  back  was  fairly  turned.  As  tlio 
Spaniards  entered  the  pr./vince  of  XiearaLjua,  on  the 
May  to  their  shij^s,  a  plan  of  that -sapient  ruler  was 
jrvealed  to  Gil  (jonzalez,  none  other  than  to  repeat 
the  experiment  of  Diriangen.  Innnediately  sixty 
Spaniards,  all  who  were  at  present  sound,  formed 
into  a  hollow  square,  so  as  to  act  defensively  and 
(Uvnsively  while  marching,  having  the  invalids  and 
licnsure  in  the  centre,  and  at  each  corner  a  horseman 
ill  id  an  arquehusier.  A.s  they  passed  by  Nicaragua's 
liiwn  the  natives  cried  out  to  the  earners,  who  had 
ln'cn  lent  the  Spaniards  by  Nicaragua,  to  throw  down 
lluir  loads.  To  this  the  Spaniards  made  no  reply; 
l(;it  when  the  natives  attempted  by  force  to  accom- 
plish their  purpose,  Gil  Gonzalez  hurried  forward  the 
weakest  of  his  force,  and  }>laced  himself  with  seven- 
t  I'U  men  in  the  rear.  A  desultory  tight  was  ke[)t 
up  for  some  distance,  during  which  the  cargo-bearers 
inanaged  to  throw  down  their  loads  and  escape,  to 
the  unutterable  disgust  of  the  Spaniards,  who  were 
tlius  obli'j^ed  to  carry  them.  Gaining  nothing  by 
this,  but  rather  losmg,  the  natives  made  peace.  Nic- 
iuagua,  by  his  messengers,  disclaimed  any  agency  in 
i\\o  attack,  but  the  Spaniards  had  recognized  some  of 
his  jn-incipal  men  among  the  assailants.  At  length 
they  reached  the  gulf  of  San  Vicente  in  safety,  eight 
(lays  after  the  return  of  the  pai'ty  discovering  b}-  sea. 
Xiho  had  coasted  three  hundred  and  ilfty  lea-'Ues 
iiortii-westerly,  reaching,  according  to  some  estimates, 
th(;  very  southern  limit  of  (fortes'  conquests.  ]  lardly 
;uiv  details,  however,  are  given  beyond  tlie  statement 
that  he  tliscovered  a  laig't^  bay  which  Gil  (ionzalez 
named  Fonseca,  in  honor  of  his  tViend  and  ])atr()n  the 
hishon  of  ]3i'nm)s.  To  an  island  within  this  l»av  he 
ga\ «;  the  name  of  his  own  niece,  Petronila."  Ivcturn- 
iiig,  the  expedition  reached  Panaiuil  June  'J.l,  lo'j:}, 

'"TIk"  iiaino  of  the  buy  vi'iu.iin.s;  tliat  I'f  t!>o  islaiul  is  lint.  T!i<!  early 
11. I'll'  )  iif  tlic  islamic  ill  tlii  <  bay  Wfi'c  .v.  J/(';/..</  la  /'o.smx.w'ii;/,  l.n  /'n.-rirs.^iiiii, 
lu.l  A'^yw)!  iv'o;*,'  Aiii'iji'ilf'i,  A  i,iii}Kil'i,  or /(A/  '/'/()  I'l  ;  //.  ih'  jlirhcrii.<,  Mdn- 
i/C',  or  Mdii'jiuni.     JctHTys  cullij  tliu  bay  Ihnt^cai  or  Aiiun>uUa,     East  of 


404 


OIL  r.OXZALEZ  I\  COSTA  KICA  AND  NirARAnrA. 


\vitli  {j^f)l(l  in  value  to  1 12,000  pesos,  half  of  wliicli  \vn^ 
of  iiifi'iior  (|nalitv.  Ar<'oi'<liuuf  to  his  rfclvoninLf  (ill 
(J()nzal(>z  had  ('(KLstod  six  humlred  and  fifty  loai,ni(s, 
trav(llin<r  l>v  land  <ln-oo  hun<lr(>d  and  twentv-lnur 
h-aufues,  and  convoiting  to  Christianity  thirty- two 
thousand  souls." 

/).■  <U-  j'titnsriiua  Va/.  l"><)iim<lo  ]>liic('8  tlio  wood  moiiir.  Mcrcator  looiitfM  tlio 
town  Ctiiiiciil  on  tin-  .soiitlicrii  hIioi-c.  O^iHiy  pincos  tlio  town  Xt  nx,  I>«'  Lai  t 
A'<  ;•<•:,  near  //.  tlf  t'luinirn.  On  one  iniip  tlu-ro  in  Xrrrn  or  i'hulnUca,  on  ilic- 
tia«(i'rn  sliorc,  ami  A/  I'iijo  Ian  SuI'uiiik  river  Mowing  into  tlic  l>ay. 

''■'  iMirtlitT  rrfrrcnccs  to  this  voyage,  unini|Kirtant,  Iiow«'V«t,  nro  modi'  in 
Uttlmmt'n  /Hsroi:,  14H-!I,  where  it  iHstati'il  that '  Nigno'reuclie«l  'Tec'oante|iti' ;' 
J'tir/iii'o  ami  ( 'drill  nii",  ( 'ul.  1)ih\  ,  i.  410 ;  Oiiillii/'s  A  in. ,  2.'{H ;  (.'roirc'ii  (U  iil.  ,1  in., 
58;  lliiri/oii'ti  Aur.  Mr.r.,\i.  ''(H-H;  /'c/rr  J/a/Vi/r,  dee.  vi.  ea|>.  ii.-v. ;  i'luulii'* 
^lrr.  and  iliiul.,  ii.  'M\;  ,/iiurroM,  (litat.,  \nwmn;  I'im's  Gate  of  J'afijic,  'M; 
Mordli,  I'luli  \ooi  Orbis,  18;  Aiiduijvya'n  Nur.,  31-i 


CHAPTER  XV. 

SP.iNISII  DKPUCDATION.S  HOUND  PANAMA  BAY. 
1521-loi!0. 

Kcnorr.AV  Settm;ment  om  the  West  Coast  op  Ameuk'a— PrtonnEss  op 
Panama — Laws  UKsrEcri.vd  Spanisic  Settlements  in  America — Final 
Abandonment  op  Antioha — Administration  op  the  South  Sea  (!ov- 
eunment — PiKAcv  upon  PniNoiPLE— Pascual  deAndagoya  Exploues 

SOLTIIWAKD— CoNylEIlS  IjIIIL — UeTLUN  TO  I'ANAMA — COLONIES  OP  V'EU- 

Aoi'A  AMI  ('iiiiciyif— The  Ciiieitain  Uiiuvci  Takes  rp  iiis  Aiiouk 
IN  Tin;  Mointains  and  Depies  the  Spaniauds — Pizauuo,  Kspinosa, 
Peduaiiias,  and  CompaSon  in  vain  Attempt  his  Ovektiiiu>\v — IJrn.D- 
IN(J  OP  NatA— CompaSon  as  (jOveiinor — Hlktado  Coloni  '.es  I^hiki- 
Qi  i  -CoNspiuAOV— Captuke  and  Escape  of  UuuacA — Seveii.vl  VEAiui 

MOKE  OP   WaIU 

At  Icni^th  avg  find  on  tlio  Pacifio  Rcal)oard  a  Euro- 
jican  sottlcniont,  in  the  aboriginal  fisliiiijij-Rtation  of 
Panania  (ho  germ  of  a  Spani.sii  city,  tlio  first  on  tlio 
wcstci-n  side  of  the  American  continent  from  J*ata- 
^'iiiia  to  Alaska,  tlio  first  on  tlic  Isthmus  which 
iviiijiins  to  the  present  day.  And  there  was  ninch 
ahont  it  which  the  hefogged  hut  in  many  respects  far- 
siH'ing  adventurcirs  of  the  time  coukl  foretell.  Tliero 
was  wealth  on  this  shore,  but  to  what  extent  they 
know  not,  as  Peru  stood  yet  unrevealed.  Unless 
><<iiii(>  strait  should  be  found,  or  some  narrower  thread 
nl'  Tierra  i'Mrme  ofl'ering  supei-ior  advantages,  Panama 
Would  become  the  great  entrepot  of  South  Sea  tralHc; 
l)ut  wild  as  were  their  speculations  in  some  resj)e(ts, 
ill  otiiers  the  imagination  was  as  far  lichind  the  facts, 
liven  in  their  wildest  dreams  thev  had  not  seen  rest- 
iiig  on  their  broad-stretching  l)each  ships  from  the 
imrth  and  the  south,  and  the  far  western  east,  ladeu 

(493) 


400 


SrAXISII  DErnEDATIONS  ROUND  PANAMA  BAY, 


M-itli  the  wialtli  of  half  a  world,  anil  in  tho  Ktivets  of 
tlicir  sun-huaton  city  gold  and  silver  stacked  in  Ijrieks; 
and  sj)iees,  and  j)recioiis  merehandise  wailing  (rans- 
jioi'tation  over  tlie  cordillera  to  Nonihre  de  j)i(js, 
wliere  cargoes  of  J]uroi)ean  goods  in  like  manner  waited 
carriage  .southward. 

To  the  importance  of  this  city,  even  at  this  early 
<lay,  the  Council  of  the  Indies  was  by  no  means  hlind; 
und  beside  the  reguhilions'  of  a  general  nature  reganl- 

'  III  iiiiikin,:^  Ki'!  ili'iniiitH,  as  in  all  tliiiii^s  rclaliii;^  ti)  the  N"\v  WoiM,  it  w.i-i 
the  aim  rif  tin;  Sjniiii.-i'i  j^ovcnimcisl,  t)  rcclm-'i-  di'tails  t)  law.  At  p.  I!i,  vol.  ij. 
ft  st(|,,  /.'(To^).  (/(•  /,ll/il|.^,  wo  liiiil  t!i(i  (ii)lL'iiaii/;iM  i!r  la  piplilaiini  du-  I'iuihi'li  j 
y  villas  lii'^^iiii  l>y  Cliailrs  v.,  ill  \'tS,\,  ainl cuiitimic'l  l>y  I'liiiiji  11.,  IVlijic  111  , 
iiiiil  IVlipo  IV'.,  ilnu  n  t'»  Ki.'id.  'J'lirniii  it  wa.s  oiclci'uil  tliat  i:i  clinDsiii^'  a  Mti; 
lor  Hctlk'iiu'iit,  wlii',!i  idways  iiiiiilicd  tlio  luiililiiij;  ot  u  tin\u  or  lity,  caio 
liui.-il  1h!  ti.l^i.ii  tliat  l!ii:  j.!.i',o  l(u  K,ii:alilii  lu  i>»iry  li'si»'ct.  It  tjlin.ihl  l.i' 
a.Hoi'r'.ainiil  If  it  v.a:i  a  licallliy  locality,  if  tlu<  yoiiii;,'  ii;ilivL'j  wen;  well  ;aiil 
Biruii;.',  it  i"Miy  (it  liic  pcojilu  tiltaiiit'il  ulil  av'<',  if  tlic  coiiiiti'y  wa.s  lavoiaMi  t.) 
n  .'lii  iiliiiri!  i.r  ini;ii;ii,  i.inlof  la-^y  iiccism  liy  hiinl  aii'l.^ra;  il  liy  lln:  t-rn,  tiu'iu 
slioiilil  liu  a  ^;i)o(l  liarlM^r,  alul,  if  lio.-^sililr,  tlio  town  must  lie  iilaccil  by  a  liv(  i-, 
Ojiiu  i>iul)l.;.>  im::.L  iiol  \n'  liuiit,  oii  tlic  sva.siioiu  liccaUiif  (<f  Lor-viii'-i.  TIii'  j-I.o 
IhIiij;  l•!l^'^;(■il,  ;l  |il,ui  of  tlii'  Jilatc  lanst  l.i'  laailr,  the  f'  [ilaiis  fonin'il,  alid  tiiu 
Btrout.s  aiiil  lots  laiil  out,  ami  iiiciuiiii'cil  liy  conl  and  nik'.  Tlu.'  location  ol  tliu 
pkuu,  ui°  public  uud  'jUiiial  .s(|iiur(;,  \\a.<  (if  iiiiinaiy  import,  biuvc  iVuiii  ii  to  lliu 


"    1     I 

dIJ 


i   ?: 


31 


OASAb 

h  L  H  L  i  3 


ca.Mst  j3 


principnl  ontranccs  ran  tlic  most  imixirtant  utrccts.  After  tlio  land  had  1 1 "ti 
Fi't  ap.rt  for  town  lots  and  cjidos.  or  i'omnio;is,  the  counffy  ad  jnociit  «as  to  l.c 
divide  1  into  four  jarts,  one  of  tlicui  for  the  jitT.'^on  ia;dJir!  tlic  r-otth'ini  :it, 
and  tlic  ri'Uiaiadcr  t!>  lioassirncil  liy  lot  to  the  .'«  ttlcrs.  In  inland  sitt'.ttni  iit-^, 
I'.K'  iluuili  should  ]::■  locati  d  iit  fi  distance  from  the  |:la;:i,  and  on  tlio  st'.'irt 
ruuuiuij,  I'ruiii  IIil'  ihw-o.  to  the  church  v.crc  to  be  placed  the  (.hm:)  nah',  vi 


THE  SOUTH  SEA  ^^:TRO^OLIS. 


407 


Iiijr  settlement  and  citv-buildinif  whidi  l)e<^an  now  to 
l)c  enacted,  Punamii  y.os  the  recipient  of  special  royal 
ilivors. 

(illii'oa  and  ilwclling  of  tlio  crown  o'>lciils,  the  cafiililo,  con■^'lJl^,  or  tlio  city- 
liall,  tlie  a'l'iann,  or  oiistoin-liousi',  i.ntl  tlio  ti'n.d-Mnn,  or  ars(n;il.  Or  tlio 
cliurcli  wa.s  |ilaccd  on  one  eiilc  of  the  ]iLv/.-i;  tluM-ciyal  IidiiscsiiihI  tin- nxiiiii'ipal 
liniMu  on  itnii'ilicr;  tlio  ciistoni-lioii.so  on  tin  third ;  wliilo  the  r<'inaiiiini{  kuIo 
iiiii,'lit  Ih!  i!('V<it«'d  to  ItUKiiii'.si  hiiiisirt  or  dvvclliiiu'''.  'I'liiiJ'  iv  KtraiiL'tr  ontt'iiinj 
(iiiy  Spanish  town  coidd  find  without  dii-cctinn  all  the  pi'ini'i]>al  phu cs.  Mar- 
kiliii^'slalU,  ii:4iially  with  an  awuinu',  wore  ailmittod  in  tlio  pla/;i.  h"  a  ma- 
l>.«iid  town,  the  church  must  ho  ho  placed  that  it  could  lie  seen  <.'n  eiiterin;;  tho 
harlMii-,  and  so  constructod  as  to  servo  for  )iurpo.ses  of  det'uneo.  ]-i  t'lia  caso 
the  p!a;'.u  must  lie  at  the  hindin;^;  if  inland,  in  the  eeutio  of  tlii!  I  i.'i.  .  In 
form  it  must  he  a  puralleloi;ram,  the  lerrrth  to  lie  at  least  one  an<l  a  h'i:  timca 
the  width,  iw  the  best  tihajtu  tor  fcutsi  of  horseniansliip;  its  si/i  .hould  lie, 
lucordiny  to  population,  not  less  than  '_'0l»  liy  ;;()((  feet,  nor  ii'.  ■-•  thau  -MO  liy 


:    lA 

? 

1    -* 

tr 

<A 

« 

f 

L                              .... 

2 

TiHJ  feet,  a  pood  size  heinj;  r»fl()  hy  fOO  feet.  From  the  plaza,  whose  comers 
stood  toward  the  four  enrdiiinl  points.  issiu'<l  four  ]iriiieipal  stii'ets,  one  from 
t'lc  middle  of  each  side,  and  two  s-.ualh  r  streets  from  taeh  <-orner.  Jn  cold 
'■  '.utiies  the  streets  liad  to  li;'  wide;  in  hot  eountiiei,  nai'iow.  Ifouses  not 
t  I  I'c  huilt  within  IMHt  /minx  <tr  7.">'l  feet,  of  tlii'  v,;dls  or  stockade.  'I'oXMi  lot.s 
le:  1  lands  not  distrilmted  to  settlers  1»  loured  to  the  kiuu',  an<l  were  veserveil 
f'P  future  settlers.  Then  tiie  law  states  how  liist  settlers  must  h.isten  with 
till  ii-  housediuildini;,  after  having  ])lanteil  and  assi-  'd  tliemsilves  ipf  food  for 
till'  season,  liuildin^  with  economy  and  strem^'tli,  and  tlirowin.;  lound  the 
t  wii  ]  alisades  and  intrcnchuients.  The  houm  s  must  ho  unMoiui,  and  with 
(.'  od  aocomniotlations  for  lioi-sea. 

.\ny  ten  or  more  married  nu'n  mijiht  unite  to  form  a  new  settletiient,  and 

iiii  .'lit  elect  annually  from  nmon;^  theuiselven  ulni/i/i.^  nriihiiir'in^  and  other 

iiKinicipaloliiccrs.    When  it  was  jiossihle  to  estahlish  a  riUn  dr  L'f/ini'ii'l"i  with 

a  council  of  alcaldes  ordinarios  and  legidoics,  and  there  was  a  rcsixmsiblo 

Hux.  Cem.  Ah.,  Vol.  I.    32 


49S 


SPAMSn  DEmEDATIOXS  ROUND  PANAMA  BAY. 


Wo  have  scon  hoAV  Pedrarias,  by  fair  means  and 
foul,  labored  to  depo[)ulato  Antigua;  and  it  was  a 
good  work,  tliougli  at  tlie  time  he  was  not  fully  aware 

person  witli  whom  to  make  an  agreement  for  settlement,  the  agreement  w.-n 
to  1)0  iis  follows:  Within  a  time  ppecilicd  tiiere  mvist  l)c  from  ten  to  lliiity 
settlers,  eaeli  with  ono  hoi'se,  ten  )nileh  eows,  four  oxen,  one  brooil  mare,  oiu; 
sow,  twenty  ewesof  Castile,  six  hens,  and  a  eock.  A  clergyman  must  be  [im- 
viileil,  tlie  lirst  incumbent  to  be  named  by  the  chief  of  the  colony,  anil  his  mic- 
cessors  in  accordance  with  the  royal  right  of  patronage.  A  church  nui-t  ln' 
built,  whicli  tlie  lomider  of  the  settlement  supplied  with  ornaments,  auil  to 
which  were  granted  lands.  Any  one  agreeing  to  form  a  si'ttlement,  and  con- 
firming to  the  regulations,  had  given  him  land  efjuiNalcnt  to  four  s([U:iri! 
leagues,  distant  at  lea.st  five  leagues  from  any  other  Spanish  settlement;  and 
he  was  himself  to  enter  into  agreement  with  eacli  enrolled  settler  to  give  a 
town  lot,  lands  for  pasturage  and  cultivation,  and  as  many  pcoiiia.i,  or  t^h.ins 
of  foot-soldiei's,and  (■a/<"//('/7'».f,  or  .shares  of  cavalrymen,  as  eacli  would  obligate! 
himaelf  to  work,  ]>rovided  that  to  no  one  was  to  be  given  more  than  live  pio- 
niaa  or  three  caballerias.  The  principal  witli  wliom  an  agreement  for  settling 
was  made,  to  hold  civil  and  criminal  jurisdiction  in  iii.st  instance,  duriii.; 
life,  and  for  that  of  one  son  or  heir,  ami  from  him  apju.d  might  lie  to  the 
alcalde  mayor  or  the  andienciaof  the  district.  He  mi:;lit  apjioiiit  alcaldes  nr- 
dinarios,  regidores,  and  other  municipal  ollicers.  Tho.>e  going  from  Spain  iis 
first  settlers  were  exemptcil  from  the  payment  of  iifm  liuri/d.ijo,  or  export 
duty,  or  other  crown  dues,  on  what  they  took  for  their  household  and  ni;iiii- 
tenance  during  tlic  lirst  voyage  to  the  Indies,  liachelors  should  be  pcrsuudi  J 
to  marry. 

When  a  colony  Avas  alx)ut  to  leave  a  city  to  make  a  settlement,  the  ji('<H<hi 
nnd  /vr//j//((//<((  should  lilu  with  the  r.scr/7/a/M  (/</  coti'ojo  n  list  of  the  i)ers(jiis 
migrating;  and  lest  the  mother  city  shotilil  Ik;  depopulated,  those  only  weio 
eligible  who  had  no  town  lots  or  agricultural  lands.  The  nundier  of  coloni-ts 
being  complete,  they  were  to  elect  ollicers,  and  each  colonist  to  rcgi  trr 
the  sum  he  intended  to  employ  in  the  enterprise.  And  even  after  the  si  itli  - 
ment  hail  been  begun,  whether  as  colonki,  that  is,  colonists  in  vohmtaiy 
ossociation,  or  adi  faiitnnii( iito,  cdciiUUd  viivjor,  (•orr( ijiniiciiio,  enteipri~i.< 
headed  respectively  by  an  adelantado,  alcalde  mayor,  or  corregiilor,  ei- 
t^illfi,  or  liiijar,  the  fatheis  of  it  were  forbiildcu  to  wholly  leave  the  people  to 
themselves. 

Discoverers,  pacificators,  first  settlers  antl  their  immediate  descen<l,itit^, 
possessed  advantagi's  over  others.  Thej'  were  made  lifjosihiljo  </<•  salur  lun.n. 
ci'/o,  with  all  the  honors,  according  to  law  and  eusioni,  i>i  hijosdalgo  and 
gentlemen  of  Spain.  They  might  bear  arms,  by  giving  lionds,  betore  any 
justice,  that  they  would  use  them  solely  in  self-detence.  And  that  it 
might  be  known  who  were  entitled  to  rewanl,  viceroys  nnd  ]>residents  of 
audiencias  were  directed  to  examine  into  tho  merits  of  cases,  and  see  that  a 
book  was  kept  liy  tin;  ttrrihiiiio  dc  niilxriiurioii,  in  which  were  recorded  tho 
services  and  merits  of  <'very  person  seeking  ]ireferment. 

For  the  government  of  the  .settlement,  the;  governor  in  whoso  distrirt  it 
might  ))e,  had  to  declare  whether  it  was  to  be  riiiddil,  villii,  or  liifittr,  t!  ;it  is 
to  say,  a  town  less  than  a  villa,  and  great<'r  than  fildcii.  A  rinilnd  mitroiuJi- 
taiin,  or  capital  of  the  province,  to  have  nJii'Z  with  the  title  of  adddii/ndn,  lh:it 
is  to  say,  a  military  and  ))olitical  govi'rnor  of  a  province;  urtdrrihtr  initiji'r.  \n>\- 
crnor  of  a  pueblo  not  the  capital  of  the  jirovinee;  or  torn 'j'l dor,  a  maLii-^tiatti 
with  eiimiual  jin'isdiction  only;  or  idriddi'  onlhiario,  mayor  with  criiiiiii:il 
jurisdiction.  This  jin-z  was  to  have  jurisdiction  hi  snHdiiui,  and  jointly  >^iili 
the  rvi/iiiiicnio.  The  administration  of  public  all'airs  was  vested  in  two  or 
three  treasury  ollicials,  t.velve  rajhlimn,  or  numbers  of  the  town  council,  ap- 
pointed, not  electeil;    two  jivks  rjcculorcs,  or   regidores  having   charge    of 


ABANDONMENT  OF  ANTIGUA. 


409 


cond; 

nts, 

o/io- 

aii.l 

anv 
t  it 

iiilfiit 

s  of 
i:it  Ik 

jrtK'i 

llio 

distv 

rt  it 
at  is 

tliat 

tiati' 

cri 
ntly 

allial 
x\illl 

ill  two  or 

of  it.  Fortune  had  favored  liim  in  many  ways  of 
]:itc,  and  the  rewards  of  his  rascahties  were  truly 
i^ratifying.  Not  to  mention  the  deaths  of  Vasoo 
Xuilcz  and  Lope  de  Sosa,  the  successes  of  Espinosa 
and  other  gold-hunting  captains,  or  the  discomfiture 
of  Gil  Gonzalez,  it  was  a  line  stroke  of  policy  making 
tlic  licenciado  Alarconcillo  his  lieutenant  at  Antisjrua; 
ior  the  fraudulent  residencias  taken  by  him,  under 
the  artful  management  of  the  governor's  wife  in 
Spain,  did  Pedrarias  and  Espinosa  good  service  at 
court.  Nor  was  there  any  practical  inc(>nvcniencc  to 
llie  governor  in  the  royal  orders  prohibiting  complex 
legal  proceedings,  that  the  truth  might  be  simply  and 
inexpensively  arrived  at  in  cases  of  dispute,  and  per- 
mitting appeals  from  Castilla  del  Oro  to  the  audiencia 
of  Santo  Domingo;  for  the  one  gave  his  power  a 
wider  range,  while  the  other  could  be  easily  regu- 
lated so  as  to  work  him  no  prejudice.  Las  Casas 
likewise  had  failed  in  his  effort  to  displace  Pedra- 
rias, the  privileges  granted  in  Tierra  Firme  limiting 
liim  to  territory  outside  of  the  jurisdiction  of  this 
governor. 

The  abandonment  of  Antigua  began  in  1521,  and 
Mas  consummated  in  September,  1524,  Diego  Ribero, 
the  last  survivor,  being  massacred  with  his  entire 
family  by  his  own  Indians,  who  afterward  burned 
the  town.  Thus  the  streets  wherein  had  been  acted 
so  many  stirring  scenes  were  vacant,  and  the  coun- 
try, after  a  struggle  of  fifteen  years  and  the  loss  of 
thousands  of  lives,  lapsed  into  its  original  savagism. 
r>y  royal  decree  issued  at  l^urgos  September  15,  152 1 , 
I'anamit  was  made  a  city,  and  received  royal  priv- 

V 1  iilits;  in  cacli  parish  two  jnradnx,  wiio  saw  that  |ionplc  were  well  provided, 
(■<|H'i  ially  witli  provisio';i.s;  ix,  /ironinK/nriir  ih  ni/,  attunuy  \vit!i  ^a'la'ial  powers; 
a  iiioiiorilovio,  liaving  i'liait;o  of  piildio  property;  an  < trrilnuii)  tie  cmisijo, 
notary  of  tlio  council;  two  ( fi-rilnDii'S  juihliron;  one  isi-rilnnin  <li'  iniiiifi  y  iriii.'<- 
'  ■' ^;  a /i)V';/()«f CO  viai/nr,  otlicial  vendiie-niaster;  aronrdar  <lf  lonjn,  niereiiants' 
I'lojiei-,  and  two  i>oiterv,  or  janitors  of  tlio  town  couneil.  If  tiio  city  wut? 
(linn xa mi,  or  giij'riiiidiictt,  it  must  have  eij,'lit  regidores,  and  the  otiier  ollicers 
ill  )ierpet«ity;  vilhis  and  higaivs  only  to  have  an  alcaUlu  ordinario,  say,  four 
rrjidores,  an  alguacil,  or  builitl',  an  esciibaiio  de  cquhcJo  y  juiblico,  and  a 
11  la  J  urdonio. 


SPANI>;iI  DKl'REDATIOXS  ROUND  PANAMA  BAY. 


iloiT'^s  and  a  coat,  of  ai'iiis,  in  fiirthfr  eimoMeiiiciit.* 
Tlio  roufidoivs  sliould  eiiiov  tlio  title;  of  rciiidatfdros, 
as  iji  ! '  jville  and  C(3rd()va.  ]*\)r  tlic  first  ten  years  tin; 
city  had  to  pay  oidy  a  titlio  on  gold;  the  eleventh 
year,  one  ninth;  the  twelfth,  one  eighth,  and  ko  on 
to  the  iifteenth  when  the  usual  fil'th  would  he  <hic. 
Hitherto  the  currency  consisted  of  pieces  of  o-old  cut 
into  various  weights;  now  silver  and  copper  money 
Were  ein|iloyed. 

The  lirst  I'egidores  of  rananul  were  Gon/alo  (K; 
I)adajoz,  ]u)drigo  ICnri(piez  de  (V»hnenares,  ]u)gcl  de 
lioris,  Pascual  de  Andagoya,  ^fartin  Est  etc;,  Henito 
llurlado,  Luis  de  la  ]^)cha,  and  Fi-ancisco  Gonzalez. 
The  alcalde  mayor,  Hernando  de  Salaya,  was  made 
licMitenant  of  I'edrarias  in  Panau);i,  with  a  salary  of 
1  r)0,()00  maravedis,  Espinosa  having  turned  his  atten- 
tion almost  exclusively  to  military  matters.  TIk^  roval 
oflicers  formerly  at  Antigua  as  a  rule  held  their  j)laces 
in  i*anani;l.  These  were  A lonsodu  la  Puente, the  treas- 
urer; Diego  Maniuez,  th*;  contador;  ^[iguc;l  Juan  de 
liihas,  factor.  To  some  of  these  IV'drarias  was  obliged 
to  give  re|)ai-tniuentos  as  an  uidueement  to  move. 

^lore  dilliculty  was  exi)erienccd  in  having  tlic 
episcopal    see    transferred    to    Pananul,    but    it   Mas 

■•'Tlu^  title;  was  '  Nucva  ChiAul 
(Ic  I'aiiaiuii.'  J>rr,iil(in,  in  l^ivl,,,-,-, 
nnd  I'linlriKin,  Co'.  J>it<\,  viii.  Mi. 
A  siH'diul  (Icci'c'c,  (latcii  from  Lislidn 
])t'cciiil)<'r;!,  I.'kSI,  added  to  tiiii  till.) 
'muy  iKjlik'  y  iimy  loal.'  I'mimiin, 
/>-■.■:(•)■/;;.,  ill  id.,  i\.  80.  A  iiall-iiau"^ 
l'';|)iVN('iitati(m  of  the  nniis  is  \.<S\\\\ 
in  (ioir.dl'Z  Ddvila,  'I'cairo  AV/cv.,  ii. 
;")()— HJiifld  (III  pildi'n  litld  diviilrd; 
(111  tlio  rij;lit  aliaiidfiiliif  ^ray  arrows 
with  Idiic  point.-' and  silvi'iy  t'catlicis, 
and  a  yoke,  tlio  d('vii'(!  ot'tlic  Ciitli- 
olio  kiii.^.s.  On  tliu  loft  tiirci!  laiii- 
Vi  I.s,  .si;4iiilicaiit  of  Sjiioo  I.slaml  m' 
otiicr  (diiinici'ic;,  over  which  niiiurM 
tli(!  north  star.  Ahovu  the  j,'oli|i  ii 
di^'li'.  ii  crown,  and  loiiiid  tho  liild  ii 
ImrdiTof  I'aHtlcs  and  lioiiH.  'Tani 
liicn  lo  dio  loa  llonorcH,  y  Titiilos  clo 
nmy  Nohlo,  y  niiiy  Leal,  y  ipu'  mis 
K(');id<iM'.s  gozoii  del  Titulo  do  Vi'iii- 
tii^uuti'uii. ' 


o 

M 
O 
H 

O 


GOVERNMENT. 


-)0l 


finally  acconij)llslio(l;  tlic  royal  order  to  movo  it,  with 
tlie  clorgy  and  j):ira[)lK'inali;i  of  tlio  cliurrh  as  well 
as  the  vi'cinos  and  thii  h()s])ital,  hcariniif  date  the 
same  as  the  oi'der  niakinj^  l'anani;i  a  city,  namely, 
Sf|)tend)er  la,  lo'Jl.  On  the  death  of  the  first 
hishop  of  Darirn,  Juan  de  Qiievedo,  a  successor  was 
appointed  in  the  pei'son  of  l''ray  ^'^i('ente  de  l*ei'a/a. 
Sal.iya  and  the  Archdeacon  Perez  came  out  tojj^etlin- 
III  Ij'2'2;  Pei'aza  came  latei",  Salaya  heing  coiniiiis- 
sioncd  to  superintend  ec<;lesiastical  affairs  until  the 
liIsho[>'s  arrival.  And  when  he  did  arrive  he  appeared 
ill  no  haste  to  move,  and  was  still  at  Antigua  in 
l,V2t.  There,  finally,  l*edi'ai'ias  went  and  exercised 
upon  him  his  softi.'st  hlandishments.  The  governor 
(■'>ul<l  make  himself  quite  pleasing  to  one  who  did  not 
know  him.  The  hislioj)  had  not  l)een  long  in  ]^uiaiiiii 
luTore  his  eyes  were  o|)t'ned,  and  tlien,  indeiid,  foi'cvcr 
(in  ;ed;  for  one  day,  wliili;  the  hishop  and  the  governor 
wci'e  at  cards,  they  had  a  cjuarrel,  during  which  the 
latter  was  treated  badly  with  words,  and  soon  after 
tlie   hishop   died,      '^riien    with    Salava   flu 


li'oN'eriio! 


ell 


i)iloyed  f.hai'p  words,  saying,  if  lu!  did  not  mind  Ik 


Would  cut  off  liis  head. 


More  than  one  head  yoti 


have  wi'ongfully  cut  otV,"  Salaya  retorted,  "hut  he 
who  cuts  off  my  head  must  have  a  better  head  than 
mine,  and  that  you  have  not."  Tlieii  they  wei-e 
IViends  au'ain.  Xeverflieless  Salaya  died.  IJnth  these 
Dieii  were  poisoned;  susjiieioii  ]»ointed  to  I'edrarias, 
though  he' wasiii'ver  formally  charged  with  the  ciiiiie. 
I'or  the  biiildiii'jf  of  chui'ches  in  Cast  ilia  del   ( )io, 


ing  gave  larire 


alms;  his  annual  donation  to  t 


Iiiispital   was   tlireii  liundred   jx 


sos;'  while 


tl 


le    I'oval 


f..r  (!„ 


'I'lio  prior  of  Lorn,  clmpliiin  of  tlu'  kini^  in  l.VJ'J,  was  )iro|i(iHc(l  to  tii>'  po)i' 


K"  (illici- of  liisiiop  of  tlio  (■(iiiiitry  l.\  iii 


lM't\ 


Ni 


111 

lines  ;  V  oi 


.1 

lio 


lli,'iii'ias.    'Siniriila  ciiu'ii  |)iL.'iiiilail('s.y<l(is  ( ■aiioiii;^oM,  frisl ' 

(I'li'Ltialcri  (li'l  ('oli';.'io.     'J'i.iic  Saoi'istiiii  Mayor  con  car^ii  ilc  Sociinntrt'  <ii  il 

(•  '  


'I'l;  vticiii^  villi 


.la  V: 


n.  .5(1. 


'I'l 


irro(|iiia  en  cila,  y  m:  I'oniari'a. 


i; 


ih-.  /I'ir'ifti,  '/'< 


lis  .•mtlior,  iin  wfll  as  .Mi-cilo  in  /tir.  (' 


IV, 


ol  h  simps,  l)iif  liotli  ail'  iiiniO' 
i'  V.  ritti  II  ill  /'itnlim,  ///'.•  /''/■! 


■I.     ]t 


)iii('\vliat  latt 


.'l.'l.  nivt 


list 


time  of  w  liirji 


iv.  KS-J.    'Till-  limits  of  tin'  (' 


11  of 


I ''I 'I  I  inn,  wliiili  wai  lirst callicl  ( 'nsiillii  ,lil  Oro,  ami  aftn-Matcls  Ti  rrn  I'irnu.twii 
vtiy  siiiall;  for  tlio  CuUlisiU  is  jii  inripully  icsickiil  tJRii',  lur  tin.'  tll-iiulili  of  lliu 


802 


SPAXISIt  DEPREDATIOXS  ROUXD  PANAMA  BAY. 


treasury  covered  the  cost  of  an  organ  and  a  cloclc 
for  the  Pananid  cathedral.  About  the  time  of  the 
removal,  Francisco  de  Lizaur,  procurador  of  the  new 
st;ttlenient  for  providhig  the  Indians  as  well  as  tlic 
Spaniards  with  food,  jjrocured  an  order  requiriii'^^ 
the  governor  to  attend  to  planting;  likewise  bnrter 
must  be  opened  with  tlie  nati\es,  and  negro  slaves 
were  not  allowed  to  accompany  expeditions.  The 
boundaries  of  the  municipality  extended  about  for^ y- 
five  leagues  in  every  direction  from  the  three  leagues 
of  city  lands  in  the  centre. 

The  natives  of  the  New  World,  and  they  alom, 
were  expected  to  support  the  new  city,  and  througli 
Panamd  to  send  great  wealth  to  S[)ain.  The  object 
of  the  Spaniards  was  not  agriculture,  except  to  sa\o 
themselves  from  hunger;  nor  even  mining,  exce}>t  ns 
they  ct)uld  force  the  natives  to  dig;  it  was  unaduliei- 
a...'d  robbery,  with  onl}'  the  lame  excuses  of  civiliza- 
tion and  Christianity,  and  Pananut  was  but  a  pirates' 
nest. 

PJy  no  means  the  worst  of  the  band  was  Pascual  de 
Andagoya,  who  but  for  the  bad  company  he  kept 
might  have  been  pronounced  an  honest  man.  }\r 
assisted  Pedrarias,  and  acted  as  the  forerunner  of 
Pi/.arro,  but  when  it  came  to  wholesale  infamies  lie 
had  no  zeal  for  them. 

A  faitld'ul  retainer  of  the  governor,  lie  was  in  ir)22 
sent  by  him  to  ex})lore  the  southern  coast  beyond  the 
limits  of  tlie  discovery  of  Vas(M>  Nunez.  Landing  ;il 
th(^  gulf  of  San  ^tiguel,  vVndiigoya  visited  a  ])r<)\  iiui' 
called  Chochama,  Mliere  he  was  inftn'med  that  during 
the  periods  of  the  full  m<)e)n,  a  lierce  jK'ople  iufe.^ied 
its  shore,  driving  the  inhabitants  from  their  lisheries, 
slaying  them  if  they  resisted,  and  spreailing  teiT'T 

I'lcctcs  niid  Merclmnts,  whi(;li  hoc  ami  I'oinc  to  Pi ru:  it  liatli  in  lfiij;tli  llust 
mill  West  iiiiout  iiiiit'tit^  Icaiiui's.'  I''urllifr  n  I'lTi'iico,  Mon l/i,  J'it.-,li  A'n/v  (hl'is, 
!l(l ;  Oririlo,  ill.  ."i7  117;  //'  rnrn,  di'c.  iii.  lili.  i.  caji.  xvi. ;  ('iirtu  ilvln  Aiiilii  miit 
c/i'  Sdido  Jloniiiijio,  in  J'ai/uru  uml  t'drdimifi,  t'vl.  Jjuc,  i.  41U;  L'liviao,  Suiiut 
Uv  (noijnijid,  i)?. 


EXPEDITION  OF  ANDAGOYA. 


SOS 


ocMiorally.  This  people  came  from  a  province  called 
JJiru,  ^vhich  name  was  corrupted  by  the  Spaniards  into 
I'iru,  and  linally  into  the  Peru  of  Francisco  Pizarro. 
Chochanui  bej^ged  Andagoya  to  protect  liis  subjects 
from  tliis  scour^i^e,  and  liavin!j:  obtained  reinforcements 
IVom  Panama,  Andag(\ya  set  out  in  company  with  his 
]i()st  and  liis  wari'iors  for  tlie  dreaded  region.  Ascend- 
ing a  large  I'iver  for  twenty  leagues,  the  Spaniards 
f  )und  a  number  of  villages  and  caci(pies,  and  on  tho 
outskirts  of  the  province,  near  the  junction  of  two 
livers,  they  discovered  a  strong  native  fortress,  well 
garrisoned,  which  on  being  attacked  was  defended 
with  skill  and  bravery.  Put  superior  tactics  soon 
]>revailed,  and  after  a  struggle  the  strongh(jld  was 
iv(hiced  and  the  inmates  were  brought  to  terms. 

The  sul)jugation  of  Biri'i  being  thus  efl'ected,  Anda- 
goya  continued  his  voyage,  the  ships  ket'ping  well  olf 
siiore,  while  the  connnander  reconncjitred  the  coast 
ill  canoes  na\igated  by  friendly  Indians.  It  liajtpened 
one  day,  while  thus  cmi)loyed,  that  his  boat  was 
cauglit  in  the  surf  and  overturned.  He  was  saved 
hy  tlie  brave  ellbrts  of  one  of  tlie  natives  whose  cause 
lie  liad  csjioused;  but  a  rheumatic  fever  which  I'ol- 
lowod  determined  him  to  abandon  the  discoveiy, 
nnd  on  the  following  day  he  turned  his  face  toward 
Panama,  Vvhere  ho  arrived  in  safety  with  a  few  cap- 


t!V 


es. 


'  As  a  fliMcovcrcr,  his  talents  wi-ro  iiiictiiuil  to  tin'.  af^Piiipt.     As  a  writer, 

Aiiil'v./i_v;i  li'inril  v.itli  Oviiilo,  MiiciMi,  iiml  otlii'i-  iioti'il  mm  n  in  tin'  ii'tiiiiu'  nf 
till'  ■•iiiulniis  I'ciTraii.'is.      I>iirii  in  A!;iv;i  province,  lie  i  nnir  to  ilic  Istlnnns 

ill  i  i  >.  i,i\i\  Uiiik  an  aclivo  ]iart  in  tlic  vaiious  <  .\|>i'(litions  Im-  its  i.iilijiiL;ahon 
illli!  :u'tt1rnu'nt.      Til 'Oil;,'!!  I  111'  r.ivoi'of  iVilfaiia':.  \\  Ik  IS,'  «  ilr's  liiiiiil  III'  ln;in  ii  d, 

lir  roM"  tocnioi'ionilt  TO,  toicj^idorot  l'aniitn;i,  anil,  in  ]')'2'2,  toiiisin'ctor-^'i-ncral 
III  tliu  IstliMiu:!  liiiliiin:),  'J  lie  |iii'.si  nLcxjudriion,  w  liivli  lirou;4!it  li:i(  k  woniii  r- 
tiil  report.!  of  till"  Iiiea  <'ni|iii(',  nii.'lit  JKue  ^'iiimil  liiiii  tlie  (.''miis  of  l!i;it 
<'iiiii|iiest,  or  at  least  lie  nii;,'lit  Iia\e  sliared  tiuni  with  I'i/arro,  had  hi.^  heallli 
linl  laolcen  diiwn.  As  it  was,  he  meieiy  a<'i|iiiied  wiallli  as  ii;:iiit  l'"i'  the 
]'■  I'ln  i.in  iiero,  r,nd  althiMi'^h  he  ro^e  afterward  to  ade'antado  jind  jinvi-inor  of 
Niw  Castile,  iiis  integrity  and  eompai'ative  want  of  amlaeity  jiiixfuted  him 
fioiii  reapite;  t!ie  lieia  litu  w  ilhin  i<  arli  of  1<  ss  .scnipnlous  i  ivals.  'I'he  oi  i^'inal 
<it  his  wi  Il-w  I'itten  narrative,  lehitint,'  the  history  of  the  IslliiMns  and  ad- 
.i'l'ttini,' reirion  in  eonneelion  with  his  eareer,  was  tonnd  hy  Na\arrete  in  tin) 
S' villi' .\i-ehive;s  and  |inlilidied  in  hisrn/.  </.'  r;.o/<v,  iii,  .■',;>;!  t."i!t,  fnnii  whiili 
smiri"'  Maiiih.im  made  the  translation  i.-^surd  in  l.*^(i.">  hy  the  llaklii\  t  Society. 
O\iedo'a  uccouiit  of  Andaj{oyu,"a  career,  truiii  aditleri.iit  source,  i\-.  l'_'ij-o_',  cou- 


1; 


504         SPANTSn  PEPREDATIONS  ROUND  PANAMA  BAY. 


Permission  was  tlien  jrivcn  to  Juan  Basurto  to 
continuo  the  discovery  of  Andaooya;  but  his  sud- 
den death  cut  short  the  prej)ai'ations,  and  there  the 
matter  rested  until  taken  up  by  Francisco  Pizarro. 

Leaving  for  the  moment  affairs  to  the  southwai'd, 
\vt  us  return  to  the  western  side  of  Panama  Bay. 
There  was  a  cacique  named  Urracil,  whom  the  Si)aii- 
iards  sou<jrht  to  kill,  whose  domain  was  the  sierra  (if 
Veraijua,  and  who.se  crime  was  the  love  of  liberty. 
Indeed  so  villainously  depraved  Mas  this  savaij^e  tliat 
he  would  not  accejit  Spanish  salvation  and  domina- 
tion when  offered  him  in  return  for  his  gold;  he  eviMi 
thought  to  kill  the  good  men  wlio  invaded  his  terri- 
tory to  kill  him,  Urracil  was  tierce  and  strong;  his 
mountains  were  rugged,  and  his  home  almost  inac- 
cessible to  the  hostile  invader.  Therefcirc  he  must  l»e 
approached  witli  caution,  and  liis  ('a])turi'  intrusted 
only  to  picked  men.  As  he  was  re])orted  ricli,  and 
worth  the  trouble,  two  companies  were  tilted  out 
against  him,  one  by  water  under  Espino.sa,  and  on*; 
by  land  under  Francisco  Pizarro.  The  former  em- 
barked at  Panama  in  two  vessels,  and,  after  toucliing 
at  the  island  of  (/cbaco,  passed  over  to  the  mainland 
of  A'^eragua  and  began  his  march  on  the  redoubtahio 
mountaineer.  Urraca  was  not  afraid  of  hini,  and 
after  })lacing  the  women,  tlie  children,  and  tlie  ligcd 
of  his  i)eople  in  safety,  with  his  warriors  he  marched 
boldly  out  against  the  enemy.  lie  tirst  encountered 
the  Indian  vanguard  of  ]']s[)inosa,  and  fdling  on  theia 
slew  them  to  a  man.  Then  he  tiercely  attacked  th' 
horsemen,  of  whom  there  were  two  or  three,  and  the 
foot-soldiers,  lighting  with  such  determination  tliat 
but  for  Hernando  de  Soto,  who  with  thiriy  men 
liad  been  sent  foi'ward  by  IM/.arro  to  seek  a  pas,;,  tlie 
licentiate  would  have  been   cut  to  pieces.     IMzarro, 

linns  tlio  },'('!U'r.il  oxiiotiicHU  of  liin  iiiin'!>ti\\',  altliangli  Acosta,  Com  p.  Ili-^'. 
Xdit  I  Wriniiiilii,  ;iSI(,  ili't'1-ircn  it  colin'cil  witli  ;i  view  to  .•i(lv(H"ito  hi  i  <!.iiiu  Id 
tlic  L'ovfniuinlii))  ot  New  t  astilc.  Ili  Ijm"  Spiiii.  ('oinj.,  iii.  '!■_'(),  iiinl  Mnrcit  ij 
jMOurns,  Mid-iiKi  L''<pai'wl(i,  ii.  1'21,  givo  AiKlaj^oya'.s  vuyagc. 


BRAVERY  OF  URRACA. 


503 


wlio  wns  ]i(\*ir  at  liaml,  liad  not  n-adiod  tlic  \)h\co  willi- 
<»it  liard  I i •'•lit ill''.  Awd  now  I  rrac;!  drlird  lluin  all. 
With  cviiy  advaiitaj^o  of  a  ruijf'^ed  and  well  l;no\vii 
countiy  on  liis  si<U\  ho  rallied  his  men  and  atlaclu'd 
the  conihined  force  with  such  desjxM'ate  enc>r|L^y  that 
when  niL;ht  came  ihe  Spaniards  endeavoi-ed  to  with- 
(haw  secretly  to  the  open  ])lain.  To  this  Ui'ra<';i 
elijected.  lie  pei'initted  them  to  l)reak  up  cam]),  it  is 
ti'uc,  and  to  begin  their  niaivh;  but,  when  Mitiiiu 
the  darkest  pass,  ho  was  on  them  M;^ain  lik*^  a  tfap, 
and  from  the  black  craLj^jfy  «letile  th(\v  could  not  movi', 
except  against  the  lances  and  war-clubs  that  hemnu^d 


lliem  m. 


Witl 


I   mornunjf 


tl 


10 


qu 


OS 


tion   i'aced  them. 


whether  they  should  die  there  or  escape?  And  thus 
tlie  captains  ])laced  the  matter  before  the  men.  Sum- 
moning all  their  sti-eni/th,  they  threw  their  united 
I'orco  against  the  living  obsti'uctions  at  the  oj)ening 
toward  the  sc^a,  and,  treading  down  the  enemy,  escaped 
to  their  shi[)s,  and  spreading  sail  dinx-ted  their  course 
toward  Panam:!.  l>ut  it  would  not  do  to  return 
cinpty-handed.  So  landing  at  1  Jorriea  they  })lunderiMl 
the  town,  and  took  tin;  inhabitants  capti\e,  thoui^h 
the  licentiate  tinally  released  the  women.  Wliile  l*]s- 
piiiosa  with  the  main  body  oi'  his  ti'oops  j)roceedeil  to 
Xatd,  Francisco  Companon  with  fifty  nun  surpi-iscd 
by  night  a  j)eaceful  village  in  the  neighborhood.  It 
was  pali^ade'd,  and  tlu;  Sj)aniar;ls  were  ri'i)ulscd.  1  [id- 
in>'' themst'lves,  they  waited  intil  the  inhabitants  had 
me  forth  in  the  morninu',  and  had  scattv  red  thcm- 


('() 


S', 


■Ives  about  the  fields.  At  a  signal  they  sprang  upon 
them.  The  ])oor  natives  i-an  for  shelter  fi'om  tin; 
iiiercik'ss  steel,  and  arris  ing  at  th(>  gateway  in  a  body 
they  so  blocked  it  as  to  be  easily  butchered.  Those 
Hot  killed  wgro  cai'ried  captives  to  Xala. 

Th(>  native  village  of  Xata  was  situatcnl  on  an  o])en 
plain,  most  bezant iful,  with  a  fei'tile  soil  and  wliole- 
^'Hiu*  air.  AV(;  have  seen  how  on  former  occasions  it 
had  attractei.1  the  attention  of  the  Spaniards.     They 


506 


SPANISH  DEPREDATIONS  ROl'ND  PANAMA  BAY. 


liati  long  (lesirod  to  found  there  a  settlement,  and,  tho 
present  expedition  havin<^  jiroved  a  failure,  E.s|)inosa 
sent  messengers  to  Pedrarias  asking  permission  to 
remain  and  form  a  colony.  The  governor  accjuicsccd, 
but  ordered  Espinosa  with  the  ships  to  Panama,  leav- 
ing at  Natd  only  fifty  men  under  Companon. 

The  new  seaport  lay  nearer  to  Urraca  than  tlio 
island  of  Cebaco,  although  Espinosa  began  his  marcli 
against  this  provinec  at  a  point  on  Azuero  Peninsula, 
opposite  the  island,  more  than  thirty  leagues  from 
Natil,  by  soa. 

It  was  near  enough,  at  all  events,  for  the  wary 
Urraca  to  follow  the  Spaniards  with  his  vindictive 
eye.  The  chieftain,  by  his  emissaries,  knew  when 
Espinosa  landed  there,  what  he  and  the  others  did, 
when  they  went  away,  and  how  many  remained. 
Peeping  in  on  Companon  he  thought  he  coidd  nuuiago 
lifty  men.  Ho  vrould  try  it.  Collecting  his  forces  lie 
made  preparations  to  attack  the  Spaniards  by  night. 
On  approaching  their  quarters  he  came  to  a  house  at 
some  distance  from  the  others,  in  which  three  men 
were  sleeping.  One  of  them  the  savages  killed  witli 
a  spear;  one  they  captured;  the  third  eluded  them 
until  he  had  secured  his  arms,  when  he  sprang  up 
and  shouted  as  if  to  some  companions  near.  Single- 
handed  he  then  attacked  them  and  put  them  to  flight; 
after  which  he  released  his  captive  comrade,  and  the 
two  sought  their  connnandcr.  Companon  innnedi- 
ately  sent  messengers  to  Pedrarias,  informing  him  el' 
tJie  attack. 

It  was  iK^t  [)raiseworth3''  on  the  part  of  Urracd  to  al- 
low Ills  nuiltitiuie  of  brave  warriors  to  be  defeated  hy  a 
single  Spaniard;  probably  he  never  knew  how  easily  lio 
was  beaten;  anil  now  confederating  with  his  neig]iI)ois 
]n)  confined  the  Spaniards  so  closely  in  their  quarb  rs 
tliat  they  began  to  suft'er  for  food.  The  opportune  ai'- 
rival  of  Hernando  Ponce  do  Leon  witii  forty  men,  and 
shortly  afterward  of  the  governor  himself  witli  "ik' 
hundred  and  lifty  men,  placed  Companon  at  ease  again. 


THE  ARMY  PENETRATES  THE  STRONGHOLD. 


607 


Tt  is  true;  tlio  old  governor  is  in  the  field  again! 
War,  at  home  or  abroad,  is  his  natural  element.  This 
liold  mountain  chieftain  must  be  put  down;  and  who 
so  fitthig  to  do  it,  who  so  capable,  as  the  governor? 
App(Vinting  Francisco  Pizarro  as  second  in  connnand, 
M  ith  his  entire  available  force,  among  which  are  some 
liorses  and  small  cannon,  Pedrarias  sallies  forth. 

Urracd,  is  ready  to  receive  him.  lie  has  joined 
forces  with  a  neighbor  named  Exquegua,  and  awaits 
the  Spanish  governor  just  beyond  the  strotigest  i)ass. 
lie  hopes  a  second  time  to  entangle  tlie  enemy 
amongst  the  craggy  steeps  to  him  so  familiar.  The 
i'ox  enters  the  trap.  The  governor  must  choose 
cither  to  fight  at  great  disadvantage,  or  retire  and 
leave  the  country  to  its  aboriginal  lord.  Urracil 
is  powerful,  sagacious,  and  brave.  Occupying  in  his 
retreat  tlic  most  elevated  part  of  the  cordillora  where 
it  cuts  Veragua,  and  being  about  midway  between  the 
two  oceans,  he  can  draw  su]i})lies  and  reinforcements 
iVom  either  side.  So  pernicious  is  the  influence  he 
exerts  that  he  can  prevent  the  pacification  of  west- 
ern Castilla  del  Oro:  hence  the  importance  of  his 
extermination. 

The  old  governor  harangues  his  army.  After  the 
stale  fashion  of  Xerxes  and  the  Scipios  he  sneers  at 
tlie  enemy,  and  praises  his  own  men.  It  is  not  com- 
mon to  hear  Pedrarias  praise  any  one.  "You  see  the 
necessity  of  this  chieftain's  death,"  lie  concludes;  "let 
it  never  be  said  of  Spaniards  that  they  left  alive  a 
rid  I  heathen."  A  charge  is  then  orderetl.  The  battle 
lasts  till  nightfalh  It  is  renewed  the  next  day  and 
t!ii^  day  following.  Before  such  unparalleled  obstinacy 
tlie  Spaniards  grow  faint.  Even  the  fire-bclching  can- 
non, with  its  reverberating  roar  and  its  balls  swcc])ing 
down  men,  splitting  rocks  and  trees,  and  tearing  u[) 
the  earth,  confounds  them  but  for  a  moment.  For 
ilve  davs  the  en-jfaixement  continues,  much  of  the  time 
111  a  desultory  maimer,  the  Spaniards  fightmg  Irom 
under  cover  like  the  Indians. 


508 


SPANISH  DErnEDATIONS  ROUXD  PANAMA  BAY. 


Urracil  at  length  resorts  to  strata_!:jfcm.  "NVitlulraw- 
ing  his  forces  as  it'  in  abaiRlonment  of  the  fight,  In; 
retires  toward  the  river  Atra,  the  rendezvous  of  the 
confederates  from  both  sides  of  the  cordiHora.  Pe- 
drarias  follows,  thinking  in  some  open  spot  to  scatter 
the  foe  and  kill  them.  Seeing  which,  Urraca  calls  to 
him  several  wise  warriors,  and  instructs  them  to  plav 
the  part  of  men  of  the  country,  and  wlien  captured  l)y 
the  Spaniards  to  direct  them  to  their  ruin.  Through 
this  ruse  Diego  do  /  .Ibites  falls  into  ambush,  at  on(3 
time  with  forty  men,  at  another  with  sixty,  narrowly 
escaping  destruction. 

Determined  never  to  abandon  the  country  until  his 
purpose  is  accomplished,  Pedrarias  sends  out  parties 
against  the  villages  of  the  confederates  individually. 
Two  caciques,  Bulaba  and  Musa,  are  captured,  but  on 
accepting  terms  of  peace  arc  set  at  liberty.  Urrac;i 
avoids  another  general  engagement,  and  Pedrarias  re- 
turns to  Natd.  The  lands  and  captives  arc  divided 
among  such  soldiers  as  are  willing  to  remain  as  colo- 
nists  under  Diego  de  Albitcs,  who  is  left  there  as 
the  governor's  lieutenant.  Sixty  elect  to  remain,  wlio 
begin  to  build  and  plant.  Thus  is  established  the 
town  and  settlement  suggested  by  Espinosa,  which 
is  called  Natd  after  the  cacique,  and  which  name  it 
still  retains,  and  next  after  Panamd  on  the  Pacific 
seaboard,  Natd  assumes  importance  as  a  Spanish  set- 
tlement. 

All  the  same  it  is  exceedingly  hard  on  the  poor 
aboriirinal,  drudgery  or  death.  Those  enslaved  uikKt 
the  I'atherly-protcction  system  endeavor  by  evr!-v 
means  to  escape;  failing  in  which,  if  they  do  not  kill 
themselvcs,thev  soon  die  from  hard  treatment.  Uri-ac;!, 
never  ceases  narrowly  to  watch  the  Spaniards,  attadv- 
ing  them  as  opportunity  offers.  Albites  retaliates  with 
frequent  incursions ;  but  unable  to  overthrow  Urracd 
ho  finally  makes  peace  with  him.  This  displeases 
Pedrarias,  who  thereupon  recalls  Albites  and  appoiiils 
Prancisco  Companon  governor  of  Natd.     Under  tlio 


NATA  AND  CIIIRIQUf. 


000 


now  regime  Iiostilities  are  yet  more  vigf)roiisly  pressed, 
luit  in  almost  every  instance  to  the  Jiscomliture  of  the 
Spaniards. 

Beyond  the  domain  of  Urrac;!,  toward  tlic  west,  in 
Vcragua,  was  the  province  of  Chiriqui.  Thither  l*e- 
(liarias  sent  Benito  Ilurtado  to  estabhsli  a  colony. 
The  country  being  thinly  populated  was  easily  taluii 
and  held.  Indeed,  the  caciques  of  Chiriqui,  Vareclas, 
and  Burica,  the  chief  rulers  within  an  area  of  one  hun- 
(h"ed  leagues,  obeyed  without  resistance,  and  for  two 
years  the  colony  of  Chiriqui  was  unmolested.  ]>ut 
the  more  submissive  the  people,  the  more  exacting  the 
conquering  race.  The  crushing  weight  of  servitude 
becoming  unbearable,  the  men  of  Chiriqui  at  length 
lose  to  arms.  They  were  joined  in  a  general  revolt 
by  Urracil.  Unable  to  vanquish  this  chieftain,  Com- 
]!anon  determined  to  capture  him  by  fair  means  or 
loul.  Overtures  were  begun  by  presents  and  fair 
jiromises,  and  at  length,  under  the  most  solemn  assur- 
ances of  liberty  and  safet}',  Urraca  was  induced  to 
visit  the  governor  at  Natd.  No  sooner  had  he  en- 
tered the  town  than  he  was  seized  and  ironed.  I  am 
disposed  to  praise  the  perfidious  Companon  for  not 
burning  his  captive,  or  giving  him  to  the  dogs;  he  only 
sent  him,  in  violation  of  his  sacred  pledge,  a  prisoner 
to  Xombre  de  Dies,  witli  the  intention  of  shipping 
liini  off  to  Spain.  Before  the  sailing  of  a  ship,  how- 
ever, the  brave  cacique  managed  to  burst  his  fetters 
and  escape.  Breathing  vengeance  he  roused  the 
mountains,  organized  a  yet  more  powerful  confeder- 
ation, and  marched  against  Nata.  Long  and  bloody 
Nvarfare  ensued,  with  alternate  success.  One  of  the 
most  disastrous  conflicts  occurred  early  in  1527,  in  an 
ox])odition  against  a  rebel  chief  named  Trota,  under 
Captain  Alonso  de  Vargas,  with  forty  soldiers,  ])rin- 
cijially  men  newly  arrived  from  Spain.  The  pro- 
testations of  some  of  Trota's  adherents,  who  entered 
the  camp  with  humble  mien  but  active  eyes,  induced 


610 


SPAXISn  DErnEPATIOXS  ROUXD  PANAMA  BAY. 


tlio  fajjiain,  at  the  roconiineiuliition  of  a  veteran 
comnuK!,  to  send  IWoa,  an  allietl  cliief  and  j^uitlc, 
with  ofl'iis  of  peace.  The  fellow  was  no  sooner  out 
of  si;4ht  than  he  cast  the  olive  branch  to  the  winds, 
and  joining  cause  with  Trota,  advised  him  to  sei/.o 
so  advantai^eous  an  opportunity  for  glory  and  revcngr, 
when  the  force  before  him  was  weak  and  inexix-ri- 
enced  and  the  commander  ailing.  Four  days  later 
five  hundred  warriors  fell  U[)on  the  camp,  led  hy 
]'ocoa  in  a  glittering  breastplate  of  gold.  Althoui;!i 
taken  by  surprise,  the  soldiers  fought  desperately, 
but  the  numbers  were  overwhelming,  and  A^urgas 
succumbed  with  half  his  men.  This  blow  was  one 
more  incentive  for  the  Spaniards  to  exert  themselves 
in  retaliation  and  conquest.  The  country  adjacent 
to  the  settlement  being  open  and  level,  horses  and 
cannon  could  be  used  with  advantage;  while  on  tho 
other  hand,  to  make  up  for  lack  of  skill,  were  numbers, 
drawn  from  a  great  distance  around,  with  the  jn'o- 
teeting  mountains  in  which  to  nurse  declining  ent  r- 
gies.  Thus  for  nine  years  the  war  continued,  until 
the  chieftain  Urracd  yielded  up  his  life,  though  not, 
after  all,  to  arquebuse  or  bloodhound:  he  di(!d  iu 
bed,  among  his  ov/n  people,  but  lamenting,  with  tin; 
last  breath,  his  inability  to  drive  out  the  detested 
Christians. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 


THE  WARS  OF  THE  SPAXIAliDS. 
1523-1524. 

OviEDO  IN  Spaiv— IIk  SF.rrnEs  the  Appointment  or  I'l'nrio  he  i,os  Rios 
AS  Ciovi:KN()ii  of  Castii.i.a  i>i:i.  01:0  —  I'kmuautas  I)i:ti;i;mini;s  to 
rnssKss    Ni(;AitA(;rA  ~  11k   Skxds   thitiieu   CuiitdHiA,    wiio    Foixks 

]iursi;LAS,     (IliANADA,     AND    LeoN  — AnU    CaKKIES    A    SlIlP    ACKOSS    THE 

Land  ikom  the  I'aciik;  to  Lake  XirAUAciiA  -IIi;  Makes  a  Siuvey 
OF  THE  Lake — Infokmed  of  Simmauhs  LfiiKiN(;  tiieiieaikut— De- 
velopment OK  THE  Spanish  Colonial  Svstem— Gil  Gonzalez  Escapes 
with  his  TiiEAsiriiE  to  EspaS^oi^v— Despatches  Ciiueceha  to  Spain 
vnii  L\TEi.Li<;ENin:  of  his  Discoveky— Sails  fkom  Santo  Domini. o 
to  the  Coast  f)F  HoNuruAs— Aukives  at  I'Lr.UTo  CAiJAi.urs— Founhs 
San  CiiL  Di'  Ijienavista— Encovnteus  IIi:unamh)  de  Soto— IUttle— 
Ciu.sToBAL  i)E  Olid  Appeaiis — Founds  Tiiii  nfi)  ue  la  Cm  z. 

Soarckly  Avcro  the  fair  provinces  of  the  Soutliern 
Sea  brought  under  the  yoke  of  the  S|)aniai<ls,  wlicti 
llie  conquerors  began  contending  among  tlicinHelves. 
J'or  it  must  be  confessed  that  neither  tlieir  culture 
nor  their  rehgion  prevented  theni  from  behaving  very 
much  hke  the  wild  beasts  and  the  Avild  men  to  wlujiii 
llicy  regar<led  themselves  superior.  In  fol'itwing  these 
•  lisputes  we  will  now  accompany,  in  a  second  visit  to 
Spain,  the  author  and  veedor,  and  withal  the  maker 
of  governors,  Fernandez  de  Ovietlo,  whom  we  left  in 
.July,  ir)2;{,  ileeing  the  wrath  of  Pedraiias. 

^Vt  Cuba  the  veedor  was  entertained  by  Dieixo 
A  rlaz(piez,  the  governor;  at  Espanola  he  was  invited 
by  JJiego  Colon  to  take  passage  with  him  for  Seville, 
where  he  arrived  in  November.  After  presenting 
liimself  to  the  Council  of  the  Indies,  at  IJurgos,  ho 
N\  ent  to  Vitoria,  wlieio  the  court  was  residing.    V^ested 

(511) 


512 


THE  WARS  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


with  full  power  to  act  for  tlio  city  of  Antigua,  Ovicdo 
set  forth  the  affairs  of  the  colony,  entered  his  coni- 
l)laints  against  Pcdrarias,  and  urged  the  appointment 
of  a  new  governor.  In  this  measure  he  was  opposed 
l»y  the  bachiller  Corral,  whom  he  had  made  an  efl'ort 
to  send  in  chains  to  Spain,  and  by  Isabel,  wife  oi' 
l^cdrarias.  Through  their  influence  he  was  involved 
in  litigation  which  lasted  two  years;  and  for  his 
treatment  of  the  bachiller  ho  was  fined  one  hundred 
thousand  maravcdis,  which  ho  was  obliged  to  pay. 
]^ut  in  the  end  the  vcedor  triumphed  in  displacing 
Pcdrarias,  and  in  securing  the  appointment  of  Pedro 
do  los  Pios,  of  Cordova,  as  governor  of  Castilla  del 
Oro,  and  of  the  licenciado  Juan  do  Salmeron  as  alcalde 
mayor  and  judge  of  rcsidencia. 

The  prospect  of  speedy  displacement  in  office,  no 
less  than  the  success  of  Gil  Gonzalez  at  the  fresli- 
water  sea,  determined  Pcdrarias  to  secure  a  footiuu' 
in  Nicaragua  before  the  arrival  of  the  new  governor 
of  Castilla  del  Oro.  No  one  knew  better  than  him- 
self that  by  the  customs  of  discovery  and  occupation, 
wliich  ^v■ere  now  fast  becoming  laws,  he  had  nc^t  tlic 
slightest  right  there,  having  neither  contributed  to 
the  discovery  of  Gil  Gonzalez,  nor  even  sanctioned  it. 
As  an  act  preliminary  to  taking  possession  of  this 
discovery,  Pcdrarias  despatched  thither  his  lieutenant, 
Francisco  Hernandez  do  Cordoba — not  he  who  dis- 
covei'cd  Yucatan,  though  of  the  same  name — and 
captains  Gabriel  do  Rojas,  Francisco  Compaiion,  Uiul 
Hernando  do  Soto,  who  embarked  from  Panama  i'l 
]  r)24. 

Ijancling  at  the  gulf  of  Nicoya  Cordoba  founded  :>. 
settlement  at  Urutina,  on  the  east  side,  which  lie 
called  Pruselas,  but  which  existed  only  three  years, 
being  dismantled  b}'  order  of  Diego  Lopez  Salccdo  in 
1527.  'J'hence  Cordoba  proceeded  northward  thirty 
leagues,  to  Nequccheri,  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Nicara- 
gua, whei'o  he  founded  a  city  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  (iJranada,  building  there  a  fortress  and  a  church. 


CORDOBA  IN  NICARAGUA, 


B13 


111  tlio  province  of  Nao'i'aiulo*  he  established  another 
rity  which  he  called  Leon.  While  at  Granada  Cor- 
doba drew  one  of  his  brigantines  ashore,  and  taking 
it  apart  conveyed  the  pieces  overland  to  Nicaragua 


Lake.  After  rebuilding  he  made  a  circuit  round  the 
shore  of  the  Freshwater  Sea,  and  discovered  its  outlet 
in  the  Rio  Sau  Juan,  tliougli  he  did  not  descend  the 
stream,  on  account  of  tiie  rocks  and  ra[)ids.      With 


'  rallod  Ijy  Ilcrrora,  YinnMto,  anil  liy  .TuniTos,  (luat., 
fnlliiwin^  liiiii,  luiiiljito.     '  V  |>(vlilii  cii  imclio  dc  lii  [)ro- 
vincia  do  Yiiialiitc,  la  oindad  do  Leon,  cim  ti'iiiplo,  y 
fiiitaliva.'  doc.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  xii.    See  also  liilnaoii  de 
Ainlaijom,  in  X(ir((rr(li',  Cnl.  di:  I'/";/' -■,  iii.  ■IKt;   h'po- 
*"ion  a  S.  Af.  pur  hi  jnst'inn  ij  rfifwii'iilo  <lf  1 1  rtmlwl 
(!■  ii'ntiKirla,  ill  I'lirhno  and  Ci'irdoid.^,  Col.  J>nr.,  vii. 
.^"i."i-(i ;   A'(  litf'ioii  dc  Id  i/iii;  cicrihcii  /o<  oidorc^,  in  nl. ,  xiv. 
;f'.(;  /,'<■»)(.-,((/,  //isf.  ( '/ii/fi/ia,  104;  Oriido.  iii.  I  l.'l-  It.  1 1!», 
iv.  KlO-l.     l'"ray  (JiKion/akv,  Davila,  in  Tci'n)  AV/ci.,  i. 
'J.'l.'i,  j,'ivcs  11  representation  of  vjiat  lie  I'aUs  tlie  'arnms 
ill'  la  livdad  dc  NicavaKva,'  eoiisKstin;.;of  ii  shield  bearing 
ill  its  ticld  ii  rampant  lion  with  the  left  jiaw  resting  on 
a  i;liilie.     The  nhicld  is  snrniounted  by  a  crown.     In  view  of  the  usual  remote 
iiiss  of  this  writer  tVom  tiie  truth,  we  may  ajiply  tlit;  term  city  of  Nie;ir;ii;ua 
til  any  city  in  Nicara^iia,  notwithsUuiilinj;  he  ulliri.is  it  to  be  tiie  jilaee  dia- 
Lovcrcd  by  tiil  (jiouzidcz  in  1.VJ2,  and  pcoiilud  by  li'.riiaudijz  uud  I'ciUurias. 
UisT.  CCN.  An.,  Vol..  I.    33 


I 


^ 


M4 


THE  WARS  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


this  leader  had  come  many  friars  and  rehgions  men, 
Bome  of  whom  were  quite  expert  in  performing 
miracles,  and  hy  this  means  was  excited  among  the 
natives  a  furor  for  baptism  scarcely  inferior  to  tlio 
lively  manifestation  under  the  swift  instructions  of 
Ca[)tain  Gil  Gonzalez.  Cordoba  sent  Pedrarias  a  full 
account  of  his  proceedings  thus  far.  He  also  in- 
formed him  that  a  band  of  Spaniards  was  lurking 
thereabout,  though  as  yet  he  had  not  encountered 
them,  but  he  had  sent  Hernando  do  Soto  to  learn 
who  they  were. 

The  colonial  system  of  Spain  as  it  unfolded  in  the 
New  World  seemed  at  this  time  to  assume  the  foiiii 
of  a  political  tripod  whose  three  props  were  the  sub- 
jugator, the  sovereign,  and  the  executive  vicegerent, 
each  contributing  to  the  support  of  the  others,  though 
in  a  manner  oppugnant  and  contradictory.     It  was 
something  wholly  new  in  the  polities  of  nations  for 
ro^'alty   thus   to    delegate   so    much    and   so    varied 
power  at  such  a  distance;  and  royalty  was  troubled 
for  itself  in  consequence,  and  regarded  with  jealousy 
and  mistrust  such  of  its  servants  as  it  was  obliged  to 
confide  in.     Ashamed  of  his  suspicions,  the  sovereign 
attempted  to  cover  them  by  the  application  of  chi- 
cane to  a  system  of  balancing,  placing  one  agent  to 
watch  another,  and  cointeracting  the  power  of  one 
deputy  by  the  power  oi'  another  deputy.     The  <\\>- 
coverer  on  returning  from  his  perilous  voyage  must 
wear  away  the  remainder  of  his  life  importuning  lor 
the  promised  recompense;  and  often  he  was  t'oni]te!!i(l 
to  lose   beside   his  services   the  costs  advanced    hy 
himself.     The  conqueror  nnist  bo  frowned   upon  in 
the  moinent  of   his  triumph,  lest  he   should   fni-vt 
himself,  or  rather  forget  his  master.     He,  without 
whose  adventuringsthe  monarch's  realm  could  s('ar((  ly 
find   enlargement,   nmst  innnediately  on  the  att.sin- 
ment  of  new  territory  be  diverted  by  the  intru>ii>a 
of   some   professional   governor,    who   between    law, 
selfishness,  and  despotism  usually  managed  to  del'eat 


SPANISH  COLOXIAL  SYSTEM. 


513 


the  alms  of  both  king  and  conqueror,  and  attahi  his 
own  end  in  ruin  and  disgrace.  Thus  it  was  on  Es- 
jtanola,  and  thus  it  is  again  on  Ticrra  Firme.  Had 
Cohimbus  been  less  incompetent  as  the  beginner  in 
this  colonization,  and  as  governor;  had  he  witli  wise 
statesmanship  founded  one  New  World  colony  on  firm 
and  liberal  principles,  the  wdiole  Spanish-American 
colonial  system  during  the  following  three  centuries 
might  have  been  something  quite  different.  Had  the 
monarch  found  on  trial  that  his  deputies  were  trust- 
worthy, he  would  have  trusted  them.  Had  he  not, 
they  would  have  compelled  him.  As  it  was  they  com- 
jic'lled  him  to  treat  tboni  as  unreliable  and  unjust,  as 
indeed  they  were,  that  is  to  say  such  of  tlieni  as 
wore  com])etent.  While  the  monarcli  was  far  less 
liLunable  than  his  representatives,  wdiile  as  a  rule  ho 
sought  wutli  honest  and  pious  purpose  the  best  wel- 
I'are  of  his  subjects,  civilized  and  savage,  it  seemed  liis 
late  thus  far  to  keep  the  colonies  always  in  a  ferment, 
every  man's  hand  against  his  neighbor,  and  under 
such  poisonous  and  perverting  stimulus,  that  the  vilest 
elements  attained  success,  while  the  noblest  were 
consumed  to  cinders.  Witness  Christopher  Colum- 
hus  and  Bartolomd  his  brother  as  against  Bobadilla 
andOvando;  Vasco  Nunez  beside  Pedrarias;  and  now 
IV'drarias  and  Gil  Gonzalez. 

U[»on  the  return  to  Pniiaind  in  June,  1.52.1,  of 
Andres  Nino  and  Gil  Gonzalez,  from  their  discovery 
of  Nicaragua,  Pedrarias  undertook,  as  wo  have  seen, 
al  once  to  secure  for  himself  every  beneiit  of  their 
adventure.  And  this  without  a  shadow  of  riglit  or 
I'l  asoii.  The  pilot  and  the  contador  luul  acted  under 
authority  direct  from  the  king;  they  had  imperilled 
tin  Ir  lives  and  had  exhausted  their  }»rivato  fortunes; 
^vhile  the  governor  had  not  only  contributed  nothing, 
hul  actually  disobeyed  the  king  in  refusing  to  deliver 
the  ships  of  Vasco  Nunez,  and  in  withholding  men 
and  means  for  the  expedition.     A  grand  achievement 


;iG 


THE  WARS  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


had  bcon  consummated  by  a  handful  of  men,  po(,^rly 
equipped  and  in  small  unseaworthy  vessels,  whose  con- 
sequent sufferings  were  in  a  measure  caused  by  the 
inherent  wickedness  of  the  governor,  now  the  fir.st  of 
all  to  clutch  at  the  gold.  He  would  have  the  honor 
of  paying  the  king's  fifth  into  the  ro}'al  treasury,  for 
he  could  make  it  advantageous  for  himself 

Gil  Gonzalez  would  chcerfally  have  turned  over  tlie 
treasure  to  the  kinix's  officers,  for  his  blood  was  ud, 
and  he  wished  to  return  immediately  and  chastise  the 
impudent  caciques,  Diriangen  and  Nicaragua.  But, 
wlien  under  his  letters  patent  he  demanded  aid  fur 
that  purpose,  the  governor  promised  it  only  ou 
condition  that  ho  went  as  his  lieutenant,  and  that 
the  war  should  be  conducted  in  his  name.  This  the 
contador  refused  to  do.  Pedrarias  then  said  that  ho 
would  undertake  the  further  pacification  of  Nicaragua 
on  his  own  account,  and  plant  a  colony,  perhaps,  at 
the  gulf  of  Fonseca;  that  a  southern  expedition  which 
ho  had  planned  would  bo  directed  north,  in  view 
of  the  superior  attractions  appearing  in  the  reports  of 
the  late  discoveries.  Upon  this  Gil  Gonzalez  deter- 
mined to  hasten  from  Panauiil  with  the  king's  gold, 
which  had  been  melted  down  by  the  assayer,  and  lay 
the  matter  before  the  audiencia  at  Santo  Domingo, 
thence  going  to  Spain  if  necessary. 

There  was  a  caravel  lying  at  Nombre  do  Dios, 
wliicli  Gil  Gonzalez  purchased  for  one  thousand  cas- 
tellanos,  and  stealing  from  Pananul  he  esca])ed  witli 
the  gold,  and  set  sail  for  Espanola  just  as  Pedrarius 
in  hot  pursuit  appeared  upon  the  shore  with  a  requi- 
sition and  order  of  arrest. 

The  ro^'al  authorities  at  Santo  Domingo  listoiu'd 
with  favor  to  their  former  contador;  on  comi)aiiii!:4' 
Ills  actions  with  his  instructions  they  found  that  ho 
had  acquitted  himself  creditably.  They  deemed  it 
unnecessary  for  him  to  go  to  Spain,  and  thought  ho 
could  better  serve  the  king  by  continuing  his  ini|ii)r- 
tant  discovery.     Ho  might  proceed  at  ouce  to  tho 


GIL  GONZALEZ  AGMN. 


517 


eastern  shore  of  Tierra  Firino,  and  scarcli  for  the 
strait  communicating  with  the  Freshwater  Sea,  or  its 
outlet,  which  was  sure  to  exist;  or,  faihng  in  that, 
enter  the  territory,  pass  over  to  the  Freshwater  Sea 
hy  land,  found  there  a  colony  and  build  a  town.  To 
tiiis  end  the  audicncia  promised  to  aid  him  in  raising 
three  hundred  men  and  fifty  horses,  which,  witli  the 
.sliip  he  had  brought  from  Xombre  de  Dios,  would 
give  him  a  fair  equipment.  Distributing,  therefore, 
the  royal  share  of  the  treasure^  among  five  ships 
lying  at  Santo  Domingo,  according  to  the  royal  reg- 
ulations, Gil  Gonzalez  despatched  by  Antonio  do 
CVreceda,  treasurer  of  the  Nicaraguan  expedition, 
the  famous  letter  which  I  have  so  frequentlj-  quoted, 
and  a  map  of  the  coast  from  Pananul  to  the  Gulf  of 
Fonscca,  made  with  great  care  by  the  pilots  of  the 
ex})edltion.  In  this  letter,  after  giving  an  account 
of  the  discovery  and  presenting  his  plans,  the  writer 
begs  the  sovereign  that  his  pay  as  captain  be  made 
ovt'r  to  his  wife  at  Seville,  for  the  sui)port  and  edu- 
cation of  his  children;  that  the  limits  of  his  discovery 
may  speedily  be  defined,  and  other  conquerors  and 
rulers  forbidden  to  intrude;  that  letters  patent  may 
be  granted  him  with  the  title  of  Admiral  of  the 
Freshwater  Sea,  together  with  a  tenth  of  the  king's 
revenue  within  the  territory.  Were  it  not  that  his 
majesty  might  deem  it  a  desire  on  tlie  part  of  the 
discoverer  to  call  attention  to  himself  he  could  tell 
riiuch  more;  but  this  he  would  say  of  ilve  things 
done  by  him,  namely — no  other  S[ianiard  ever  before 
discovered  so  many  leagues  on  foot  with  so  few  men 

-  (^ insisting  of  gold  from  1'2  to  18  carats  by  actual  assay,  amountin;^  to 
17.00;)  pesos  (Ic  oro;  of  an  inferior  c|uality,  known  hh  lirif/in.i,  ir),I}(),'{  jicsos;  In 
raitlc-.sliapcd  pieces,  saiil  to  \h'  of  no  stamlanl  wiliic,  (i,  1S2  jicsos.  (!',i  (Imr.nhz 
Jhi,  ',/(i,  Vartti  (it  liCi/,  MS.  Tlii'ic  wiro  liUewisu  14.")  pcsus  \m)i1!i  of  p<;i;  Is, 
(if  which  SO  pcH!os'  wortli  wcie  olitaincil  from  the  Pearl  Islanil.-i.  J,'r'>ir;,,ii  il,l 
v'dvjf  ijiic  li'r.o  nil  (loir.dlv.  iJdrihi,  in  PncliiO)  and  < 'dri/iiiii.-i,  Cnl.  J)or.,  \iv, 
2il-_'4.  This  document  gives  in  detail,  t)cside  tht;  (|uantity  of  pearls  secuic  d, 
tlu'  distance  journeyed,  the  iiinicnsiuns  of  the  islands,  the  nanie.-i  of  the  jnuv- 
iU'i.i  tliroil;,'h  which  they  jias.sed,  with  tiieir  caciipies,  tlie  j,'old  taken  Ironi 
la.-li,  and  the  S(ju1s  liapti/.ed.  Tlierc  are  aUo  ln'ri;  given,  t'l- 'Jt),  'nl.,  Am/r'-i 
.Vi,:,),  J,'il((rloii  (l(  I  r(.<(  iilo,  or  a;;;ecnu'nt  witli  the  king;  Udaciuii  dt  lo  i^«c  cd 
ill  la  armada,  with  tho  cost  of  uutlit,  etc. 


:  1 


CIS 


THE  WAR?  OF  THE  SPAXIARDR. 


SO  poorly  equipped;  no  man  ever  converted  so  many 
souls  to  Christ  in  so  short  a  time;  no  discoverer  us 
yet  had  brought  so  nuich  j^old;  none  had  foULjlit  so 
many  Indians  without  the  loss  of  a  man;  and,  tinally, 
no  one  before  him  had  ever  returned  from  a  voya^o 
of  discovery  without  having  lost  to  tlie  adventurers 
the  cost  of  the  outfit.  Cereceda  and  the  letter  wi  re 
graciously  received  by  the  emjjeror,  who  ordered  (ill 
Oon/alez  to  continue  his  discoveries. 


But  withomt  waiting  instructions  from  Sjiain  <'il 
Coiizales  had  hastened  to  occupy  wliat  he  had  ills- 
covered,  Ix'fore  othei's  should  arrive  to  dispute  po  Mis- 
sion with  him.  He  sailed  from  Santo  Domingo  in  lln; 
spring  of  1524^  for  the  eastern  coast  of  Nicaragua, 

"Tho  lOtii  of  March,  loll,  tlio  royal  oflicersut  KdiJauula,  Miguel  do  I'.i>a- 


ADMIRAL  OF  THE  FRESHWATER  SEA. 


010 


inteiidinuj  to  cross  to  the  Freshwater  Sea,  by  way  of 
its  outlet,  and  thereby  avoid  colhsioii  with  tlie  ^o\- 
crnor  at  Panaiii;!;  but  lie  steered  too  far  to  the  right, 
and  struck  the  continent  on  the  north  side  of  Hon- 
duras, about  twenty  leagues  east  of  Golfo  Dulce. 
Obliged  by  a  storm  to  throw  overboard  some  horses 
to  save  his  shi[),  he  gave  the  name  of  Caballos*  to 
the  port  from  which  he  had  under  the  circumstances 
to  turn  away.  From  this  point  he  was  driven  by  the 
wind  westward  to  Golfo  Dulce.  Finding  himself  in 
a  strange  mountainous  c(juntry,  and  at  a  loss  whither 
to  proceed,  he  deemed  it  safe  in  any  event  to  take 
])ossession  and  plant  there  a  colony,  and  to  this  he 
•  ■•ave  the  name  San  Gil  de  Buenavista.  Leaving 
there  a  portion  of  his  men  he  coasted  eastward,  to  a 
]K»int  between  capes  Honduras  and  Camarones,  and 
although  still  far  from  his  destination  he  disembarked 
the  troops  and  marched  southward  in  search  of  his 
Fj'eshwater  Sea. 

Continuing  on  this  course  Gil  Gonzalez  in  due  time 
ajiproached  the  territory  of  Nicaragua,  but  only  to 
encounter  Hernando  de  Soto,  sent  by  Cordoba  to 
ascertain  who  were  the  rival  settlers.  Gil  Gonzalez 
lirst  learned  of  the  presence  of  Cordoba  in  that 
quarter  while  passing  through  the  valley  of  Olancho. 
There  was  but  one  way  to  settle  rival  claims  under 
such  circumstances,  the  old  brutal  Avay,  practised  by 
both  savage  and  civilized  irom  the  beginning,  and  in 
vogue  to-day  among  our  most  Christian  and  cultured 
nations — tlie  weaker  must  give  way  to  the  stronger. 

The  two  companies  met  at  a  j)laco  called  Toreba. 
The  savage   method  of  warfare   was  adoptijd.     Just 

iiiniito  mill  Aloiiso  D/iviln,  wi'ito  tlic  kin.;  that  r'apt^iiii  Clil  fion/iilc/  l);ivil;i  is 
tlui(!  ;il)i)ut  tinniiliurk  'toHCck  tiio  .stiviit  iVoiii  noitli  to  suutli' — 'Tciriia  iii^ora  ii 
liuscir  el  Jlstrcclio  do  Xorte  I'l  Sill'.'  I'dchfio  aiiil  Ciinli'iin.",  Cul.  Ihx:.,  i.  440, 
'  '  I'll  mill  ticiii))!)  cciioii  l;i  inar.'ilu'miosilclos  ir!ivalkiS(|Mi!  Ilcvava,  do  <loiiilo 
KmhumIo  rl  iiomhio.'  Ilii-rint,  dri'.  iii.  lil).  v.  oap.  xii.  Ovicdo  iiii'iitioiis  thy 
dt'ath  of  a  hur.se  whioli  was  liiiricd  with  j^'rcat  sucrccy,  le^^t  tli'^  iiativoi  shuuM 
kam  they  were  mortal.  FiTiiaiick)  ( '(don,  in  l.V.'T.  writos  a:  di'  rttnnllds;  ltil)ii'o, 
ill  l.'i'JJt,  I':,  lit-  fdii'illox;  Va/  Doiuado,  l.iTI,  /'.'.  (/'"  rnKdla",  witli  tiio  name  Iri- 
(7'"-',':n.At  west:  Dt'Lact,  l(i;!:t,  /'"  t/c  ('iira'lo'<:  {)'/\\\iy,  \ij~l,  I't'^d.  Vandlon; 
j^licrys,  177U,  J''"  C'<cvallii-<;  and  to-duy  us  iii  tlio  text. 


i 


620 


THE  WARS  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


before  dawn,  as  Soto  lay  wrapped  in  slumber,  Gil 
Gonzalez,  with  a  portion  only  of  his  command,  crept 
into  the  enemy's  camp,  and  raising  the  war-cry,  "  San 
Gil!  kill  the  traitors!"  began  a  furious  onslaught  upon 
his  countrymen.  Soto  commanded  the  superior  force, 
and  althouijh  taken  at  a  disadvantacje  ho  was  soon 

1  •  •  •  • 

disputmg  for  the  victory  with  every  prospect  of  suc- 
cess. The  enfjagement  lasted  some  time,  and  several 
Spaniards  on  both  sides  were  killed.  At  length  Gil 
Gonzalez,  fearing  defeat,  cried  out,  "Peace!  peace, 
Senor  capitan,  in  the  emperor's  name!"  And  al- 
though Soto  was  urged  by  his  associates  to  follow  up 
the  advantage,  he  ceased  hostilities  and  prepared  for 
an  amicable  adjustment  of  differences. 

Thus  matters  remained  for  several  days.  But  Gil 
Gonzalez  had  no  intention  of  abandoning  the  field,  as 
his  actions  and  words  implied.  He  only  wished  to 
gain  time  and  bring  up  the  remainder  of  his  force. 
This  effected,  he  again  suddenly  sprang  upon  the 
enemy,  and  after  a  short  but  severe  engagement 
drove  him  from  the  field,  securing  his  treasure,  to 
the  value  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  thousand  castel- 
lanos." 

Satisfied  with  this  success,  and  unprepared  to  meet 
a  superior  force  under  C6rdoba,  Gil  Gonzalez  disarmed 
the  enemy,  and  retired  to  Puerto  Caballos,  where  ho 
was  informed  that  a  fleet  had  arrived  from  IMexico  in 
command  of  Cristobal  de  Olid,  one  of  the  cajitains  of 
Hernan  Cortes. 


After  the  defeat  of  Soto,  C6rdoba  took  measures 
to  strengthen  his  position  at  Leon,  building  there  a 
strong  fortress.  Cristobal  de  Olid,  of  whom  I  sliall 
speak  presently,  founded  a  settlement  on  the  noitli 
coast  of  Honduras,  fourteen  leagues  east  of  Piurto 
Caballos,  to  which  he  gave  the  nanu  of  Triunfo  de  la 
Cruz."     Tims  for  the  territory  now  embraced  within 

"Oviodo,  iii.  1 14,  pays  that  two  or  three  ilays  afterward  Soto  and  his  I'oni- 
punioii.i  wore  released  iipou  parole,  and  their  arms  restorid  them 

"Town,  port,  and  cape.     Some  English  charts  still  retain  the  name  Caj>« 


HONDURAS  AND  XICARAGUA. 


521 


flic  boundaries  of  Nicaragua  and  Honduras,  there 
appeared  three  chiinuints — Gil  Gonzalez,  who,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  crown,  claimed  for  himself  as  the 
discoverer;  Francisco  Hernandez  de  Cordoba,  who 
claimed  for  Pedrarias;  and  Cristobal  de  Olid,  who 
claimed  for  Cortes  and  himself 

'J'riiDi/o.  EilicTo  writes  tTi/o  de  la  cz;  Vaz  Dourado,  trhnn/o  ih-Un'i,  the  next 
ii.'iiiK;  west  Ikmit:;  jii'ila  de  Id  call,  and  next  to  tli's,  i-'io  df  p  >c/t>,  which  IJihci-o 
chills  L':.  (/'  jiir/ii.  Next  west  of  this  name  llil)ero  jjlacea  ;i;."  de  h< Ihulos. 
U^jilby,  De  Laet,  JeOerjs,  and  othcid  give  Triuiiqiho  or  Tiianiju  dc  la  Cruz. 


CHAPTER  XVii 


COLONIZATION  IN  HONDURAS. 
1524-1525. 

CortAs  in  Mexico— Extexsion  op  his  Conquests — Feaks  of  En-croacu- 

MEXT3  ON   THE   pART  OF  SPANIARDS   IN  CENTRAL  AMERICA— CRIHTCUSAL 

DK  Olid  Sent  to  HoNDrn-vs— Touciiino  at  IIabana,  IIe  is  AVox 
FROM  Allegiance  to  Cortiis  —  Tuhni-o  de  l.\  Curz  roiNDEi)  — 
Olid  as  Traitor  —  Meeting  with  Gil  Gonz.\lez — The  Wrath  op 
CoRTiis — Casas  Sent  after  Olid — Naval  Engagement  in  Trumo 
Hariior  —  Casas  Falls  into  the  Hands  of  Olid,  Who  is  s<iun 
Cai'Tured  iiY  THE  Caitive  —  Deatu  OF  Olid  —  Retlun  of  Casas  to 
Mexico — Trcjillo  Founded — Interference  of  the  Audiencia  uk 
Santo  Domingo. 

AViiiLE  certain  of  the  Spaniards  were  scttlini:^ 
themselves  in  [)ossession  of  the  Isthmus  and  parts  ot 
Central  America,  others  were  cmjaojed  in  like  manner 
elsewhere.  Among  the  latter  was  Hernan  Cortus, 
who  sailed  from  Cuba,  in  1519,  for  the  conquest  of 
Mexico,  which  was  accomplished  in  1521.  So  great 
was  the  glory  of  this  achievement,  complete  details 
of  which  will  bo  given  in  a  later  volume  of  this 
work,  that  fresh  hordes  flocked  to  the  banner  <>f 
its  hero,  whose  further  eft'orts  toward  conf|Utst  in 
different  directions  were  little  more  than  triunipluil 
marches.  On  nearly  every  side  his  captains  loui.d 
rich  j)rovinces  and  populous  settlements  which  prom- 
ised ilattering  rewards  in  tributes,  plantations,  and 
submissive  slaves;  or  their  ears  were  filled  with 
reports  of  still  greater  cities,  still  richer  territories, 
further  on.  From  such  substance  rumor  blew  its 
gaudy  bubbles,  which  danced  in  iridescent  hues  and 
ever  increasing  size  before  the  eyes  of  the  con(|ueroi's, 


OUTLOOK  FROM  MEXICO. 

lurini^  them  on  into  the  depths  of  mysterious  rc<^ions 
beyond.  Insatiate,  a  world  apiece  would  scarcely 
satisfy  them  now. 

Oi'  the  several  jwints  toward  which  expeditions 
were  sent  out  from  the  Mexican  capital  by  its  con- 
queror, the  southern  regions  seemed  in  some  respects 
the  most  alluring.  Information  came  to  Cortes  of 
the  high  culture  of  the  inhabitants  in  that  quarter, 
of  their  manifold  wealth,  their  palaces  and  great  cities, 
all  magnified  by  mystery  and  distance.  Further  than 
this,  the  possibility,  nay,  the  certainty  that  Span- 
iards moving  northward  from  the  l*anam;l  region 
would  soon  be  in  possession  there  if  not  forestalled, 
made  delay  seem  dangerous.  Hence  it  was  that 
Oiijaca  and  Chiapas  were  quickly  made  to  open 
their  portals;  and  now  the  redoubtable  Pedro  de 
Alvarado,  second  only  to  Cortes  himself,  was  enter- 
ing Tehuantepec  to  rend  the  veil  which  enfolded  the 
(»)iiicho  kingdom,  and  to  disclose  the  splendor  of 
Utatlan. 

Likewise  the  northern  seaboard  to  the  south  of 
Yucatan  claimed  attention.  This  could  scarcely  now 
he  called  an  undiscovered  country,  for  Spaniards  as 
Avell  as  natives  poured  into  the  conqueror's  ears  the 
sure  truth  of  what  might  be  expected.  There  were 
pilots  whose  course  had  led  them  along  the  coast  of 
llibueras,  or  Honduras,^  and  who  charmed  their 
hearers  with  tales  of  gold  so  abundant  that  fishei-men 
used  nugijets  for  sinkers.  In  this  there  was  nothing 
startling  to  Cortes,  however,  for  since  his  first  entry 
into  Mexico  he  had  received  such  iiiformation  touch- 
ing this  Honduras  country,  }>artieularly  two  provinces, 
that  were  but  one  third  true,  "they  would  I'ar  exceed 
Mexico  in  wealth,  and  equal  her  in  the  si/e  of  towns, 
in  the  number  of  inhabitants,  and  in  culture."^ 

These  reports  could  not  be  disregarded.     An  expe- 

'  SoG  chapter  iv.,  note  0,  this  volume. 

-' '  Una  (jiio  llninan  Hucitiipalan  y  vn  otra  Icngua  Xucutaoo. . .  .ocho  <'i  tliez 
ji'iiiridiis  (IcMKjuella  villa  do  1'nijillo.  CdiIik,  ('iivl(i.-<,  4(i!>.  'Higiionis  y  Iir«lii. 
I'u^,  (^uc  tcuiiui  iiuiiu  du  luuchu  oro  y  buuua  tiuira,'  Uumaru,  JJint,  Altx.,  'JU3 


!'  H 


524 


COLONIZATION  IN  nONDUTvAR. 


(lit Ion  to  this  region  would  also  be  able  to  meet  that 
of  Alvaiiido,  and  crowned  with  success  the  two  could 
then  carry  contjuest  onward,  till  sullen  ocean,  cast, 
and  west,  and  &outh,  alono  might  bar  the  progress 
of  their  arms.  CJreat  woukl  be  also  the  reward  In 
wealth  and  souls.  Another  wish,  the  discovery  of  a 
strait,  ruled  Cortes  with  equal  strength.  It  was  now 
known  how  short  a  distance  lay  l)etwecn  the  two 
oceans,  and  this  long  narrow  strip  of  Intervening 
land  might  in  some  one  of  its  many  inlets  hide  tlie 
pas.sage,  though  it  was  toward  the  north  that  tlio 
conqulstailor  looked  chiefly  for  it.  The  subject  had 
been  specially  commended  to  him  by  the  emi)eic)r. 
"Knowing  the  desire  of  your  Majesty,"  writes  Cortes. 
"to  discover  the  secret  of  this  strait,  and  the  great 
bcnolit  which  your  royal  crown  will  derive  therelroni, 
1  shall  leave  all  other  interests  and  gains  to  follow 
this  course.""  As  an  earnest  of  his  intention  Cortes 
had  begun  to  build  vessels  at  Zacatula,  on  the  South 
Sea,  as  early  as  1522,  and  with  these  he  would  ex})lnie 
the  coast  northward  till  the  passage  was  found,  or 
proved  not  to  exist.  In  the  North  Sea  also  lleets 
were  prepared  to  coast  northward  to  Newfoundland, 
and  southward  to  the  Isthmus. 

The  cx})edItIons  were  all  delayed,  the  first  by  con- 
flagration, the  others  l.y  inciclonts  at  Pdnuco  wlilcli  for 
a  time  diverted  all  available  forces.  The  latter  dlfli- 
culty  over,  Cortes  rc^  o:-  ced  to  his  pet  project,  and  tlio 
Atlantic  fleet,  which  had  been  for  several  montlis  at 
considerable  expense  waiting  orders  for  sailing  south, 
was  now  reinforced  to  muster  six  vessels  fully  equipped, 
with  nearly  four  hundred  Spaniards  and  thirty  hoi 


>es. 


So  important  an  expedition  called  for  a  lieutenant 
not  only  brave  and  able,  but  trustworthy.     Amongst 

^f'artd.t,  315,  letter  of  13  Oct.,  1524.  The  letter  of  the  emperor  iwiu- 
nmiuliii^  tiim  to  search  l)oth  coasta  is  dated  G  June,  15'i3. 

'  Si)!dici's,  .'570,  Inding  100  archcrsand  arqiiebusiers,  and  22  hor.'^cs.  s.iys 
Drriiul  Diet::,  Hid.  i  crdad.,  170.  Tor  todos  \nuco  navios  gruessos  6  caravelas 
«3  un  burjjajitiii. '  Oviedo,  iii.  459. 


DEPARTIT.E  OF  OLID. 


OSS 


Mit'  \]]roo  el"  four  tlins  ostoonicd  l)y  tlio  ^-i-c.it  (V)nquor()r 
was  Crisl(')I);il  do  Olid,''  Ix'foi'o  iniMitioiR'd,  wl'o,  owiiiLf 
to  Ills  proiniiu'ut  position  under  (lovornor  Vrl!i/(jU('Z 
of  Cuha,  had  Iummi  ai)poiiit(Hl  onptain  uiidor  (^ortes 
wlion  ho  set  out  for  the  suhjui^atioii  of  ^rontrzunia's 
t'lnpiro.  His  devotion,  oonra-^v.  arttl  ahilitv  liad  made 
him  a  fiivorite,  and  at  tlie  fall  of  ^Fexieo  he  had  heen 
rewarded  witli  an  ample  sliare  of  the  treasures  and 
enooniiendas.  AVhile  lacklni^  in  sinceiity  and  de[»lh 
of  thought,  and  being  h'ss  fit  for  the  couneil,  he  [)os- 
st'ssed  qualities  whieh  made  liini  an  aihnirahle  ext^'U- 
tive  offieer.  He  was  at  this  time;  ahout  thirty-seven, 
of  powerful  piiysirpie  and  stentorian  voire,  which  eon- 
ti'ihutod  not  a  little  to  his  success  as  a  leader." 

Several  of  the  old  campaigners,  but  lately  ensconced 
in  siuig  plantations  where  they  were  enjTning  a  post- 
bellum  repose,  were  called  to  aid  Olid.  This  they  did, 
thou'di  not  alwavs  conseutin'jr  with  chei>rful  {'ixcch. 
Among  the  nund)er  was  Captain  Ijriones,  a  turbulent 
fellow,  who  had  1)r()UL>'ht  stMuc  scars  from  tlu;  wai's  in 
Italy,  and,  after  airing  his  profaiie  vocabulary  as  com- 
mander t)f  brigantines  during  tlu!  siege  of  Mi'xico,  had 
nursed  a  hatred  aiminst  Cortes  for  services  that  he 
i'ancied  to  have  been  ill  puid.^  Two  priests  were  added 
to  the  expedition. 

Olid  was  instructed  to  direct  his  course  to  Capo 
Tlibneras,  and  after  foundinii:  a  fortilivMl  settlement  to 
despatch  the  three  largest  vessels  to  ( 'uba  for  supplies, 
while  the  three  smaller,  under  command  of  llurtado 
de  ]Mendoza,  the  cousin  of  Cortes,  were  to  search  for 
a  strait  as  far  as  Darien,  ex})loring  first  the  gulf  there- 

•■•-vNo  written  Oli,  Olit,  Olito.  Dcilid,  Dolit.  A  lii.lal^^'o  of  J'-iicza.  Ono/o, 
iii.  Iss.     Si'o  cliiip.  vi.  vol.  i.,  J/lxl.  Mijirn,  tliis  sciif:;. 

"  l')cn\al  Diaz  doscribcs  liiiii  as  a  wxll  loitnud,  sti'oiig-limln'il  man,  with 
vjiU'  slioiiKk'is  and  a  soincwliat  fair  comiili'xioii.  Dcspili;  Uic  jicculiaiily  of  iv 
giDovc  ill  ll;.>  lowir  liji,  wliicli  j^'avc  it  the  appt'^waiKo  of  In  iii','  split,  the  face 
Mas  most  attrautivo.  '  V.v.i  uii  Hoctori'ii  il  csfncrvo.  pafa  roiiiliatir.'  Uu  v.as 
iiiarrii'd  to  a  l'ortnj,'iicse,  l'\di]iad(!  Aianjo,  hy  whiiu  lio  hail  a  daiiyjitur.  Hist. 
V'  idml.,  170,  177,  -40.  Further  rcfcronceH  in  chap.  vi.  vol.  i.,  //('*/.  Jlrxiro, 
thia  series. 

'Tiio  lohes  of  hia  cars  were  shorn  l>y  eaptors.  he  said,  of  a  foi'tress  whieh 
lie  i>ad  aided  too  ohstinately  in  defending.  Ijernal  I.>iuz  appears  to  doubt  this 
t.xplunaliou.  IJid.  I'cnUul.,  17ti,  '77. 


526 


COLONIZATION  IX  HONDURAS. 


about,  that  is  the  Bahia  de  la  Ascension,  as  the  in- 
structions read,  from  which  "many  pilots  believe  a 
strait  to  lead  into  the  other  sea."  The  fleet  left  San 
Juan  de  Chalchiuhcuecan,  the  present  Vera  Cruz,  Jan- 
uary 11,  1524,  for  Habana,  where  an  agent  of  Cortes 
was  then  purchasing  additional  arms,  horses,  and  stores. 
for  01id.« 


Let  traitors  beware  of  treachery.  Cortds  had  been 
untrue  to  Governor  Velazquez :  by  what  law  of  compen- 
sation could  he  expect  subordinates  to  be  true  to  him  ? 
Scarcely  was  the  fleet  adrift  before  Briones  was  whis- 
pering his  commander  treason.  And  when  on  landinjjf 
at  Habana  the  Cuban  governor,  with  all  the  hatred  of 
foiled  ambition,  joined  the  foes  of  Cortds  to  work  ujion 
the  fidelity  of  his  captain.  Olid  was  shaken.  "  Mexico 
by  right  is  mine,"  argued  the  governor.  "  It  is  I  who 
am  your  rightful  chief,  and  I  absolve  you  from  the 
miscreant  you  follow.  Strike  out  from  him,  as  did  lie 
from  mc;  I  will  furnish  men  and  money,  and  the  king 
shall  know  of  your  conduct  and  reward  it."" 

Ere  the  fleet  left  Cuba  Olid  had  decided  on  liis 
course.  He  had  learned  prudence,  however,  under 
his  wily  chief,  and  resolved  to  do  nothing  decisive, 
until  he  found  himself  strong  enough,  and  had  learned 
whether  the  country  was  worth  the  risk.^°     On  land- 

*The  agent,  Alonao  de  Contrcras,  had  received  8,000  pesos  de  oro  for 
the  piiriiose,  in  order  that  the  expedition  should  not  be  hampered  for  want 
of  means,  nor  be  obliged  to  prey  at  once  upon  the  natives.  Oviedo,  iii.  4.")'.). 
Cortes  estimates  the  total  cost  of  the  expedition  at  over  50,000  ducats.  Mi  m., 
in  .Doc.  Ini:d.,  iv.  2'27;  Iiinlnic,  in  Pacheco  and  Cdrdenan,  Col.  JJoc,  xiii.  .">• 
Gaxlon,  in  id.,  xii.  .380,  with  details  of  expenses.  The  purchases  were  nm'lo 
ere  tlie  presence  of  the  fleet  should  raise  prices  at  Habana,  and  yet  a  faiK'-ra 
of  maize  cost  two  pesos  de  oro,  a  sword  eight  pesos,  a  crossbow  twenty,  ami 
a  fircliiok  one  hundred ;  while  a  shipmaster  received  eight  hundred  pesos  a 
month.  Gnmara,  JliM.  Mrx.,  243, 

"  '  Sc  luibia  confederado  el  tal  Cristobal  Dolit  con  Diego  Velazquez,  y  ipio 
i])a  con  voluntad  de  no  mo  obedecer,  antes  de  le  entregar  la  tierra  nl  diclio 
Diego  Velazquez  y  juntarso  con  el  contra  mi.'  Cortt'ii,  Carta.%  ',VM.  'COcir- 
taro  .  .  q  entre  (\,  y  Christoval  do  Oli,  tuviesscn  aquella  tierra  de  Higucras  . .  . 
y  q  el  Diego  Velazquez  le  proveeria  do  lo  i7  huviessc  menester.'  Bernal  />/«:, 
JliHt.  Vcniad.,  177;  Oviedo,  iii.  113;  Gomdra,  IIis(.  Mex.,  243. 

'"If  not,  ho  would  I'etuni  to  Mexico  to  his  wife  and  estates,  and  aillini 
before  Cortos  that  his  agreement  with  Velazquez  was  subterfuge  on  his 
part  to  obtain  stores  and  men.  Bcnial  Diaz,  Ili^t,  Verdad.,  177. 


GIL  GONZALEZ  AND  OLID. 


527 


ino",  therefore,  some  fourteen  leagues  cast  of  Caballos, 
the  3d  of  May,  he  not  only  took  possession  in  the 
name  of  Cortds,  but  appointed  the  officials  named  by 
him.     The  papers  of  possession,  however,  bore  Olid's 


name. 


11 


To  the  town  here  founded  was  given  the 


name  of  Triunfo  de  la  Cruz,  from  the  day  of  landing." 
Olid  was  not  long  in  openly  declaring  his  inten- 
tions. Most  of  his  company  acquiesced;  a  few  did 
not.  Those  latter  to  the  number  of  three  score,  un- 
der an  officer  named  Valenzuela,  after  robbing  the 
town  during  the  absence  of  the  men  in  the  interior, 
seized  one  of  the  vessels  and  set  sail  for  Mexico,  but 
only  to  meet  shipwreck  and  starvation  at  Cozumel 
Island."  All  thoughts  of  searching  for  a  strait  had 
been  abandoned,  and  Olid  determined  to  hasten  for- 
Avard,  make  himself  acquainted  with  the  country, 
and  secure  possession.  It  was  not  many  days  before 
he  came  upon  the  bands  of  Spaniards  whom  we  have 
seen  there  fighting  each  other,  and  Olid's  presence 
among  them  tended  in  no  wise  to  lessen  complications. 

Gil  Gonzalez  was  not  in  condition  to  meet  so  pow- 
erful an  opponent  as  Olid,  especially  with  a  threaten- 
ing avenger  in  the  nenr  west;  and  so  he  thought  it 
prudent  to  retire  uniii  he  niight  secure  to  his  own 
interests  at  least  one  .Ade  by  an  alliance.  Nor  was 
Olid  juFt  then  strong  enough  openly  to  brave  a  well 
known  Spanish  loader.  He  therefore  met  the  ad- 
vances made  him  by  Gil  Gonzalez  i:i  a  friendly  spirit, 
and  sought  by  artful  letters  to  lull  suspicions  regard- 
ing]^ liis  true  motives. 

Smxdy  they  were  not  in  vaii),  the  lessons  he  had 
Icju.:  .d  under  the  astute  Cortds.     Watching  an  op- 

"  'Con  que  comcn(;6  a  entenilcr  que  so  yuo,  apartamlo  do  la  oliodiencia 
dc  ( 'orti5s. '  Ilerrfra,  dec.  iii.  lib.  v.  cf.p.  xii. 

'■Jiinrros,  Ouat.,  4'2-'.i.  It  was  soon  alMindoned.  See  chap,  xvi.,  iiOi,e  5, 
this  volume. 

"  This  ftccording  to  Oowara,  Illst.  M(>x.,2G0,  and  Cortc,  Cnrtnif,  407.  wlio 
do  nnt,  however,  clearly  indicate  that  V^alen.'uclii  was  one  (■*■  Olid's  oHicers. 
liitornicdof  tlio  wreck,  l)yCaaasprol)ably,Cortt'a>:enti\vedsol  for  them,  whiili 
\v;is  idso  wrecked,  on  the  Cuban  coast.  Bernal  Diaz,  ItUt,  Vti  dtul,  20!i,  alludca 
tu  tliis  party  as  twenty-livo  n)eu  sent  to  kidnap  ludiou.^. 


628 


COLONIZATION  IN  HONDURAS. 


portunity,  when  Gil  Gonzalez  had  confidingly  divided 
his  forces,  he  sent  Brioncs,  his  maestro  de  campo,  to 
surprise  them  in  detail,  while  he  himself  prepared 
with  another  body  to  descend  in  two  caravels  on  the 
coast  settlements.  Early  next  morning,  as  Olid  awoke 
pluming  himself  over  his  well  laid  plans,  a  page 
rushed  in,  announcing,  "  Two  sails  in  the  offing,  seiior 
capitan!"  Olid  hastened  to  the  shore  not  without 
misgivings  that  this  might  be  a  Mexican  expedition, 
bearing  perhaps  his  injured  chief. 

It  so  happened  that  while  the  renegade  Olid  was  at 
Habana,  the  royal  factor,  Salazar,  had  arrived  tlicro 
en  route  for  Mexico  to  assume  office,  and  learned  only 
too  clearly  what  was  brewing.  Nor  was  he  the  only 
one  to  carry  the  news.  Cortes  heard  it  with  dis- 
tended nostrils,  and  the  characteristic  swelling  of  his 
veins  ^*  indicated  the  anger  which  the  next  moment 
found  utterance.  "  Villain !  whom  I  have  reared,  and 
honored,  and  trusted;  by  God  and  St  Peter  ho  shall 
rue  it!"^^  Unable  to  enter  in  person  upon  the  deter- 
mined chastisement,  the  general  sent  Francisco  dii  las 
Casas,  a  resolute  man  of  no  mean  ability,  married  to 
a  cousin-german^"  of  his,  and  therefore  regarded  with 
greater  confidence.  He  relied  also  on  the  many  warm 
adherents  in  the  rebel  camp  who  could  require  no 
very  strong  appeal  to  return  to  their  leader.  For 
this  reason  four  vessels,  two  of  them  quite  small,"  and 

'*  'Cum  narinm  et  venarum  gutturis  summo  tumore  prto  ira,  Hxpe  ilcdit 
de  taula  auiiui  perturbatioiio  signa,  uequo  a  verbis  iil  signilicautibua  ab- 
stinuit.'  Pcli'r  Martyr,  cleo.  viii.  cup.  x. 

'-'  CorWs  did  not  overlook  tlio  application  of  the  act  to  his  own  esca- 
pade with  Vcla/.(iucz.  In  coinplaiuing  to  the  emperor,  ho  assumes  that  many 
uill  regard  it  as  a  pnta  peccati,  but  explains  that  Olid  hail  no  share  in 
this  expedition,  as  ho  himself  had  had  in  the  one  from  Cuba.  With  respect 
to  tho  present  lleet,  lio  regretted  not  bo  much  the  loss  of  40,000  pesos  ilu 
oro  as  tho  injmy  the  rebellion  nuist  cause  the  imperial  interest,  in  d"liiy  of 
exploration  and  settlement  and  in  excesses  against  Indians.  Further, 
he  remarks  pointedly,  euoh  revolts  will  deter  loyal  and  entcrprishig  men 
front  embarking  their  fortune  in  tho  service  of  the  crown.  Carfa-i,  Xil. 

lu  Jifinra,  doc.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  xiii.  Corte's,  Carton,  H'M,  calls  him  '  primo,' 
which  may  bear  tho  same  interpretation.  Oviedo,  iii.  517,  calls  huu  brotln.'r- 
iu-law. 

''  Fitted  out  with  sails  and  rigging  of  vesaels  seized  f'^oni  tradci:.,  uud 


CASAS  SENT  AFTER  OLID. 


529 


one  huiulrcd  and  fifty  men  were  deemed  a  sufficient 
force  to  subjugate  the  usurper. 

As  the  fleet  approached  Triunfo  a  boatman  was 
captured  who  gave  information  of  the  state  of  affairs, 
and  on  cnterinof  tlie  harbor  Casas  hoisted  a  flaij  of 
]ieace  with  the  hope  that  friendly  overtures  might 
I'l'ing  about  a  revolution  of  sentiment,  among  a  por- 
t  ion  of  the  rebels,  in  favor  of  his  chief.  Olid,  however, 
V,  lio  had  at  once  suspected  the  character  of  the  ar- 
lival,  knew  the  danger  of  a  parley,  particularly  since 
tlie  greater  part  of  his  force  was  absent.  Brave  and 
resolute,  he  ordered  his  two  caravels  to  be  manned, 
eind  opened  fire  to  prevent  a  landing.  Finding  his 
overtures  disregarded  Casas  replied  with  equal  spirit, 
covering  at  the  same  time  the  operations  of  the  boats 
wliich  he  sent  oflf.  It  was  an  original  spectacle  in 
these  parts,  Spaniards  fighting  Spaniards,  in  regular 
naval  engagement;  and  as  the  hissing  projectiles  Hew 
out  from  the  smoke  over  the  still  waters,  followed 
now  and  then  by  a  crash,  the  noise  of  battle  reverber- 
ating (jver  the  forest-clad  hills,  the  dusky  spectators 


wno  lined  the  shore  should   have  been  exceedingly 

lateful  for  this  free  exhibition  of  the  wisdom  and 

\wr  rf  European  civilization  that  had  come  so  far 


^ruct   them    in    such    a    fashion.^^     Presently, 
Uie  boom  of  cannon  and  dindy  belching  fiames. 


Olid's  gunners  had  found  their 


1" 

; "    in 

iW'.'ii'i. 

..'ric:«  of  distres'-'  were  heard,  followed  not  long  after 
liy  '^  ')y' .-'  of  victory. 

widi  pressed  crews;  the  fleet  was  imlercil  to  iiitoroept  Jiny  coniinunication 
.•III  1  aid  !\ir  lloiuliuas.  Ti  Mhnonio,  \\\  J'lv/iiro  iuul  < '(irdrna.---,  (W.  J/nr,,  \ii. 
'-'7! -7.  'I'liey  were  all  tlio  vessels  tliat  eonlil  Ik;  iil)taine(l,  it  wceiiis.  One  (ir 
li  nil  (if  the  small  craft  de.serteil  and  took  refuge  in  Culw,  there  ti)  leave  testi- 
l.inny.  See  also  Jiili.i'ioii  dc  lo^  (ll</itri-^,  in  /'/.,  xiv.  4,'>;  Corli's,  Carids,  S.'il!. 
Hi  rnid  Diaz  jilaees  the  luiinherof  vesselsat  live  and  the  stildiers  (it  UK),  iininiii'_' 
W  eoiKniistadores.  llht.  I'lnlml.,  I!t4.  Out  of  the  I.'jO  the  mildiers  pi'ohably 
i!id  iii;nd)er  100,  and  there  niuj  have  lieen  live  vessels,  for  llemia  states  that 
'  'orti'S  sent  a  ship  with  stores  under  I'edro  Oonzidoz  to  follow  Casas.  OH'  tlu^ 
TV  coustof  llouduraa  he  was  overtaken  hy  a  storm  whicii  drove  him  back  to 
v..  louj  with  the  lielief  that  tiie  fleet  must  have  perished,  dee.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap. 
tionmra,  l/int.  Mcj-.,  *J43,  mentions  only  two  vessels. 
"  Assi  estuuieron  todo  anuel  dia,'  says  Herrera,  lac  rit..,  who  leaves  t ho 
V. ,ider  to  suppose  that  at  one  time  the  advanta;,'e  leant  to  Olid's  .side  and 
iai..>ed  Ca.sas  to  lioist  a  llai,'  of  truce  which  wa.s  disregarded;  but  otlier  au- 
tliLirities  do  n(jt  take  this  view. 
Hisi.  Ckn.  Am.,  Vol.  I. 


'  I  I 


■it 


530 


COLONIZATION  IN  IIONDUT.AS. 


mat  oil.  One  of  his  caravels  was  sinkino,  and  the 
attacking  boats  were  approaching  the  second.  11  r- 
ricdly  sounding  the  recall  he  sought  the  shore,  with 
tlic  loss  of  a  few  men/"  sending  meanwhile  a  boat  to 
the  victor  with  a  proposal  for  truce,  on  condition  that 
no  landing  should  be  effected  till  the  negotiations  lor 
surrender  were  completed.  Casas  consents;  and  Arcs 
<lons  tfio  mask  of  Pallas.  The  first  act  of  Olid 
on  sigJ!  •I''"  the  fleet  had  been  to  despatch  a  mes- 
senger u.  lieutenant  Briones,  summoning  him  in 
all  haste  I  his  assistance.  Time  might  now  lio 
gained  by  parley.  But  to  the  same  lieutenant  wont 
another  messenger  from  Casas  with  the  most  alluriii'-- 
promises  for  active  or  passive  aid.  And  in  this 
Casas  was  so  far  successful  that  Olid  waited  in  vain 
for  succor,  while  his  opponent,  under  further  prosjiect 
of  support  in  the  camp  itself,  lay  confidently  at 
anchor  waiting  the  dawn.^" 

It  was  a  golden  chain  of  treachery  thus  lengtlicn- 
ing  itself  from  the  capital  of  the  Indies  throuLili 
^Mexico  and  into  the  wilderness  of  Central  Anierira: 
Velazquez  revolts  from  Diego  Colon,  Cortes  IVoiii 
Velazquez,  Olid  from  Cortes,  and  Briones  from  Olid. 
But  wliat  avails  the  cunning  of  man  against  the  go(l^^! 
1'hat  night  a  storm  burst  upon  the  liarbor,  and  witliiii 
an  hour  the  late  victor  found  himsclt",  with  tiie  loss  of 
his  vessels  and  some  forty  men,  upon  the  shore  swear- 
ing allesjrinnce  to  the  enemy.^^  J^uffeted  to  exliaus 
tion  by  the  waves,  and  without  arms,  Casas  was  thus 
fished  in  by  the  exultant  Olid. 

The  next  step  was  to  secure  the  fleeing  Gil  Goii- 


''•'FdurPoMicvs.  llcriinl  IVin:,  Jfi.if.  Vcrihiil.,  104;  without  loss,  snya  Ucrrii'.i. 

'-'"  '  O  i's\u'i','iiiili>  ((111  iut('iK'i(">  (1(!  so  \v  II,  otrii  liiiia  ii  (Icscinliiii'car,'  i<  (nic  df 
tlic  suppositions  (if  111  null  l)iir.,  Ilitt.  I'm/ml.,  I!)t.  '  Hfioiu'S  .  .  .  vn  tciiicMil') 
nuisodi-  {'"riiiit'lsco  do  Ins  Casas,  sonparto  do  ("liristoiial  ilo  Olid,  y  touio  la  vd/, 
do  Cortos.'  //irrrni,  iihl  sup.  It  appoars  that  I'i'ioiios  had  hy  (ills  liiiio  piiii"! 
ail  advaiitap!  ovor  (!il  ( ioiizalo/,  captiiriiiji  ovor  M)  of  liis  iiioii ;  Imt  lie  icw 
roloasod  tlii'in  undor  ooitaia  conditions.  Corfcs,  ('(iiin.i,  4,"i!t.  IJofniil  l>iii/ 
ahsiuiios  that  llfioiios'  I'ovolt  oi;ourroil  later  and  that  lie  sot  out  for  Moxici, 

■•'  At'tor  oonvinciiii;  him  hy  moans  of  two  or  throe  days  of  exposure  :i\'A 
Btarvation,  as  Bonial  Oia/  and  (ionmra  seem  to  intiinute.  llerrcra  ansulli^^^ 
that  he  won  Iiiiu  by  kinil  treatment. 


nil 


of 

US- 
UI-; 

on- 


vvn. 

11'  ut 

nia.) 

,   Vn/. 

lilli  'I 

linW 

l)i,./ 

'\w\ 

liUH'S 

OLID  CAPTURES  HIS  ENEMIES. 

y.i\\o,z,  who  was  surprised  at  Choloma  and  brought 
to  headquarters,'*^  whicli  liad  nieanwlille  been  removed 
to  Xaeo,  a  fertile  and  sahibrious  valley  about  twenty 
Jent^ues  from  Caballos,  occupying  a  central  position 
and  abundantly  su])plied  with  means  of  subsistence. 
Olid  was  a  generous  jailer.  lie  was  haunted  by 
none  of  the  suspicious  fear  which  resorted  to  mana- 
cles and  shackles.  Casas  and  Gil  Gonzalez  were 
treated  rather  as  guests  than  as  prisoners;  they  were 
given  seats  at  J^'d's  own  table,  and  allowed  to  share 
in  every  conviviality.  They  enjoyed  in  fiict  every 
liberty,  except  that  of  crossing  the  limit  fixed  for 
(heir  movements.  Finding  the  host  so  le?  ient  Casas 
legan  to  plead  also  for  release.  He  wished  to  pre- 
sent himself  before  Cortes  and  justify  his  conduct. 
Olid  of  course  would  not  consent.  "You  arc  too 
jileasant  a  companion  for  me  to  lose,"  he  smilingly 
said  to  his  captive.  "Ah,  well!  your  worship,"  Casas 
icplied,  "  pniy  Cod  I  prove  not  so  pleasant  as 
.•onie  day  to  kill  you."  The  prisoners  had  not  failed 
io  improve  the  opportunities  which  their  trusting 
lu^st  provided,  and  finding  that  Briones  held  out  as  a 
ii'hel,  they  gained  sufficient  confidence  to  form  a  con- 
spiracy. On  a  certain  evening  scats  at  table  were 
secured  for  two  accomplices,  while  near  at  hand  were 
others  awaiting  the  appointed  signal.  Ever  a  most 
agreeable  companion,  on  this  occasion  Casas  outdid 
liiinself;  and  had  not  Olid  been  of  so  unsusjiectlng  a 
nature  he  would  hav(3  seen  tlir(^ugh  tlie  veil  (tf  allec- 
talion  that  enveloped  tlie  conversation.  When  th«.j 
^ able  M'as  clear-xl  and  tlie  attendants  ]ia,d  withdrawn, 
the  conspirators  oxchangiHl  glances;  whereujion  om: 
of   tliem,   Juan   Nunez  de   Mercado,    passed    behind 

'■''  After  the  defeat  liy  Bviones,  Oil  Gonzalez  Heems  to  liavo  become  hc- 
viiMcreil.  Li.'iiviut;  a  .o\v  fulloui'i-.s  iit  Xito  iiiider  K)ie^,'i)  do  Aniii'.'ita,  lie  om- 
I  Jikod  ill  tlifci!  vessi'N,  toiiclicd  at  San  (111  to  Iuiiil,'  l'"iaiU'i-ico  nii|ii('liii('  and  ik 
1 11  iityiiian  for  liaviii;;  led  a  levolt,  and  tliciiue  pniceeiied  to  ('lioloiiia.  Owing 
1"  Uiiones'  defet'tiuu  Ids  cajitiire  was  iiitiusted  tu.luan  Miiaiio.  I/irrirn,  dco. 
li.  HI).  V.  eap.  xiii.  'I'lio  Huizuru  was  elli.'oted  witli  the  loss  of  his  hi'IiIh'w  <iil 
'!■  Avila  an<(  ei;^ht  Holdiers.  11  riml  ]>iii-,  i/is/.  I'lnhnl..  1!)4;  Cviir.i,  (aiiiiH, 
I  )!•.    Oviuilo  uasumes  tliut  Uouzulez  waa  eutiuiipcd  by  false  promisea.  iii.  188. 


I 


h 


^ 


632 


COLONIZATIOX  IN  HONDURAS. 


Olid,  and  seizing  his  head  pulled  it  back,  wliilo 
Casas,  who  was  seated  beside  him,  rose  and  graspiiiL^ 
him  by  the  board,  began  to  slash  at  his  throat  witli  a 
pocket  knife,'^''  crying,  "Tyrant!  th3  earth  shall  no 
lonofer  endure  thee."  Gil  Gonzalez  vas  instantly  on 
the  other  side  of  Olid  stabbinj;  hin-  in  the  breast. 
Yet  with  all  their  advantage  they  made  slovenly 
work  of  it,  cutting  up  the  old  hero.  Ho  was  a 
powerful  man,  and  in  a  moment  had  recovered  himself 
and  was  hurlins:  his  assailants  ricjht  and  left.  IFo 
called  to  his  guard,  but  these  were  quickly  secure  d 
by  the  conspirators.  Olid  made  his  escape,  however, 
and  souGfht  a  thicket  where  he  fell,  faintini;  from  Ltss 
of  ])1(  od.  The  conspirators  shouted  lustily,  aflfirmiiijj^ 
that  he  was  dead,  and  called  on  all  present,  in  tlic 
name  of  the  emperor  and  of  Cortds,  to  rally  round 
Casas.^*     None  cared  to  refuse. 

^Meanwhile  Crist/)bal  de  Olid,  one  of  the  proudo.-t 
of  ]\Iexico's  proud  conquerors,  felt  that  the  knives  of 
those  assassins  had  been  too  much  for  him.  He  wlio 
had  so  maiy  times  faced  death  for  mighty  cnu^^o 
must  now  die  of  dastardly  l^lows  inflicted  by  country- 
men. True,  he  was  a  rebel.  But  so  was  his  masti  i'. 
And  who  of  those  present  would  not  cast  off  any 
allesfiance  the  moment  their  interests  demanded  if  ' 
The  cold  grasp  of  death  was  on  him.  Of  what  avail 
at  this  moment  were  the  hardships  endured,  and  tlio 
infamies  so  lately  inflicted  in  the  crushing  of  IMontc- 
zuma  and  his  people?  Crawling  to  an  Indian  hut  Ik; 
bciTfixod  shelter  and  secrecy,  offerino;  all  his  wealth  I'oi' 
these  favors,  and  for  yet  another,  that  a  priest  shou!  I 
be  summoned.  How  many  of  this  race  had  bcg^xd 
of  him,  and  begged  in  vain!  The  owner  of  the  hut 
went  out  upon  liis  mission.  It  was  almost  impossiM  ■ 
that  the  dying  conquistador  should  not  thereby  la! 
discovered,  but  to  die  unshriven  was  death  tluin; 

■'  'Con  iin  cuchillo  do  cscribnnfns,  que  otra  arma  no  tenia.  .  .  dieiciiil': 
"  Yii  no  cs  tioiiipo  <lo  snfrii'  nuis  este  tirano."  '  ('i>rtt\i,  ('artas,  4(i0. 

'-'  '  Acjiua  del  Key,  o  do  (^ortos  contra  cste  tirano,  quo  ya  no  cs  tieniim  ie 
mas  sufrir  sua  tiraiiius.'  Ikriial  Diaz,  /lint.Venlcul,,  195. 


THE  DEATH  OF  OLID. 


m 


over.  Closely  upon  the  priest's  heels  like  thirst- 
ing bloodhounds  followed  the  assassins,  who,  now 
that  their  noble  quarry  was  stricken,  plucked  up  the 
courage  to  cut  oft'  his  head  by  law.  Dragging  forth 
the  dying  man,  a  court  was  formed,  which  that  night 
declared  him  traitor,  and  doomed  him  to  death.  As 
if  to  favor  them,  life  lingered  with  the  prisoner  until 
morning,  when  he  was  brought  into  the  plaza,  his  eyes 
half  closed  in  death,  to  receive  his  sentence.  There 
and  then  the  hideous  mockery  was  completutl;  and  as 
the  head  was  sev^ered  not  one  voice  was  heard,  not 
one  hand  moved  in  sympathy  for  the  gallant  soldier 
who  had  so  often  led  his  men  to  victory,  and  whoso 
luind  had  been  as  free  to  give  as  was  his  voice  to 
cheer.'^' 

Being  now  master  of  the  situation,  Casas  made 
some  necessary  cliangcs  among  the  officials  to  insure 
the  fruits  of  victory.  Triunfo  having  proved  unsafe, 
it  was  decided  to  form  a  settlement  in  a  more  secure 
1 '.arbor.  Nearly  four  score  enrolled  themselves  as 
settlers  and  a  municipality  was  appointed,  with  the 
locommendation  to  select  a  site  at  Puerto  de  Caba- 
llos,  if  found  suitable,  and  to  name  the  town  Trujillo, 
after  the  native  town  of  Casas.'^  Eager  to  relieve 
the  anxiety  of  Cortes  and  to  consult  with  him,  Casas 
did  not  stay  to  see  this  carried  out,  but  selecting 
Juan  Lopez  de  Aguirre,  originally  treasurer,  as  his 
lieutenant,  aided  by  the  new  alcaldes,  Mendoza  and 
^[edina,  the  latter  also  contador,  he  set  out  on  his 
leturn  to  Mexico.  A  large  numl^er  accompanied  him, 
Icavinjj  but  a  little  more  than  a  hundred  adherents  of 

'•^■'According  to  Herrera,  tlio  confi-s.sor,  nwcd  Jjy  the  proclamation,  rcvcalcil 
the  liiding-plaoe,  after  exacting  a  iironiiso  tiiat  no  lianu  should  i)cfall  liia 
liroti'gii.  The  promise  was  disregarded  on  the  principle  that  '  dc-Td  man  wages 
no  war,'  and  although  Olid  was  dvud  wlien  the  hour  came  for  execution,  yet 
tlio  corpue  was  publicly  beheaded,  dec.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  xii.  Other  authorities 
ill)  not  state  how  he  was  di!scovere<l  or  an-ested.  'Otro  dia  por  la  nianana, 
lui'ho  su  proceso  contra  el,  anibos  los  capitanes  (Ca.saa  and  (Jon/ale/.)  junta,- 
inruto  Ic  sentenciaron  A  nuierte.'  CorUs,  Carta.%  4(30.  'Assi  feneoio  sii  vida, 
I'lr  teller  en  poco  bu  contrario.'  Gomura,  //»V.  Mex.,  244.  His  brother,  Aii- 
tniiio  de  Olid,  sought  justice  before  the  Conscjo  do  Inilias  against  Cusos  aud 
Goii/alez  for  tlio  murder.  JJerrera,  dec.  iii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xi. 

^"lu  Estieiiiadura. 


084 


COLONIZATION  IN  HONQUR^VS. 


Cortds  in  the  province."  Among  those  who  went 
was  Gil  Gonzalez,  too  dangerous  a  man  to  leave  be- 
hind, who  must  appear  before  Cortes  and  arrange 
with  him  as  to  what  share  in  the  province  he  miglit 
keep,  if  any.  Meanwhile  his  men  appear  to  have 
been  left  in  possession  of  the  Nito  district.^*  Thu 
route  taken  led  through  Guatemala,  the  later  high- 
way to  Mexico.  On  the  road  they  came  upon  Briones, 
who  fancied  that  his  desertion  of  Olid  entitled  him  to 
consideration  on  the  part  of  Olid's  enemy.  But  no- 
body liked  the  man,  and  regarding  him,  furthermore, 
as  dangerous  to  the  peace  of  Honduras,  they  took  the 
precaution  of  hanging  him. 

Lieutenant  Aguirre  conducted  his  party  to  Ca- 
ballos,  as  instructed,  but  the  site  did  not  meet  witli 
general  approval,  and  a  vessel  arriving  with  a  glowin^i,' 
description  of  Puerto  de  Honduras,  it  was  decided 
to  go  there.  The  vessel  was  chartered  and  Aguint; 
went  on  board  with  nearly  forty  men,  a  number  of 
native  servants,  and  the  stores  and  other  articles 
which  the  party  proceeding  by  land  could  not  con- 
veniently carry.  When  the  land  expedition  reached 
the  port  no  vessel  was  there.  An  anxious  search 
being  instituted  for  the  possible  evidence  of  a  shij)- 
wreck,  an  inscription  by  Aguirre  was  found  biddhiL;- 
the  men  not  to  grieve;  he  had  sailed  on  for  supplits 

"'  '  Hallilronse  ciento  y  diez  hombres  (,'ie  dijoron  que  quorian  poblar,  y  k» 
denii\s  todos  dijeron  que  sequcriau  ir  con  Francisco  dc  las  C'asas.'  Cortes,  Ctir- 
ta.-!,  4fi().  See  also  hi  forme,  in  Pachcro  and  Cdrdcnan,  Vol.  Doc,  ii.  I'M,  HI. 
These  did  not  comprise  Gonzalez'  followers,  but  may  have  been  all  of  Oliil's 
and  Casas'  men  who  cared  to  I'emain  in  Honduras;  yet  it  seems  strange  tliat 
the  latter  should  have  allowed  so  large  a  number  to  abandon  a  province  \\liicii 
they  hatl  been  sent  to  occupy. 

^**  Oviodo  assumes  that  Casaa  would  brook  no  rival  after  his  triumph,  nu'l 
made  (lonzalez  a  prisoner,  '  o  Ucvolo  en  grillos  .i  la  Nueva  E8])ari,"..'  iii.  iss  f), 
ClcS.  Tlio  last  assertion  is  even  less  likely.  AH'airs  had  meanwhile  cliau'jiil 
in  Mexico,  iind  like  Casas  he  fell  into  tiio  hands  of  Cortes'  enemies,  wlio  w'l'H' 
at  Hr.st  intent  on  their  execution,  but  tdtiniately  sent  both  to  S]iain  for  triiil. 
One  of  tlie  cliariies  was  the  nuii'derof  Olid.  <Tonzaloz  was  wrecked  on  I'iiy.d 
Island,  but  reached  Seville  in  April,  lo'M,  only  to  be  confined  in  the  atiu:i- 
zana,  or  arsenal.  Jleleased  on  parole,  as  a  knij^ht  commander  of  SantinLfo,  lie 
returned  to  his  home  at  Avila,  and  there  died  not  lonj,'  after,  snyw  Ovii'ilo, 
deeply  repentant  of  his  sins.  JJdvila,  Tcsllmouio,  iu  Puckeco  and  C'urd<;nui:, 
CW.  i)oc,,  xii.  3U2-7. 


THE  SANTO  DOMIXGO  AUTHORITIES. 


and  would  soon  return.  The  mockery  of  this  mes- 
sage was  only  too  a})parent,  and  bitterly  did  they 
denounce  the  deserters  who  had  carried  off  not 
only  treasure  and  effects,  but  abandoned  them  on  a 
strange  shore  with  l)ut  scanty  armament.  The  horses 
were  now  their  main  reliance.  Although  pooi'ly  pro- 
vided they  remained,  and  electing  Alcalde  Medina  to 
the  captaincy,  proceeded  on  May  18,  1525,  to  found 
Tiujillo  and  install  ofHccrs.^ 

One  morning,  not  long  after,  a  caravel  was  seen 
approaching,  and  eagerly  the  officials  set  out  to  meet 
her.  But  it  was  not  theirs.  The  audicncia  of  Santo 
Domingo  had  heard  of  the  threatened  collision  of 
rival  factions  in  Honduras,  and  of  the  fuel  Casas  was 
1  (ringing  to  the  flame.  They  were  desirous  that  their 
authority  should  be  felt  in  these  parts.  They  would 
bend  the  spirit  of  these  turbulent  governors.  On 
this  occasion  Fiscal  Ped^^o  Moreno,  a  better  trader 
than  judge,  had  been  sent  by  the  grand  tribunal  to 
Honduras  to  order  away  Casas,  to  enjoin  Cordoba 
and  Alvarado  not  to  meddle,  to  impose  on  Olid  and 
(HI  Gonzalez  the  authority  of  the  audiencia,  with 
injunctions  to  peaceably  occupy  only  that  part  of 
M'liich  they  had  been  the  first  to  take  possession,  and 
to  surrender  to  the  fiscal  the  royal  fifth.  To  cover 
the  expenses  of  the  conmiission  the  chartered  caravel 
luid  been  loaded,  for  account  of  the  crown,  with 
urms  and  stores,  which  were  to  be  distributed  amono: 
the  needy  colonists  at  a  profit.  If  the  adventure 
]»roved  successful  the  judges  might  make  a  part  of 
the  profit  their  own;  if  unfortunate,  who  so  weP 
litted  to  bear  the  loss  as  the  sovereign! 

iMcdina  related  to  Moreno  tlie  troubles  of  the 
rolonists,  including  tlie  desertion  of  Aguirre,  and  ap- 
]K'alcd  to  him  for  redress.  He  also  asked  for  arms. 
.Moreno  offered  to  relievo  the  wants  of  the  colony 

"■' Gnmarn,  ffisf.  ^^/<r.,  24").  A  minority  soon  nftcr  ■■ittcni))t(Ml  to  icplare 
^■ll'lliua  l)y  tlic  iilguiicil  Oi-liiincja.  I'dclicco  lunl  '  '(ir(lciiii.-t,  (Jul.  Due,  ii.  lij3-J. 
itstiniony  on  thu  I'oundatiou  of  Trujillo,  iu  id.,  xiv,  44-7. 


, 


!' 


I: 


I, 


m 


COLONIZATION  IN  HONDURAS. 


only  on  condition  that  it  should  transfer  allofjianco 
from  Cortds  to  the  audioncia,  as  agents  for  the  em- 
peror, and  accept  for  captain  Juan  Ruano,  one  of 
Ohd's  officers,  as  had  been  done  by  Gil  Gonzale// 
men.*'  Pressed  by  necessity  the  colonists  acquicscid. 
One  of  the  first  acts  in  coimection  with  the  transUr 
was  to  change  the  name  Trujillo  to  Ascension.  Aftir 
a  kidnapping  raid  on  a  neighboring  pueblo,  Mi)rcjnt) 
departed  with  about  forty  slaves,  promising  soon  (o 
return  with  a  force  strong  enough  to  hold  the  prov- 
ince.''* Hardly  had  his  sails  disappeared  when  tlu; 
colonists  restored  the  standard  of  Cortes,  and  scut 
JIuano  to  follow  his  patron,  with  the  reminder  tliat 
his  moderation  and  efibrts  in  their  behalf  had  alone 
saved  his  neck. 

'"Ilcirera  states  thnt  Ruano,  wuo  captured  Gonzalez,  had  ;,'ono  to  Ciiha 
after  Casa,'  triuni])h,  but  the  testimony  in  Pachero  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Do,-., 
ii.  1'27,  etc.,  shows  tliat  he  had  lieen  picked  up  by  Moreno  at  San  (iil. 

"'  He  liiiusclf  being  the  probable  captain.  Some  sixteen  slaves  were  kid- 
napped here,  and  the  rest  at  San  (^il.  I'he  account  of  Moreno's  |lroeelMIill^■i, 
Ity  tliti'ereut  witnesses,  is  to  bo  toiuid  in  IiiJ'orniaclon  herhapor  6r<hti  t/r  lltrntni 
('(>i-tr.is(iliirixrisoi  piif  Moreno,  in  I'acheco  and  CdriloiuK,  Col. Doc,  ii.  liiT-TH; 
and  in  Itdanoii  tie  /n.i  Oidorc!^,  in  id.,  xiv.  30,  etc.  When  the  emperor  harm  d 
of  tilt!  kidnapping,  ho  angrily  ordered  the  release  of  the  slaves,  and  their  giiod 
treiituient  pending  an  investigation.  Ifcrrvra,  dec.  iii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xi.  Cort'  s 
intimates  tliat  Kujmo  hatl  used  persuasion  with  Moreno  to  obtain  the  commaud. 
Curias,  4U:2-3. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

MARCH  OF  CORTES  TO  HONDURAS. 

1524-1. '52,'). 

Dol'BTS  CONCEHXINCJ  CaHAS  —  CoKTES  TlKED  OF  INACTION  —  DETERMINES 
TO  (io  IN  I'LIWON  TO  HoM>UlUS — SETS  OUT  WITH  A  LaIUIE  I'AUTY  — 
AlilUVE.S    AT   CiOAZACOALCO — TlIE   GaY    AUMY   SOON    CoMES  TO   GUIEF  — 

The  Way  Baured  iiy  Laroe  Riveus  and  Deei*  Morasses — Scarcity 
OF  Provisions — Sufferings  of  the  Soldiers — The  Trick  of  the 
Merchant-cacique — Killino  of  the  Cai'tivk  Kincss — Ai'otheosis  of 

a  ChARUEK — FeAIW  of  ReUELLIOCS  Sl'ANlAKDS  DlSSU'ATED  ON  IS'eARI.NU 

NiTo. 

Inordinate  covotings  had  never  been  character- 
istic of  Cortes;  but  when  a  man  attains  eminence  in 
wealth,  power,  or  fame,  it  seems  natural,  it  is  rather 
expected,  that  he  should  become  sordid,  graspinnf, 
callous  to  human  sympathy,  indifferent  to  noble 
sentiment,  the  slave  of  avarice  and  ambition.  Greed 
constitutes  no  small  part  of  grandeur. 

Northward  from  the  ^Mexican  capital  were  limit- 
less lands;  Cortes  could  not  tell  how  much  there 
might  be  to  the  west;  hence  one  would  think  he 
might  well  leave  to  his  countrymen  in  the  souiii 
something  for  their  pains;  that  he  might  even  give 
his  captams  independent  governments  without  dimi- 
nution of  his  manliness. 

But  insignificant  to  Cortt^s  as  was  this  Honduras 
<tnuitry,  and  petty  as  were  the  bickerings  of  its  occu- 
|iauts,  they  were  nevertheless  objects  of  solicitude 
to  the  great  chief.  No  sooner  had  Casas  left  the 
Chalchiuhcuecan  shore,  than  Cortes  began  to  doubt 
the  wisdom  of  his  course  in  sending  one  servant  after 

(537) 


\H 


'   -i 


fiSS 


MARCH  OF  CORTf:S  TO  HONDURAS. 


aiiollior.  Tlio  inoic  lio  reflected  on  tlio  popularity  ol* 
Olid  and  the  nund)er  of  liis  men,  the  eonij>aratively 
untried  ability  of  hi.s  op])onent,  and  the  n^jtuted 
wealth  of  the  country,  the  more  he  feared  for  tlie 
result,  and  wished  to  be  present  there  in  person.' 
Not  to  mention  the  itching  ])alm  for  [)ower,  this 
desii-e  was  increased  by  the  petty  esj)ionage  to  which 
the  imperial  officers  subjected  his  every  movement. 
lie  longed  to  roam  with  kindred  spirits  in  the  wilds 
of  the  south,  wherein  native  tradition  located  stately 
cities  and  treasure-filled  palaces,  lie  longed  to  meet 
a  worthy  foe.  As  he  nursed  the  dreaui,  the  ghnv 
increased  within  him  at  the  jmjspect  of  penetrating 
unknown  regions,  overcoming  toil  and  danger,  and 
discovering  something  new,  something  startling;  per- 
chance he  miffht  find  the  lon<j:-sou<xht  strait. 

A  hint  in  this  direction  was  sufficient  to  rouse 
anxiety  of  friends  and  enemies  alike.  Ho  was  tin; 
guiding  spirit  of  all  undertakings,  and  the  protecting 
shield.  All  woukl  return  to  chaos  were  he  to  with- 
draw; and  the  still  wavering  natives  who  respected 
and  feared  Malinche,  as  Cortes  was  called  by  the 
Mexicans,  above  any  host  of  soldiers,  might  rise  and 
overwhelm  them. 

So  urgent  and  general  were  the  representations 
to  this  effect  that  he  yielded,  or  pretended  to  yield." 
But  the  spirit  of  the  Castilian  exj)lorer  once  aroused 
could  not  be  repressed.  He  felt  that  he  h"d  been 
too  long  idle,  so  he  wrote  his  sovereign,  and  must  do 

'  Ilcri'pva  ns.-^mni'a  stroiif^or  roaaons,  tlic  .titIvhI  of  the  supply  vessel  sent 
nftei'  C.'isiis  with  the  report  that  the  hitter  eouhl  not  liave  escapeil  tlio 
storm  vhieli  ilrove  her  liaek  to  Mcjxieo,  and  the  iiinioreil  vietory  of  Oliil  over 
botii  his  opponents.  J5ut  it  is  jiretty  eeitain  that  (^ortir;  heanl  nothini,'  of  tlio 
latter  iiHiiir,  at  least  while  he  was  in  .Mt'xieo,  dee.  iii.  lil>.  v.  cap.  xiii. 

-The  .safi'ty  of  Jlexieo  was  iiliove  other  eonsiderations;  tin;  road  to  H'H'- 
(Itiras  wa.s  unknown  and  full  of  danger;  the  emperor  would  punish  Olid,  .'-^luli 
were  tiio  arguments  used.  Cortes  I'eplied  that  unless  ])rompt  chasti.'^enii'iit 
was  inllieted  others  would  follow  the  example,  and  disorder  niunt  follow, 
with  loss  to  iiinisulf  of  re.s[)ect  and  teiritoiy.  The  crown  ollieials  deniainKd 
in  the  emperor's  name  that  lie  should  remain.  Ooinani,  //iM.  M<:i\,2l'>.  ('oit'  s 
yielded,  and  wrote  to  the  emperor  that  ho  had  intended  to  march  thiimgli 
tiuattmiala  but  wouhl  remain,  especially  since  ho  exiiected  news  from  linn- 
diiras  within  two  months.  (Jurtu,  Oct.  15, 15:24  A  few  days  later  he  beyaii  his 
niurch. 


TERSOXNEL  OF  THE  ARMY. 


539 


somotliinj^  in  thcj  servico  of  lils  ^rajosty.'  Prcj)ara- 
tioiis  were  accordingly  rcsLUiiud  under  iiretenct!  that  a 
disafiuction  in  the  Goazacoaloo  region  re<|uired  Ida 
personal  attention. 

Ho  fiot  out  from  IVIcxico  in  the  latter  part  of  Octo- 
ber, 1521,*  leaving  the  government  in  charge  of  nun 
whose  flattery  had  blinded  him  to  their  insidious 
designs.  Tiie  jjarty  consisted  of  about  one  hundr(;d 
liorscmen,  half  of  them  with  extra  animals,  some  forty 
archers  and  aniuebusiers,  aJid  three  thousand  native 
warriors  and  servants,"  the  latter  chiefly  under  the 
leadership  of  the  three  deposed  sovereigns,  Quauhte- 
motzin  the  last  emperor  of  Mexico,  "^iVtlcpanquetzal 
king  of  Tlacopan,  and  Cohuanococh  king  of  Tezcuco, 
and  five  or  six  ca[)tive  caciques,  whom  it  was  regarded 
unsafe  to  leave  behind." 

AmonLf  the  leading  officers  in  the  train  were  the 
alguacil  mayor,  Sandoval,  Ocampo,  Ircio,  Raaveflra, 
(Jrado,  and  a  number  who  acted  as  household  ofiicials 
and  gentlemen  in  waiting  to  the  leader.  Therti  were 
also  a  retinue  of  pages,  youths  of  good  family,  among 
them  young  Montejo,  later  conqueror  of  Yucatan, 
and  a  number  of  musicians,  jugglers,  tumblers,  and 

'<7ar/a?,  Sept.  3,  1520,  .mve. 

*  In  the  letter  from  Honduras  ho  says  October  1 2,  but  this  very  generally 
rccoptcil  date  must  be  a  misprint,  umc.t',  in  one  of  tlio  two  letters  dated  at 
.Mcxici)  within  tiio  following  tiireo  days,  he  writes  to  tlic  emperor  tliat  lie  would 
lint  leave.  Ho  cuuld  liartUy  dare  to  reveal  that  lie  had  gone,  wlii!(!  writing 
that  he  was  still  at  ^^exiuo;  but  he  was  on  the  way  before  Nov(iiib<'r. 

^'Sacc')  do  a(pii  eiento  y  veinte  do  caballo  y  vciiito  e.sef>peteros  y  otros 
t.'iiitos  l)aIlestero8  y  gcnte  (Ic  pit's'  besidiis  4, (MX)  to  .5,()(K)  Indians.  Curlii  <><■ 
Alhiinioy,,  in  /ra'lxikrla,  <'o/.  J>i>r.,  i.  4S,"i.  A  nunilier  of  S|ia!iiaiils  at  least 
■were  added  on  the  way  to  ([(jazaeoaho,  where  review  was  Iwhl,  hIiowJ!!!,', 
ii'i-'ording  to  Benial  Diaz,  ujiward  of  '_'.")()  soldicra,  besidi!  arrivals  from  Sjiaiii, 
VM)  beini^  hovaemen,  ami  .T,(M)()  wai'riors  from  diU'ei-'ut  p.irlsof  tin'  country, 
h(  -ide, servants  of  eaeiijiies.  Il'i^t.  VinlniL,  I'.I.VT.  J  iiis  a,L,'ree.s  \\  itii  <  Iciiiiani's 
I'll)  eavali-y,  l.'iO  iiifaiitiy,  IJ.OdO  warriors,  and  a  nuirilier  of  servant  women. 
J  list.  ]\/ex.,  '2'>\.  (-'ortes,  at  tliis  wime  reviuw,  mentions  only  'Xi  hur.'semen 
MJth  150  horses,  and  .SO  and  odd  foot-soldiers.   Carl(t.<,  :iI)S. 

'' I'reseott,  whose  aeeount  of  this  famous  exjiL-dititju  and  its  eouneetiiig 
inijilcnts,  imlicates  both  a  want  of  authorities  and  an  impeitVet  study, 
111' ::Mons  only  the  Rovereij^ns  of  Mexico  and  Tlacopan.  llilpn  follows  liiin. 
1' it  (loiii,;'a  names  also  the  Uin;^  of  Tezeueo,  besides  a  nuniln  r  of  cai^iiiues, 
:ii;d  ).'ives  then  t-M:j;ic  fate,  as  does  Ixtlilxoehitl  w  ith  greater  detail.  lluiilbUs 
CrudUudes,  71). 


i 


''  \ 


:i 


11 


640 


MARCH  OF  CORTl&S  TO  HONDURAS. 


clowns.'  Cortus  had  a  natural  bent  for  poinp,  tlio 
pomp  that  gracefully  adorns  the  truly  great.  Tlio 
church  was  represented  by  a  clergyman  and  three 
friars;  chief  among  interpreters  was  Marina,  tlie 
jMexican  maiden,  whose  clear  head  and  devoted  heart 
had  more  than  once  saved  the  Castilian  invaders,  and 
j)reserved  their  leader  to  her  love. 

The  march  was  directed  to  Espiritu  Santo,  the 
place  of  review,  not  far  above  the  mouth  of  titO 
Goazacoah;o.  On  the  way  the  party  v'as  made  the 
object  of  a  scries  of  demonstrations,  and  the  settluis 
t)f  GoazLiCoalco,  including  the  'true  historian,'  Burnal 
]])iaz,  came  forth  in  procession,  with  fireworks  and 
masquerade,  to  conduct  the  mighty  conqueror  under 
triumphal  arches  and  amid  salvos  to  his  quarters. 
The  joy  was  mingled  with  misgivings,  however,  for 
the  small  force  and  still  smaller  equipment  awakeiu  .1 
a  fear  that  a  levy  might  be  made.  This  proved  only 
too  true,  and  while  some  joined  of  their  own  will, 
dazzlea  by  the  lustre  of  the  leadei-'s  name,  others, 
happy  with  a  repartimiento  of  Indians,  who  existed 
only  to  attend  their  wants,  were  not  so  quick  to  I'all 
into  line.*  The  chiefs  of  the  neighborhood  were 
summoned  to  give  information,  and  showed  a  surpris- 
ing acquaintance  with  the  country  as  far  south  even 
as  the  domain  of  Pedrarias.  They  also  prepared  a 
map  on  cloth,  depicting  minutely  the  different  rivers, 
mountains,  and  pueblos  on  the  route  to  Nito,°  sonic 
of  them  ravaged  by  Spaniards,  and  now  deserted. 
The  manuscript  represeiuation  of  this  vast  region, 
fdled  with  great  cities  and  rich  provinces,  deterniiiu'd 
Cortes  to  advance  toward  Honduras  direct,  and  abau- 


'  Bcnml  Diaz  names  n  number  of  the  officers  and  staflf  servants,  ns  rarranza, 
niayoiilonio ;  lasso,  niaostrosala,  or  chief  butler;  Salu/ar,  cliamberlaiii;  IJcrii- 
ciailo  I'ero  Lopuai,  doctor,  a  vintuc,  a  pantler,  a  butler,  etc.;  2  pages  with 
laiiccs,  8  grooms,  and  '2  falcaers;  5  nuisieians,  etc. 

"  IJernal  Diaz  relieves  his  feelings  in  a  loud  grumble,  which  softeiu;  as  lui 
recalls  tiie  eonsohition  to  his  pride  in  being  given  for  a  timoa  petty  co.nn.'unl, 
J/ist.  Vn-chni,  11)7. 

" '  Y  aim  liaata  Nicaragua ....  y  hasta  dOde  rcsidia  Pedrarias.'  Gumurii, 
Jlkl.  Mex.,  2oO. 


A  GAY  COMPANY. 


541 


(Ion  the  idea  once  entertained  of  jToinij  throno-li  Giia- 
teinala.'"  Both  the  map  and  the  im'^gination  failed, 
liowever,  adequately  to  picture  the  vast  morasses 
and  mirj  sloughs  alternating  with  and  bordering  the 
countless  rivers  which  served  for  highways  to  the 
natives.  The  lithe,  unencumbered  Indian  could  not 
clearly  grasp  the  difficulties  herein  presented  to  the 
lieavy  cavalry,  for  in  his  light  canoe  he  could  speed 
along  the  mighty  streams,  pass  up  the  tributary 
liranches,  and  penetrate  far  and  wide  by  me.-.ns  of 
the  more  shallow  creeks  into  the  primeval  forests. 

After  a  week's  stay  the  expedition  advanced.  Tum- 
l>lcr  and  fiddler  led  in  the  van  a  merry  dance,  p  .-rhaps 
1o  death;  in  the  rear  was  a  herd  of  swine,  kept  at 
a  safe  distance,  however,  lest  its  presence  should  too 
i^reatly  tempt  the  appetite  of  the  hungry  soldiers. 
The  artillery  of  four  guns,  a  quantity  of  small  arms, 
ammunition,  and  stores  were  sent  by  a  vessel  to  Rio 
Tabasco,  to  be  follon^ed  by  two  small  caravels  from 
^lodellin  laden  wath  provisions.  From  this  point  it 
was  intended  to  let  one  o^  them  follow  the  coast,  Avest 
(if  Yucatan,  still  reg;:<rde(i  as  an  island,  so  as  to  be 
;il»le  to  furnish  supplies  when  called  upon  by  the  land 
Ibrce  w4iich  also  expected  to  follow  the  shore.  The 
laiuy  season  was  not  yet  over,  and  the  very  brooks 
]iad  swollen  into  rushing  rivers.  Two  streams,  nine 
and  eighteen  leagues  respectively  from  Espi'ritu  Santo, 
liad  to  be  crossed  in  canoes,  the  horses  swimming," 
and  l^eyond  fiowed  a  still  wiiler  watercourse  whidi 
I'l.Mjuired  a  bridge  of  nine  hundred  and  thir'ty-f'nui' 
jiaoes  in  length.  The  diiHculties  of  the  march  may 
l>o  understood  i'rom  the  stalonuMit  that  while  travers- 
ing Copilco  province,  fully  fifty  bridges  had  to  be  eon- 
^U•ucted  within  a  distance  of  twenty  leagues.'^     It 


'"  See  Cnrt^x,  Cm-fas,  .'{.IT,  307. 

"  Tlio  pucliloa  at  tli('  cross'i'g-placoa  aro  called  rcspcctivoly  Tonalan  ancl 
.\l.'u:i1u1in),  writttin  in  tlifleivnt  funiis  even  by  tiie  wuiiu  iivtliKi'ity. 

'  ■  Corti's  calls  the  pmvi'ioo  (^Jupilcon,  H't  leagues  from  JOspiiitu  Santo,  n 
ti.rure  wliieli  may  lie  eorreco  liy  tlieliiie  of  inarfli.  it  was  iiO  Icagtiusin  Icngtli, 
utul  it^  extreuio  uasteru  puublu  wns  Aituxuxuuu. 


84S 


JIARCH  OF  CORTfiS  TO  HOXDURAS. 


was  a  rich  department  with  half  a  score  of  head 
pueblos,  and  having  an  abundance  of  provisions  tlnv 
were  ordered  to  send  tribute  in  kind  to  Espiritu 
Santo.  After  crossing  a  steep  range  a  wide  tributarv 
of  Rio  Tabasco  was  reached,"  where  the  troops  wort.' 
cheered  by  the  arrival  of  a  score  of  canoes  laden 
M-ith  provisions  from  one  of  the  vessels.  Natives  of 
the  province  also  appeared  in  obedience  to  a  sum- 
mons, and  assisted  in  crossing  the  river  and  in  open- 
ing a  path  along  the  thickly  wooded  bank  to  the 
capital  of  Cihuatlan"  province,  twelve  leagues  uj) 
the  river.  As  they  approached  it  the  guides  and 
sappers  suddenly  disappeared  in  the  close-knit  jungle. 
A  few  steps  further  the  path  opened  at  the  junction 
of  a  tributary  river,  and  on  the  several  banks  wa-s 
cUsclosed  a  large  pueblo,  silent  as  the  grave;  but  the 
smoke  yet  curling  from  the  ruins  showed  that  it 
had  only  recentl}'  been  abandoned.  In  the  nearest 
suburb,  which  contained  some  two  hundred  houses, 
they  remained  for  nearly  three  weeks.  ]\Iean\vliilo 
a  bridge  of  three  hundred  paces  was  built  across  a 
marsh,  and  expeditions  were  sent  out  in  vain  searcli 
for  reliable  guides,  and  to  explore  the  neighbiir- 
hood.^' 

The  next  objective  point  was  Chilapnn,  capital  of 
a  province  bearing  the  same  name;  this  they  also 
foin:id  burned  and  deserted,  but  well  providetl  with 
food.  The  crossing  of  the  river  here,  which  detained 
tlie  army  for  over  a  week,  was  effected  on  rafts,  but 
despite  the  care  taken  the  rushing  torrent  jilaycd 
havoc  with  the  ba<x<>'aije.  Bevond  this  lay  a  niar^liv 
tract  only  six  leagues  in  extent,  but  so  troublesonu' 
as  to  detain  them  two  days.  The  horses  sulVertd 
severely,  sinking  many  times  up  to  +jo  ears,  as 
Cortes  expresses  it,  and  endangering  the  safety  "f 
the  men  in  their  struij^ijles,  so  much  so  that  three 


'•'Gucznlapa,  ov  Quotzatlapan. 

"Zagoataii,  Zagutaii,  otc. 

'^  Ocumba  wua  ouu  of  the  pueblos  discovered  up  the  river. 


CONQUERINa  AND  TO  CONQUER. 


543 


SjianiarJs  were  lost,  beside  a  number  of  TiKb'ans.^" 
After  a  week's  rest  at  the  ruined  yet  well-stocked 
Tamacaztepcc,  they  made  another  marshy  journey 
of  three  days  before  reachinij  Iztapan,  a  inie  large 
pueblo  on  the  banks  of  the  Usumacinta,  Ijurncd  and 
deserted  like  the  preceding.  The  Cihuatlatecs  had, 
it  seems,  in  their  wild  scamper  spread  the  most 
Ijlood-curdling  stories  of  the  fierceness  and  cruelty 
of  the  Spaniards.  The  timidity  of  the  natives  was 
l)roving  inconvenient,  and  guides  were  sent  out  to 
assure  the  inhabitants  of  the  peaceful  intent  of  the 
invaders.  The  caciques  were  encouraged  to  tender 
submission  in  jierson,  and  were  i"e warded  with  pres- 
ents, accompanied  by  a  grandiloquent  discourse  about 
"  the  greatest  prince  on  earth,"  and  the  mission  ho 
liad  given  Cortes  to  remedy  evils,  bestow  benefits, 
and  j)oint  the  way  to  salvation." 

A  week's  rest  was  taken,  during  which  half  a  dozen 
Spaniards  were  sent  up  the  river  in  canoes  to  receive 
the  submission  of  chiefs,  not  to  mention  the  accompa- 
i:\ing  pi'eseuts  that  Averc  to  indicate  tlie  wealth  of 
I  he  district.  Three  soldiers  were  also  si  ut  down  the 
stream,  to  Tabasco,  with  orders  for  the  ileet  to  sail 
to  Ascension  Bay,"  after  sending  boats  with  provi- 
sions and  stores  to  Acalan.  It  was  to  follow  the  shore 
so  as  to  be  near  the  army,  if  ])Ossible,  for  "  it  is  be- 
lieved," writes  Corti's,  "  thougli  not  ibr  certain,  that 
the  nativco  pass  through  the  Bay  of  Terminos  to  the 
I'ther  sea,  leaving  Yucatnii  an  island."  One  of  the 
three  soldiers  bearing  the  instructions  was  Francisco 
lie  Medina,   an   ill-tenq)ered,    violent,   but  able   man, 

''' '  Estnvicrnn  niny  ccroa  do  se  nliognr  <los  «')  trcs  cspafinlos,'  is  the  pni<lt'iit 
f  iiii\  in  w  liicli  CortuS  disgiiisus  tlii.s  ami  (itlii.r  unpk'a.saiit  fiicts  to  tho  (■iiiiiuiur. 
'  'arfns,  4',l4. 

'"  Aiiantl'  ii)npliiiL;ous^I('\icim  «.is  Ihmo  luiviu'il  ali  vf,  as  n  Miiriiiii;;  ii;_'aiiist 
.'■:i'!i  iinlnlL't'iicis;  ami  a  letter  was  given  ti)  tlic  leading,'  e.'ieiinu'  tn  ini'.irni 
iitlier  Sjianiards  that  lie  was  a  fiieiid  tn  tla'  wlutu  nuui.  Ooinnra,  lliM.  Mu., 
-.■>J;  III  III, (I,  dee.  iii.  lil).  vii.  cii)!.  viii. 

'■''  Aseen^ioliis  IIk;  iiainea|>i)lii'd  liy  Cort ''s  to  thr  (!ulf  of  Honduras.  While 
(111  the  way  to  the  capital  if  Aealan.  a  niesseiiL'er  oauie  iii>  with  h  Iters  from 
Mi'xieo,  not  of  very  lato  dato,  however,  and  lie  was  aeut  Ijacli  from  Izuneunac. 
C'u/<(,'.',  CarUiK,  4J1-'J. 


544 


MARCH  OF  CORTES  TO  HONDUR/xS. 


with  some  knowledge  of  the  country  and  the  lan- 
guage, who  had  managed  to  ingratiate  himself  with 
his  chief  so  far  as  to  be  commissioned  to  share  the 
command  of  the  fleet  with  the  actual  captain,  Simon 
dc  Cuenca,  one  of  Cortes'  mayordomos.  On  reaching 
the  vessels  at  Xicalanco  he  assumed  an  overbearing 
manner,  and  quarrelled  with  Cuenca  about  the  com- 
mand till  it  came  to  blows.  Perceiving  the  state 
of  affairs  the  natives  watched  their  opportunity, 
attacked  and  killed  the  crew,  pillaged  the  vessels, 
and  burned  them  to  remove  the  evidence.  The  news 
spread  until  it  reached  the  capital,  although  in  a  dis- 
torted form,  which  gave  the  impression  that  Cortts 
and  all  his  force  had  perished.  The  anxiety  becanjo 
so  great  that  Ordaz,  one  of  the  favorite  officers  of 
Cortes,  set  out  among  others  to  ascertain  the  truth 
of  the  report.  Following  the  coast  by  water,  ho 
reached  the  scene  of  the  slaughter,  and  received 
such  evidence  as  to  lead  him  to  declare  that  the 
great  leader  must  indeed  be  dead.  Obsequies  in  hi.i 
honor  were  accordingly  held,  at  Mexico,  after  which 
but  a  trusting  few  entertained  hopes  of  ever  seeing 
him  again.'^  ; 


Proceeding  to  Tatahuitlapan  Cortes  found  the  place 
partly  burned,  and  deserted  by  ail  save  a  score  ( 1' 
native  piiests,  who  inspii'cd  by  duty  had  resolved  to 
stay  and  die  with  the  idols  as  ordained  by  the  oraelu. 
To  show  their  impotence  the  images  wei'e  destroyed, 
while  the  keepers  were  cxliovted  to  devote  themselves 
to  the  vcnoratidii  of  the  cross,  to  whose  merciful  inspi- 

'"  The  fate  (>f  the  crew  anil  vessels  appears  to  have  lieen  mixed  up  witli  tlie 
iiiventeil  narrative  of  tiio  general  disaster,  and  it  was  not  till  after  (^orti  s' 
return  to  Alexioo,  two  year.s  later,  that  incpiiiies  were  made  wliioU  revoaicd 
their  fntc.  Bcrnal Diaz,  Hist.  Vvi-dnd.,  10(5,  210.  Albornoz,  oneof  the  riili'm 
appointed  by  Cortes  over  Mexico,  relates  in  a  letter  to  the  emperor,  datid 
ir>  December,  loio,  that  according  to  reports  from  Xicalaiioo  traders  to  Orihi/, 
the  party  of  Cortc's  had  been  killed  seven  to  eight  moons  before,  in  nn  inland 
city,  seven  suns  distant  from  Xicalanco,  called  (,'n/amclco.  They  had  l"iu 
surprised  by  ni<,ditand  slaughtered  witliKWord  and  tire.  A  number  of  capti^  s 
had  been  reserved  for  the  ttti>le,  but  the  flesh  l>ein;4  fmiiid  bitter  of  taste  it  IkiU 
buen  cast  into  the  lake.   Iccubalctla,  Col.  Uoc. ,  i,  48.")  -G. 


DARK  FORESTS  ^VXD  MORASSES. 


645 


ration  they  owed  their  safety.  It  was  a  sacred  dut}' 
wiih  Cortes  to  erect  the  Christian  emblem  in  all 
})ael/l()s  and  camping-places,  and  "whei'c  ceiba-trees 
y,'LC\v  llicy  were  i'ayliioned  into  crosses  which,  blooming 
anew,  stood  as  living  symbols  of  the  saving  faith.  On 
tlic  crosses  were  fastened  notices  of  the  expedition, 
la  this  I'cgion  exists  to-da}'  a  village  called  Las  Tres 
CiUccs,  from  three  crosses  said  to  have  been  left  by 
Cortes.  The  place  is  barel}^  thirty  miles  from  the 
famous  ruins  of  Palenque,  yet  no  allusion  is  made 
ly  the  conquerors  to  the  stupendous  structures,  the 
matchless  jjalaces,  and  the  curious  sculptures  there 
existing.  Once  the  object  of  admiration  and  worship 
to  countless  pilgrims  from  far-off  districts,  the  city 
novv'  lay  wrapped  within  the  secure  folds  of  dense 
ibrests,  and  only  tradition  spoke  of  her  past  glories. 
Perhaps  it  v/as  well  for  the  fortune-hunters,  at  least, 
that  vogetatior.  had  obliterated  the  hiii'liwavs  vrhich 
in  times  ])ast  must  have  led  to  the  shrine  of  the 
'  [I'oe  of  life'  from  the  malarious  lovv'lands  of  the 
Usumacinta  reifion,  for  a  siudit  of  such  j^randeur 
imglit  have  awakened  hopes  never  to  be  realized,  and 
prompted  expeditions  ending  only  in  disaster. 

Tliey  now  struck  across  to  Iluetecpati,^  higher  up 
llie  river,  and,  after  wading  through  a  slough,  plunged 
iiito  a  ibrest  whose  close  growth  shut  out  the  very 
light  of  heaven.^^  Here  they  groped  for  two  days 
along  the  sappers'  path,  till  they  found  themselves 
Lacl:  on  the  route  already  traversed.  I'ressed  by  the 
troub]*;d  leaders  the  guides  cried  out  that  they  were 
1  -t.  This  admission  was  not  without  danger,  for  the 
jiiovlsions  were  exhausted,  antl  the  men  filled  with 
,i;loomy  forebodings,  whicli  found  vent  with  many  in 
<  arses  on  their  leader  lor  having  brought  them  to 
t^uch  a  [)ass.  They  demanded  that  the  swine  be 
^Liughtered,  but  the  mayordomo,  who  had  prudently 


'^"Zaqimtapan,  ITuatipan,  etc. 

'  '  Y  loi  arliulo.i  tail  allo.s  ijiiu  no  ne  podia  subir  en  cllos,  para  atalayar  la 
tiL'ira.'  OohKiid,  Hist.  Met:,  V-T),'). 
Uiax.  CtN.  Ail.,  Vol.  1.    Uj 


540 


MARCH  OF  CORTES  TO  HONDURAS. 


lot  the  drove  foil  beliind,  intimate  J  that  tlie  allI;^ators 
had  eaten  them.  They  must  be  content  M'ith  the 
scanty  sustenani.'e  of  roots  and  berries.  Meanwhile 
Cortes  had  recourse  to  his  maps  and  compass,  and 
determined  on  a  north-cast  course  as  the  most  lilvuh- 
to  lead  to  his  destination.  This  calculation  pro\ed 
correct,  and  although  the  place  was  in  ruins,  there 
was  enough  of  food  to  bury  gloom  in  feasting.  Sol- 
diers being  sent  in  search  of  guides,  found  a  little 
beyond  the  river  a  lake  where  the  inhabitants  liad 
taken  refu'jje  in  canoes  and  on  islands.  Findiii''- 
tliemselves  discovered  the  natives  came  fearlessly 
forth,  stating  that  the  Spanish  boat  expedition  fi'om 
Iztapan  had  reassured  them,  so  much  so  that  ;i 
brother  of  the  cacique  had  joined  the  party  with 
four  armed  canoes  for  convoy.  The  boats  beiiiL^- 
recalled,  brought  evidence  of  the  submission  tendered 
by  four  or  five  pueblos  in  a  cargo  of  honey  and  other 
delicacies,  with  a  little  sxold.  Similar  contribution-; 
ilowed  from  diflerent  pueblos  whose  inhabitants  came 
to  gaze  at  the  bearded  men." 

Explorers  were  sent  forward  as  on  previous  occa- 
sions, to  report  on  the  road,  but  finding  it  compara- 
tively easy  for  some  distance  they  neglected  to 
examine  the  remainder,^^  and  misled  the  army  as  tn 
the  nature  of  the  route.  Ijcyond  lay  a  large  }tin- 
vincc  l)ounded  l)y  the  Laguna  de  Te'rminos,  the 
broad  Usuniacinta,  and  the  ranges  of  Vera  Paz,  .i 
low-lvin'jf  coiuitry  aboundinuf  in  morasres,  miasniatif,- 
inlets,  and  winding  rivers  tributary  to  the  Ternunn-^. 
The  fertility  of  this  naturally  irriixated  tract,  in't 
inaptly  known  as  Acalan,  'land  of  boats,  was  e\  i- 
dent  in  the  rank  o^rowth  of  the  vefxetation,  and  the 
great  variety   of  products.     No  roads  existed,    hut 

'-"H^'oi't ('•s  names  U/uinaziiitlan,  below,  and  T'ctcnccquo,  six  lengui's  iilioM', 
with  tlifco  (itlier  jmcblos  Leyoinl.  ( '((li'i-i,  4 1'2.  Cortes  gave  presents  iu  return, 
nnd  mndo  so  forcililo  an  uppeiil  in  l)elialf  of  liis  ereed,  that  many  I'etuiiuil  to 
Imni  their  idols.  UoiiiKra,  Jlisl.  ^f<.^•.,  'l'>i  llernal  Diaz  stales  that  i'mir  l"i- 
agcrs  were  killed  on  thin  river.    Ni.-il.  Wrtlad.,  l'J8. 

■-■'  The  natives  reported  two  rivers,  one  very  largo,  and  had  marshes,  on  tlm 
three  days' road  to  Aculau.  IkrmU  Diaz,  Ilisl.Vcrdad.,  11)8. 


BRIDGE-BUILLINO. 


W7 


the  numerous  streams  provided  a  scries  of  highways 
which  the  enterprising  natives  had  not  failed  to 
utih/.c  in  carrying  their  surplus  products  to  arid  and 
less  rich  provinces,  especially  to  the  north-east  and 
south,  and  in  bringing  back  slaves  and  compact 
treasures.  It  was  quite  natural  for  a  people  engaged 
ill  traffic  to  choose  as  ruler  the  richest  trader,  and 
such  a  one  was  the  present,  Apochpalon'"'*  by  name, 
'i'o  him  were  sent  a  number  of  Spaniards  and  In- 
(]ians*'  with  a  reassuring  mcssajxo  and  an  invitation 
to  meet  Cortes. 

Alter  a  three  days'  march  over  a  rouiih  mountain 
track,  the  army  suddeidy  found  the  path  obstructed 
by  a  deep  channel  five  hundred  paces  wide,  with 
slimy  borders.  The  passage  was  shown  to  be  practi- 
cable only  by  means  of  a  bridge  which  required 
]iatient  labor,  since  the  depth  of  water  and  mud  proved 
to  be  fully  six  fathoms.  Great  was  the  dismay,  for 
tliere  were  hardly  any  provisions  left,  and  to  recross 
the  mountain  was  a  formidable  task  under  the  cir- 
riimstances.  The  murmurs  of  the  worn-out  soldiers 
v,(  re  loud  enouufh  at  the  first  siiiht  of  the  obstrue- 
tiou,  and  when  Cortes  with  his  usual  audacity  gave 
oivlers  to  build  a  bridge,  they  rose  almost  into 
mutiny.  The  leader  had  been  in  worse  troubles 
liowever.  He  knew  every  trait  of  a  Spanish  sol- 
dier's character,  and  he  was  versed  in  blandishments. 
1  le  showed  the  futility  of  retreat,  since  apart  from 
the  mountain  road,  so  long  and  severe,  freshets  must 
by  this  time  have  washed  away  the  means  of  recross- 
liig  rivers,  and  no  jirovlsions  were  left  in  the  deserted 
imeblos.  Before  them,  on  the  other  hand,  lay  a  land 
<>r  })lenty,  seamed  with  gold.  He  would  guarantee 
the  completion  of  the  bridge  within  five  days,  or,  this 
laillng,  he  would  follow  tli'  "•  wishes.  Wily  Cortes! 
( 'ould  he  induce  them  to  begin  tlie  work,  he  would 
trust  his  wits  to  secure  its  completion.     But  the  mcu 


'"  Apoxpalnn,  Ajia^polou,  etc. 

^•'  Jjcruul  Diaz  states  that  ho  and  Mejia  led  the  party. 


1 


MS 


MARCn  OF  CORTES  TO  nONDURAS. 


remained  Rullon.  They  would  die  of  liiiiigor  before 
the  l)rid<jfo  was  finished.  ITibuoras  would  never  Ix; 
reached.  "Very  well,"  said  Cortes,  "lie  spectators,  T 
will  Ijuild  the  bridge  with  the  aid  of  Indians  aloiic" 
Brief  persuasion  was  needed  with  the  latter,  for  t!ie 
cliief:5  were  in  the  tyrant's  hands,  and  tlieir  word  v.;is 
law  to  their  followers.  Timber  was  felled,  and  with 
the  aid  of  rafts  the  i)iling  began.  Shamed  by  this 
measure  the  Spaniards  joined  in  the  work,  and  Id 
cheer  them  the  solitary  musician  who  had  not  fainted 
beneath  the  hardships  of  the  march  was  ordered  i'» 
play  some  cheering  airs.  But  the  men  cried,  "Peace! 
wo  want  bread,  not  music."  The  trnawinixs  of  hunger 
could  not  be  appeased  with  empty  sound. 

While  some  thus  worked  diligently  on  the  br!d,";\ 
others  went  in  search  of  roots  and  berries,  but  v,;;!i 
poor  success.  Overcome  by  famine  and  fatigue  miai- 
bers  lay  down  to  die,  while,  to  add  to  the  catalogue 
of  horrors,  several  of  the  Indian  guides  were  f;ei;:e  I 
by  native  auxiliaries  and  cooked.  Among  the  vic- 
tim:; to  the  adventure  thus  far,  says  Torqucmada,  v/:is 
Fray  Juan  de  Tecto,  who,  exhausted  by  hunger,  loaned 
his  iiead  a!::ainst  a  tree  and  surrendered  his  spirit.^" 

•  •  •    t 

Before  the  expiration  of  a  week  the  bridge  was 
completed,  a  painful  work  indeed  for  fainting  men,  i!!- 
furni  hed  with  the  means,  to  perform  within  so  shcrt 
a  time.  It  was  composed,  says  Cortes,  of  a  thv^^.^uiil 
trees,  nine  to  ten  fathoms  long,  the  smallest  almo;;t ;;  •! 
thiclc  as  a  man,  besides  a  quantity  of  small  timbc;', 
secured  v.dtli  wooden  pegs  and  witlics.  For  y«':'' 
this  and  severrd  otlier  'bridges of  Malinche'  remaiiiv  I 
a  source  of  utility  and  wonder  to  the  natives,  w!i.> 
declared  that  nothing  vras  impossible  to  the  whito 
man.'^''  Hummer  and  toil  were  for  the  moment  f  t- 
gotten    in    congratulations    over   the    completion   el 

■'"' IIo  was  ono  of  tbreo  Flemish  monks  who  formed  the  first  special  Illi-•^^i"ll 

of  frinr.s  to  New  Spniii,  arii  viu;;  ;i  year  liefore  the  faiuoua  twelve.  TorqueiuaJ  ', 
iii.  4"24  .").     His  pvopei'  iiaiiie  was  DeTuit. 

■-'  '  AIljuiuih  iiy  jH  riDaiuzcu  (1701),  y  se  lluiiiau  laa  rucutes  tie  Curtis,' 
Villayulkfrc,  IJiit.  L'oHij.  Kr.a,  40. 


the  St 

Ilardl 

wlien  ' 

difficul 

almost 

efforts 

success 

This  ti 

of  Ben 

^vas  nol 

iio\v  he 

and  a  q 

times   ]; 

f^und  h 

should   : 

fi"om  liis 

it  was  oi 

iij)on  am 

tlie  scrai 

<he  ()ffic 

"htain  a 

his  usual 

very  pro 

'■"id  prai; 

ilie  Iicarl 

With : 

(■acitjue 
•'tlerin"-  t 
'i.'iy  Tiza; 
pared, 
'ittontive 
;•!'  the  ii 
'fJie  Iiorsi 
(•fierings 

,     ''  Rernal  I 

''"iiihled  liimsi 
"^'iialtciidaiit 
^"tli  J)iaz  to 
";"ii.  l>iittheJi 
■I' ■:!.•  U.iii-  gi 
J'<Ji-ritkn  Cruc 


MORE  AXD  DEEPER  SLOUGHS. 


5-19 


the  structure,  but  tlicir  joj  was  of  short  duration. 
Hardly  had  the  rear  of  tlie  army  crossed  tlie  bridge 
when  tlie  van  came  to  a  slough  which  surpassed  in 
dllTlcultics  any  yet  encountered.  The  horses  sank 
almost  out  of  siglit,  and  it  was  only  by  the  united 
efforts  of  the  army  that  the  beasts,  on  which  their 
success  so  greatly  depended,  were  finally  extricated. 
This  trcjuble  over  they  were  cheered  l)y  the  arri\al 
of  Bernal  Diaz,  who  had  been  absent  foraging.  It 
was  not  always  that  he  retui-ned  so  well  laden,  for 
now  he  had  one  hundred  and  thirty  loads  of  maize 
and  a  rjuantity  of  fowl  and  other  provisions.  Some- 
times he  could  fuid  nothiuLj;  .sometimes  what  ho 
found  he  hid,  lest  with  the  starving  army  he  himself 
should  starve.  He  was  sure  it  would  be  snatched 
from  his  hands  the  moment  he  entered  camp;  and  so 
it  was  on  tlie  present  occasion;  the  soldiers  pounced 
upon  and  devoured  it  like  famished  wolves.  During 
the  scraml)le  were  seized  also  the  stores  intended  for 
tlio  ofhcers,  so  that  the  general  himself  could  not 
(M)tain  a  crumb.  Fortunately  Denial  Diaz  had  with 
liis  usual  foresight  placed  in  cache  a  i)ortion  of  these 
very  provisions,  and  suspecting  this  Cortes  so  ])etted 
and  praised  the  old  soldier^**  that  lie  had  no  longer 
the  heart  to  withhold  the  food. 

With  Dernal  Diaz  came  also  messengers  from  the 
caci^iue  bringing  ])resents,  including  a  little  g<jld,  and 
oft'erinGf  the  hospitalitv  of  his  realm.  The  followiuLj 
(lay  Tiza])etlan  was  reached,  where  food  had  been  ] ire- 
pared.  There  the  expedition  remained  a  week.  The 
attentive  natives  were  awed  no  less  by  the  number 
of  the  invaders  than  b}'  their  strange  a})pearance. 
The  liorses  were  a  perpetual  soui-cc  of  wonder,  and 
(llerings  of  roses  were  made  to  aday  the  anger  dis- 

'*  Tjcrnal  Diaz  relates  at  length,  with  swelling  pride,  how  the  y,ccat  leader 
lrMiil)lcil  iiiinsi'lf  to  liiin.  //>■</.  Vcrthnl.,  l!l!).  Saiidnval  dared  not  trust  iiia 
cv,  II  at  t('ndant><  with  :<  •^covot  wliereon  depended  his  supper,  hut  went  in  person 
\vith  Diaz,  to  convoy  it.  The  friars  received  liheral  contributions  from  tho 
Hull,  hut  the  Indians  were  neglected,  says  Ixtlilxochitl,  the  kings  and  ea<!i(|nes 
ii!'iiR'  heing  givi'n  as  a  favor  a,  little  of  the  niaizo  set  aside  for  tho  horses. 
ilorrilks  Vruddadcs,  87. 


I 


m 


MARCH  OF  CORTtS  TO  HONDURAS. 


played  by  their  fierce  pawini^.  The  mercliant-cliief 
had  thcnight  it  prudent  to  be  obsequious  to  men  so 
formidable;  .but,  when  he  saw  how  food  disappeared 
before  them,  and  how  f^rcedily  every  valuable  was 
appropriated,  ho  trembled  with  apprehension.  If 
they  were  content  to  stay  and  feast  for  a  week  in  one 
of  his  miserable  border  towns,  how  long  might  tlicv 
not  tarry  in  the  central  cities  of  the  richer  districts? 
To  I'id  the  province  of  the  cormorants,  the  caciqiio 
pretended  to  have  died,  directing  his  son  to  lead 
them  quickly  in  upon  the  lands  of  a  neighbor.  Aftir 
the  funeral  rites  and  interchange  of  presents,  tin; 
young  man  addressed  the  Spaniards.  "You  would 
I'cach  the  settlements  of  your  countrymen  in  Hondu- 
ras. They  are  quite  near;  liardly  eight  days  distant 
is  Nito,  where  are  floating  houses,  and  bearded  men 
on  giant  deer." 

This  he  could  affirm,  for  there  waa  an  Acalau 
factory,  and  at  its  head  Apochpalon's  own  brotliei', 
who  had  told  him  of  these  things.  This  news  was 
more  to  the  cacique's  purpose  than  any  artifice,  and 
eagerly  the  expedition  hurried  to  Teotilac,'*"  five  or 
six  leagues  off,  guided  thither  by  the  dutiful  young 
chief  over  a  circuitous  route.*' 

The  ruler  of  Teotilac  was  by  no  means  pleased 
to  find  thrown  upon  him  this  hungry  host;  and 
he  revealed  to  Cortes  the  trickery  of  Apochpaloii. 
Thereupon  Cortes  ordered  the  dead  man  immedi- 
ately to  appear.  Two  days  later,  accordingly,  the 
sovereign -cacique  arrived,  looking  most  sheepisli. 
He  proffered  innumerable  excuses,  and  tendered  as 
amends  the  hospitality  of  the  capital.  The  offer  wacs 
too  tempting  not  to  procure  his  forgiveness. 

=Tortt53  writes  Tcutiercas,  Tcntacras;  Gomara,  Tcuticaccac;  Hmcrn, 
Titacat. 

■'"  l>ornal  Diaz's  rather  confused  account  states  tliat  Cort(^s  tloniniulcil 
briilijOH  to  1)0  built,  hut  was  told  that  th(!  caciques  of  the  difforcut  jmclilos  li;iil 
tirst  to  1)0  c<)n8ulte<l.  Supplies  being  needed,  Mazariegos  wiis  Kent  witli  W) 
nie-i  in  canoes  to  different  settlements  to  obtain  supplies,  and  found  ii':ii!y 
re«)ionse.  The  next  jtueblo  reached  by  the  army  was  deserted  and  williuiit 
food.  Jlliit.  Vcrdad.,  '2Q0.     The  above  seems  doubtful. 


CONSPIRACY  OF  TOE  CAPTR^E  KINGS. 


651 


One  of  the  two  temples  .servini;"  for  army  liead- 
quarters  at  Teotilae  was  occiij)ie(l  by  a  jjjixUless, 
wlioso  fierce  passions  could  he  appeased  only  with  the 
blood  of  beautiful  vir'^ns.  Tt)  insure  the  ijrenuine- 
ness  of  the  vestal  oft'erinjj^,  so  that  a  mistake  niiirht 
not  render  it  fruitless,  j^irls  were  sek'cted  in  infancy 
and  broujj^ht  up  in  strictest  stn-lusion  within  the 
temple  walls,  till  came  the  time  for  yicldinij^  their  fair 
forms  to  the  sacritice.  Cortes  sought  to  ini])ress  on 
tlie  peo))lo  the  absurdity  of  so  atrocious  a  supersti- 
tion, and  destroyed  the  idol. 

This  ])lace  is  remarkable  for  one  incident  which 
concerned  the  safety  of  the  Spaniards,  according  to 
their  account,  and  left  an  indelible  impression  on  the 
natives  of  New  Spain.  Among  those  who  followed 
the  exjiedition  as  hostages,  as  we  have  seen,  were 
three  deposed  kings,  two  of  whom  wei-e  now  accused 
of  treachery,  Quauhtemotzin,  and  Tetlepaiiquetzal. 
These  ])atriots  were  criminal  in  the  c^'cs  of  the  Span- 
iards; they  had  dared  to  regard  the  invaders  as  the 
enemies  of  their  country,  and  bitterly  to  oppose  them. 
It  seemed  now  convenient  to  Cortes  that  they  should 
(lie,  and  excuse  was  not  wanting  for  killing  them. 
Suffering  every  hardship  of  the  march,  the  royal 
ca})tives  had  found  some  consolation  in  observing 
how  heavily  it  bore  on  their  keepers,  toiling,  starv- 
ing, discontented,  blundering  along  an  unknown  and 
dangerous  route.  Hut  this  was  not  their  only  feel- 
ing.  Quauhtemotzin,  the  sovereign,  the  general,  the 
tactician,  could  not  fail  to  obsei've  the  dis[)arity  be- 
tween his  followers  and  the  hated  white  men.  The 
latter  were  reduced  in  strength  by  famine  and  hard- 
sliip..!,  in  the  midst  of  a  strange  country,  far  from 
relief,  while  the  Mexicans,  if  also  weakened,  and 
not  so  well  armed,  were  tenfold  more  numei'ous,  and 
more  at  home  in  these  wilds.  Inspired  by  a  deeply 
I'ooted  devotion  to  their  traditions,  to  their  ])rincoa, 
to  their  country,  the  merest  whisper  of  revenge,  of 


552 


MARCH  OF  CORTES  TO  IIOXDURAS. 


freedom,  could  not  fail  to  find  I'csponse.  Yes,  swoct 
was  the  thoii^dit  of  revenge;  eciuall}'  sweet  the  })ro.s- 
pect  of  Ji  triumphal  return  to  ^[exieo,  there  tu  Lo 
greeted  as  a  liberator  ordained  to  restore  the  aneiei.t 
grandeur  of  ^lontezuma's  court;  finally,  perhaps,  to 
bo  exalted  by  a  grateful  people  to  the  pautheuu  of 
the  gods,  a  dream  so  worthy  the  soldier  and  pai.riwt, 
how  oft  may  it  not  have  smiled  upon  his  fancy ! 
What  more  natural,  vrhat  more  connnendablo  indou.l, 
than  projects  for  the  liberation  not  alone  of  the 
auxiliary  host,  but  of  their  country  and  hindreJ? 
Treacher}^  had  l)een  used  to  reduce  tliem,  and  li'cacli- 
ery  must  be  met  with  treachery.  This  wiv.s  jusliii- 
able,  although  the  Indians  probably  weighed  not  the 
moral  aspect  of  the  question.  As  for  the  risk,  one 
blow,  one  death,  was  preferable  to  the  daily  death 
which  they  Avere  suffering  on  this  journey.  Yes, 
they  must  take  advantage  t)f  the  opportunity  pre- 
sented, and  while  the  SpaniaMs  were  engro.^ed  ly 
the  difficulties  of  some  mountam  pass,  or  engulfed  in 
some  morass,  fall  upon  them,  especially  U[)un  the 
feared  Cortes,  and  then,  with  the  prestige  of  victor.;, 
return  to  Mexico,  where  their  compatriots  would 
meanwhile,  under  advice,  hav^e  risen  simultaneously 
against  the  now  disorganized  and  squabbling  colo- 
nists, reduced  as  they  were  in  numbers.^^ 

How  long  the  plot  had  been  bi'ewing  is  not  stated, 
])ut  during  the  stay  at  Teotilac  Cortes  was  startled 
by  a  revelation  from  a  i)roniinent  Mexican,^"  who  gave 


'■'  The  plan  is  said  to  liavc  boon  imparted  to  sympathizers  in  Mexico,  with 
the  rccomnicniliitiun  to  rise  on  a  certain  day  against  the  colonists.  '  Y  do 
0(iui  croycroi.  iiuichod  (jue  nacii)  lafaniadc  lanuiortede  Cortes.'  Ji'crrcm,  dec 
iii.  lib.  vii.  cap.  ix.  For  tliid  iiprisini;  there  was  opportunity  ono'i'i'h,  says 
(.Joniara,  diuin_;  the anareliy  prevaiout  iluring  Cortus'  al)st'uce ;  but  the  Indians 
■were  waiting  further  orders  I'roni  Quauhtoniotzin.  ]''ina!ly  their  pre] lara lions 
aroused  the  suspicions  of  the  colonists,  and  they  took  precautions.  //■■•<t.  Mcr., 
2.")0,  '2>")8.  Accoiding  to  Cortes  the  Indians,  after  killing  tlic  Spanianb,  were 
to  rouse  Honduras  and  the  intermediate  country  ere  they  passed  on  to  Mexico. 
All  vessels  were  to  be  seized,  so  as  to  prevent  alai'ni  from  being  given.  Cartcui, 
4J0. 

'•'•''  ^lexicaltzin,  afterward  baptized  as  Cristobal,  to  M'hom  the  conspirators, 
says  Cortes,  liad  promised  a  province  for  his  share  of  the  spoil.  Carln",  4 JO  •  1 . 
lierual  Diaz  status  that  the  revelation  was  made  by  two  ])romineut  eaciiptes, 


TnE  KILLING  OF  THE  KINGS. 


5o3 


Jilm  a  papor  with  tlic  iianios  of  the  conspirators  in 
liieroglyphics.  SL'>'c;ial  v,  eru  sei/ed,  and  undci  sep- 
arate exauiination  foufi'ssod  to  tlio  existence  of  the 
plot,  althougli  disclaiming;  for  themselves  of  course 
any  actual  participation.^^  Qaauhtemot/.in  was  also 
(juestioned,  and  admitted,  says  T^ernal  Dia'^,  that  the 
liardships  and  dangers  had  aroused  i\>])(d]i()us  senti- 
ments amon'ji;  tlie  Indians,  hut  claimed  that  he  was  not 
the  author,  and  lud'jln'jc  from  his  own  foelin'jfs  ho  re- 
garded  the  whole  thing  as  mere  talk.  A  'piick  secret 
trial  was  held,  and  tlie  sentence  of  (h.-atli  l>y  liang- 
iiig  i)ron()unced  against  Qu;mhtemot::in  and  Te{le[)an- 
euetzal,^*  w;.:")  were  dra'j^LTcd  forth  durlu'jr  the  stillness 
of  the  niu'ht  to  a  ceiba-trce,  where  thev  met  their 
fate.  Cortes  was  present  at  the  execution,  and  to 
him  Quaulitemot/.in  addressed  himself,  writes  Bernal 
Diaz.  "Malinche,  many  a  day  liaA'e  I  suspected  the 
l;dslty  of  thy  words,  and  that  thou  had.  t  destined 
tins  end  to  my  life.     Why  dost  thou  kill  me  without 


'!'.;>;. 1  .111(1  .TiTii  Vc!nzquc7,  tlie  latter  c.npt.Tin-gciieml  Tiiiilcr  (^iiaiilitoniot^in 
\  \ui  he  v.;n  niltT.  //..s/.  I'iriliul.,  'iO().  AicdiiliiiLr  to  IxlIiKdrMt!,  tlio  liuli;',ii3 
■\(o.o  iiiiiLaiuig  Iho  Siianiuiilsin  the  I't'stivitiia  wiiiiii  ircLtdc  \a  ni,  lait  in  biich 
;  ni:iiiiicr  ill  io  jiiou;  c  tlio  .sut'i  ic'oii  (f  (.'mti'K.  One  t;:i;sc  f<.r  tl.t"  ( i:j(.}ii.tiit 
V. :i.'j ,-.  slattimnit  by  Cortt/s  that  litre  they  vmild  tiivii  I'ack  to  Mcxiro.  liio 
}  eiieral  tailed  his  B['y  (  osteiiiexi,  of  L\la|iaii.]  au  or  Me.\icult/.ii.u),  Jiiid  hiido 
1  !zii  aseci  ti'.hi  v>  hat  w;:s  poii;;;  <ii.  Ko  sc.i  n  i  eli;i  iied  to  k  ]  (it  l!;:t  the  llilLe 
l:iiiL,3  and  six  courtiers  had  jiecn  cnr'a/rid  in  a  hiinioroiis  disiiilc  as  to  which 
I  i'  tlio  tlio  the  now  cuniiuerttl  Virovineis  i-luniid  hclong  to.  'i  lacaleeatl,  one 
<  f  the  cliief  lo.d.s,  iheici'.j'cn  <il  scivi  d  tl'at  if  discoid  l.."d  h'oi  ^rt  id  cut  the 
tail  of  the  native  Linjiiie,  they  had  giiined  instei.d  the  f^npume  hi'iiinnei^.s  of 
i;:jauctiou  in  the  true  faith.  After  this  can.e  tiika  luul  son^s.  Vv  Iilu  loi t- 
I'.'.cd  Bonic  yorns  after  hy  Prince  Ixtlilxoi  hiil,  the  i-'Yy  insis.rd  tliat  he  had 
ii  presented  the  ease  only  iis  ahove  suited,  hut  tliat  t'ortis  choise  to  intciiict 
i  a:' ;i  ina'icior.s  ]  lot.  Ih.rrililtttCrudilinh  ■••,{){]- 2.  Ihis  vciisiun  i.i  thuihti'ul  in 
i'.j  details,  and  for  the  nasciii  that  the  initluji's  ch.i  f  elToit  is  In  \  '.iidiiuti^  tln! 
i::;^ivts.  'llie  cause  for  the  rejoicing  iit  ii  return  to  Mexico  from  Aealan  havoi.s 
la.Iior  of  i;  i>roniise  from  the  eonspiia'.ois  than  from  ('oitc.-. 

"'•^  'i  he  k;n;;3  had  foinu  d  it,  iind  al.hoiv.di  tluy  had  not  Ixrn  ]  arties  to  it, 
yet  iis  Gllbjects  tlity  natiir;illy  desired  tlie  lihcity  iind  weal  t  f  tluir  lovtio. 
<(i>iiant,  Jicr, ()•■',  Coitrs.  Jiinnd.  ]''iii::.  The  tA\o  foiintr  iln[ilicale  the  three 
allied  kin,',s,  tlic  latter  only  the  t\vo  of  Mt;;ico  i-.nd  'Jlacipan. 

^-  TiiO  rest  Icing  (pared,  since  tlicy  had  liccn  guilty  ch.clly  of  lis-tcning  to 
.  ':e  jilot,  Fay;i  Cortes ;  'r.ero  (juedare.!!  proecsoH  jiliierteu  paia  (jr.e .  .  .j.ucdan  ser 
casti^ador,'  if  rcquircil.  The  execution  took  place  witliin  a  few  cays  of  the 
di;iclcsurc.  Ccutun,Al\.  I2ernal  Diaz,  llcrrera,  .inil  Goniiiia  iigrcc.  '1  he  latter 
.".('.,1.3  tliat  kiiigf'ohuauacoch,  of  Te;:cuco,  who  had  also]  lotted,  diut  sonie'linui 
1  I'l'eof  la.il  looda.nd  ^\atcr.  Hia'.  J/'.r.,  '1~\.  Toi'tpicmauaiido.;  ilve  eacinues 
to  the  three  reiyal  victims,  according  to  the  native  version,  i.  u70. 


554 


M.VUCII  OF  CORTl';.S  TO  IlOXDUllAS. 


justice?  God  will  (Icmiiiid  of  tlioo  thy  answer  I" 
'retli'paiujiiotzal  calmly  oxprossecl  liinisc^U'  content  to 
die  with  his  royal  conij.tinion,  and  together  they 
listened  to  th*^  exhortations  of  the  friars,  dyini,^  like 
true  Christians."^  The  execution  took  place  duriuL^ 
the  cai'nival  days  precedini^  shrove-tide,  and  appears 
to  ha\e  created  no  oxcitenient  either  anionLj  Inilians 
or  SiJaniards.** 

]\1ost  Spanish  authorities  are  of  course  inclined  to 
uj)hold  the  act  as  ;i  necessary  punishment  for  a  ])rove!i 
crime.  Yet  certain  men,  like  Toi'tpiemada,  a  cham- 
pion of  the  natives,  and  moilern  ]\[exican  writers,  side 
with  the  Indians  in  staini)injjf  it  as  a  ioul  murtler,  cai- 
rieil  out  merely  to  be  rid  of  the  kings  whoso  })reseii('o 
was  hecoriiing  a  hurdiMi  to  the  con(juert)rs.  Otlu'rs, 
like-  ijernal  Diaz,  soften  the  deed  into  a  mist;ik<', 
basi'd  on  insullieient  evidence,  and  ])rom[)ted  hy  a  de- 
sire to  smother  a  conspiracy  which  st)me  imaginary 
spirits  hadconjured.''^  l^ut  Cortes  would  hardly  have 
removed  so  valuable  a  hostaure  without  i>ood  reason. 

'■■'  Hist.  Venlii,!.,  '-'()(). 

"" '  Porcanu'stolliMidaa. . .  .on  I/juiciumc. '  Oomnrn,  Ilht.  ^f(•.'■.,  'J.'iS  :i.  0;i 
Fi'liniMi'y  -ti,  \ '<-'<,  upoi'ities  Votiiiicui't;  on  u'riicMilay,  tliivn  Iidiu'h  Ix'ToiimIiwii, 
mills  Ixtlilxoi'liitl,  who  iilso  ilocliuvs  that  Iho  iintivo  noiij;!:<  iiiiil  vcrsicms  |>laci! 
it  at  Ti'otilao,  ami  it  I't-rtaiiily  n|i[H'ars  to  havo  licoiioanicil  out  lit-foii;  tlio  cap- 
ital was  ii'ai'hi'tl.  Tlio  Mcxioana  wore  so  oppi'i'ssi-d  hy  hai'ilsiiips,  cays  iJi'iiial 
l>iaz,  that  they  si'i'iiu'd  to  ho  (piito  iiuliU'i'iciit ;  still,  iho  Spaiiianls  liasliiuil 
tlu!  (K'paflmc  lor  foar  of  an  iiprisiiii;.  Ih^  i)la('os  llio  ocH'inroni'o  at  a  ]iii(lili) 
hoyond  Aoalan.  Ixtlilxociiitl  tolls  niiotlior  stoiy.  'I'lio  kiu^s  worc<  linniL'lit 
o\it  tiiivo  hoiii's  liotoro  «lawu  for  foar  of  a  tniDiiIt.  Tlu!  luoof  Moxioo  am! 
'I'lai'opan  had  alroady  liooii  hanL,'od,  and  t'oliuanaoooh  was  iiliout  to  ho,  wlirn 
Ills  hidihoi',  Ixllilxocliitl,  lu'ini,'  advisod,  iut>h<'d  i'orlli  and  oalloil  upon  tiio  In 
(liaus.  roi'ooiviuj;  (hoilauLjor,  t'ortosout  (iio  rojioauil  savod  tiio  half  stian;:K'il 
Uin.^;  of  To/.onoo.  llo.  thoicnpon  pi-oooodrd  to  <\i)Iain  to  Ixtlilxoohill  tlio  JMst 
roasi.ua  whii'li  lad  hmu^ulit  about  tlio  oxoontion.  'I'ho  |iiinio  appiaiod 
oonviuood,  and  di^iluissod  tho  auxiliai'ii's,  who  utood  roady  to  fall  upon  tho 
^S|);uiianls.  The  "liiof  inotivo,  liowovor,  fornpaiiui;  tiu'Ui,  was  not  tho  JMslin^ 
of  tin'  dooil,  fof  !i('  ro'jai'doil  it  ovor  a:!  ii  tiiaohorous  ono,  hnt  tho  foar  of  wars 
that  mi  .;hl  i-osult  fi'om  a  revolt  aiul  oarry  di  solation  ovor  his  country,  choikiiij; 
tho  prni^ross  of  tho^iviuL,'  faith,  ("ohuanaooch,  whom  t'ortis  acciisod  as  tl  n 
chief  conspirator,  was  oai  lioil  witii  tho  army  in  a  hammock,  NuHi'iiiiL!  severely 
from  the  wronohiu;^  of  tin'  imoso.  His  i,'rief  hrouf,'lit  ;diini(. an  intestinal  hmi'ir- 
ihaLjo,  from  wiiicli  ho  died  within  a  few  days.    l/iirril>!(i>  Cnu li/iiili.^,  'X\   I. 

•"  '  ^'  Hiiuinormas  jirou:\(;as,  Cortes  mando  alioi'oar.-d  (inatenm/,  y  al  senir 
do 'I'.icnhiV.  ...  V  !'no  esla  nniorte  i|Ui'  Ls  dieron  nmy  in  justamonli'd.ida,  .\  p:iie- 
cio  m:d  a  toilos  os  ipio  il)amos  aipu'lla  joriiada  '  Jliriml  l)ni~,  Hi"!.  \'fr-ln<L, 
'JOn,  Hut  his  aci'onnt  (if  all  this  expodilion  i  leuostionahlo,  and  his  testimony 
lo.^os  fori'o  lhroP';h  tlii"  ovideut  laet.  that  ho  is  earried  away  ho  i;yiiiiialliy  l^r 
tho  Kinys,  w  lio  li.iil  oltoulavorod  iiim,  and  I'oi'llio  uiilivos  to 'nhuni  hia  Liter  eou- 


EXCUSES  FOR  THE  ATROCITY. 


55j 


The  reason  beimx  admittoil,  and  lliis  to  some  extent 
I'ven  hy  native  loeonls,  tin;  j)n'carious  sitnation  of  <ho 
S[)aniaixls  diMnandod  tliai  C'ortc's  should  take  meas- 
ures eoiiunensurate  with  the  a[)})arent  danger/"* 

ilitioa  III  Hfi)  lv,iin(l  liini  rather  closely.  He  certainly  .■ulniits  tlu^  .strnn!:;acc(u,a- 
■tiiiiiaiul  tlioc  iiiriiiiiiit.iny  •■ulini.ssiiin  nf  the  victims,  thi;  lviii,L,'iit  'ri.ieuiiaii  Nlati.ii,', 
Vor  instance,  that  lie  a'nl  C,>iia\ihteniot/,in  iiad  ilcdared  one  death  pret'i  rd)Ic 
to  ilio  daily  ileaths  sutl'cred.  'J"uri|ueniada  adopts  tiio  vei'sion  ol  r  Te/i  luaii 
manuscript,  wiiich  relates  that  (.^oiiiianacocii  on  mw  occasion  rcniaiUid  to  his 
r  .  .'ill  eoiiirei'es  that  if  tlioy  chose  to  be  disloyal,  tiie  Sp  inianls  Miii,dit  ha\i'  to 
rennet  jiast  injuries.  (>uauhteniot/in  hastened  to  silence  him  liy  ohscrvin;; 
th.it  \vall.^  had  ears,  which  niiL;ht  inisuuucrst.md  such  expressions.  A  plc- 
lieian  native  re]iorted  tiu'm,  and  that  very  niLsht  those  who  h.nl  Ikm'u  ]irescnt 


at  t!ie  convcrsjition,  three  kin^js  and  ti\e  eaciipies,  were  found  lianLrini;  fn 
eciia-tree.     'l'(Uc|ue!nada  will  not  helii^ve  that  the  Indians  intended  ti 


especially  since  th;'ir  country  was  now  dividi'i 


viiurs  as  a 


hurdt 


II,  1.  oTod.     (  avo, 


Siyld 


d,  hut  that  <  'orti'S 
■Ills,  n''ri 


.It. 
ided  tlio 


d   (i 


e\  en  intimales  somethiui;  to  this  ellect  in  sayiiii;  that  Cortes  oii'_;ht  ti 
ju'cserved  so  proiniucnt  and  lirave  ii  captive  to  ])oiiit  the  triumphi  of  h 


us  eircumslanccs  nnist  have  prevented  hiin 


torit's,  hut  that  the  daui: 

.1/. 

culpa,  y  (pic 

when  the  Indians  eomplained  to  the  kiiiLis  of  nialtreatment,  they 


Hist. 


'.1.      '  i'^s  notorio,  ipi(<  Quauhtenioc  y  los  diiiwis  .senores  niuiieroii  sin 
line  Ics  levantaroii  falso  testimoiiio.'     ]udeed,  continues  Ixtiilxochitl, 


eounscllei 


suliini.sioii. 


r>ut  his  story  is  sn 


ill  of 


ulariiii;  niisstatemeiits  and  ahsurdilies 


iiiul  so  evident  is  the  desire  to  rclic\e  his  kinsmen  from  the  traitor's 


tliat  ho  cannot  lie  relied 


llorrili'fs  ( ',7/1  AAk/cn,  «•_',  etc.;    A/.,  A'c/h 


KiiniKltoroH  ili's  Mt'.e.  Aitfhi.,  i.\.  440,  etc.  nrasseiir  de  l$onrhour;.t  follows  him 
iMi|)licitly  of  course,  us  ho  does  almost  any  rec(U-d  from  native  source.  'I'lieri' 
was  no  witness  exiu'pt  the  spy,  and  tiio  prince.i  were  not  allowed  to  defend 
tlieinselves,    ll'rst.  Nal.  Cir.,  iv.  tiOS.      He  eviilently  jiay.s  no  attention  what- 


to   tl 


10  Spantsh  versions. 


Ihist. 


iiiv;  reeor( 


Is  of    tl 


inianto    accept.s   even    more    iiii]ilicilly 


lose  wlioiii 


]ireters  to  rei;ari 


I  his  ancestors. 


edition  of  (lomara,  ('li/iiKil/iitin,  Hist,  ('onij.,  ii.  I,'{.">  li.    Cano,  who  married  the 
nisin  and  widow  of  l^hianlitemot/in,  ciUs  tin?  execution  of  the  three  kings  a 


lis  (lisliKe  < 


if  ( loi'tes.     ()ri< i/it,   ill.   oil). 


murder,  as  may  he  expi'ctcd  from  I 
Carrii'd  away  hy  liyperholic?  llidits  of  fancy,  wherein  he  surpasses  even  Solis 
hiuiself,  Sala/ar  condeuins  the  deed  as  hascd  on  false  tesiiuiouy,  and  hlanu'd 
I'ortcd  for  iiritatin.;  the  natives  hy  rcsortim;  to  so  rasii  a  measure.  ( 'mi'i.  M<  r., 
'J4J-;{.      l''atUer  Oiiran  emphasi/.es  this  with  well  known  syuipathy  for  the 


native  can: 


horcar.'  ilisl.  /,/,/.,  MS 

M\!i  /toficr/s,)!!,    ilisl.  A  I 


V  h'V.anlandose  contra  i  1  al.;iinos  testi^os  falsos  \i'.  niaiK 


!\ 


On  impel  feet  evidei 


iiid  w  ilhout  a  trial 


a;M  rc''ari 


tli.'sti 


Is  tlii<  lest 
He 


l,'!S,      I'reseott  sympathi/es  with  (jluanhtcinot/iu 


loMiienls  ot 


iiuoiiy  as  insii 
rnal  IMa/.  .-ind 


llicicnt,  while  lli 
refc!-s  to  I  111'  act  as  i 


■1 


iirles,  as  an  niil 


The  cliii'f  ground  lor  this  view  is  that  ( 

can  tliercfero  lie  relicil  upon.     It  has  not  lieen  my 


JIIS   ;i,  doll  his 
laetiiMl  w  isiloin. 


d. 


not  lie,  an 


I 


for( 


lllli!   to  ac(iliire  sueli 


\'V  stililvuf  his  hero  might  have  cliaiigi'il  Sir 


iinaii. 


M> 


egards  the  execution  ns  a 


xicaii  with  S|iaiiish  sympathies,  helie\es 


hlot 


in  Colt  s.     ( *uanlitt 


pceii  tien 


t  to  Spain  after  llii>  fall  of  Mi'xico. 
1   have  heen  (lie  best  \\t)V  to  .s<'cure  and 


f..illi,  .-iii'i   I  fancy  that  a 

Arthur  llelp.s'  views.     Al; 

ill  the  conspiracy,  Imt  rega 

tu  >t/in,  at  least,  shoiihl  h 

liiiirt.,  i.  '.'14.     This  cerlainl 

make  ufc  of  liini.     I'i/arro  y  Orel 

I'vi  Iciice  as  elcar  and  the  exeeulion  as  just;  no  does  Kevilla,  althou;,'li  hii 

reason  1  lire  not  till-  hcst.   S'llii,  CoiHl.  Mcr.  (eil.   lS4;t),  oON. 

''"  It  is  not  improhalile  tiiat  suspieioiri  as  to  the  tlioiiLdits  and  acts  of  the 
Uings  in,',y  have  eii'aled  a  ]ireiudice  ag.dnst  them,  liiil  the  suspicions  existed 


y  woiiii 


la/ 


.<  /tr-.trcs.  Ill    1(1,   regards  Iho 


tdieady  lu'foiv  liny  U'ft  Me\i 


proved  l>\  their  hcin^  taken  iiol  only  ua 


'  ii 


53G 


M.UlCn  OF  CORTES  TO  IIONDURi^. 


]Many  of  the  nativx's,  particularly  those  now  en- 
countering' the  S[)aniards  for  the  first  time,  regarded 
the  disco N'ery  of  the  conspiracy  with  su[)crstilluus 
awe.  Tlie  Idea  of  treachery  by  an  accouipllce  did 
not  seem  to  so  occur  to  them,  but  with  mysterious 
shaking  of  the  head  they  pointed  to  the  compass  and 
chart.  Instruments  which  had  so  unaccountal  ly,aiid 
better  than  any  guide,  i)oInted  out  the  road  and  sa\ed 
the  army  from  desti'uetion,  could  of  course  re\eal  a 
simple  conspiracy.  Nothing  could  be  hidden  from  the 
ov,-iier  of  tliat  needle.  Conscious,  perhaps,  of  some 
stray  unfriendly  thought,  many  hastened  to  Cortes  to 
jirotest  their  devotion.  "  Look  into  the  mirror,  and 
you  will  llnd  it  so,"  tbo}'  said,  alluding  to  tlie  com]»uss, 
yet  (quaking  the  while  lest  a  suspicion  should  tliere 


hostages  for  the  loyalty  of  their  subjects,  but  as  fi  lu'cciiulion  agaiiist  Ihoir 
own  pii.^Kililo  (1i.-l()j';i!(y.  Qii;ii!l;(ciiiot/iii  v;w  (^viilinilly  ii.it  Iho  most  f^v.buns- 
Bivc  of  moil,  for  lie  liail  iil\v;iys  been  regiinlcil  im  rc(|uiiiiig  a  eloso  wiitch,  ami 
Cort.  s  l)rou^ht  him  chielly  liec;uisu  of  his  'buliirio.so'  charactei 


i.-j  lie  e.' 


prei'^e.s  it.     It  may  not  be  coiiiiiiU'reil  uiipanhmnble  for  the  Iiidi-.r.  nuxiUirii? 
to  relieve  their  feeliiigu  in  mutiuoua  cxjiiessioiis  against  tlie  tahkniawlers 


Hill 


;i(;ili'nj  who  were 


Ul 


ill''  them  awav  from  home  (o  meet  ;iu  uu!vnM'.\u  f 


to  (MKhire  toil,  1 


nuv.rcn,  am 


1(1 


m'ler. 


l)Ut  sueh  sentiments  ^oi'M  not  b 


looked  in  the  kings.     Tliey,  tin  captured  leaders,  existed  only  l)y  sulieranee, 
the   eondilion  being  good    beha,vior.      lor    them    even  t 


,o  usti.'n  wa.i  10  eu- 


eonra^e,  anil  they  Wfn-e  eonsefjnently  gnilty.      N'ot  tlint  1  blame,  tliom.     \: 
1  would  ratlier  blame  them  lor  not  being  more  jtroinpt  and  determined  in  tlio 
p;itriolie  ell'ort.     Jjiltin  resoIviuL.'  t()  li.-iti 


1(1  to  aet,  no  doubt,  they 


a  risk  with  ;v  pen;ilty  well  delined  among  all  peoples.    Corti's  was  not  tl 
to  hesiiate  at  almost  any  deed  when  private  or  puliHc  interests  ihMiiain 


iU'ri'ptr' 


and  it  needii 


X  bat  little  to  ron:-e  to  Idind  lurv 


himl 


leniig  suspicioi! 


led  it 

jf  t'l 


soldiers  regarding  Mexiean  loyalty.  Hut  iiere  we  have  evideiici! — not  ground- 
less oven  from  a  nativij  point  of  view — to  juslity  the  Spaniards  in  assuming 
that  aeoiiR]'ir;u'y,  or,  at  le:;;<t,  mutinous  talk,  was  wiile-spread,  jind  t!ii-i;uiiiii)',' 
a  horde  tenfold  supei'iorin  lumber;  ii  horde  known  ever  to  have  eherished  un- 
friendly feelings,  and  m>\v  doubly  enibittc:veil  by  sull'eiing.  Under  the  >  In  aiii- 
ts  Would  not  have  di.  iv'anh  il  te'timonv  however 


:anees  even  sain 


ilUlltlul 


and  the  C.'astilians  were  but  human.  Self-pri'servation,  ay,  <luty  to  king,  and 
I'lMintry,  ;ir.il  (led,  whose  several  interests  they  were  defending,  drllianded  the 
prompt  sujipressioii  of  so  ominous  a  danger,  ^\'llat  were  the  iiest  meiisiirc- ? 
A  loii'j,'  eanipaign  in  Mexico  had  imjiressed  (^ort;  s  with  the  belief  that  a  p 


1 


trained   to  alijeet  s..i!i.M'rvi 


as  the  Aztecs,  and  so  liloodv   in  tin  ir 


worship,  could  be  controlleil  by  sexerity  alone,  and  that  the  lesson  must  fall 
oil  the  Icadi  is.     .'"ituated  as  lliey  were  the  .soldiers  "ould  not  be  exiecli 


guard  .1  large  Jiumber  i  ."  eapti\t's.      Ileuce  no  course  remaincil,  except  ea| 


d  lo 
;d 


punishmeii 


Aecordiiej  to  r.ci'ii.d   Mia;:,  Ul^LVvi-tlail.,  'JOl,  (Virt.s' 


dia;'e  .^ 


lif  mind  at  the  auli'erings  of  the  t^xpeililion  was  so  iiu'iiascd  by  this  deed  that 


he  became  slec|i'i  s:<,  ami,  in  waiah  ring  around  olu^  iii!.;ht  ill  a  tcm|ile  ioruiiii 


the  eaiiip,  he  lell  from  a  platform  a  disUmeo  of  tea  foot,  hurting  his  huai 


;l 


Buverei 


THE  ARMY  AT  TZAXCANAC. 


687 


stnnd  (lopicted.  Aporhpnlon  was  so  MflV<'tiMl  that,  lie 
hastoiHMl  to  toridor  nllegia!U"i>  and  to  l)un)  idols.  So 
('(Mivcnioiit  a  l)elief  was  not  to  1)0  disturlx'd,  and  the 
natives  were  alhnved  to  nurse  it. 


The  army  now  proceeded  to  Tzancanao,*'  the  popu- 
hnis  capital  of  Acalan,  conducted  by  Apochpnlon  in 
person.  IFe  was  mounted  on  a  horse,  and  tlio  tint 
apprehensi(^ns  over,  he  strode  his  steed  with  childi;;h 
deli'dit.  The  soldiers  wi'i-e  treated  with  snmntnous 
hospitality,  and  Cortes  was  ^^rntifled  with  ]>resents  of 
L';old  and  women.  IMcanwhile,  to  facilitate  tlie  further 
iiiiirch,  the  road  was  improved,  a  l)l■id^Je  huilt,  and 
^;uides  were  provided,  besides  an  advance  cor[)s  laden 
with  provisions.  In  return  for  all  this  A])och[>alon 
aslv(Ml  merely  for  a  letter  '.o  ]irove  to  other  white 
'•oMiers  that  he  had  been  faithfid. 

TIkm'c  was  every  inducement  to  prolon;jj  the  stay 
.it  I;'.ancanac,  served  and  f(^ai-ted  as  they  were,  but 
\ho  neai'ness  of  thc^  Spanish  settlements,  as  allur- 
/ny;ly  do] >icted  by  the  c;dculatiiv,ij  Apochpalon,  was 
an  ijiceniive  for  all  to  })roe(M>I.  fjaden  with  I'ations 
for  a  v/eeh,  they  departed  (mi  ilie  first  Sunday  in  Ijcnt 
IVom  the  fair  province  of  .\calan,  ow-r  ^^•hi(•h,  Ihe 
jirotective  letter  notwithstandin-i,  the  withering;-  in- 
ihienc(^  of  Spaniards  was  soon  to  f;ll.  On  the  third 
day  tlif^y  entei'ed  tlu^  ])r;\iric-stud(lcd  province  (A' 
llie  !Ma;:atecs,*"  so  called  fi-(!'u  tht^  al:)und;\nce  of  deer. 
Th(>sc  animals  were  lieiv;  r'-i^-arded  with  veiK-ration, 
and  the  con;;cquent  imnnmi'y  from  pursuit  had  made 
tliem  not  only  numen)us,  but  tamt\  IMie  soldiers, 
beiu'^  restrained  by  no  scru[iles  of  native  sujierstition, 
eould  not  resist  the  temptation  of  a  chase  o\-er  th(> 
verdure-clad  fields,  and  soon  a  score  of  di^'r  wii'e 
a(td(^d  to  the  larder.  The  foll<>\vin<^  day  they  caiiir  to 
a  frontier  fortress,  built  on  a  rock,  and  bounded  on 

^'Oii  a  \v;itcrfo\irso  falling  into  Ti'nniiioH.  Corlrx,  Carina,  410. 

^^  '  I'nt'hlds,  I'l  Tii'iTas  di!  Vcniiilon.'  ViUitiittlivrrc,  l/ist.  Conif.  /ha,  43. 
'  Proviuci.i  lie  Ma(,'iitl;ui,  ijiic  cii  aii  loiigua  ilclios  hu  llama  C^uiaclio.'  (diIcs, 
Cartas,  A'2.-2. 


•ill 


ti 


vn 


joS 


MARCH  OF  CORTES  TO  HONDURAS. 


()M(^  side  by  a  lake,  on  ilio  other  by  a  river,  and  wilh 
only  one  means  of  acc^ess.  ]>L!si(l(!S  iliis  nalui';il 
strength  it  was  jjrotectcd  hy  a  double  stoekade  \\it!i 
nioats,  surnionnti;d  by  towers,  and  the  liouses  wen; 
also  ])rovided  with  shot-holes.  The  place  was  in  fart; 
iiii[)regna,ble,  and  every  precaution  was  taken  to  inci  1, 
the  resistance  for  which  the  attack  of  soiiu;  lately 
captured  scouts  had  pn^parod  them.  Cautiously  they 
advanced  towaj'd  the  entrance.  Not  a  sound,  not  a 
movement.  An  ambuscade  nuist  have  been  Ibniied, 
since  no  gate  barred  the  entry.  ]>ut  within  ri.'igned 
silence,  and  it  was  only  on  reaching  the  plaxa  that 
some  chiefs  apptsared  with  humble  obeisance.  This 
was  one  of  the  asylums  erected  by  the  ^lazatecs  tor 
refuge  against  the  wild  l^acamlones.  But  what  availed 
walls  and  arms  against  the  irresistible  bearded  men 
who  controlled  the  lightning.  Them  tJie  Inhal)it;mt.s 
dared  not  resist:.  '-I'hey  had  lied  to  mountain  I'ast- 
nosses,  h.-aving  their  wealth  of  juovisions  and  arms  at 
the  disposal  of  the  invaders,  with  the  sohi  rcMpiest 
that  the  ])lace  \n)  not  destroy e;l.  The  chiels  were  reas- 
sured, and  after  re[)lenishing  tlieir  stores  the  Spaniards 
])rocee(K'd  ibr  seven  leagues  to  a  larger  and  similar 
pueblo  called  Tiac,  situated  on  a  plain,  within  a,  stoc 


aeie,   eae 


h   of 


lis 


tin 


ee 


war( 


Is   L 


nnU'j:    proVK 


I.mI 


wilh 


F.ej>arate  ])alisad(!S.  'i'Jie  caciqucjs  ot  this  and  se\'eial 
other  j)ueblos  of  the  province,  each  indejx^ndent  and 
quarrelsome,  sent  messengers  with  ]>r(!sents  a,nd  ollei's 
of  allegiance^  but<  could  not  be  jirevailed  u[)on  to  come 
in  ])ers()n  with  their  {)eople.  'J'he  guides  here  oh- 
tainetl  gave  the  cheering  inl'ormation  that  the  whit^) 
men  were;  not  far  oil',  and  conducted  t:hem  to  Ahini- 
eahuitl,  the  last  pueblo  of  this  provinces,  also  f  jrtilied, 
and  amply  provisioned,  so  much  so  that  rations  were 
taken  for  the  live  days'  march  which  intervened  before 
reaching  the  province  of  the  Itzas.*' 

Four  nights  were  spent  in  the  mountains,  in  whi<  h 

^'C'llli'.l  hy  (.'orti'a  Tiiica,  Taliioa,  nnd  Tiii(,!a,  the  latter  not  inconuct  [in- 
haps,  altlioiiyii  Alitza  or  Tayasal  nuiy  bo  Ijcttcr. 


ARRIVAL  AT  THE  TTZA  CAPITAL. 


669 


was  a  l);i(l  pass,  calliMl  A]a1)astn)  fVom  tlic  appoaranco 
ol"  Iho  rock.  They  now  caiiK;  to  a  small  lai^t;  with  an 
island  ])Ucl)lo,  from  wITk-Ii  Hk;  iiilial)!taiiis  Hod  as  the 
s<)ldi(TS  waded  over.'-  l'h<;  (ollowiiiLf  day  they  were 
sur|)ristHl  to  behold  the  ^h.'amiiiLf  walls  and  loCty  tem- 
]>1(!S  of  a  lariije  ))uel)lo,  situated  on  an  isle  several  miles 
iVom  shore,  in  a  larL;'(;  sheet  of  waf(!i',  whieh  Cortes 
assumed  to  he  an  arm  of  the  sea.*'  Hut  his  ordeal 
was  not  y(.'t  over.  It  was  tlu;  lake;  now  known  as 
]*eten,  and  Um  ]»U(;hlo  was  I'ayasal/'  the  cajjital  of 
the  Jtzas,  which  reealled  in  a  measure  to  th(!  old  con- 
querors the  first  and  nexcr  to  he  {\)y<r{)i{(i]\  view  of  tin; 
iamous  quecMi  city  (Mitln'oned   in  tl.ie  lake  of  Afexico. 


"J'Ik!    natives    had    taken    to    their   can 


oes    on 


tl 


le 
)r 


a|)])roa'-h  of  the  Sjianiards,  and  heeded  no  sii^ns  ( 
a|)peals,  hut  with  tlu;  aid  of  a  do<^  a  solitary  hoat- 

JH  ])n)li;il)ly  ]/.\]io  S.iii  I'ccli'n,  fiiiiii  uliicti  Jill  Hit;  li.sli  wiTC  ciiiijlit, 


ovci'  1 ,0(10  in  iiiiiiilxr.   /.'( 


(/  />; 


r 


ii'c.ci.i  hra/.o  (U!  mar, 


//;.s'.'.  I'.r'A"/.,  "Jdl. 
1 


lllll    llHl    CrcO    IIIKI    lo    CH,    ftUn(HH!   <s    <lul< 


('iirl'i.-j,  'l-!7. 
*'  So  write 


il  Di, 


.1  V 


iila'/iiliiTfc, 


I' 


A'-  lar 


1, 


la  I  it 


'J'.iiza.  or  Alit/ii.      Two  ii'a'.riiiH  IVoiii  sliorc,  Hays  Corti's,  on  an  isiainl   1, 


I'rfrii  1  Ixa,  I'rti'ii  siL,'iii I yi 11'.;  i  -j.mhI.      IIm  |ii-cHciih  iiaiiio  is  Ui'iiicilidM,  anil  r) 


I  lie  !■! 


lins  111  till'  ojil  jinrlijci  jia.i  ri-fii  the  ti 


I'" 


Til''  nanii!  of  I'l'tcii 


livi'H  111  tliat  III   till 


I' 


loniantii:  .•ii'i'oiint  i.i  j;ivi'ii  ol  tin;  ri-:i!  ot  this 


iaki^  |M'0|i!i'.     '{'ill'  lt/a<  wri'i!  a,  Kvanrh  of  onn  of  tin!  ni'i-t  ;inri'-nt  nation.s  of 
Niii'iitaii,  wliosc  naino  liiul  <|i'-i"'iii|i'il  on  tlii'tn  i\-,  foUowcrs  of  tlii'  lii'ro-;;oil 
ll/iininii,     t)liii'lii'M  It/a,  tlnir  i'a|iilal, 
ill  tlio  (ii'iiiimila.  lint  witli  tli''  I'hai 


nwi'.  II  ('I'litri!  (if  iiowrraii'l  wi'altli 


f'lrtni 


if  w 


ir  (.•aiiic  ilisniiion,  an 


I 


thd  1 


«'''iiiiiiii'^  of  till-  l.'itli   ccntiirv  I'ln  fraiiil    Ilzai  had  liwimlli'il   into  a, 


'KIC 
il.     It 


i/Ii|iiit  a  i|ilii'n  rolniiM- 


iiiiiiiliiT  (it  )ii'tty  |irinii|)'ilifi('H  iiiliil  liy  raiii-k'-', 

nil  111'!  llaniaii  ( 'and;.'  <  '(I'lnlliulu,  llisf.  Yiiciillniii 

111  tiii'M!  fill  ill  h)vr,  init  fouiiil  an  olislai'li!  in  n,  fathci 

ji'i.'tof  hi  I  all'i  ilioiis  lo  a  iimri'  imwrrlnl  iliirf.     'J'Ik;  i:aiii'U  «;ii  n'lt  to  In-  tlin.s 


.so  lia|p|ii'ni'i 
who  iiwaii 


1  that 
h'.l  th' 


r.l.--|IV  lllllkci 


III-  W;itr'|i'i 


II  njMiii  till!  f('sti\('a,HM('iiilily  ,',n< 


iportiiiiily,  aii'l  on  the  wi'ililiii'.'-ilay  liroko 
lic'l  oil'  till!  Iiiiiic.    ( iatlnriii''  lii.s  warriors. 


til 


pii.' 


t!i(!  (lis;i|i|poiiit('il  rival   |iri  paio.l  to  wreak  vi'ii'/c'iiii'i' ami   icrovcr 

Tlic  lliiiiii  of  onr  licro  wnn  not  lifti'il  t't  \\  itlistiml  sinli  hosts,  ami  in'  IkuI  ii' 

otiicr  a!t('inativ(!  than  lli;.;ht.     Nor  coiiM  lii<  suhji'i^ts  liopo  to  ('.iiKipi- ili'.<ola- 


li'iii,  a 


111)  takiii''  III)  t 


k;  I'.i'isi'  II 


f  tl 


I.aili 


til 


lev  lollowiil  llini  .S'liltliwaii 


th 


.1 


ill  .search  of  a  new  lioiii",  s.il'e  fioni  the  iiveii'.'er.     (iiiiileil  liy  (•ra'.";v  raii:/i's, 


II 
1,'k 


le   ieln''e('S  e.inie 


to  tl 
li 


111  siiiiliH'.;  v;il 


•V  of  'l',i\';is;il,   with   its  i-il: 


lonli'i'i'il  hv  venliiri'i 
if 


•la. Is!. 


ipis,  lii'voml  wiiii-li  ros. 


th 


stinlil'il 
ill''  lor.  -t. 


II. 're  iiiilee.l  was  a  lainl  of  proniise,  where,  ^narll.■ll  hy  lt/ainn,i,  tiny  iniu'ht 
rear  ui'W  genera tion.-*  to  |ierpeiii,i(.'  the  iiiinie  aii.l  Ir.iililioiis  of  tlieir  raec 
runs  \\\v  storv  iis  r.'lateil  liv  elii 


■Lis.  iiltli.m.'h  with  111. if  (l.'V.Hit  frame  (if 


mi  I  111  they  j,'iv.'  prefereii.-e  to  aniilhei     .■eon  I  It,  wliii'li  iittrilmtes  the  mi'^'ratioii 
I  I  till'  proph.'.^i.'i  of   their  |iricsts,  foretelliii','  the  .'.i.'iin','  of  a  liear.le.l  raee, 


witli  a,  new  faith,  to  nil.'  ov.r  the  laml.    \"illii(fiili 


'n.l.  l/in/u,    llisl.  Y 


I  list.  ('i,n<i.  Jl.«,  •J'l  :tl; 


will  lie  iig.iin  spoken  ol  in  a  later  vuluiiu 


l//niii,  ."lOT.      See  ,ilso  Xalirc  Iturrn,  ii.  v.,  oil.'.      Tlio   Itza-I 
late 


fr 


p 


500 


MArX'II  OF  CORTES  TO  HONDURAS. 


man  was  captured.  A  friendly  message  was  now 
despalclied  to  the  canek  inviting  liini  to  a  conference, 
and  offei'ing  hostages.  It  was  not  long  ere  six  Iarg(j 
canoe.<  apprcKiclied  the  shore,  and  some  thirty  persons 
stepped  fearlessly  forth.  At  their  head  came  one 
whose  commanding  figure  and  quiet  dignity  an- 
nounced tiie  ruler.  A  llowing  white  robe  disclosed 
au  elaborately  tattooed  skin,  relieved  by  an  embroid- 
ered maxtli.  The  braided  hair  was  surmcjunted  by 
a  lica<l-dre!":;s  of  feathers,  and  the  face,  also  tattooed 
v.'ith  black  lines,  vras  farther  ornamented  with  gobl 
pendants  in  nose  and  ears.  lie  bade  Cortes  wel- 
come, and  expressed  himself  secure  in  his  company 
without  the  proffered  hostage. 

It  was  the  hour  for  ma:;s,  and  with  a  view  both  to 
please  him  and  to  teach  a  pious  lesson,  the  ceremony 
was  held  wi.li  cliant  and  instrumental  accompani- 
ment. The  faith  vras  tliereup-on  explained  by  a  friar, 
with  so  good  an  effect  that  the  chief  promised  to 
destroy  his  idols  and  venerate  the  cross  till  teachers 


to   liive  him   full  instruction.    A 


s  au 


fo); 
yhould  arru'e 
earnest  of  his  intention  pr^^.^ents  were  produced,  c(jn- 
tisting  chielly  of  provisions,  with  a  fev/  strhigs  of 
red  shells  highly  valued  by  the  natives,  and   other 


trinkets;  auil  thou^li  the  L.':old  waf 


mil 


11  in  quantity 


vet  it  eucouraGfcd  Cortc's  to  o'ive  in  return  a  shirt,  a 


\-c 


Ivet 


ca;) 


d 


some 


er 


N 


ew; 


had 


reac 


lied 


the  isLaid  city  of  the  doings  of  the  Europeans,  not 
only  at  Xaco  and  Nito,  but  in  Tabasco,  wliere  ilie 
natives   some   years   before    had    been   conquered    in 


three  battk 


Cortes  lia;5tened  to  assure  the  canel 


that  he  saw  before  him  the  hero  of  those  famed 
encounters,  an<l  liu'ling  that  an  im})ression  ]iad  been 
produced,  he  warmed  witli  a  description  of  tlie  power 
and  grandeur  of  the  greatest  [)rincc  on  earth.  The 
cancl:  ^\'as  not  merely  impressed  but  awed,  so  nuicli 
so  that  he  at  once  tendered  allc\giance. 

Willi  new  guides  llu;  main  body  proceeded  round 
the  lake  southward,  wliile  Cortes  entered  the  canoes 


witli  a  sc( 

oflicers  so 

son  in  the 

Use  gener 

ness  and 

the  island( 

v.'ith  minci 

niended  U 

disabled   1 

treatment 

reverence 

oirered  it  f 

grief  of  tl 

What  won 

Xothing  n 

<-ass.     tlie 

mounted  h 

fmcied  th; 

tlio  horse. 

fliaig'er  thf 

it  \\'as  acc( 

saci-ed  reli 

formed  of  i 

The  nexi 

a  deserted 

v.diero  the 

^■ided  them 

further  a  h, 

virgln'8   fes 

[>ass  was  ci 

l"re  from  tl 

station  bore 

^■'  '  y  que  Vci-i 

■  !'lils(;oni;i!'!l ;  ))U 
111'  gOfsoil  tl)KlKl\ 
;i:lll    0110   lici^rpij   ,], 

'"  wih'ii  tiio  c, 

fi>iiiiil  mere  than  ; 
1    iiici;)iil  (jiic's  till; 

y^i'-'lfltlll,  ."),■);    X( 

*'  N nostra  Son 
Uisr.  Ct 


TOILSOilE  ADVANCE. 


CCl 


with  a  score  of  areliors  to  visit  tlio  island  city.  The 
oflicors  soLiglit  to  (hssuade  him  from  riskini^  his  per- 
son ill  the  luinds  of  a  ])erhaps  treacherous  enemy,  but 
tlie  general  did  not  wish  to  he  surpassed  in  fearless- 
ness and  confidence.*'  lie  was  greatly  admired  by 
the  islanders  vrlio  thronged  round  his  mailed  followers 
v.-ith  minu'led  cui'iositv  and  awe.  On  leaving:  he  com- 
mended  to  their  care  a  Idack  horse  which  had  beeii 
disabled  by  a  wound  in  the  leuf.  Ignorant  of  the 
treatment  I'eijuired  by  the  animal,  and  eager  to  do 
i'(AX'rence  to  the  strange  cliarge,  they  are  said  to  have 
ofiered  it  llowers  and  fowl,  on  vrhich  diet  it  died.  The 
grief  (>f  tlie  It:ais  was  e(jualled  only  by  their  fear. 
Wliat  would  the  white  chief  say  wdien  he  reti.a*ned  i* 
X(jthing  now  remained  but  to  do  homage  to  the  car- 
cass. Tliey  had  seen  the  flash  of  the  fire-arm  as  the 
mounted  hunter  chased  the  deer  on  the  prairie,  and 
fancied  that  this  as  well  as  the  re})ort  issued  from 
tlio  horse.  What  more  appropriate  apotheosis  of  a 
(  harger  than  into  a  god  of  thunder?  As  Tziminchac 
it  was  accordingly  adt)red.  The  bones  Avere  kejtt  as 
sacred  relics  while  an  efligy  sejant  (jf  the  animal, 
formed  of  masonry,  attracted  direct  worship.*" 

Tlie  next  resting-place  of  the  army  was  at  Tlecan, 
a  deserted  pueblo  some  seven  leagues  from  Tayasal, 
where  the  S})aniards  stayed  for  four  days  and  pro- 
sided  themselves  with  a  week's  rations.  Six  leagues 
i'urther  a  halt  was  made  at  a  luunlet,  in  honor  of  the 
\iro-in's  festival.*''  Nine  leaiiaies  bevond,  a  ruLi'ged 
pass  was  entered  in  which  the  rough  sharj)  stones 
lure  from  the  horses  feet  their  very  shoes.  The  next 
station  bore  the  name  Ahuncapun  where  a  two  days' 

^•'' '  Y  (|uc  vcria  (jnemar  los  iilolos.'  Cortrn,  f'arta<,  30.  Wliioh  waff  ilono, 
.■ililiOoni.'U'.a  ;  Init  lliis  Vill:ii,'Htiei'ro  will  iioliiUow.  Iddlutry  tiitiiL'rinLiTii.si'il, 
111'  giH.'sou  to  show.  IliH.  Com/.  I'm,  .")().  Hero  tliruo  Spiiniurils,  two  Indiuiis, 
iiiiii  Olio  iipgro  ilc'seitcil,  tiri'il  of  tlio  constant  luirJ.ship.  lienud  JJiuz,  Jlist, 
Vinliiil.,  iO-J. 

*''  Wlicii  the  coiKjiiorors  entered  a,  century  liitcr  to  occupy  the  district,  tliey 
fiiiii'.d  more  than  a  score  of  stone  teniplcH  on  the  island  alone,  and  in  oni'  of  tho 
1  incipal  ones  this  idol.  I'lHaiiifficrri',  IIIaI.  Conn.  /('•"■>  lt)0-'2;  CoijuUndo,  JJini, 
y  ■   iiflidii,  .").");  Xftlirc  li'mr.:,  iii.  4s;{. 

'■  Nuestra  Sofiora  dc  Mari;o.  J/errtra,  dec.  iii.  lib.  viii.  cap.  i. 
Uxai.  CiiN.  Am.,  Vol.  I.    'M 


I    I 


' 


B08 


MARCH  OF  CORTES  TO  HONDURAS. 


halt  was  made.  Five  leagues  beyond  lay  Tachiiytcl, 
after  which  began  an  eight  league  ascent  of  th(3 
roughest  mountains  yet  encountered,  called  de  Pcdcr- 
nales,  Mountain  of  Flints.  The  horses  could  hardly 
move  a  step  without  slipping,  and  cutting  their  logs 
and  bodies  most  dangerously.  On  any  other  occasion 
the  sight  of  suffering  among  the  prized  animals,  the 
chief  reliance  of  the  army,  would  have  touched  the 
men  deeply,  but  now  they  were  too  much  absorbed 
by  their  own  sufferings  to  think  of  them.  Many  of 
the  soldiers  were  also  becoming  disabled,  and  the  pro- 
visions were  giving  out  in  the  midst  of  the  mountains, 
^^■hich  in  many  places  ofl'ered  not  even  a  root.  Days 
passed  by  in  slow  and  toilsome  advance;  none  could 
tell  how  much  longer  this  long  journey  would  last.  A. 
heavy  rain  addc  1  to  their  torment,  and  j>ast  sufferings 
were  forgotten  in  the  present.  Many  fell  from  ex- 
haustion and  hunger,  or  slipped  from  the  rocks  into 
the  abyss;  and  so  extreme  was  the  need,  says  Herrora, 
that  one  confessed  to  havinij;  eaten  of  tlie  brains  and 
entrails  of  three  men  who  had  died  of  liunLjer.*^ 

Cortes  did  his  utmost  to  encouraoce  the  men. 
AVith  pike  in  hand  he  would  lead  the  march  over  the 
difHcult  parts  of  the  road;  he  cheered  and  consoled 
them,  and  divided  what  he  had  with  the  sick  and 
famished.  This  energy,  this  sympatliy  and  gener- 
osity did  wonders  and  animated  the  men  to  re[)rcss 
their  murmurs.  Finally,  after  twelve  days  of  toil, 
says  Cortes,  the  terrible  flint  road  ended;  but  it  lir.d 
cost  the  lives  of  several  men,  and  sixty-eiufht  jiorses 
had  fallen  over  the  cliff's,  or  had  l)een  fatally  disabled, 
while  the  rest  did  not  recover  from  the  strains  and 
bruises  for  three  months.*"     Now  the  men  began  to 

*^  This  was  Mcclrano ;  'Chinmia  do  la  yglesia  de  Toledo.'  The  victims  ;nc 
namuil.  /firirra,  dco.  iii.  lib.  viii.  ca]).  i.  CortO«  nlsoiidmits  tliat  yrcat  ]uiii.:<  r 
was  Hulloird,  yet  tlic  swine  were  only  sparini,'ly  U'led. 

*"  '  Miirioron  sesenta  y  oclii)oal)allos  dospefiados  y  dojarrotados,'  etc.  Cor/rs, 
Cnrtax,  4;!.S.  Bci'nal  Diaz  in  less  clear  on  tliis  incident,  (loniara  i'uUous 
Cortt'8,  altliougli  he  says  tliat  tlie  pa8saL,'e  tooU  only  eii;lit  ilays,  llltt.  M'.r., 
!!().'{,  and  Heirera  is  the  oidy  oni'  who  enters  into  tlie  losses  sustained  in  nun, 
a  uuuiber  dying  also  of  diarrhcea  from  palm-cabbage.    UOi  nujt. 


A  FORMIDABLE  FORD. 


r)C3 


brcatlic  easier,  but,  as  once  before,  the  dawniiij^ 
joy  was  abruptly  clieckod  by  a  foriiiidablo  obstacle. 
They  found  themselves  on  the  banks  of  a  wide  river 
whose  waters  tore  by  with  a  rapidity  tliat  made  even 
rafting  impracticable.  While  the  soldiers  stood  (gaz- 
ing in  mute  despair  at  the  barriers  Ijcliind  and  in 
front,  praying  for  deliverance,  Cortes  sent  out  parties 


to  search  for  an  outlet,  and  soon  reports  were  l)rouoht 
of  a  fortl.  It  was  as  a  reprieve  from  death.  To 
Doum  was  solenudy  chanted,  and  tough  old  soldici's 
slied  tears  of  joy.  When  the  nature  of  tlie  passage 
was  o])sorve<l,  it  seemed  indeed  as  if  licaven  had 
decreed  a  miracle  in  their  behalf  The  ford,  two 
thirds  of  a  league  wide,  consisted  of  a  smooth  ledge 


:\ 


'i:   ,i 


664 


MARCH  OF  CORTES  TO  HONDURAS. 


stretching  across  the  Avholo  river,  aiul  intersected 
by  over  twenty  channels,  throiigli  which  tin.'  water 
rushed  witli  deafening  roar.  But  even  the  channels 
could  not  bo  crossed  without  bridges,  and  fully  two 
days  were  spent  in  felling  timber  for  the  twenty 
passages.^ 

It  was  Easter  eve"  when  the  ford  was  crossed  by 
the  infantry,  followed  b  .  the  disabled  horse;-;.  Au'aiii 
came  a  check  to  their  joy.  Tenciz,  the  puelJo  at  v»hicli 
they  now  arrived,  a  league  beyond  tlie  ford,  h;id  been 
evacuated,  and  nearly  all  the  supplies  carried  ofl'. 
For  over  ten  days  the  men  had  eaten  hardly  any- 
thing but  palm -cabbage,  and  very  little  of  tliut, 
owiniif  to  the  trouble  in  ol:)taining  it."  Fortuuatelv, 
some  natives  were  found  who  guided  a  foragnig  });uty 
back  across  the  river  a  day's  Journey  into  the  Taluiv- 
tal  province,  where  an  abundance  of  provisions  wa,i 
obtained,  and  whicli  f'lrnished  the  army  with  good 
cheer  during  the  five  da^'s'  stay  at  Tenci::,  and  wit!i 
some  rations  for  the  journey  into  Acuculiii  province. 

The  guides  here  obtained  ran  away,  and  the  Span- 
iards had  to  advance  with  the  aid  of  native  maps  alone. 
The  route  was  level,  and  eleven  leagues  were  easily 
covered  in  two  days  by  crossing  two  rivers.  Tliis 
brouQ,dit  them  to  a  small  settlement  of  Acalan  trad- 
ers,  who  had  been  driven  from  Nito  by  the  Spanisli 
excesses,  and  found  refuge  here.  Soon  after  the  caji- 
ital  of  the  province  was  reached,  but  it  was  deserted 
and  almost  devoid  of  provisions.  This  was  most 
disccmraging,  and  to  advance  without  guides  appeared 
dangerous.  NotAvithstanding  the  scanty  sustenauci'. 
obtained  from  palm-cabbage,  cooked  with  pork,  and 


^'' Cortc's  (loscril)os  oven  tliose  ci'ossings  as  quite  dangerous.  T!ie  lidrsoi 
Bwani  Ijclow  the  full  in  the  still  water.  Three  days  were  pn'sied  cro  all  tlio 
horses  could  eiawl  intu  the  caniji,  a  league  further.   Carta>i,  4.')1. 

5'  'A  1.')  dias  del  an.)  do  l.VJ,'>.'  /(/.;  that  is,  April  1.1 

^'^  'Ilabia  diez  diaa  que  no  coniiauio')  tino  cuesoos  <le  paliins  y  pahiiitos.' 
'Ann  de  a(|uellos  palniitos  sin  sal  no  tenianios  abasto,  porque  gc  cortaliaii  cmi 
nuielia  dilieidtad  do  unas  palnias  inny  {;ordas  y  altas,  que  en  tudo  mi  di:i.  dos 
lioinlireis  tenian  (jne  haccr  cortur  uuo,  y  cortaJo,  le  couiiau  eu  media  huia.' 
Vortcd,  Cartas,  i'6i,  i'39. 


APrROACII  TO  NITO. 


r>c,3 


iinsaltcd,  a  week  was  spent  in  seardiint;-  for  guides. 
Fin.illy  a  boy  wa.>  found  wlio  led  tlieni  a  day's  journey 
to  a  river  in  Tanilia  province,  evidently  Rio  Sarstoon. 
Following  the  stream  downward  for  a  couple  of  days 
tlioy  came  to  Otuliztl  pueblo,  where  the  natives  re- 
ported that  Xito  lay  only  two  suns  away,  ^ii  pr(M)f 
of  this  a:;.jertion  two  women  were  brou^hl  who  had 
served  the  Spaniards  there.  Hunger  and  fatigut.; 
\\'ere  forgotten  in  tlie  rejoicing  over  this  news,  and 
the  men  impatiently  begged  to  be  led  onward. 

But  there  v/as  need  for  prudence,  since  nothing 
was  known  about  the  condition  of  aflairs  in  Hondu- 
]'as,  and  the  troops  were  not  at  present  in  a  position 
to  meet  a  well-equipped  foe,  particularly  if  led  by  tlie 
ledoubtuble  Olid.  Sandoval  was  accordingly  sent  for- 
ward Vy'lLli  a  few  chosen  men  to  reconnoitre.  It  was  not 
i'ar  to  the  shore  of  the  Amati<]ue  Bay,  beyond  which 
lay  the  (/oject  of  their  j(jurney.  The  btiy  was  .  kirted 
till  tlicy  reached  the  wide  stream  which  forms  the 
outlet  of  Golfo  Dulce.  Here  they  captured  a  trad- 
er's canoe,  and  then  hid  themselves  to  see  what  next 
^  !iould  liappen.  It  was  not  long  before  a  canoe  ap- 
I'roached  with  four  white  men,  who  were  oulilanked 
;i!id  secured.  They  proved  to  be  soldiers  of  Gil  Gon- 
zalez stationed  at  Nito,  to  which  site  the  old  settle- 
luent  at  San  Gil  do  Buenavista  liad  been  transferred. ■"'•'' 
(hi  the  v,"jU)1c  the  account  of  affairs  was  cheerinn'  to 
Sandov.d,  the  main  ]>oint  being  that  the  province  was 
ijuiet,  and  thoroughlj'  devoted  to  Cortes,  althougli 
v,it]ioul   a   regular   uovernor   since   the  denarturo  of 

Oct  1 

( 'asas.  A  messenger  was  at  once  despatched  to  re- 
lieve the  anxiety  of  the  general,  and  the  soldier  \n 
wlioni  the  commission  was  intrusted  reaped  a  I'ich 
harvest  from  his  overjoyed  chief  and  conn-ades. 

'■ '  Jlrninf  Diaz,  Hid.  Verdnd. ,  202,  204 ;  ,liinrro.<.  Gnat. ,  •.\-2(\.    .M.ist  autliora 
""ufouinl  Nito  .■luil  San  Gil,  iiiid  I'rescott  actually  does  so  with  Xaco. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


CORTfiS  IN  HONDURAS. 

lS25-lu2G. 

Hr  IS  M.\RTEn  of  atx  the  Miseuies  tiieue— Miasma  a.vd  Deep  DismEss— 

EXEKTIOXH  OFCoKTES  IN  BEIIALF  OF  THE  COLOXISTS — A  VESSEL  ArPEAIiS 

wiTU  Provisions— Coxites  Sends  ovt  Fokaoeus — He  Seeks  a  bettki: 
Locality — Sandoval  at  Naco— Otiikus  Settle  at  Caisallos— C'ou- 
Tiis  at  TurjiLLO— Vessels  Sent  to  Mexico,  CriiA,  and  Jamaica— 
TnouKLES  IN  Mexico — Coktes  Irresolute — Starts  for  Mexico-Is 
Driven  hack  by  a  T-^torm — Pacification  of  adjacent  Pfeulos— C'oi:- 
Tiis  Sends  Presents  to  Cordoisa — Shall  Cortes  Make  iiiMsi:r.F  Ma- 
ter OF  NiCAItAGUA? — AliUIVAL  OF  AlTAMIRANO — RETUKN  OF  CORTliS  T(J 

Mexico. 

Cicero  says  that  a  man's  best  adviser  is  himself.  A 
wise  man  can  find  no  better  counsellor  than  his  own 
cool,  impartial  judgment.  Cortes  was  a  wise  man, 
and  he  could  calmly  judge.  Had  he  counselled  with 
himself  before  setting  out  on  this  advcntui'e  ?  IL) 
had  led  into  Honduras,  amidst  great  sutl'erings,  an 
army.  The  end  of  his  perilous  march  brought  to 
him  no  great  achievement,  no  great  re>','ard.  "J'hero 
was  no  Olid  to  punish;  Casas  was  not  a  traitor. 
]\right  not  the  proud  conqueror  with  more  advantage 
have  remained  at  home?  The  assurance  of  a  readv 
welcome,  instead  of  a  campaign  against  a  formidable 
rebel,  was  a  relief  to  the  way-worn  soldiers;  but 
what  thought  the  commander  of  it?  It  is  not  satis- 
fymg  to  a  sane  man's  pride  to  beat  the  air,  or  charge 
on  a  windmill.  A  traitor  to  crush,  or  a  fair  city 
to  conquer,  would  have  been  refreshing  pastime  t<i 
Cortes  at  this  juncture. 

In  advance  of  the  army,  and  almost  alone,  he  set 

(SOU) 


i^ion  met 


DESPERATE  SITUATIOX  OF  THE  COLONISTS. 


607 


out  for  Nito,  If  he  untcrod  not  as  a  conqueror  witli 
sword  ill  Jumd.  he  had  nt  least  the  satisfuetloii  of 
heiii!^  welcomed  as  a  savior.  ;^Talaria  was  there,  and 
had  so  reduocfl  the  sottlcincnt  that  the  frown  of  the 
natives  loomed  over  it  like  Erinnyan  phantoms.  Tliere 
were  hut  three  score  Spaniards  with  a  few  women,^ 
the  greater  numher  so  reduced  by  fever  and  other 
ailments  as  hardly  to  ho  able  to  move,  and  all  suffer- 
ing from  poor  and  insufficient  food — zapolcs,  vegeta- 
l)les,  and  fish.  Without  sufficient  arms  and  without 
horses,  they  did  not  venture  abroad  to  forage,  and 
seeing  that  death  wouul  surely  overtake  all  if  the}- 
I'emained,  the  able-bodied  men  under  the  leadership 
of  Diego  Xieto  were  repairing  a  vessel  in  which  to 
depart.'^  The  disappearance  of  the  four  men  cajttured 
by  Sandoval  created  no  small  alarm.  Were  they  after 
all  to  be  overwhelmed  l)y  aveiiixinix  natives?  Amidst 
such  troubles  no  wonder  that  the  appearance  of  Cortes 
was  greeted  as  a  descent  from  heaven,  and  that  even 
men  wept  as  they  thronged  round  to  kiss  his  hand. 

The  army  was  not  a  little  surprised  at  tlie  desti- 
tution of  tlie  famed  Honduras.  While  ministei'ii'g 
consolation,  Cortes  sent  out  bands  of  foragers.  One 
of  the  ]")arties  ascended  the  Rio  Yasa,^  and  coming  to 
a  deserted  hamlet,  six  leagues  from  the  mouth,  took 
refu^fo  from  the  rain.  But  it  \vas  not  loii"*'  belbre  a 
band  of  Indians  set  upon  them,  and  Ijadiy  wounded 
they  were  driven  to  the  boats,  glad  to  escape  witli 
hfe.  Another  party  found  a  path  leacHng  to  a  well- 
])rovided  pueblo  called  Lc(|uela,  but  it  was  eighteen 
lijagues  away,  and  too  far  for  carriers.  A  third  divi- 
sion met  with  better  success.* 

'  Sixty  men  .ind  twccity  women  luf  t  by  Oonzalo/.  Corli'if,  Carfn.i,  440.  Forty 
Spaniniils  ami  four  Moiiicii,  says  IV'nial  I)iaz,  J/is/.  Vanlail.,  liOt. 

-  '  Di)  loilos  t'llo.s  iii>  liabiadulio  paia  ])()(lor(|ni'ilMi'(ii  laticira.'  ('nrfr'>\  C'dr- 
triK,  Inc.  cil.  Tiii'ir  captain,  Armeuta,  having;  rffusccl  to  R'tuiii  witli  thi.-in  to 
('alia,  tluy  had  lianiicil  him  a  few  days  hcfuro,  and  had  eh'utcd  Nicto,  who  war* 
ready  to  cxccuto  thoir  wishes.   Beraal  JJliiz,  llinl.  Vtnldd.,  -04. 

■'  Montagna  probaljly. 

'(.'ajitain  Marin  toiind  eight  leagues  off,  on  the  Xaco  road,  a  nuinlicr  of 
well-suiiplied  villages,  from  which  provisions  were  forwarded.  JJcrnai  Diaz, 
JJitil.  Vcnlad.,  204. 


'i''iii 


CORTKS  IX  HONDURAS. 


Mcanwliilo  a  vessel  appeared  in  the  liarljor,  liav- 
inj^  on  board  thirty  Spaniards,  Lesido  the  crew,  and 
laden  with  a  dozen  horses,  over  seventy  ho'^s,  and 
provisions.  It  seemed  a  miracle.  And  the  wholo 
equipment  Cortes  bought  for  four  thousand  pcsos.^ 
Welcome  as  this  was  to  the  starvinGf  settlement,  the 
sudden  cliango  in  diet  cost  the  lives  of  several  per- 
sons. The  site  of  Nito  being  so  unliealtliy  and  ill 
provided,  it  w\as  resolved  to  abandon  tlio  place,  and 
Sandoval  Avas  sent  with  the  Gfreater  number  of  sol- 
diers,  settlers,  and  Indians,  to  the  fertile  valley  of 
Naco,  Olid's  abandoned  headquarters,  twent}''  leagues 
off,  on  tlie  road  to  which  several  well-supplied  puebl<^:s 
offered  good  halting-places. 

With  the  nevrly  arrived  vessel,  a  repan^ed  caravel 
and  a  brigantine,  built  from  some  wrecks,  Cortc's  pre- 
];)are(i  to  take  the  remainder  of  the  parly  by  sea  to  a 
better  locality.  But  first  he  would  ascend  tlie  wide 
outlet  lately  crossed  for  food,  for  in  this  direction 
some  ca|)tives  assured  him  he  would  find  rich  settle- 
ments." Exploration  also  impelled  him  to  this  quar- 
ter, for  it  was  reported  that  when  Gil  Gonzalez  first 
arrived  here  ho  had  detached  a  vessel  for  the  exam- 
ination of  this  entrance;  which  had  traversed  two 
fresh -water  gidfs;  but  the  ascent  of  a  tributary 
beyond  liad  been  prevented  by  strong  currents  and 
warlike  natives.'' 

Manning  the  now  brigantine  with  forty  chosen  S'pan- 
iards  and  a  nundjer  of  Indians,  and  attended  by  boats, 
Cortes  ascend<Hl  the  Rio  Dulce,  and  ■  peedily  entered 
a  sheet  of  waUr  some  twelve  leagues  i  i  circumference, 
vdtliout  settlements.  Cent  inning  sou  h-west,  he  went 
throuLih  a  long  i)assage  into  another  larger  sheet  f>f 
water  lying  amidst  lofty  ranges  and  aiost  bewitching 

^  Bnm,'lit  oil  L'lvdil  from  tlio  owiior,  AiifMU  do  r.innona  or  C^imnrgn,  .siiys 
Bcniiil  Diaz,  wlio  ivdmi^s  tln'  storlj  to  srvcn  liorsps  ainl  forty  hoL;H. 

"  A  iiarty  had  alruady  ln'rii  .sent  in  this  dircitioii,  liut  thry  rotiinicd  \\  ithiii 
ten  day.-i  di^hi'artciu'd,  throwiiii,'  ili^^i'i'cdit  on  the  infoi  inaiilx,  \\'ho  on  thi  ir 
side  iU'ciiscd  thd  men  of  ln'in,L,'  faint-liuartcil.   Cortcn,  (V(;-/((.v,  441-2. 

'  Eighty  Spaniai'd.s  hail  attatlii'd  u  pnfhhj,  Imt  thi  Indiuna  rctuiiii'd  ui 
gruivtcr  force  and  drove  them  otF  with  soniu  wounded.  Cortes,  Cartas,  i-li. 


CAPTUEE  OF  rUEBLO.S. 


6G0 


scenery.  Tiispirod  hy  the  wild  grandeur  around  liini, 
ho  already  fancied  liinisolf  tlic  laurel-crowned  discov- 
erer of  the  lon^'-souii'ht  strait.  But  the  dream  was 
brief,  for  the  water  proved  to  be  a  gulf,  sonic  tliirty 
league;.  In  circuniferenco,  and  called  Apolocliic  in  the 
vernacular.  LeavinLi;  the  vessel  at  its  western  end, 
near  the  mouth  of  a  stream,  he  proceeded  with  most 
of  the  men,  under  a  local  guide,  \i  r  a  rough  route 
intersected  by  innumerable  creeks.  After  a  marcli  of 
twelve  leagues,  during  which  only  one  village  of  any 
importance  was  seen,  he  came  to  a  pueblo  in  which 
loud  sirj'^'ing  v/ith  instrumental  accompaniment  indi- 

•  •     •  • 

catcd  a  feytival.  AVaiting  till  a  late  hour,  wdien  all 
was  quiet,  ho  fell  upon  tlie  .'yecping  natives,  and  but 
for  the  excited  exclamation  of  a  soldier  the  place 
would  have  been  taken  without  a  blow.  As  it 
was,  the  cacique  had  time  to  rally,  and  in  the  melee 
which  followed  he  with  several  others  it. st  his  life. 
Forty  captives  wei'o  here  secured.  Cortes  was  now 
guided  to  a  larger  pueblo,  called  Chacujal,  eight 
leagues  further,  anel  again  I'osorte.l  to  a  night  attack, 
but  did  not  gain  the  place  without  consideral)le 
rosistancG.  Ly  morning  the  Indians  had  fled.  The 
building.^,  particularly  the  temples,  resemlded  very 
nmch  tliose  of  ^l'-x!co,  but  the  language  differed  as 
well  from  the  ?.Iexican  as  from  tliat  of  the  pueblos 
hitherto  met  with.  Among  the  cajitivcs  was  an  Indian 
IVom  tlie  Pacific  slope,  who  reported  that  only  three- 
score leao'ues  intervened  betweoi  Nito  an<l  his  coimi- 
try,  wliei'o  Alvarado  was  contpie;  ing. 


Th 


10  ])lace   was   aDuiulan 


tlv 


pr 


o 


vided    Avith   cotton 


LToods,  maize,  the  much-n(>eded  salt,  and  other  articl 


es, 


and  since  it  lav  near  the  Polochic  River,  whicli  on- 
tered  the  jxulf  twenty  lea<jfues  from  where  the  vess(3l 
lay,  messensfors  were  sent  to  bring  it  as  far  uii  the 


tream  as  posj;il)k'  to  receive  supplies.    Mean 


.M< 


LW 


hilef 


our 


lal'ts  Wert!  made,  and  loaded  each  with  fortv  fanoi^as 
"I"  maize,  be.'ides  beans,  cocoa,  and  other  jirovisions. 
These  o])C'aitions  occupied  nearly  three  weeks,  during 


II 


;i! 


I 


570 


CORTES  IX  HONDURAS. 


wliicli  time  none  of  the  natives  could  be  induced  to 
return  and  aid  in  the  work.^  Cortes  now  enibarki'l 
with  ten  men  on  tlie  rafts,  sending  the  rest  down 
l)y  lamL  The  current  carried  them  rapidly  past  the 
winding  banks,  with  the'<  alternate  forest  and  prairie 
land,  relieved  here  and  there  by  hamlets  and  planta- 
tions, half  hidden  amidst  cocoa  groves  and  fruit-trees, 
Nothinsx  unusual  occurred  till  ni^jht,  when  Cortes,  wlio 
occupied  the  last  raft,  was  startled  by  cries  of  alai-m 
from  the  one  Ixifore  him,  followed  by  Indian  yells. 
It  was  too  dark  to  distinguish  anything,  but  tlie  men 
jn'epared  for  what  miglit  come.  The  next  moment 
the  raft  struck  violently  against  a  projecting  rock, 
and  a  shower  of  arrows  fell.  Several  warriors  new- 
attempted  to  board,  but  they  either  niiscalculated  tlio 
distance,  or  wxtc  pushed  overboard  by  the  crew. 
The  Indians  had  foreseen  the  opportunity  wliirli 
the  rock  would  afford  for  an  attack,  but  the  rafts 
escaped  them,  although  most  of  the  Spaniards  were 
wounded,  including  the  general,  and  half  a  cargo 
was  damaged.  So  rapid  was  the  current  that  the 
twenty  leagues  were  made  by  morning.  More  sujipl  ies 
were  obtained  from  other  settlements,  and  on  return- 
ing to  Nito  after  an  absence  of  five  weeks,  suflieienb 
food  was  brought  to  fairly  supply  the  fleet. 

The  whole  colony,  includin<>-  Gonzalez'  men,  now 
embarked  in  the  three  vessels  and  proceeded  to  San 
Andres  T>ay,  or  Caballos,  where  a  number  of  San- 
doval's soldiers  had  just  arrived.  The  site  seemed  tt 
be  all  that  could  be  desired,  "with  the  best  \M)vi  on  tlio 
entire  coast  from  the  Pearl  Islands  to  Florida,"  with 
fine  indications  of  gold  in  the  tributary  rivers,  and  with 
a  beautiful  and  well-settled  neiufhUjrhood.     A  colonv 


'It  w.TH  Rouglit  to  nllnro  tlic  natives  l)a('k  to  iiid  in  carrying  mipplics,  Imt 
imno  ciimc.  CmtrK,  Ciirld'^,  i'tO.  lioriuil  Diaz  rclatcn  tliat  tlio  wariiors  v- 
tnriu'il  to  the  attauU  aftiTtlu;  fliglit,  only  to  lose  uiuilit  nu'n.  'I"lii'y  now  tviini! 
to  Knc,  an<l  Corti'H  ollVtcil  to  rclcaHc"  tlio  captives  if  tiny  sent  down  [irovi--iiiu-< 
to  the  vessel.  'I'liis  tliey  <liii,  l)nt  ("orti'S  nevi'rtheless  insisteil  on  I'etainiii^ 
llnec  laniilii's,  wiiereupon  tlie  Indians  at  taelied  and  wonndeil  twel  veSpaniaids, 
inrlnding  the  .general.  //i<t.  rcn/r''/. , '_'(>5.  'i'liis  writer  was  not  willi  tlie  ex- 
lieditioii,  Iiowcver,  but  ut  Nauo,  so  tbat  Ida  account  is  duubiy  doulittul. 


AT  TRUJILLO. 


571 


-.vas  accordingly  founded  there  under  tlic  name  of  Xa- 
tividad  do  Nuestra  Senora,  from  tlic  day  of  foundiiiuf, 
and  fifty  settlers  were  left,  chiefiy  Gonzalez'  men 
and  lat(;  arrivals  fr'om  Spain,  Diego  de  Godoy  being 
appointed  conmiandcr,  with  the  necessary  officials. 
A  church  was  also  built  and  placed  in  charge  of  a 
clergyman.  Soon,  however,  the  unhealthincss  of  the 
site  became  apparent,  and  half  the  settlors  died. 
The  Indians  grew  ins(jient  and  refused  supplies,  and 
threatened  the  destruction  of  the  settlement.  Cortes 
thereupon  permitted  the  coloni -ts  to  join  the  jiros- 
])('rous  cstablishmciit  at  Naco.  Here  the  Indians 
liad  been  gradually  reassured  and  conciliated  by  San- 
doval, whose  armed  incursions  had  already  reduced  a 
nundjer  of  jiucblos  of  considerable  size  and  wealth.' 

Cortes  had  meanwhile  sailed  to  Trujillo,  where  the 
di^lighted  colonists  rushed  into  the  water  to  carry  the 
renowned  chief  ashore.  His  first  and  characteristic 
act  was  to  enter  the  church  and  give  thanks  for  safe 
arrival.^"  Then  came  the  exercise  of  clemciuy  for 
which  he  was  humbly  besought  by  the  late  adherents 
of  Olid.  ^Matters  had  been  going  smoothly  since 
Ivuano  was  oxili.'d,  and  the  general  was  too  prudent  to 
stir  up  animosity,  ^\'ith  some  sliglit  reconstruction, 
therefore,  the  orders  and  arrangements  of  Casas  were 
coniirmed.  An  impulse  was  given  to  the  town,  and 
M'itli  the  enforced  aid  of  native  laborers  lots  were 
cleai'ed  and  builcHngs  erected. 

Tlie  lour  vessels  now  in  poi't  were  not  allowed  to 
lie  idle.  One  was  despatched  to  ]\roxico  witli  tlie 
invalids,  and  with  letters  ibr  the  officials,  wherein 
Cortes  connnended  their  zeal  for  the  government,  and 
]»r(Mnised  so()n  to  retnrn.  Juan  do  Avalos,  his  cousin, 
was  placed  in  command,  and  ordered  to  ))iclv  up  at 
Cozumel    Island  the   paity  of  Spaniards   left  there 

" '  (^Hiimi'^tlnii  y  /ula  y  Cliolomc,  que  el  (|Uo  iiienoM  ilcstos  ticnc  por  iims 
ih  (los  mil  casus.'  (.'oWt'.v,  Carttia,  4o().     licrnal  Diaz  also  luinics  Homo  phiw's. 

//;.s^    V,;;hul.,  'IVTi. 

'"  111!  IkuI  liti'ii  Inifrctod  off  tlio  coast  for  aiiio  days,  wliilo  tlio  lantl  p.uty 
.iiiivc'il  long  bcloio  him,  over  a  good  road. 


572  CORTES  IX  IIOXDURAS. 

by  Valenzucla.  Tliis  was  done,  but  on  approach in-;^ 
Cuba  the  vessel  was  wrecked  at  Capo  San  Antonio, 
with  the  loss  of  the  captain,  two  friars,  and  owv 
thirty  others.  Of  the  rest  only  fifteen  survived  to 
I'oach  Guauiguanico."  Of  the  other  vessels,  the  new 
bi'Igantine  was  sent  to  Espauola  to  report  to  the 
(^idores  concerning  the  overland  expedition  and  the 
state  of  aflairs  in  llonduras,  and  to  represent  that  the 
kidnapping  raid  by  ]\Ioreno  was  creatir.g  trouble  among 
the  natives.  The  authorities  ordered  the  captives  to 
be  returned. ■■"  The  two  remaining  vessels  were  de- 
spatched to  Cuba  and  Jamaica  v^'itli  the  plate  and 
jewels  of  Cortes  to  purchase  provisions,  live  stocl:, 
and  plants  v/herew4th  to  improve  the  colony. 

One  of  these  ships,  in  touching  at  Cuba,  found  there 
a  vessel  from  Santo  Dominijo,  destined  bv  the  oidores 
for  Mexico  to  gain  positive  information  about  tlio 
rumored  death  of  Cortes,  and  to  report  on  measures 
against  the  disorders  that  mi<j[lit  follow.  Learnini; 
that  the  c(jn(|ueror  was  alive  and  in  Honduras,  the 
messengei"  of  the  oidores  resolved  at  once  to  chan"c 
the  route  to  Honduras,  wliere  his  cargo  of  horses  and 
stores  would  also  find  a  readier  market. 


Licenciado  Zuazo,  the  most  honoralde  and  trusted 
of  tlie  admlulstvators  appointed  by  Cortes  over  Mexico, 
had  been  arrested  by  his  colleagues  for  opposing  their 
nefarious  plans,  and  sent  out  of  the  way  to  Cuba. 
Tliese  men  had  not  only  seized  on  the  administrative 
j)ower  for  their  own  advancement,  to  the  neglect  of 
public  welfare,  but,  believing  tlie  mighty  conqueror 
and  Ids  companions  in  arms  to  be  dead,  they  had  liud 
hands  on   their  estates,  and  were  persecuting  tlieir 

"  '  Ariiiiei'DU  oclicnta  Esi)iinolo:i  niu  algiuios  Iiulios  on  i-sto  viaje. '  Gowni, 
If'iff,.  Me r.,  '2tV.).  Liceiioia(l(j  Lo]h!Z  osL-iipiMl  to  spix'ail  the  nowa  of  Cortc'^s'  'lo 
iiiL' iilivo.   Jici-iKil  i>ifi-.  Il'txt.   I'vnldiL,  -OS. 

'^  TiiycUuT  witli  MoiviiD  '  ill  chaiiiM.'  '  Altliimrli  I  ftnr  tlwit  lie  netod  Ijy 
order  of  tlio  uiiloivs,  ami  tluit  no  justice  will  liu  niven.'  Corlrs,  ('nrln>i,  4(J.V(i. 
Hi!  jirai.sctl  tin;  \\oaUli  of  HciiKlurus,  and  asiicd  for  soldiurs.  'V  para  ilar 
I'lcilito  (|iio  aula,  (<ro,  cinhio  iniicliai  jova-i,  >  iiii^'as  .  .  .  do  lo  (jiio  truxo  il'i 
Mexico,'  Hayn  llcniii'  Dlai,  lliM.  Wnlml.,  'l()S.  IliiL  lie  i.s  liy  no  mcaiid  to  lio, 
vclicd  oil. 


BAD  NEWS  FROM  MEXICO. 


673 


friends  and  wliosouver  ventured  to  protest.  Tlio 
country  was  in  a  most  critical  condition.  Anarcliy 
and  spoliation  were  the  order  of  the  day.  The  colo- 
nists were  arrayed  in  oppooition  to  eaeli  oilier,  and 
the  Indians  found  every  encoura:T;enic:it  for  risinLC 
aj^anist  their  white  oppressors  and  blotting  them  out 
of  existence. 

All  this  was  reported  by  Zuazo  in  a  letter  to 
Cortes,  with  the  most  earnest  pleading  for  his  imme- 
diate return,  ere  it  w:!.s  too  late."  Cortes  v."is  at  first 
furious;  then  he  melted  into  tears  at  the  thought  of 
tlie  desolation  wrouLiht  bv  his  enemies  and  at  the 
iidiuman  persecution  of  his  followers.  "It  s(n'ves  mo 
I'ight,"  ho  said,  in  a  calmer  moment,  "  to  be  thus 
treated  for  iilacin:^  trust  in  strangers  and  i'>'norini»; 
tried  conu'ades."'*  The  news  reached  him  at  an  un- 
fiivorable  time.  The  iron  will  and  nerve  which  liad 
carried  the  leader  Lhrough  the  hardships  of  tlie  march, 
had  begun  to  yield  to  the  insidious  iniluencc  of  the 
lever-infected  bottom-lands  of  the  Amatique  Bay, 
assisted  })crhaps  by  disappointment  at  Ending  the 
first  aspect  of  Honduras  so  far  IjcIow  his  hopes.  The 
letter  servetl  to  rouse  his  bodily  as  well  as  mental 
energies,  thougli  not  to  that  point  of  clear  and  prompt 
determination  Vv'hich  had  hitlioi-to  characterized  his 
acts.  lEe  was  irresolute.  Honduras  had  l)cen  little 
('X})lored,  and  the  indication  of  gold  near  Caballos, 
t]iou;»:h  small,  led  him  still  to  dwell  on  the  stories 
of  richer  dlstiicts  to  the  south,      lie  feared  to  abau- 

'■'  Bonml  r>ir/  nssutiKw.  i'(>ntrary  tn  rorti'-s'  clpni-  Htatomonf.  ili.'it  Ziinv  )  scut 
a  vosM'l  IVoiii  llahaiia  wiili  the  liUcr,  ami  tliat  two  days  lutoro  Iut  arrival  at 
'I'l'iijiHi)  c.uuo  iwi)  vc'osi'I  i  lailcii  \vitli  iiKi'cliaiuli.si!  from  tlic  ni'ln.'c ;  ainl  luor- 
olianta  of  Santo  Domingo,  who  had  loanu'il  of  Corti's'  whcrouliouts  thi'oui;h  a 
lottor  from  nno  of  the  survivors  of  Avalos  wrecUecl  sliip.  Jli^t.  I'cr/ud., '2()H. 
(ii.'MKira  Kt.uc-i  that  the  vcs.l'I  from  the  (>i(loi'i>s,  hulcn  witli  tliirly-two  horses, 
Haddlery,  ami  other  useful  nuitvrial,  was  turned  hack  from  Ciilia  l>y  tlie  sur- 
vivors of  .\valos'  exjK'ililiou.  Slio  touelied  at  Santo  l)oiuin;;o  oii  her  wiiy  to 
ifondurte*.  IJinU  ^fl.r.,  '210.  Cortis  shows  that  the  news  of  Avahis'  shii)- 
wreek  tiid  not  r\ai;ii  hiui  till  some  time  later.  ('arfii<,  4(iS— 171. 

"  Tlie  staff  ilid  jtU  they  eouhl  to  elieer  him,  and  amon;^  other  efforts  todia- 
jiel  his  glaoia.  Maui'Mieo,  llie  niaestres.da,  madeawa'_jer  lliat  he  would  aseend 
m  fidl  lU'liii'r  tlie  steep  liill  to  the  new  '^'uliirnatorial  liuildiiii,'.  lieiore  ho 
eould  reaeli  the  top  lie  fell  dead.    Licrnal  D'la:.,  Hint.    Wnl.id.,  "J 1 1. 


074 


CORTJ;.S  IN  HONDURAS. 


don  a  vet  prc^misiiiix  field,  .-iftcr  the  efforts  lavislicd  on 
it,  and  in  view  of  the  eau'er  advance  ol  lu.s  soLitliei'ii 
rival,  him  of  Panama. 

The  fortunate  predictions  of  a  soldier-astrologer  in 
Mexico  wtudd  not  have  made  him  disinclined,  in  his 
])rescnt  frame  of  mind,  to  encourage  similar  counsel- 
lors; but  no  Sabean  was  at  hand  to  interpret  the  scin- 
tillating oracles.  The  friars  wore  directed  to  appeal 
to  the  supi'eme  throne,  and  lor  three  days  services 
were  held,  with  processions,  and  masses,  and  pra^er.i 
for  divine  direction.  Already  during  the  ])rogress  ol' 
these  ai)peals,  Cortes  felt  a  dawning  ins[)iration  in 
u  renewed  courage  to  face  the  treacherous  sea,  and 
stronger  inclination  to  trust  the  development  of  the 
province  to  anotlier.  Jle  would  return  to  Mexico. 
riernand(/  Saavedra,  his  cousin,  was  appointed  ca))tain- 
general  of  lloUvluras,^^  antl  Saiidoval  was  directed  to 
proceed  Avitli  his  com[)any  from  Naco  to  jMexico, 
by  the  (Juatemala  route  already  opened  l)y  Casas. 
He  himself  embarlced  on  tlie  government  vessel,  but 
at  the  moment  of  departure  the  wind  failed,  and  hear- 
ing of  a  ti'.'iiull  among  the  colonists  he  lauded  to 
restore  onle!'.  J'he  unruly  s[)irits  appetir  to  have  been 
disa])pointed  office-seekers,  to  whom  the  obscurity  of 
official  existence  in  a  border  pi-ovince  seemed  a.  most 
ungracious  returii  for  their  long  toil.  The  general 
calmed  the  leading  rioters  ))y  taking  them  (^n  board 
to  receive  their  re; ward  in  Mexico.  Two  days  later 
he  set  sail,  only  to  meet  another  chec$<  hi  thu  break- 
age of  the  main  lateen  yard  just  outside  ilio  harbor. 
Af'er  three  days  spent  in  rei)airs  lie  again  depur^-.d, 
with  a  gootl  wind,  but  this  soon  increased  to  a  gale, 
and  lilty  leagues  from  port  tlu;  mast  went  overbou'd 
and  obliged  him  to  return  for  a  third  time. 

Surely,  this  was  a  warninjr  from  j>rovidence  not  to 
proceed.  Jfe  nnist  have  misunderstood  the  inspira- 
tion, and  would  se.'k  more-  c()rre(^t  advice.      IT|„,n  o'l'' 


'■  1)C\<' 


fCQiwH.'  Uurff-'ff  L'uiUtu,  HO 


|ii('llii  villa   liaata  tirinta  y  cinco  do  caballo  y  ciucu*"''-'* 


TIRED  OF  THE  SEA. 


678 


tiling  he  was  dotenniucd,  not  ni^ain  to  trust  liiinst'lf 
to  the  l)illows.  Tlio  last  tossings  had  curod  him 
of  nautical  as])irations,  and  threatened  indeed  to  euro 
him  of  all  otliers,  for  his  already  weakened  hody  was 
left  in  so  racked  a  condition  as  to  bring  him  near  to 
deall!.  Uernal  Diaz  tloscribcs  him  as  a  mere  shadow 
of  his  former  self,  and  states  that  a  Franciscan  rohc 
had  been  prepared  to  shroud  his  body,  and  by  its  sa\- 
ing  virtues  to  assist  the  soul  through  jyurgatory.'" 
]>ut,  although  the  eon([Ui.'ror  of  INIexico  had  filled  the 
measure  of  his  great  achievouients,  tlui  cu]>  of  honors 
andof  disap])oiutmeuts  was  not  yet  full.  Masses  had 
again  been  said  to  sanclily  as  ins[)iration  his  changing 
resolve.  The  vessel  pi'oceechid,  however,  biaring  a 
trusted  servant"  with  letters  for  a  uumber  of  friends 
in  Mexico,  and  with  orders  revoking  the  jiower 
granted  to  the  usurping  governors  in  I'avor  of  more 
idiablo  men.  A  number  ol'  Mexican  cliic;(s  accompa- 
nied the  messenger  to  testily  that  Cortes  still  lived. 
They  W(.!re  to*  proceed  to  IVinuco  after  landing  the 
servant  in  some  obscure  haven  above  Vera  Cruz, 
mIi "lice  he  was  to  proceed  alone  and  in  disguise  to 
]\lrxico,  so  as  to  elude  any  watching  enemii's.  San- 
doval was  recalled,  greatly  to  the  disap])oiritment  of 
his  jiarty,  who  ros(;  almost  in  open  mutiny  at  being 
kept  away  from  their  estates  in  Mexico,  which  wero 
by  this  time  ex[)osed  to  i-uin  in  hands  of  strangers  and 
usurpers."* 

An  additional  excuse  I'nr  tlu^  det(>rminalion  to 
remain  mu,y  have  been  Ibund  in  the  hostile  attitude 

"' ITf>  plaijcs  tiliM  jiwrt  l>ff()rc  the  ;irrival  of  Ziuii'.o'H  letter,  ffiyf.  Vi-nhnl., 
'J0<»,  lint  f;«it't.<M  now  tor  tin-  lir.st  tiiiw  (■onipl.iius  of  fouling  very  ill,  from  tlio 
tu.s.sing  M*  Mtjiii   Haiiiin,  471. 

''  '  Mii/rtiiui' Doranti'i  «n  liUiiiyo.'  (loninrn,  /IW  .l/r.};. , '27 1 .  On  Oi'tolicr  "J."}, 
l.">2."i,  it  msewiM  lr..m  ii  li-ttcv  of  ( 'ort/'H.  Ctiiint,  'M)'>.  IV'iii.il  Diaz  intiniatcs 
that  a  ffai' iif  licuiy;  .sii/i'd  liy  liin  I'lU'iiiics  luul  to  il'j  .(  itii  CorLt.s'  ili.-iiiiuliua- 
titiii  to  .i.'o  ill  porsoii.    Uis/.  Vvnl'iil.,  'l\'l. 

'"  ill  I'oiuluiliiiLi  \\w  i(|ily  to  tiicir  fxpostiilatiniH,  Cortes  liad  oliMfi-ved  that 
111!  coulil  (iml  |)U'ii;,y  it  NoliliiTs  ill  Spain  ami  .•I.scwliu'l'i!  to  ilo  his  liidilnig.  'i'lio 
HM-n  (■uiiii)iiM.<i<>ii»'.|  ,^<;inili)val  to  plead  tlnir  cansr  in  ])('.rsoii;  to  ui'i^'c  flic  leader 
r  •  depart,  ami  to  hint  Ihat  tiny  could  liiid  guvciuui'u  in  Mexico  tu  right  lliuin. 
H'^md  hta:,  llitt.\'cidad.,-l(-l. 


676 


CORTES  IN  HONDURAS. 


of  two  provuicos,  Pcii):iyeca  and  Chapagiia,  some 
seven  leagues  from  Trujillo."  Some  time  before  this 
Saavedra  had  been  sent  to  explore  the  vidlc}'  above, 
and  following  it  for  some  thirty  leagues  found  a  fer- 
tile di.'itrict  with  a  series  of  flourishing  puobhxs.  A 
score  of  caciques  appeared  to  ofl'er  their  allegiance 
to  Cortes,  and  into  Trujillo  flowed  provi;;lons  and 
presents.  The  above-named  provinces  alone  hel  1 
aloof,  pLjading  not  without  reason  former  nial treat- 
ment and  the  kidnapping  of  tribal  members  by  iM;-;cal 
IJoreno.  Xo  excuses  could,  however,  be  regarded  as 
valid  in  refusing  allegiance,  and  Saavedra  marched 
against  them.  Tlie  people  retired  to  the  hiUs;  but 
three  of  the  Chapagua  caci<]Ues  being'  captured  a;id 
peremj>torllv  given  a  llxed  term  iji  Vvdiich  to  repeople 
their  ttnvns,  the  submission  of  this  province  was 
speedily  elfected.  Pa[)a3'eca  was  now  entered,  and 
Pizacura,  one  of  the  two  principal  cacicpies,  was  caj)- 
tured.  lie  threw  the  blame  of  resistance  on  his 
more  powerful  colleague,  INIazatl,  offering  if  released 
to  secure  and  hang  him,  and  thus  bring  the  people 
over.  Once  free,  the  cacique  cast  the  promise  to  the 
winds  as  readily  as  any  Spaniard.  Mazatl  was  cap- 
tured, nevertheless,  and  given  the  alternative  of  re- 
peopling  the  towns  or  dying.  The  chief  disdaiurully 
rejected  an  offer  to  purchase  life  with  what  ho  regarded 
as  the  enslavement  of  his  people,  and  calmly  accepted 
death. 

This  severity  was  thought  to  be  prudent,  and  ifc 
certainly  had  the  effect  of  I)ringing  the  inhalntants 
back  to  all  the  pueblos  save  the  capital.  Here  Piza- 
cura held  forth,  supposing,  no  doubt,  that  since  his 
escapade  no  pardon  was  to  be  expected.  Ho  was  soon 
captured,  however,  together  with  ever  a  hundred  fol- 
lowers. The  latter  v, '.'re  enslaved  for  their  obstinacy, 
wdiile  he,  with  two  other  cacujues,  and  p  vouth  who 

"  '  1]  (los  li'miiihi  il  \i)i()  iL'l  utro  ,  . .  il  lie  Papayccii  ticnc  ilicz  y  oc';o  puc- 
lilos  Kul)ioct(w,  y  1 1  iK;  L'lKiuipa.'^ua  die/..'  Co.''<(>,  Carton,  4Go.  Tliu  iiiimuj  .to 
ulso  givuii  aa  Ciwjmxiua,  I'upaica,  ctu. 


PACIFICATION  OF  THE  COUNTRY.  577 

appears  to  liavo  been  the  true  chief  of  the  province, 
\vorc  kept  as  prisoners.'" 

Tliis  success,  as  well  as  the  comparatively  kind 
treatment  of  the  natives,  tended  greatly  to  promote 
the  pacification  of  the  country,  and  the  name  of  Cor- 
tes became  feared  and  respected  far  and  wide."  One 
instance  of  this  was  the  arrival  of  a  deputation  froii 
the  Gulf  Islands,  appealing  to  his  power  and  clem- 
ency for  protection  against  a  slaving  party  wliich  was 
I'aiding  Guanaja.  Cortes  at  once  despatched  a  cara- 
vel which  brought  in  the  vessel  with  its  slaves,  des- 
tined for  the  mines  of  Cuba  and  Jamaica.  The 
commander,  Rodrigo  de  Merlo,  exhibited  a  license  for 
his  expedition,  so  that  severe  measures  could  not  well 
be  taken,  but  means  were  found  to  persuade  the  cap- 
tain to  settle  at  Trujillo  with  his  crew.  The  kid- 
napped islanders  were  restored  to  their  grateful 
friends.  They  sent  in  their  allegiance  and  received 
letters  of  protection,  together  with  a  number  of 
swine  which  soon  multiplied  on  the  islands.^^ 

Another  instance  of  the  influence  of  Cortes'  name 
was  afforded  by  the  entry,  from  Nicaragua  into  Olan- 
cho^*"  province,  of  an  expedition  under  Gabriel  de 
Rojas,  consisting  of  sixty  men  with  twenty  horses. 
The  natives  resisted,  no  doubt,  whereupon  Ilojas 
began  to  enslave  and  pillage.  A  dojiutation  arriving 
at  Trujillo  to  implore  protection,  Sandoval  was  in- 
structed to  interfere  on  behalf  of  the  natives,  as 
suljjects  of   Cortes.'*     His   force  was  insufHcient,  it 

'"  The  two  colleagues  had  boon  usurphig  guardians.  They  verc  to  ho  taken 
to  Mexico  to  bo  impressed  with  the  extent  of  Spanish  power,  and  to  Icani  sub- 
mission from  its  natives.  Pizacnra dietl  bifore  leaving  Honduras.  Cortis,  Car- 
lfv<,  473;  Oomnra,  Hid.  Mi'r.,  '27-. 

-'  '  Kra  temido,  y  acatado,  y  Ilamauanle  en  todas  a(piella3  Provincias:  El 
Capitan  Hue,  line  du  Marina,  i]  (|uiere  dezir  cl  Capitan  viejo  (pie  trac  a  doiia 
Marina.'  lirrnal  Diaz,  llitt.  I'cnldd.,  207. 

*^  They  asked  for  a  Spaniard  to  settle  on  each  island,  as  a  guardian,  Vmt 
this  could  not  bo  granted,  (lomnra.  J  lint.  }fi:v.,  '273.  Bernal  Diaz  says  that 
tlie  vessel  escaped,  and  that  she  was  connnanded  by  Moreno. 

-^  Huilaneho,  Huilacho,  Huyetlato,  etc. 

'-'  Cortts  claims  that  the  province  had  sul)mittcd  to  him  some  time  before, 
but  he  probably  received  the  proH'cr  only  now,  though  pleading  a  previous 
allegiance  to  excuse  the  interference, 
UiBi.  Cls.  Am.,  Vol.  I.    'it 


578 


CORTtS  IN  IIOXDURAS. 


sccnis,  to  drive  out  tlic  intriidors,  but  Rojas  never- 
theless retired  by  order  of  Cordoba.^ 

One  reason  for  this  withdrawal  was  that  Cordoba 
could  not  afford  to  place  himself  in  hostile  attitude 
to  anv  nei'j^hbor.  One  of  the  acts  of  Moreno  duriii"- 
his  arbitrary  proceeding  in  Honduras  had  been  to 
urge  upon  him  to  transfer  his  allegiance  and  province 
to  the  audiencia.  This  prompting  found  a  willing 
ear.  Blind  to  the  accumulative  evidence  of  failure, 
and  untaught  by  disappointment,  Cordoba  allowed 
the  few  instances  of  successful  revolt  to  overshadow 
every  failure.  He  looked  upon  the  force  around 
him,  and  measuring  the  distance  between  himself  and 
the  grim  Pedrarias,  his  dread  grew  fainter  as  the 
leagues  increased;  meanwhile  hope  kept  whispering, 
miufht  he  not  also  become  another  Cortes,  borne  alol't 
by  fame,  or  at  least  a  Velazquez  safe  upon  his  usurjied 
island?  He  wavered,  and  yielded.  In  maturing  his 
plans  for  a  step  so  full  of  risk,  he  resolved  to  learn 
further  from  ]\Ioreno  what  authority  he  possessed,  and 
perfect  arrangements  with  him.  Pedro  do  Garr(j-° 
was  accordingly  sent  with  a  party  of  forty  men  to 
Honduras,  bearing  also  petitions  to  the  emperor  and 
audiencia,  and  with  instructions  to  explore  the  best 
route  to  a  port  in  that  province  through  which  sujv 
plics  and  war  material  might  be  procured.  Sandoval, 
on  hearing  of  their  approach,  captured  them,  together 
with  their  retinue  of  beautiful  women  and  numerous 
servants,  but  allowed  a  few  under  escort  to  proceed  to 
Trujillo.  Cortes  received  them  with  good-will,  and 
as  a  proof  thereof  ordered  four  pack  animals  to  bo 
sent  laden  with  horseshoes,  mining  tools,  and  other 

" To  assist  liim  n^ainst  two  officera  who  opposed  his  attempt  to  bocoino  in- 
depcuilciit  of  IVdr.uias.  Cor/r.i,  f'niid.i,  470.  According  to  Herrora,  Sriiidov.d 
retnnioil  witliout  achieving  anything,  pleading  tiiat  lie  had  not  enoiigli  iniii, 
dec.  iii.  lib.  viii.  cap.  vii.  JJenial  Diaz,  who  Nvas  present,  states,  on  tlio  otlu  r 
hand,  that  Sandoval  appeared  au'ainst  Kojas  with  sixty  men,  Ijut  made  I'rieu  Is 
with  him.  Just  th<>n  came  letters  from  Corti's  ordering  him  to  join  in  rctiiin- 
ing  to  Mexico,  and  he  hastened  back,  Pvojas  departing  at  the  same  time.  //'■'. 
Ycniad.y  '208.  Goniara,  foUowing  Cortes,  assumes  that  Kojaa  obeyed  a  nieic 
message  from  Trnjillo  to  leave  Olancho.   IlUt.  Mcr.,  272. 

'"(Jereceda  writes  Gaoua.  Varla,  in  Siguier's  JIiSS,,  xx.  01, 


TEMPTATION. 


570 


articles,  as  a  present  to  Cordoba.  But  he  could  not 
coiintenanco  the  o\-crtlirowal  of  a  chief  by  a  suljordi- 
nate  officer;  for  had  not  his  present  expedition  bron 
made  to  punish  a  similar  attempt?  ILo  wrote  him 
accordingly,  advising  fidelity  to  l*edrarias,  and  pron.is- 
ing  his  aid  in  procuring  supplies  through  Honduras, 
since  Panamd  was  regarded  as  too  distant." 

Tliis  intercourse  had  served  to  cnliiihten  Cortes  in 
regard  to  the  condition  and  resources  of  the  country 
to  the  south  and  south-west.  He  had  learned  that  it 
was  fertile  and  populous,  filled  with  flourishing  towns, 
and  giving  great  promise  of  mineral  wealth;  facts  con- 
firmed by  the  splendid  retinue  of  Garro  and  the  de- 
mand for  mining  implements.  Perhaps  in  this  very 
country  lay  the  rich  provinces  which  had  stirred  his 
imagination,  even  before  the  fall  of  ]Mexico,  and  for 
which  he  had  come  in  search  this  long  way.  Should 
he  allow  an  interlojier  to  deprive  him  of  what  his 
fancy  had  claimed  all  these  years,  and  what  had  en- 
ticed him  to  superhuman  efforts?  But  a  valid  excuse 
was  needed  for  seizing  a  ])rovince  already  held  by  an- 
other, a  king's  lieutenant  like  himself  Cortes  was  too 
astute,  however,  not  to  find  a  way  to  prevent  so  rich 
a  prize  from  eluding  him.  "Was  it  out  of  friend.shi[) 
for  a  stranger  that  he  had  sent  valuable  presents  to 
Cordoba,  and  offered  to  forward  su[)[)lies  through  Hon- 
duras? No,  he  knew  where  to  st)w  in  order  to  reap. 
He  had  also  written,  as  he  admits,  to  some  officers  in 
Nicaragua  whom  he  knew,  and  what  subtle  jjoison 
m>  7  not  have  been  diffused  by  craftily  worded  advice. 
Curdoba  understood  the  hint  for  himself,  and  was  con- 
firmed in  his  resolve.  But  his  fellow-soldiers  had  also 
a  word  to  say.  The  idea  of  risking  life  and  foi-tuiie 
for  the  ambitious  plans  of  a  captain  who  was  little, 


-'  '  Escribi  al  diclio  Francisco  Hernandez  y  A  toda  la  f.'oiito  (|no  con  I'd 
est;vl)a  en  general,  y  particularinento  I'l  algnnos  de  Ins  c.■l{ntane^^  de  su  com- 
paufa  (jiiu  yo  conosoiu,  rcpreudii'ndolos  la  fealdad  ([ue  eii  a(jiiolI«)  liacian,'  etc. 
Cortc.^,  Carla^,  474.  Rernal  l)ii\r,  states,  ou  the  otiiei'  liand,  that  he  iirointscd 
t(i  do  his  liest  for  him,  JliH.  Wrdad.,  '211,  and  iu  this  was  prulxibly  a  livtlo 
truth,  as  will  be  seen. 


^: 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WIj?  main  strut 

WUSTIR.N.Y.  I45S0 

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I 


cso 


CORTfiS  IN  HONDURAS. 


if  aiiytliing,  more  than  themselves,  was  by  no  means 
to  tlie  liking  of  all  the  officers.  Several  objected,  and 
since  it  was  now  too  late  to  retret^t  Cordoba  must  even 
j)L'rsuade  them  by  arms.  Civil  war  threatened,  and 
tlie  news  was  not  long  in  reaching  Trujillo.  Indeed,  it 
seems  that  tlie  rebel  leader,  on  finding  what  a  tempest 
ho  liad  invoked,  sent  to  tender  allegiance  to  Cortes.-* 
And  then  the  latter  reasoned  with  himself.  Could 
he,  an  imperial  officer,  stand  calmly  by  and  see  his 
^Majesty's  interests  sacriiiced  and  his  subjects,  his 
countrymen,  slaughtered?  No,  certainly  not;  and  he 
congratulated  himself  upon  the  success  of  his  plans. 
Hero  was  the  longed-for  pretence,  cast  in  Ids  way  by 
foiiune.  lie  must  pounce  upon  the  prize  while  the 
claimants  were  absorbed  in  contention.^  The  first 
step  was  to  direct  a  largo  force  of  natives  to  open  a 
road  to  Nicaragua,  and  Sandoval  received  orders  to 
prepare  for  the  expedition.*' 

Agrin  it  seemed  as  if  the  great  leader  had  misin- 
terpreted the  signs  of  providence. 

His  messenger  to  Mexico  ].  ifely  arrived,  and 
with  i)rudent  management  a  rem  m  had  been  started 
ill  lavor  of  Cortes;  the  evidence  that  he  was  alive 
svas  half  the  battle;  but  his  enemies,  though  checked, 
wei'o  not  overthrown,  and  believing  that  everything 
de])ende(l  upon  his  presence  it  was  decided  to  i-ecall 
him.  The  commission  was  intrusted  to  his  cousin, 
Fray  Diego  Altamirano,  an  ex-soldier  who  had  dolled 
the  jielmet  for  a  Franciscan  cowl,  and  a  man  of  honor 
and  business  talent.^*  Ho  fell  lik"'  a  bomb-shell  on 
the   manifold   projects  of  Cortes   for   conquest   and 

'" '  ITornnrxlfz .  .  .  Bont  to  invito  tlio  Marquis  to  como  niul  rocoivo  Hip 
provineo  from  him.'  Ainlftiiona'i  Xarra/iiv,  ;(7;  Jlcrrcra,  dec.  iii.  lib.  viii.  eaj). 
vii.     0)vt'^8  hi'oaiiu!  a  inar<|iiiH  a  few  yoara  later. 

""Qiiiso  liicjio  ir  it  Niearagua,  crcycndo  ponor  en  cllo  algun  romcilio.' 
Covfi'x,  <  'iirliu,  47(J. 

'"  IkTiial  Diaz  nsstimra  that  wlicu  Sftiulovnl  was  setting  out  for  Mexicn, 
phortly  iielore  tliis,  n si  stated,  iiii  ■eceiveil  nrilers  to  pans  tlirou^h  Nicaragua, 
•para  di'mandalla  a  hu  Ma^estad  en  (lonernacion.'  Jli/<t.  Vvrilinl,,  'IVl. 

»'  III.,  '215.  '  Para  esto  ifeto  flet.')  un  navio  en  In  Villa  de  Medillin.' 
Orifili),  iii.  n'J.t.  He  came  in  the  vessel  widcli  had  carried  the  nicus'.'U^er. 
t'u/<t'i*,  Curtail,  470. 


ASSUMES  GREATER  TOMP 


an 


a'^j^rJinrHzomcnt,  which,  if  cncoiiraujod  l)y  ono  !siioccss, 
miglit  have  borno  the  victor  triuiiiphantly  .southwanl, 
perhaps  to  the  reahns  of  the  Iiicas.  Alhiiiiiraiio  was 
not  a  man  to  let  the  stern  present  be  ()1)scurecl  by  the 
iilowin^T  fancies  of  enthusiasm.  His  visions  turned 
alone  toward  Mexico,  and  his  colorinij;  was  ivs(.'rve<l 
for  painting  the  sad  condition  of  its  airalrs.  This  ho 
di<l,  boldh',  yet  with  loving  discreetness,  and  con- 
vinced his  kinsman  that  return  to  Mexico  was  abso- 
lutely necessary  to  save  himself,  his  friends,  and  the 
country  from  ruin.  Ho  also  insisted  that  in  oi-der 
to  succeed  in  controlling  followers  he  nniit  assert  his 
di'j'nity,  and  impose  on  the  vuli/nr  by  an  intimidating 
and  awe-inspiring  pomp.  The  fauiiliarity  grown  vmt 
of  tlie  fellowship  of  the  camp  and  the  toil  of  tlie 
mairh  might  answer  in  a  border  province,  but  not 
in  the  well-settled  districts  of  New  S])ain,  or  at  the 
court  of  ^Mexico.  ^lore  dignity  should  be  a  sunied 
at  once;  here  and  now  nuist  ho  teacli  his  followers 
the  distance  between  the  governor  and  the  subject, 
and  demand  reverence  as  his  due.  There  was  not 
nmch  need  fn*  exhortation  in  this  resj)ect,  for  ])on![) 
came  naturally  to  Coi'tes.  Keadily,  therefore,  did  he 
mount  the  gubernatorial  seat  with  its  imposing  dai-^, 
and  I'cceive  with  a  com[)lacent  smile  the  aeaoruiP  from 
the  lips  of  the  dee[)ly  bowing  suite.  In  church,  even, 
lie  occupied  the  higher  level  of  tlie  raised  silkd^^^ 
MJiile  abroad  the  cannon  bLlched  forth  in  h' s  honor.^* 
His  di.-^trust  of  the  sea  remained,  and  he  deter- 
tninetl  to  return  tlirouLrli  Guatemala,  'i'lie  laborers, 
therefore,  were  talcen  from  the  Nicai'agua  I'oad  to 
prepare  the  wa}''  for  him;''''  but  ilnally  the  pilots  con- 

"-'  Lonlhliip,  a  litlt-  w  hicli  pfftaiiu'il  only  to  ll'n  liiu'lii  <"  iiiil)ility  nml  to  tlio 
lll;,'llc'-t  nllii'.  ;,  ;illil  wliii  'l  ( 'ort.'-i,  cVi  11  II. i  ;.;n',  ,-r!iwl-  i.iiil  iMi>;aill  ■„'  u.  I'al,  li:il 
Hot  tin'  t<liL'lit<'st  ri.nlit  to  nssniiic. 

•■•Scat  ot  honor  iur  iiiiiKca  aiiil  iinl:iti'»  and  for  tin;  ruling  nun  in  i\ 
in'oviiice. 

'^(liiinnrn,  Ilixf.  .]f<.r.,  '2~'A;  Ifcrvirn,  dec.  iii.  lili.  viii.  cnp.  vii. 

"'  Mi-4Mcii;.;iTS  wen-  m  nt  to  tlic  piicldos  en  nintii  mdi'iin^  tliilil  to  \mi  tho 
r  >ad  in  urclrraiid  jin'patf  tor  liis  i-iccjiticm,  Souu'  of  tin'  Mi'Nicni  nM\i'i.i'i  h 
vi'ri-  also  a|i|ioiiitcd  li.r  tlm  W'>vli,  Kay^  Ixtlil\orliitl,  but  tlair  ruiuuiiiiiig 
[iiincc-iiuyLil  with  Cortes.  ILnrif'kn  Ciai-ldadi.^,  liO. 


CS'J 


CORTKS  IX  HONDURAS. 


viiH'cd  liiui  that  at  this  season  of  the  year  the  winds 
and  currents  were  luvorable,  while  the  land  route 
must  be  long  and  lull  of  obstaeles.  lie  accordingly 
embarked  in  tliree  vessels  with  twenty  Spanish  fol- 
lowers and  their  horses,  and  some  two  hundred  In- 
dians under  Prince  Ixtlilxochitl,  setting  sail  April  'Jj, 
l.)'J(!.^  Sandoval  joined  him,  but  his  company  went 
overland.  Saavedra  remained  as  his  lieutenant,  with 
instructions  to  maintain  native  loyalty  by  good  treat- 
ment, and  to  ])romote  settlement.  The  general's  yet 
M'avering  coniitlence  in  the  sea  received  another  ishock 
olf  the  very  coast  of  New  Spain,  whence  a  gale  drove 
him  back  and  com[>elled  him  to  seek  refuge  in  Culxi. 
On  the  IGth  of  May  he  again  set  sail,  and  landed  a 
week  later  near  the  present  Vera  Cruz.  The  news 
of  his  arrival  spread  rapidly,  and  soldiers,  colonists, 
and  natives  hastened  forward  in  throngs  to  bear  the 
beloved  leader,  the  mighty  Malinche,  in  triumph  to 
tlie  island  city  which  he  had  won  and  refounded. 
Doubts  were  dissipated  and  past  disap})ointments 
forgotten  as  he  gazed  once  more  on  the  scenes  of  his 
brilliant  achievements,  and  drank  the  plaudits  of  the 
multitude.'^ 

■'"  '  llccil)i6  fl  ciierpo  ilo  Cliristo  vna  nmriana  porque  como  cstaua  tan  malo, 
ti'iiiiii  luorirsc'  Ilrrnul  l>ia:,  /list.  W'rthuL,  '2li).  Prcscott  ignores  tlio  IViar, 
mid  assumos  that  Sauiloval  persuaileil  him  tu  leave,  lint  tliia  la  only  one  of 
tliu  many  errors  into  which  lie  hua  fallen  uoucuruiug  this  expedition.  J/cc, 
iii.  ;i(>--», 

'•''•  The  natives  wore  to  ho  piuiisheil  for  persevering  in  idolatry;  altlioufjli 
Indians  must  not  \>o  enslaved,  yet  slaves  helil  lawfully  by  tlieni  nii„'lit  he 
l)ur<  liased  as  Kueii  liy  tiie  eoloiiists.  1'iie  iustructious  eoutaiu  a  nunilur  of 
minor  ndos  for  tiio  good  jjovernmcnt  of  jirovinee  and  town:i.  Curti's,  J-'.-.i-r!/oi 
SiiiJfiis,  7 •'>!••">.  Saavedra  did  not  pciliaps  iclish  tlie  idea  of  lieing  leit  w  ilh  a 
eoniiiarativeiy  small  force,  for  jiernal  l)ia/  complains  that  he  juiiposely  v  itii- 
held  for  some  time  the  oriK'r  ])erndUing  tiie  Naeo  eompany  to  leave  lor  Mix- 
ico.  /iitf.  IV/v/oi/.,  'Jlo,  •.M!(.  'I'hc  leading  authorities  for  Corlis'  (lill'i  rtnt 
c\]ii'difionst()llondurasaie;  f^o/vVv,  Ctirln^,  .".liH,  ;<.")l,  ;t(l!l,  etsei|.;  IiL,  /-.'mri- 
(OS  SihlloK,  70-!».">,  .'n.S;  /,/.,  Citrltt.  nl  Ii<  ju  in  lidzlitilrvln,  i'nl.  J)o('.,  i.  4S|  J; 
Alliniiio-,  Ciiitti.  in  /''.,  i.  4S4-(I;  I'ltir  Mint>ii\(h'c.  viii.  c.i\\>.  x.;  Or'in/i,  iii. 
ISS  !».  4H,  4.-iS  <).  .-.17  IS;  <;n,mirfi,  llht.  .U<r., 'J:»:r4,  '1\'.\A\.  •.'.■)()-74;  //.(»-/ 
JUn:,  Hilt.  leitliKl.,  I."»!t,  l7<i-7,  liCl-'JKI;  jAtters  and  Reports  liy  Cortes  and 
other  otiiicis  to  the  Kmneior  ami  ("mineil.  in  /'"'•.  Imil.,  i.  .'I'JJ  4,  iv.  'J'Jd  7.<  t 
se<|.,anil  in  /'ricAcco  ainl  i'lirili  ikis,  Cnl.  /Aic,  xii. '2<IS -77,  .'Id'J- 7,  ;1>>(»-4<*;1;  xiii, 
4(1  7.llt.S  <», -JfCf  4.  :<!t7;  xiv.  •J.V4:?,  et  Ke(|.:  Cti;'-.>;/(t,Ctirlii,  in  .Si/k/c/".'*  .I/.V.S'., 
x\.  (il;  l.i-ilil.ioihill,  /Icrrilili.t  <'r(nlil'iili'n,~S-\\0;  i'liiiii.'/jiniii.  Ciinii.  .}f< .t..u. 
liMi  .V{;  //(■/•/•(;•((,  dee.  iii.  lilt.  v.  eaji.  vii.- vili.  xii.  xiii. ;  lih.  \  i.  eiip.  N.xii.;  lil'. 
vii.  cup.  siii.;  lib.  viii.  cap.  iii.- vi.;  lib.x.  cap.xi.    Lena  important  books,  whieli 


RETURN  TO  MEXICO. 


583 


ailil  little  or  nothing  to  tlio  prooeiliiig,  nrc:  Torr/ufrnntJii,  \.  ."l-O;  Rfmi/nf, 
J/lit.Cliii<ip<t,  l(i4;  <'iiijolhi(/ii.  Hist.  yiii-iil/iiiti.4-i~'>H;  I'll/iiijiilierre,  Jfiit.  ('oin/. 
Itza,  'A[)-M;  JJunw.  llixl.  Ind.,  MS.,  ii.  ;VJ1--;  I'iuein,  Itdncion,  '1;  I'az'juvz, 
Chronica  ile  ilrnf.,  IS-'JO;  Citr'iK,  Hist.  X.  L's/iniin,  .'{."iI-'J,  ,S(i7  0;  Pi:itn-o  y 
Orelldiia,  VnroixM/lri/riM,  108-1(5;  (lnhnno'n  ItUa^w,  l(»0-4;  Twve.Oinhrsrhfii- 
itcne  TdijIi'ii,  r)2-8(),  1)5-107,  iii  An,  Nuaiiirki  uriije  Versniaelinij,  xi.;  Ticie  Vcr- 
m-hi'i/ile  To'jtrii,  V^1^^,  D4,  in  Iil.;  G'()tl/<-!>(f,  /'cymii,  iv.;  (hji/hy.i  Am.,  {(1-2; 
S'llozitr,  t'omi.  Mcj-.,  154-8,  'ill-.'lll;  /{erilln,  in  Solis,  /Hit.  Mix.  (eil.  Mad., 
1S4.S),  4(J;]-'J;  Ikniuiiuiit,  Crun.  Mich.,  iii.  18!M)'J;  Jwirrn*,  G'lint.,  iVi,  l"j:i, 
3i24-7;  C'lvo,  7Ws  Siij/oi,  i.  2!)  rJO,  4(i-8;  yaj!:ii,  f/Ut.  Ant.  Mi^j-.m.  4'.H); 
L'let,  Xov.  Orb.,  318;  Wit/nrjin,  Xfw  Cot.,  i.  347;  Morld  Disp/ai/nl,  ii.  'J.")!; 
L,ir<lni-i-'»  Hint.  J)iscoi:,  ii.'ui;  dorUui'.s  /list.  Ant.  Mi..  .,  ii.  'JO.'l,  'AMI  1."),  240-1 ; 
t'lnironrf'x  //int.  Yiii'.,  3".);  Si/nii'r'n  Stitlfx  i'l-nt.  A)i>,,  fJti;  /iirent,  //lst.,/ii/iipii, 
i.  44;  /hiMainaiile,  Cuad.  //ijit.,\.  42;  Alamnn,  /Jisert.,  i.  19G-7,  20.'{-23,  2;{4-.'>; 
ajiin'Mil.,  12!)  ."7;  ii.  17-18;  /tini-ii,  Cuh.  Mum.,  i.  17;  Zainno'i'',  Jfist.  Mij.,'w. 
178-!),  23r)-:<2«,  349-.'):»,  'Am,  73i)-.')ti;  Cortf^,  Aven.  yConq.,  28.V!);  Pirscntt'H 
Mi-x.,  iii.  27(»-;J02;  Jfdii-t'  (  orlct,  ii.  183  228;  /-/.  6'/'"«- 1'0/17.,  iii.  3()-(il ;  Dran- 
feur  (le  /tniirljotirij,  //ist.  A'at.  Cir.,  iv.  ,'»73-()l7;  /hissierrr,  Mt'j:.,XV,)-AU,  380; 
jAirenamlk^rc,  Mex.  et  O'luit.,  130-7;  MomjhiKe,  lifsunif,  138;  Armiii,  AUf  Mev., 
3.'il-01;  J^/ayer'n  Mex.  Azlcc,  i.  80;  ALbuU'n  Vuric«,  305-'.kl)i  ii'tlW  Uondurua, 
44'J-57;  Pelaez,  Mem.  Guut.,  i.  53-4. 


CHAPTER  XX. 


PEDRARIAS  REMOVES  TO  NIC.UIAGUA. 

1525-lo27. 

C6KD0BA  Meditates  Revolt  —  Soto  and  CompaSov  Ortect — Their 
Flioiit — ri:iiKAUiAs  Nuiisiis  1113  WiuTii — Secret  Motives  for  lua 
PErAUTUUE  von  NicAKAOUA — C'iRDOBA  LosES  iiis  IIeau — TiiE  Guv- 
EuxoH  Covets  IIondi-uas,  and  Comes  to  Dluws— The  Indians  Tolldw 
THE  Example — Bloodv  Scenes — Peihiaisias  Inteiiiu-i'tei)  in  his 
Reveuie — Pedro  de  lo8  Rioa  Succeeds  as  Governor  at  Panama — 
llis  Instri'ctioxs  akd  PoLicy — Kesidencia  of  Pediuiilvs — Tlil- 
UMriiA>T  Result. 


With  tlic  departure  of  Cortes  in  drooping  plumes, 
his  i)retentious  projects  for  doniiniou  in  the  soulli 
received  a  check,  and  the  portentous  clouds  which 
had  before  loomed  over  Honduras  aixain  darkened  the 
sky,  extending  over  the  adjoining  lake  province,  there 
to  threaten  Cordoba's  bright  visions  of  independence. 
One  can  hardly  blame  tlie  lieutenant  for  Indulging 
his  Imagination  with  the  alluring  prospects  of  })o\vcr, 
wealth,  and  fame,  when  kept  In  subjection  on  the  one 
side  by  so  unlovable  a  master  as  Pedrarlas,  and  when 
prompted  on  the  other  l)y  the  powerful  autnencia  of 
Santo  Domingo  to  cast  off  the  unrighteous  allegiance. 
With  his  mind  thus  predisposed,  Cordoba  saw  clearly 
that  Nicaragua  could  not  ])ernianen(ly  pertain  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  Panamil.  It  was  a  distinct  province, 
concpicrcd  and  abandoned  by  Cil  Gonzalez,  and  now 
l)rou'jiht  into  rcsubiection  by  his  own  eflbrts  and  tab 
ents.  ]f  any  one  disputed  his  position  he  could  point 
to  the  authorization  of  the  audiencia.  True,  the  ileet 
and  men,  the  means  and  inlluence,  used  in  ellecting 
the  rceon(|Uest  pertained  to  his  late  chief.    "What  of 

(68*) 


c6rdoba  meditates. 


C85 


that?  Tlic  sliips  ditl  not  belong  to  Pcdrarias;  the  old 
ijfovcrnor  had  taken  thcni  in  direct  disobedience  to 
the  orders  of  the  king.  As  for  the  money  and  the 
men,  all  had  been  obtained  by  vile  indirection,  and 
might  as  well  be  made  to  serve  one  traitor  as  anotlier. 
But  he  was  no  traitor  to  the  king  who  responded  to 
the  will  of  the  king's  audiencia. 

There  was  much  in  common  between  the  revolts  of 
Olid  and  Cordoba,  but  the  motives  of  the  Icadcis 
differed.  Tiic  former,  bold,  brave,  and  in  tlie  main 
true,  had  felt  aggrieved  that  so  broad  a  portion  oi'  tlio 
earth  should  lall  to  the  lot  of  one  man,  whose  ]>reten- 
sions  thereto  grew  out  of  his  accidental  position  as 
commander,  while  he,  a  captain  who  had  shared  every 
danger  and  hardship  in  tlie  grand  conquest,  must  l)o 
content  forever  to  serve.  The  sole  connnaud  of  a 
small  portion  of  disjuited  territory  he  had  deemed  a 
recompense  small  enough  l)eside  the  imperial  rcwai'd 
of  his  commander.  Hernandez  de  Curdoba  viewed 
matters  from  a  somewhat  different  stand-point,  thougli 
with  an  abundanc(}  of  |ilausible  excuses.  Ke  was  an 
instrument  chosen  by  Pedrarias  to  v/rest  a  fair  domain 
from  the  riglitful  conqueror.  In  this  selection  Pedr.i- 
I'ias  had  been  governed  by  his  usual  narrow  policy, 
'^riirou'i'hout  his  whole  career  he  could  not  abandon 
the  vain  attempt  to  accomplisli  great  results  Ijy  small 
means,  and  noble  results  by  base  means. 

With  such  incentives  and  precepts  Cordoba  found 
little  difliculty  in  disposing  of  the  moral  obstacles  to 
liis  scheme,  and  on  turning  toward  the  material  ho 
saw  notliiuG:  insui'mountable,  since  most  of  the  men 
were  favorably  di?;posed.  In  this  there  was  nothlii^^ 
sfj-ange,  for  Cordoba  was  generous  and  coniiding,  and 
by  the  side  of  l^edrarias  such  qualities  shone  \vi(!i 
double  lustre.  As  a  first  step  he  culled  on  tlu;  settlers, 
I'articularly  of  Leon  and  (Jranada,  to  petition  the 
king  for  his  appointment  as  independent  governor.' 

'  Tlio  roiider  will  rcnioinlirr  how,  in  tiic  last  cliaptcr,  CortOs  treated  the 


680 


PEDR ARIAS  REMOVES  TO  NICARAGUA. 


None  olijectcd  save  a  dozen  men  headed  by  ilic  cap- 
tains Soto  and  Couipuiion.  Loyalty  had  jjrobably 
nothin_Lf  t<j  do  Nvitli  their  oi)i)osition,  but  rather  jeal- 
ousy. They  would  n(jt  risk  their  liberty  and  [)ros])eets 
to  raise  so  niueh  above  themselves  a  fellow  ollicer 
Avho  could  never  be  in  their  eyes  more  able  and  de- 
yerviii;^  than  themselves. 

The  remonstrances  of  these  few  persons  were  not 
to  be  regarded,  liowever,  and  retreat  for  Cordoba  was 
in  any  case  too  late.  Soto,  the  first  to  object,  was 
cast  into  the  fortress  of  Granada,  but  Com]^)anon, 
with  a  few  faithful  comrades,  broke  open  the  prison 
and  liberated  him.  The  lit(le  band,  well  armed  and 
mounted,  then  took  the  field  a_Ljaiust  Cordoba  and 
opeiilv  bade  him  defiance.  Cordoba  recognized  that 
prouijit  action  was  indispensable,  and  set  forth  in 
pursuit.  Though  Soto  and  Coinpanon  failed  to  gain 
more  adherents,  as  they  had  expected,  tlu'y  neverthe- 
less Unili  a  stand  near  Granada  against  the  usurper's 
formidable  force,  warning  him  that  all  their  eflbris, 
in  case  of  attack,  would  be  concentrated  on  kill- 
iu'j:  him."  The  lieutenant  hesitated.  lie  well  knew 
the  determined  character  of  his  late  officers,  and 
])ictured  himself  the  target  of  their  unerring  missiles. 
The  g(jlden  visions  of  his  hopes  became  dimmer,  lie 
would  like  to  bo  a  governor,  but  he  did  not  wish  to 
be  killed;  and  not  possessing  the  spirit  of  greatness, 
he  readily  found  an  e.Kcuse  for  returning  whence  he 
came,  while  Soto  with  his  gallant  ten  thought  it  prof- 
itable to  acquaint  Pedrarias  and  receive  from  him 
the  reward  of  loyal  servants.  The  journey  back  to 
l*anama  was  not  easy,  with  its  rugged  mountaIi)>-', 
impetuous  streams,  and  i)athless  forests,  while  hostili; 
natives,  venomous  aninr"s,  and  gnawing  hunger  addetl 
to  the  hardships  seri(  us  danger;  nevertheless  they 
would  undertake  it,  and  make  a  portion  of  their  way 
by  sea.     Soon  after  starting  they  found  their  horses 

'  '  No  lo8  osti  acoinctcr  jiornuo  tenia  por  cicrto  que  linLinn  do  inatnr  &  Ol 
dutcut^uu  u  uudiu.'  Ahdwjoi/a,  lid,,  iu  2iavarrete,  Col.  de  Viayve,  iii.  417. 


SOTO  AND  nURT^U)0. 


587 


nn  encumbrance  nitlicr  than  an  aid,  and  therofore 
they  abandoned  tliem.  B'livfuoled  and  dilapiiUitcd 
tliey  readied  the  town  of  Fon.seca,"  in  Chiri(|ui,  wlicre 
Hurtado,  the  founder,  ivhcved  them,  and  i)rovided  a 
canoe  in  which  to  pursue  the  jouriiuv. 

After  the  dejjarture  of  Soto  southward,  tlie  <;-o(id 
Hurtado  jjondered  over  the  situation.  Tho  rebel 
Cordoba,  in  connnon  witli  Soto  and  the  others,  lie 
held  in  low  esteem.  If  with  liis  small  force  he  could 
not  conquer  him,  he  believed  he  could  frighten  the 
man  <4reatly;  at  all  events,  here  was  an  ()[)jtoituuity 
to  gain  favor  with  l*edrarias.  lie  accordiii;^ly  armed 
all  the  able-bodied  men  at  his  command  and  luarehed 
a;4"ainst  the  rebels,  leaving  the  sick  and  hel[»less  to 
ward  off  famine  and  the  natives  as  best  they  might. 
After  waiting  some  time  in  vain  for  the  I'eturn  of 
Hurtado,  the  abandoned  remnant  deserted  the  post 
and  set  out  in  search  of  him,  directing  their  steps 
toward  the  gulf  of  Nicoya. 

In  the  mean  time  Soto  and  his  party  reached  Xata 
and  sent  their  report  to  I^mama.  llage  in  the  bi'easts 
of  some  men  consumes  both  body  and  soul;  but  such 
was  the  nature  of  Pedrarias  that  the  essence  of  his 
life  appeared  to  be  drawn  irom  inexhaustible  wells  of 
vindictive  spleen.  Although  ap|)roachiiig  the  time 
when  most  men  die,  the  castigation  of  a  traitorous 
lieutenant  was  too  choice  a  morsel  to  intru.st  to 
another;  and  so,  belting  in  his  wrath,  he  prepared  at 
once  to  march  against  him.  To  this  he  was  impelled 
al.;o  1)3'  a  desire  to  forestall  any  attempt  on  the  jtart 
of  the  coiifjueror  of  ^lexico,  whose  projects  v/ere  e\ en 
then  casting  a  ))ortentous  shadow  over  the  smiling 
shores  of  the  Freshwiiter  Sea.  A  still  deei)er  im- 
]>ulse,  however,  was  the  looming  spectre  of  a  new 
goveiiior,  with  orders  for  a  residencia,  which  onee 
instituted  might  prevent  his  dej)arturc. 

'  Within  tlio  bay  foniicil  Ijy  Puiita  dc  IJuiica,  iuto  vliioh  flows,  niiKHi;^ 
otlur  Kuiall  atnams,  the  river  known  at  present  us  I'onseca.  t'uitujnij/hi/  i'uc. 
CuUdt,  AIS.,  ii.  10. 


CSS 


rEDRAKIAS  REMOVES  TO  XICARAGUA. 


To  (IcTravtlio  <^xiHnsos  of  tlie  expedition  Pe<lraria?J 
\\'as  ohlit^cd  not  only  to  employ  liis  own  foi-tuiu'  Imt 
to  borrow  laruje  sums  from  the  liouse-holdtTs  and 
liierehant.s.  This  he  did,  agreeinj^  to  shai'e  with  them 
tile  i)rolits  of  the  adventure.  He  was  shrewd  enouLjh 
to  conceal  how  much  a  prospective  successor  and  resi- 
dencia  had  to  do  with  his  dejiarture;  and  helievin-^r 
that  the  ohject  was  solely  to  secure  for  the  henelit 
of  l*anam;l,  I'rom  a  stran;^e  invader  and  rebel,  the 
i;old-seamed  Nicar;i<nia  with  its  buddin;'  colonies  and 
trade,  the  peo[)le  were  quite  eager  to  aid  him  in  so 
liromii^in''  and  loval  a  scheme,  Panama  and  Xa(;i 
had  already  been  drained  of  able-botlied  men  b}'  the 
<'XjKHlitions  under  Pi>:arro  and  iMinagro  which  v/ei-e  to 
yield  such  brilliant  results, and  ]*edrarias  was  obliged 
to  draw  upon  .Vela  and  Nombre  de  Dios  for  soklicrs. 
This  additional  levy  so  nearly  depopulated  the  prov- 
ince that  its  four  cities  together  could  hardlv  muster 
occupants  enough  for  'a  mediocre  hamlet,'  as  Oviedo 
expresses  it.  A  large  number  of  Indians  were  also 
taken.  The  departure  of  the  lleet  took  place  in  Jan- 
uary, 15-G. 

Cordoba  had  not  been  comfortable  since  Soto's 
escape. .  The  more  ho  pondered  the  shorter  to  his 
iiiind  grew  the  distance  between  himself  and  tlic 
grim  Pedrarias.  In  his  fear  he  bethought  hinuulf 
of  (^n•tcs,  and  sent  to  offer  hiin  the  provinces  on  con- 
<!ition  tliat  he  should  retain  the  command  as  his 
lieutenant;  for  it  was  iar  better  to  be  subject  {■•) 
the  magnanimous  conqueror  of  Anahuac,  wlu^sc  name 
would  prove  a  safeu-uard  against  his  old  ma,'::ter,  whih; 
his  distant  residence  in  IMexico  might  leave  a  Tumi- 
tenant  almost  wholly  independent.  'J'his  scheme  re- 
ceivetl  an  encouraging  acceptance,  as  \\c  have  s(>eii, 
only  to  be  abaiuloned  before  the  urgent  appeals  from 
JNlexico. 

The  more  than  peculiar  conduct  of  Cordoba  on 
meeting  Soto  has  prepared  us  for  almost  any  pusilla- 


EXECUTIOX  OF  CoRDOHA. 


csa 


iHiiiity  on  his  part.  Elllier  a  Mind  reliance  in  Coric.s 
nuulo  liini  cardcsa,  or  the  arrival  at  Jjoon  of  the 
lioary-lieaduil  Pcdrarias  was  uncxpectodly  sudtUn;  it 
seems  at  any  rate  that  lie  did  not  even  a<(enij)t  to 
(lel'end  himself,  Prohahly  t!ic  settlers  had  hoeome 
disL^usted  with  his  want  of  coui'a;^e  and  failed  to  sup- 
jM)rt  him.  All  wo  learn  is  that  ho  and  his  friends 
Imnihly  met  the  j,'ovcrnor  and  souj^ht  to  <leny  their 
«;ui!t,  })leadin^,  as  in  the  case  of  N'aseo  Nunez,  that 
had  mutinous  intentions  heen  enti'i'taini'd  they  would 
not  thus  have  dared  to  come  forward  unarmed,  hut 
would  have  Hod  or  defendetl  themselves.  The  case 
was  too  elear,  however,  and  IVdrarias  never  foi'gave: 
the  head  of  Cordoha  was  re(|uired  as  a  lesson  to  jsimi- 
lar  as|)ii-ants.* 

Ilavinj,'  thus  removed  his  rehellious  sulxmlinate, 
IV'ilrarias  looked  ahout  to  secure  the  permanent  j^'ov- 
ernment  of  the  j)rovinee  and  extend  his  jurisdletioii 
as  host  ho  miixht.  If  Niearamia  helon'jed  to  Cast  ilia 
del  Oro,  as  ho  of  course  maintained,  so  nuist  tho 
eastern  and  north-eastei-n  extension  of  this  rci^ion, 
as  far  at  least  as  tho  j^'ulf  of  Ifonduras,  dearly  the 
natural  houndary.  The  elforts  of  Gil  Gonzali'/-  to  so- 
cun;  Honduras  showed  that  he  hail  als(»  i'eL;'ai'ded  this 
jtrovinco  as  portainini^  to  Xiearaij^na.  ]]ut  ahove  all, 
Mas  not  tho  droadeil  Cortes  away,  and  was  n(»t  his 
lieutenant,  Saavodra,  in  conunand  of  a  mere  handful 
of  men?  What  more  convincing  evidence  of  his  iii;ht 
could  there  he?  But  oven  under  these  circumstancijs 
caution  was  necessary,  and  lie  i-esolved  to  secure  at 
iirst  only  the  adjoininj^  horder  teri'itory.  With  this 
oi)ject  captains  Jlurtado  and  liojas  were  sent  to  oc- 
cupy Olancho  A^alley.  The  natives  liad  too  vivid  a 
rec()lloction  of  tho  former  invasion  under  ]vojas  to  fool 

*  It  ccrtaiuly  nppcars  Htrango  that  Ct'inlolw,  linowiiif;  so  well  tlio  cliaracttT 
fif  liis  luastcr,  kIuiiiM  ho  tamely  have  (klivi'ied  liiiiisolt  into  lii.i  hands.  Tlio 
cliionii'k'rs  syinimtliizo  with  any  victim  of  tin;  ahlioiTcd  j,'ovi'inor.  '  lvstal>a 
nmy  l)icn  fpiisto  comunmuntc,'  snys  Ovitulo,  'di-  todoa  lo.s  I'spafuiU-s. .  .luil- 
I'.ilian.  .  .A  IVdrarias  do  incou»tunti;  »'•  a(,'t'lt.'rado  6  mal  jiU'z.'  iii.  H)."i-(>.  His 
i-ibrlliou  'parccio  sicmpre  uicitTto.'is  tlie  uustudied  iiualilication  of  lloiucsiil, 
Jhat.  (JhyoiKi,  104. 


HI  TEDrvARIAS  REMOVES  TO  XIC.UIAOUA. 

eafo,  nnd  liastuned  to  TrujilK)  with  tlicir  comnlalntH. 
Sauvt'dra,  who  saw  tho  danger  of  countcnaiK-ing  cii- 
croaclimrnts  from  such  a  quarter,  sent  two  envoys''  to 
demand  the  iininediato  withdrawal  of  the  Nicaraguan 
troops.  Pciharias  was  not  unprepared  for  this,  and 
sniootli  and  evasive  was  his  answer.  For  tlie  sake  of 
peace  lie  would  come  to  an  understanding  with  Cortes 
regarding  his  pretensions  in  iliat  quarter,  and  suhniit 
tluj  whole  matter  to  the  decision  of  the  audienci;i, 
Meanwliile  there  nmst  be  no  fighting  or  attem})ted 
overrcailiing  among  countrymen. 

The  tone  and  manner  of  the  old  courtier  would  have 
convinced  more  experienced  men  than  the  Honduras 
onv(>js,  and  with  satisfied  hearts  they  turned  to  l)c;ir 
the  i)eaceful  n>.essa''c  to  their  chief.  Pedrarias  gained 
his  point.  Ho  never  entertained  the  idea  of  writing 
to  Cortes  or  subnjitting  any  (juestion  to  the  audiencia. 

Fresh  instructions  were  at  once  despatched  to  1  iur- 
tado  and  Rojas,  and  while  the  envoys  were  lulling 
Saavedra  into  faricied  security  they  fell  upon  his  ad- 
herents in  Olancho,  routed  them,  and  secured  tlieir 
eftects.  The  victors  then  proceeded  northward  witli 
a  view  to  occupy  Natividad  a  .1  secure  for  their  cliii,f 
a  nuich  needed  port  on  the  North  Sea,  through  whidi 
to  receive  supplies  and  maintain  comnumication  with 
Spain  and  the  Islands,  for  the  Panamil  route  was  too 
long  and  costly.  Informed  of  their  movements  Saave- 
dra sent  a  force  to  intercept  them.  The  captains  weio 
not  just  then  prepared  to  resist  so  strong  a  l)ody, 
and  like  their  master  they  resorted  to  fair  words,  both 
sides  promising  to  return  peaceably  home.  But  neither 
believed  in  these  assurances, and  each  resolved  to  watch 
the  other.  Rojas,  for  that  matter,  proceeded  on  the 
march  to  Natividad,  while  Hurtado  returned  to  Olan- 
cho to  protect  his  interests  there.  The  Trujillo  party 
pursued  the  latter,  and  a  fight  ensued  wherein  they 
proved  victorious,  after  losing  two  men.    These  broils 

^.Tuou  Corraaco  and  Cliiistubal  do  la  Torre.  Jlerrera,  dec.  iii.  lib.  ix. 
cap.  vii. 


Pedrai 


nmXADO  AND  CRIJALVA  SLAIN. 


tho  nntivcs  ol)sorvo(l,  and  saw  tliorcin  their  oppor- 
tunity. Tlioy  attaekcfl  Nativi(la(l,and  the  Spaniards, 
(liivon  forth  after  a  f^u'  ^  in  whidi  several  Jell,  took 
ri'fuLTc!  in  a  natural  stronirh  ul,  there  to  remain  until 
aid  could  arrive.' 

Rojas  appears  to  have  learned  of  this  uprising  in 
time  to  retreat  to  Olanclio;  Init  here  also  the  caciques 
had  mustered  in  foi'ce'  to  avenge  the  injuries  whicli 
Peth'arias'  soldiers  were  inflictiiiLr.  Ordered  bv  ^hem 
to  hv'wx  in  maize  and  material  for  houses,  thev  Sv  i  -'d 
tlie  opportunity  to  introduce  witliin  the  bundles  a 
quantity  of  arms.  These  were  to  serve  thf  nati^'^a 
who  remained  in  or  near  the  camp  waituig  the 
approach  ni'  .heir  regularly  armed  compatriots.  Ml 
])rep:;re(l,  the  word  wns  given,  atui  stealthily  tlie  .iusky 
ioe  •\'\)t  upon  the  unsuspecting  Spaniards.  T^iving 
in  the  midst  of  treachery,  it  seems  impossible  that 
they  should  have  allowed  tliemselves  to  be  thus  lulled. 
Suddenly  forest,  hill,  and  dale  were  alive  with  Indians, 
and  the  silence  M'as  l)roken  bv  a  piercinix  veil  as  the 
first  victim  met  his  fate.  The  signal  was  taken  up, 
and  from  thousands  came  the  aven'jjinLr  shriek,  ro 
verbei'ating  along  the  wooded  slf)pos  and  rolling  back 
upon  the  doomed  band.  Resistance  seemed  to  f.vail 
them  little.  Sixteen  were  slain;  a  few  escaped  to 
a  fiiendly  cacique,  named  Guatucanola;  and  twenty 
liorses  were  lost.  The  settlement  was  sacked  and 
burned.  Among  the  fallen  were  Captain  Hurtado, 
who  had  rendered  so  many  eminent  services  as 
explorer,  leader,  and  founder,  and  Juan  de  (^rijalva, 
a  man  who,  as  captain  of  a  Cuban  cxpcdititni,  had 
achieved  the  honor  of  discovering  the  INlexican  main- 
land, and  who  might  even  have  gained  the  glory  of 
that  brilliant  conquest  but  for  his  fine  sense  of  lienor 
and  other  manly  qualities.  Often  a  too  strict  integrity 
inq)edes  the  path  to  greatness.     At  all  events,  these 

"  Xows  coming  of  tho  approach  of  a  royal  governor,  Saavcdra  would  send 
nothiii'i  but  advice. 

'  '  Lst.ando  de  acucrdo  ciento  y  cincuenta  Caziques.'  Ilerrem,  dee.  iii.  lib. 
ix.  cap.  X. 


602 


PEDr.AniAS  REMOVES  TO  XTCARAGUA. 


qualities  lo.st  liini  the  favor  of  his  master  and  gov- 
crnor,  Velaz(}ue/,,  and  despite  his  faithful  serviecs,  his 
couraL(o  and  talent,  he  was  sent  forth  in  disgraee,  to 
ilie  ii^iiohlv  in  this  wilderness," 

Rojas  arrived  soon  after  and  sought  to  restore 
]v,'aee,  hut  the  natives  were  too  strong  for  him,  and 
loi"  years  they  lield  their  ground.  Saavedra  eharged 
Pe(h'aiias  with  heing  the  cause  of  the  disaster,  and 
not  without  reason,  for  the  treaeherous  conduet  of 
his  captains  had  encouraged  the  ui)rising.  Quarrels 
and  i*ccrimina(ions  followed,  hut  without  any  attempt 
on  the  part  of  Saavedra  to  take  active  steps  against 
the  Xi(\iraguan  invaders.  Tindiiig  his  adversary  so 
tame,  the  old  governor  felt  cnd)oMened  to  take  the 
ste[)  he  had  so  long  hecn  meditating,  to  secure  j)ossi's- 
f^ion  of  the  remainder  of  Ilonduias.  To  this  elfeet 
he  despatched  Captain  Diego  de  Alhites  and  Sebas- 
tian i\(i  JJenalcilzar,  regitlores  of  Leon,  with  Notary 
llspinosa,  to  demand  the  submission  of  Saavedra  and 
the  cabildo  of  Trujillo  to  his  jurisdiction.  The  en- 
voys were  hardly  on  their  way,  however,  before  tiilings 
came  from  Panama  which  sent  Pedrarias  in  all  haste 
back  to  the  Isthmus,  leaving  the  government  in  the 
joint  charge  of  several  of  his  most  trusted  oflicers, 
among  whom  Martin  Estete  ligured  as  lieutenant- 
general.'' 

The  new  governor  of  Cast  ilia  del  Oro,  Pedro  de  los 
Pios,  had  arrived  with  his  lleet  at  Nombre  de  Dios  July 
30,  15i!(),'"  attended,  as  was  connnon  in  such  cases, 
by  many  followers,  among  whom  were  Licenciado 
.luan  de  Salmeron,  alcalde  mayor;  Bachiller  Diego  de 
Corral;  Diego  Cutierrez  de  los  Pios,  a  ne})hew,  and 

"His  acliiovfiiK'uts  are  related  in  vol.  i.  chaps,  ii.  ami  iii.  of  the  ll'idonj 
of  Ml .I'lco,  this  st'iii'8. 

"  Jli'iTi'iii,  will)  is  siiiiK.'whiit  coiitr.uliL'tory  on  this  point,  names  Gahriul  ih 
Kojas,  (Jiuaiiito,  iind  DioLio  Alvarez  among  the  ruling  men.  dec.  iv.  lih.  i. 
cap.  vi.  Salcetlit,  in  I'lu-ltn-a  ami  I'dnk'iian,  Col.  Doc,  xiv.  47  ct  seq.,  gives 
also  II  list  of  the  Ix'on  city  ollicials. 

'"  Tlic  two  months'  voyage  liad  proved  ]>loasant,  being  marred  only  hy  tiiO 
death  of  two  men  during  an  attjiclc  by  the  natives  of  Dominica  Ishuid,  where 
they  lunl  entered  to  repair  a  leaky  vessel.  Oviido,  iii.  110. 


TEDROS  DE  LOS  RIOS. 


KHI 


Egiis,  tlio  lialf-brothiT  of  tlio  governor.  Oviodo  was 
also  of  tlio  i)art\',  bcariivjf  as  liis  reward  for  i)ro('iirIii'»' 
the  change  oi  rule  the  appointment  of  captain-gen- 
eral and  governor  of  the  province  of  Cartagena.  The 
day  following  the  arrival  the  new  oflicials  were  sworn 
in,  and  within  f  mr  weeks  they  had  taken  up  their 
residence  at  Panama.  The  jurisdiction  of  Rios  cov- 
ered the  same  territory  as  iiad  that  of  Pedrarias, 
excepting  Paria  and  Veragua.  As  usual,  ho  had  heeii 
particularly  enjoined  to  look  to  the  good  treatment 
of  the  Indians  and  promote  the  formation  of  towns 
on  healthy  sites.  In  all  matters  of  importance  ho 
was  to  consult  with  the  alcalde  mayor,  as  a  man 
learned  in  the  law,  and  a  faithful  servant  of  the  kincf. 
The  governor  was  empowered  to  settle  all  disputes 
and  [)unish  all  crimes  according  to  his  judgment  and 
the  laws  of  the  country,  and  with  regard  to  thieves 
and  robbers  he  was  recommended  to  go  even  some- 
what beyond  the  law.  This  was  a  power  admirably 
suited  for  a  reformer  as  Pios  came  heralded,  but  the 
rising  rejoicings  of  the  people  at  the  removal  of  the 
old  governor  began  quickly  to  calm  on  iinding,  as 
Oviedo  says,  that  in  the  place  of  one  hydra  head  cut 
otV  two  others  had  appeared.^* 

Pedro  do  los  Pios  was  quite  a  different  man  from 
Pedrarias;  indeed  we  shall  scarcely  again  in  this  his- 
tory meet  the  c(|ual  of  the  old  governor  of  Darien. 
Though  possessing  more  bulk  of  botly  the  new  gov- 
ernor lacked  the  strength  of  mind  of  the  old  one; 
he  lacked  the  cunning,  indomitable  enerixv,  and  the 
vindictive  pertinacity  of  Pedrarias.  lie  lovt'd  gold, 
however,  in  which  predilection  he  was  joined  by  his 
wife,  who  even  surpassed  him  in  this  resjiect.  In 
accordance  with  royal  orders,  among  his  lirst  acts 
were  to  seize  the  elfects  and  estates  of  Pedrarias, 
including  his  encomiendas,  to  secure  control  of  the 
I'earl    Islands  and   their  revenues,  and  to   hold  all 

"  '  I'or  niiiiicrii  f|Uo  osfas  nnnlaiH'as  ile  goburiuuloros  cs  sallar  tlo  la  sartcii 
tn  las  liiasuH.'  O.i. i/o,  iii.  \'2',i. 
liiar.  CKN.  Am.,  Vul.  I.    'iH 


694 


PEDRARIAS  REMOVES  TO  XICARAOUA. 


until  til-  rosuk'iicia  of  tlic  outgoing  governor  was 
taken.  I'eJrarias  Icnow  that  his  authority  at  Panani;i 
was  lost,  but  he  ihd  not  like  to  lose  his  [)ropcrt3'.  It 
was  a  pecuniary  disaster  alone  that  could  have  taken 
him  from  Nicaragua  at  this  critical  moment. 

The  news  of  his  coming  was  brouglit  by  a  vessel 
laden  with  kidna})pcd  Nicaraguans,  to  bo  sold  by 
auction  in  the  Panamil  market.  lie  himself  reached 
Nattt  in  December,  and  after  writing  to  Ilios  made 
his  appearance  at  the  capital  February  H,  lf^•27. 
Three  days  later  the  residencia  was  proclaimed  l)y 
Salmeron. 

Not  knowing  who  the  judges  miglit  be,  Pedrarias 
had  taken  the  precaution  to  petition  tlio  India  (Jouncil 
for  power  of  appeal  in  any  decision  which  might  be 
rendered  acrainst  him.  And  this  had  been  irranted, 
with  the  order  to  pay  at  once  any  judgment  under 
ten  thousand  maravedis,'and  to  make  a  deposit  which 
should  cover  all  amounts  of  larixer  claims.  Furtlu  r 
than  this,  ho  had  taken  with  him  to  Nicaragua,  and 
bad  left  there,  those  who  miglit  most  trouble  hi  mi  iu 
his  residencia.  The  greater  part  of  tlie  aggritived 
were  tluis  out  of  the  way,  and  their  opportunity 
lost. 

lie  had  also  despatched  Enciso  to  Spain, to  represent 
Ids  interests  at  court  antl  neutralize  the  macliinatio'.is 
of  his  enemies.  The  result  was  the  arrival  of  a  cedula 
from  the  king  just  in  time  to  provide  that  no  (|uestioiis 
were  to  be  raised  in  the  present  residencia  touchlii;;" 
matters  disposed  of  by  the  pretended  investigations 
under  Alarconcillo.  Tliis  reduced  still  further  the 
complaints  against  Pedrarias,  and  as  lie  at  once  made 
overtures  to  liis  judge,  sparing  neither  money  u>v 
humility,  and  as  he  still  had  inlI"once,  his  feebly  pre 
sented  crimes  were  lightly  regarded.  Oviedo  deemed 
liimself  exceedingly  ill  used  in  these  proceedings,  aiil 
loudly  chronicles  his  complaints.  After  ]»resentiiig  a 
long  list  of  claims,  which  \vcre  denied,  tlie  historian 
was  glad  to  escape  assassination  at  the  hand  of  ln-^ 


BEFORE  THE  INDIA  COUNCIL. 


9» 


ancient  enemy."  Charges  of  course  M'erc  sent  to 
Spuin/^  citing  instances  of  abuse  of  power,  and  of 
private  frauds.  Among  the  more  serious  accusa- 
tions was  the  embezzhng  of  royal  moneys,  wliich  had 
helped  to  swell  a  remittance  of  seventy  thousand 
pesos  do  oro,  sent  secretly  to  a  safe  rece})tacle  in 
Spain.  So  pressing  and  puzzling  were  these  charges 
tliat  the  India  Council  held  repeated  consultations  on 
the  case. 

But  Pcdrarias  had  not  been  idle.  lie  had  re- 
quested his  powerful  relatives  to  lujld  forth  to  the 
king  himself,  to  the  best  advantage,  the  many  valu- 
able services  he  had  rendered  in  Africa  as  well  as  in 
the  Indies.  The  words  of  tlie  agent  Enciso  were 
likewise  })Owerful,  and  made  these  records  stand  out 
resplendent,  backed  as  they  were  with  the  dazzling 
treasures  of  the  Pearl  Islands."  Xot  only  was  Pe- 
drarias  acquitted  and  reinstated  in  his  rights  and 
possessions,  but  new  favors  were  showered  on  him. 
Yet  the  government  of  Pananul  could  not  be  re- 
stored to  liim;  indeed  the  crown  itself  had  not  been 
so  blinded  as  some  of  its  satellites  to  the  many  evils 
that  had  characterized  the  government  of  Pedrarias 
in  Castllla  del  Oro.  At  all  events  it  was  considered 
timely  to  allow  the  oppressed  province  to  recover 
iVom  the  selfish  tyranny  of  his  rule  under  a  more 
fatherly  supervision.  His  shrewd  loresight  and  usual 
good  fortune  were  ])aving  a  new  way,  however.  It 
si»  happened  that  Gil  Gonzalez,  the  rightful  claimant 
to  Nicaragua,  died  about  the  time  that  IVtlrarias 
sent  in  to  the  king  a  glowing  reixjrt  on  the  resources 
of  this  province,  together  with  [)romises  of  great 
revenues.  Xot  only  was  he  now  entitled  to  the  lir.st 
eoiibideration  for  the  post  of  governor,  but  it   was 


'  •  '  K  como  era  liombrc  ydiota  i';  sin  letras,  cl  sc  iiiovii'i  pnr  consfjo  ilc  aqnol 
l)aLliillcr  Corral,  pai-fi  me  hiu'cr  luatar  fl  traycimi.'  Onul.i,  iii.  Vl'l. 

'■*  See,  for  iustauco,  CasliUu,  t'aiia,  in  I'ac/afo  uiul  Citrdcnu.i,  Cot.  JJoc, 
aIL  8r>. 

•'  Sandoval,  iiulecil,  spcalcs  of  tlu<  trovcnioi-aM  a  iiu  ritoriousscrvuut  of  tlio 
Iviui;,  tnalucud  by  I'liviouu  pcraous.  Jlist.  i'nilos  I'.,  i.  '-'IS. 


506 


PEDR ARIAS  REMOVES  TO  NICARAGUA. 


probably  considered  advantageous  to  the  royal  purse 
that  a  man  of  such  natural  proclivities  for  extortion 
should  be  given  a  field  where  watchful  energy  alono 
was  needed  to  develop  untold  wealth.  Again  was  the 
star  of  Pedrarias  emerging  from  behind  the  Hyper- 
borei  Montes,  but  with  lustre  dimmed  by  clouds  rising, 
this  time  in  the  direction  of  Honduras. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

RIVAL  GOVERNORS  IN  HONDURAS  Am)  NICARAGUA. 

1520-1530. 

Colonial  Policy— Salcedo  Displaces  Saavedra  in  the  Government 
OF  IIoNDruAS — Saavedha's  Escape — Pedii.\rias'  Envoys  Trapped — 
Salcedo  Invades  Nicar.vola — IIis  Cruelty  and  Extortion — Dis- 
tress among  the  Colonists— Rios  also  Presents  Ci^ims,  but  is 
Discomfited — Pedr.\rias  Follows  I^riumpiiant — Saltedo's  Iono- 
MiNiors  Fate — Estete's  Expedition — Slave-iiuntino  Profits  and 
Horrors — Gladiatorlal  Punishment  of  Revolted  Natives — Pe- 
DRAUiAs'  Schemes  for  Aggrandizement — He  Grasps  at  Salvador 
AND  Longs  for  Peru — Both  Elude  Him— Further  Mortification 
and  Death — Character  of  the  Conquerors. 


One  of  the  chief  causes  which  gave  rise  to  the  dis- 
juites  of  rival  leaders  for  the  occupancy  of  Nicaragua 
and  Honduras  was  the  policy  which  governed  the 
Council  of  the  Indies  in  regard  to  the  colonial  posses- 
sions of  Spain.  Gradually  the  discovery  of  Columbus 
had  assumed  gigantic  proportions,  and  the  indeHnito 
and  unknown  limits  to  the  territories  which  had  been 
given  to  the  iirst  governors  were  becoming  more  fixed 
and  determined.  T'^e  innnense  extent  of  the  dis- 
cc  y  and  the  vast  dominions  which  had  been  allotted 
to  each  colony  was  then  first  ascertained.  It  was 
deemed  m  ise  and  prudent  by  the  court  of  Spain  that 
such  broad  possessions  sliould  be  divided  into  smaller 
states,  and  governed  by  many,  rather  than  that  the 
whole  should  be  under  the  jurisdiction  of  a  few  arro- 
gant vicerovs.  Thus  cliecks  could  be  more  easilv 
placed  on  individuals,  and  the  distant  provmces  of  tlio 
New  World  could  be  more  readily  hekl  in  subjection. 
With  this  in  view  it  was  that  Hernandez  de  Cordoba 

(097) 


503 


RIVAL  nOVERXOr.S. 


lifid  boon  urir^cfl  by  the  andicnoia  to  llirow  ofT  allc- 
^ianre  to  Pcch'arias,  and  that  tin;  enterprises  not  only 
(){'  Gil  Gonzalez  but  of  Olid  had  been  eneoura'^ed  bv 
the  Spanish  government. 

But  a  resort  to  arms  as  a  method  for  settling  tluMr 
differences  was  by  no  means  desired;  and  -when  tlio 
emperor  became  aware  that  hostilities  had  broken  out 
amon'JT  the  colonists  of  Honduras  and  Nicarngua  he 
])ereniptorily  forbade  any  Spaniard  to  draw  his  swoi-d 
again.rt  another,  under  penalty  of  his  severe  dis- 
pleasure. The  better  to  curb  the  cncroaehing  con- 
querors on  either  side,  and  to  further  his  policy,  he 
resfdved  to  appoint  new  governors  for  these  provinces; 
and  thus  it  was  that  Pedrarias,  owing  in  a  gi-eat 
nieasm'o  to  his  wife  and  to  family  inlhience,  had  ol)- 
tained  the  long  desired  lake  region,  even  before  tlio 
result  of  his  residencia  was  known;  whilc^  Honduras 
was  given  as  early  as  ir)2r)^  to  ]^iego  Lopez  de  Sal- 
cedo,  regardless  of  the  great  efforts  and  nutans  ex- 
jiended  by  Cortes  in  its  colonization,  wholly  from  his 
own  resources.^ 

Salcedo  was  at  this  time  residing  in  Es])nriola,  and 
on  receiving  the  appointment,  together  with  instruc- 
tions to  inquire  into  the  late  trouble  and  punisli  tlie 
guilty,  he  at  once  prepared  to  set  out.    The  audieneia 

'  TIic  liittcr  complaints  of  Corti's  acjainst  liia  rclioUions  lioutpiiiuit  cvokcl 
from  tlie  kiii,!:t  merely  instruetioiis  for  Olid  to  maintain  friend!;,'  relations  witli 
r'ortes,  and  to  i-oport  to  the  crown  re^;ardin,L,'  tliu  jiro,i;re>3  of  hid  cumiuest. 
'  I'",l  Itcy. .  .no  Iiizo  mas  demostracion  <]no  oscriiiir  ;'i  tliriston;.!  de  CHid,  qnn 
con  Cortes  tuuiesso  toihi  buena  corresjiondencia,  y  fuesso  dnido  cncnta  ii  su 
Jlagestiid,  do  lo  quo  passana  en  aijuell.i,  tierra,  ]iareciendo  (jiio  no  era  nial 
eonsijo,  la  diuit;ion  de  tan  gran  gouiirno  eonio  tenia.'  Ihrnra,  dic.  iii.  lili.  \'. 
cap.  xiii. 

-Hid  eoinmissiou  is  dated  November  '20th.  Purhcco  and  Cdnh'inis,  Co!. 
f)oi\,  xiv.  r>"2. 

•*  Cort.  s'  complaints  were  nnmerous  and  bitter,  na  may  be  ima'rined.  In  a 
letter  of  \')',V2,  for  insiunee,  lie  represent  to  tin,'  Kin;.;  the  many  valuable  ?<(  i  ■ 
vices  ren^lered,  and  the  hardship  and  dan'.ter  Kud'ered.  Jlo  had  di-eovereil 
the  proviuee,  of  Honduras  at  his  own  expense,  amount  in;;  to  over  IK). (KM)  eas- 
tellanos,  and  the  expedition  to  suppress  the  revolt  of  Olid  had  cost  him  over 
riO.OOO  easlellanos,  a  like  amount  beiu',' also  expended  by  his  followers,  lie 
had  con(|uei-eil,  pacilled,  and  settleil  over  li(K)  leagues  of  territ(jry,  foundiui; 
three  towns  on  tlie  best  jiarts  of  the  coast;  In;  had  expiiideil  over  '.'."),()()•) 
castellanos  for  hor.scs. arms,  ai'  '  provisions,  imported  from  J'^spauol.iaudCulia, 
jind  before  leaving  the  country  had  left  a  competent  captjiin  in  charge  of  the 
new  colonies.   I'ac/uco  and  CurUeiuM,  Cut.  JJuc,  xiii.  G-7. 


1 


SAAVEDRA  AND  S.^LCEDO. 


590 


also  took  tlic  instructions  to  lioart,  anil,  rcgardin:^ 
Cortes  as  iiiiplicatcMl,  tlioy  soi/ud  oiic  of  liis  sliijis  at 
Santo  Domingo,  with  its  cargo  of  niercliantlisc*  Sal- 
(.•(jjo  found  the  settlors  at  peace  on  reaching  Trujillo. 
Saavedra  and  AlcaLle  Figueroa  set  the  exani[)Io  to 
the  other  ofiicials  in  doing  reverence  to  the  new  ruler, 
who  was  solennd}-  inaugurated  on  the  27th  of  October, 
1j2().'  The  first  act  under  the  new  regime  was  to 
make  an  investigation  into  the  late  political  disturl)- 
anres,  and  the  result  was  the  arrest  of  Saavedra, 
regldores  Oarnica  and  Vega,  and  two  settlers  named 
j\Iartin  Cortes  and  ^lorales,  who  were  placed  on  a 
vessel  for  transmission  to  the  judg.s  in  Espahola. 
Their  safe-keeping  was  Intrusted  to  Diego  ]\rorillo, 
v.'ho  was  installed  with  a  staff  of  justice,  to  give  liim 
greater  autlioritv.  ]}ut  the  emblem  of  the  law  faileil 
to  im[)ose  u])on  the  prisoners,  who  were  in  this  resjiect 
liai'dly  less  imbued  with  the  spirit  of  the  times  than 
Pcdrarias  and  his  followers.  They  had  too  whole- 
some a  fear  of  the  quality  <>f  mercy  dispensed  by  the 
pompous  rulers  at  Santo  Domingo,  and  determined  to 
make  an  ell'ort  for  liberty.  Tlie  mainland  had  barely 
been  lost  to  sight  wlien  they  appealed  to  the  master's 
sympathy.  Their  argument  was  sufficiently  weighted 
to  bo  convincing,  and  the  shackles  were  not  only 
transferred  to  Morillo,  but  ho  was  relieved  of  all  his 
etl'ects.  The  vesseVs  course  was  thereunon  chaiiLjcd 
to  Cuba,  where  the  mutineers  dispersed  in  search  of 
wider  spheres  of  operations." 

Shortly  after  Salcedo's  installation  the  tlircc  envoys 
of  Pcdrarias  arrived  at  Truiillo.  Finding  a  rov;d 
governor  instead  of  the  inti'uder  Saavedra,  they  did 
not  venture  to  present  their  demands  for  tlie  sub- 
mission of  the  province,  but  souglit  instead  to  regain 

*  For  this  tlicy  were  nfterwanl  consure'.l.  Ifrrrera,  doc.  iii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xi. 

°  Tlic  royiil  con)nii.-<.sion,  with  tlio  ccii'iiionics  iittcndin;^  its  irccptiaii,  is 
given  ill  Truiilado  dn  una  Calula,  in  I'ucluco  and  Cunltiias,  Col.  JJoc,  xiv. 
47  ct  s(H|. 

"  Oidci-s  camo  for  luvesti-'atiGn  and  punishment,  Ihrrera,  dec.  iv.  lib.  ii. 
cap.  vi.,  but  the  distant  Indies  possessed  U3  yet  too  many  loop-holes  and 
coiueiYi  iur  blind  justice. 


coo 


RIVAL  GOVERNORS. 


NioarajTua  and  warn  tlicir  maistcr,  Salcedo  had  tluMti 
arrested,  however,  as  concerned  in  the  disorders  in 
Xiiara'.nia  and  Olaneho,  and  turned  the  tahlos  hy  de- 
claring^ Pedrarias  an  arraiijfned  cul})rlt,  answerahle  to 
the  resideneia  judj^e  at  I'ananiil,  and  Niearaj^ua  as 
falhn^  witliin  the  jnriscHetion  of  Honduras,  instead  nl' 
]iertainin<^  to  Castilla  del  Oro.  He  intended,  in  fact, 
t'>  take  possession  at  once,  and  in  this  course  lie  was 
cneouraj^ed  by  petitions  from  the  anti-Pedrarias  Tac- 
tion of  tiiat  })rovince.  The  limits  of  Salcedo's  gov- 
ennnent  had  not  been  fixed,  and  what  more  natural 
than  to  base  on  tie  claims  of  Cortes  and  Gonzales 
the  pleasing;  illusion  that  Nicarau^ua  nuist  belon<^  to 
his  jurisdiction?  An  ailditional  excuse  was  to  be  found 
ill  the  late  political  disturbances  in  tliat  provinct', 
v.hich  it  luihooved  him  as  a  royal  oflicer  to  stop. 
The  'aptive  envoys  should  accompany  him  as  guides 
and  hostaijjos. 

Preparations  were  soon  concluded,  and  Salcedo  de- 
parted with  nearly  one  hundred  and  fifty  horsemen, 
li  avini^  the  small  remnant  at  Trujillo  umler  connnaiid 
<>!'  r^'rancisco  de  Cisneros."  He  sent  forward  Alonso  de 
Solis,one  of  his  captains,  and  a  ])riest,  with  instructions 
toivport  toiiini  th(>conditionof  the  Indians  throughout 
tlie  district;  \vlieth(>r  tlu'y  were  fi'iendly  <»r  othci'wise; 
and  wlijit  were  tiieii'  fei'liniis  in  i"eL;ard  to  tlie  Christian 
faith  which  they  had  i)revi(fisly  [>roless(!d  to  adoj)t. 
Solis  speedily  came  back  with  the  information  that 
bands  of  Sjianiards  were  ))rowlin,ir  about  the  Olaneho 
'S'^alley.  Salcedo  advanced  upon  them,  and  a  skirmish 
ensued  in  which  two  men  were  h)st.  Suspectini^  that 
Albites  and  Jiis  companions  mi,ij:lit  be  connected  with 
this  untoward  check,  he  sent  them  back  to  Trujillo 
with  instructions  for  their  inunediatc  transmission  to 
Santo  DominjT^o,  on  the  chari^e  of  inciting  native 
revolts  and  other  disorders.     These  charges  were  not 

"Ovieilo,  iii.  189,  states  tliiit  Diogii  Moiulc/  do  Ilincstrosa  wna  left  in 
cliiirgo  lit  'rriijillo,  (hut  Sulcciio  luul  alrciuly  inaroluMl  out  of  Trujillo  for 
Is'iiiirjiguii  mIk'11  the  envoys  of  I'eduiriiis  ciime  up.  and  that  ho  sent  them  at 
oucc  t'j  tij  uudicucia.    But  ho  is  not  well  iuiornied. 


WOES  OF  THE  NATIVES. 


m 


sustained,  however,  and  the  prisoners  soon  returned 
fully  exonerated. 

Still  another  eheelc  came  to  dampen  the  anlor  of 
the  party,  and  Treasurer  (\istillo,  anionj;  others,  nr;^i'd 
theahandonnient  of  the  ex|)e(lition;  hut  the  fairshori'S 
of  the  Freshwater  Sea  had  taken  too  (K-ep  a  hold 
U])on  Saleed(/s  fancy,  strewn  as  they  were  hy  luinor 
with  nuich  gold.  No;  he  knew  his  duty  as  royal 
officer,  and  would  extend  his  beneficent  rule  to  this 
rej^ion.  As  for  his  losses  and  disappointments,  he 
would  look  to  that  universal  source  of  rcditss,  the 
natives.  CaciipK.s  were  sunnnoned  to  fui'nish  Indians 
for  carrying  hurdons  and  gathering  food,  and  soldiers 
went  forth  to  cn(orc(i  the  ordei'.  A  inimher  of  those 
suspected  of  com])licity  in  the  disturhances  at  Na- 
tividatl  were  hanged  and  others  enslaved,  to  be  event- 
ually sent  out  of  the  country  and  sold.  Great  were 
their  woes.  Those  who  lost  their  I'elatives  or  near 
friends  fled  to  the  mountains,  ])referring  starvation 
and  death  to  the  cruel  oppression  of  the  sti'angers. 
This  feeling  extended  also  to  the  district  of  (,'oma- 
yagua,  and  created  a  distrust  which  was  at  once  mag- 
nified into  rev(»lt.  l'h(^  Spaniards  immediately  fell 
upon  them,  and  a  terrible  havoc  ensued.  The  natives 
resorted  to  the  passive  retaliation  of  withdrawing 
supi)lies,  and  even  of  destroying  the  crf>|)s,  so  as  to 
leave  the  Spaniards  without  food,  and  comi)el  them  to 
devour  horses  and  dogs.  This  heightened  the  feeling 
against  them,  and  even  the  cai-riers  were  Tuade  to 
suffer  so  severely  that  many  threw  off  their  loads  and 
souglit  to  escape,  only  to  be  overtaken  and  slaugh- 
tered. The  panic  spread,  and  tribes  distant  from  the 
scene  burned  their  villages  and  (iil<ls  to  seek  refuge  in 
tlie  mountains,  lest  they  should  l)e  exp(jsed  to  similar 
outrages  on  Salcedo's  return. 

In  Nicaragua  the  rumor  of  these  doings  had  im- 
pelled the  natives  to  assume  a  threatening  attitude, 
so  that  when  the  Spanish  party  finally  arrived  at 
the  city  of  Leon  they  were  hailed  as  saviors.     This 


602 


RR'AL  GOVKRNOIIS. 


lu'l|)0(l  to  pave  tlio  way  for  Salcodo,  and  when  ho  suh- 
iniltcd  liis  coimiiissioii  to  Martin  Estcte,  the  officer 
in  chari^'c,  and  to  tlio  municipal  body,  tlic}  gaA'c  oik; 
^lanoc  at  the  sturtly  forces  by  his  side  and  then  rec- 
ognized it  as  vaHd.  The  new  governor  was  sworn 
in  ^[ay  7,  1527.  Once  in  undisputed  possession  the 
liunianity  of  Saleedo  underwent  a  change.  He  would 
no  longer  carry  panic  into  native  villages  by  means 
of  raiding  parties;  nay,  he  would  even  relieve  the 
Indians  fnmi  the  oi)presr'an  of  their  present  masters, 
the  late  subjects  of  Pedrarias,  and  place  them  under 
the  experienced  control  of  his  friends  and  followers. 
Without  more  ado  the  choice  repartiniientos  were 
transferred  to  the  hands  of  himself  and  his  adhen'uts, 
with  not  even  an  attempted  excuse  to  the  late  holders. 
Such  high-handed  proceedings  created  general  dis- 
satisfaction, not  only  among  the  despoiled  settlers  but 
also  anion'j:  the  enslaved,  who  were  regarded  as  cattle, 
and  treated  with  a  severity  paralleled  only  by  the 
Honduras  atrocities.  More  spirited,  however,  than 
the  former  victims,  they  retaliated  with  sullen  stub- 
bornness, and  refused  to  gather  gold  or  perform  agil- 
cultural  labor.  The  distress  increased,  and  many 
could  not  procure  the  common  necessaries  of  life. 
The  rupture  between  the  two  races  developed  into 
open  warfare,  in  which  rights,  grievances,  and  pas- 
sion often  figured  only  as  minor  impulses  by  the  side 
of  the  cravings  of  hunger.^ 

To  these  distressing  straits  was  the  country  reduced 
Avhen  a  new  claimant  to  the  government  presented 
himself,  in  the  person  of  Pedro  do  los  Pios.  Invested 
with  the  same  power  and  authority  over  Castilla  del 
Oro  as  his  predecessor,  he  thought  himself  entitled 
to  jurisdiction  also  over  Nicaragua,  since  it  had  been 
occupied  and  settled  under  the  same  auspices.     He 

*  Hcrrcra  would  have  us  believe  tliat  starvation  was  over  the  whole 
country,  in  all  its  ghastly  horrors,  making  it  a  question  of  life  and  death 
between  Spaniard  and  Indian,  who  devoured  each  other,  dec.  iv.  lib.  i.  cap. 
vii.    But  this  is  clearly  exajj'geratiou. 


TEDRARIAS  AND  RIOS. 


003 


had  (lofiTPc'd  liis  doparture  from  Pnnain:i  till  Pt'draj-ias 
sliould  have  hoon  j^ecui'cly  (.'iitaiinli'd  in  the  iiK'sJu'S 
of  liis  rcsitK'iicia,  and  tliorctoi'c  uiial>le  to  ohji'ct.  Hut 
the  latter  was  desirous  to  see  him  leave,  in  the  liopo 
that  a  cliange  in  his  own  favor  might  he  elfected,  j)er- 
haps  hy  sonic  friendly  ingulfing  wave,  some  devoted 
assassin,  or  some  native  treaihery;  for  the  road  was 
now  and  Rios  inexperienced.  As  a  proof  of  his 
fiiendly  interest  in  the  project  Pedrarias  counselled 
him  to  invest  heavily  in  merchandise,  which  nuist  pay 
a  largo  profit.  Such  advice  was  not  to  he  disregarded, 
and,  as  circumstances  would  have  it,  the  guhernatorial 
trader  was  received  with  open  arms  hy  the  sorely 
])ressed  settlers  of  Nicaragua.  But  Pios  had  not  the 
foresight  which  characterized  Fiscal  ^Eoivno's  pro- 
ceedings in  Honduras,  two  yeai's  l)efore,  and  on  })re- 
senting  his  claims  to  the  suiireme  otfice  the  colonists 
returned  a  cold  stare.  The}'  saw  nothing  in  his  com- 
mission which  oxpicssly  included  Nicaragua  within 
Castilla  del  Oro,  and  althouixh  much  alHicted  hy  tiie 
avaricious  and  oppressive  measures  of  Salcedo,  they 
determined  to  support  a  governor  whom  they  miglit 
call  their  om'u  rather  than  suhmit  to  one  residing  at 
such  a  distance,  and  evidentlv  intent  on  enriching 
himself  and  Panama  at  their  expense. 

It  is  not  improhable  that  the  cause  for  the  change 
lay  partly  with  Pedrarias,  whose  emissaries  hoj)ed  l>y 
this  means  to  embroil  tlie  new  aspirant  with  his  [)ro- 
posed  subjects.  Salcedo  was  strong  enough,  however, 
with  his  own  troops  to  dictate  terms  to  his  rival,  and 
ho  peremptorily  ordered  him  to  leave  the  province 
within  three  days,  under  a  penalty  of  ten  thousand 
pesos.  Rios  had  too  much  res[)ect  for  his  portly 
person  to  expose  it  to  profane  usage.  Still  he  would 
have  lingered  had  not  the  threatened  fine  urged  him 
away.  As  it  was,  in  the  flurry  of  departure  lie  even 
forgot  his  gout,  with  which  he  was  just  then  si-verely 
stricken,  and  his  groans  were  not  resumed  till  the 
vessel  had  turned  prow  for  l^uianui.     He  carried  one 


ii 


004 


RIVAL  GOVERNORS 


consolation,  liowovcr,  to  soothe  his  ruffled  sjjirit;  lie 
had  made  these  b(«)rish  eolonists  })ay  tenfold  for  his 
carj(o  of  merchandise.  After  all,  the  trip  had  not 
proved  unprofitable,  and  he  laughed  within  himself  at 
the  thought.  On  his  way  back  ho  stopped  at  Bruselas, 
in  the  gulf  of  Nicoj^a,  where  a  fiiendly  reception 
was  accorded  him.  Informed  of  this,  Salcedo  with 
vindictive  jealousy  sent  a  troop  of  sixty  horse  under 
Garabito  to  destroy  the  hospitable  town. 

T!ie  rankest  despot  could  hardly  deport  himself  with 
more  capricious  severity  than  these  petty  upstart 
lieutenants  in  the  Indies.  Salcedo  was  evidently  a 
fitting  successor  to  Pcdrarias,  as  far  as  displaying  his 
jealousy,  greed,  and  cruelty;  but  he  lacked  some  of 
the  commanding  characteristics  which  had  so  often 
enabled  the  latter  to  weather  the  storm  raised  by  his 
t3'rannous  impulses.  His  rule  was  to  be  brief  and 
ignoble.  One  of  his  last  acts,  which  bore  the  re- 
lieving stamp  of  a  public  measure,  was  to  order 
(xabriel  de  Ilojas  to  explore  Rio  San  Juan,  the  outlet 
of  the  lake,  and  to  found  there  a  settlement. 

This  order  was  disregarded,  for  just  then  came  the 
rumor  that  Pcdrarias  was  about  to  return  as  governor. 
This  sufficed  to  bring  the  general  dissatisfaction  with 
Salcedo  to  an  issue.  At  first  he  treated  the  news  as 
absurd ;  but,  when  the  report  came  that  Pcdrarias  was 
actually  on  the  vay  with  a  royal  commission,  he  re- 
solved to  collecf,  'lis  scattered  followers  and  make  his 
escape.  The  st  was  fatal,  as  it  encouraged  the  still 
wavering  Estete  uth  his  friends  to  pronounce  in  favor 
of  the  expected  lief.  The  officials  of  Salcedo  were 
arrested,  which  •  mdered  the  executive  powerless  to 
act,  and  his  hor',os  were  seized,  so  that  he  might  not 
escape  a  reckoning.  So  ominous  became  the  demon- 
stration against  the  deposed  governor,  that  he  aban- 
doned the  building  which  had  hitherto  given  him 
shelter,  and  sought  the  protecting  walls  of  the 
church.  There  he  remained,  closely  guarded  by  the 
rebels,  till  Pcdrarias  arrived.    Several  persons  had  re- 


niPRISOXMEXT  OF  S.VLCEDO. 


C03 


monsfratcd  with  Estcto  witli  regard  to  those  arhitrary 
proceed inpfH,  based  as  tliey  were  on  a  mere  I'eport  from 
Panamil;  but  this  officer,  who  had  everything  to  gain 
by  the  movement  if  the  report  proved  true,  declared 
that  Pedrarias  should  be  supported  even  if  he  came 
without  a  royal  commission.  In  any  case  it  would  bo 
suicidal  now  to  restore  the  relentless  Salcedo  toi 
power.' 

All  doubts  were  solved  by  the  arrival  of  the  old 
governor  tit  Leon  in  INIarch,  1528,  and  the  timely 
turncoats  were  liberally  rewarded;  Esteto  receiving 
the  command  of  Leon,  and  Dieijo  do  Tejorina  tluit 
of  Granada.  Immediately  on  receipt  of  his  aj'point- 
ment  Pedrarias  had  hastened  to  Nicaragua,  leaving 
an  agent  at  Panamil  to  finish  his  residencia,  and  to 
collect  the  property  and  effects  which  had  been  at- 
tached. In  connection  with  the  nev/  government  the 
king  had  appointed  Licenciado  Castaneda  alcalde 
mayor,  and  Diego  dc  la  Tobilla  treasurer,  both  of 
whom  arrived  eight  months  later.*" 

Salcedo's  case  claimed  the  fiist  attention  of  the 
new  ruler,  and  claims  and  charges  began  to  pour  in, 
the  chief  accusation  being  tliat  he  liad  stationed 
spies  to  watch  for  the  arrival  of  Pedrarias  and  native 
assassins  to  despatch  him.  An  investigation  was 
ordered,  to  embrace  also  the  question  wliether  Sal- 
cedo had  royal  authority  for  his  entry  into  the  terri- 
tory. The  accused  denied  the  charges,  of  course,  and 
protested  that  ho  had  come  merely  to  paciiy  the 
country,  in  accordance  with  his  instructions,  lie  de- 
manded liberty  to  depart  for  Honduras,  where  the 
king  required  his  presence  as  governor.     Any  other 


'According  to  Hcrrera,  dec.  iv.  lib.  iii.  cap.  ii.,  Oitibricl  do  Uojas  w.na 
ofTcred  the  govomment,  Imt  <loclinc(l  to  liold  tlic  province  ('xcri)t  for  tiio  kiii'^ 
direct;  whereupon  he  was  arrested  and  (iarabitu  giv<ai  tiie  cununand.  llo 
seems  confused,  liowcver,  while  Cereceda's  account  is  most  clear  on  all  these 
jioints.  t'aWrf,  MS.,  .VO.     Oviedo  is  quite  brief,   iii.  100. 

'"  The  present  treasurer,  liodrigo  del  Castillo,  was  under  indictment  by 
thtj  inquisition  at  Panama.  With  I'cdrarias  came  a  friar  empowered  to  try 
his  case,  by  whom  ho  was  ac(jnitt<'d,  and  he  thereupon  resumed  ollicc  till 
Tobilla  anivcd.  t'erezeoa,  Varla,  MS.,  10-11. 


606 


RIVAL  GOVEEXORS. 


person  might  have  felt  awed  by  a  demancl  coupled  so 
pluusil)!}''  witli  the  royal  name,  but  Pedrarias  had  too 
often  mocked  even  the  dh'ect  commands  of  his  sov- 
ereign to  care  for  indirect  requirements.  He  ilaunted 
in  the  f  ice  of  the  accused  the  royal  order  lately  re- 
ceived forbiddinij  him  to  meddle  in  Nicaraguan  affairs, 
and  declared  that  since  he  had  done  so  there  was 
every  prospect  for  a  residencia.  The  order  for  it 
might  arrive  at  any  moment,  and  he  must  give  bonds 
to  answer  the  claims  against  him.  The  bonds  not 
being  forthcoming  he  was  placed  under  restraint,  and 
on  his  attempting  to  escape,  close  confinement  was 
imposed. 

Ten  weary  months  Salcedo  lay  in  durance.  Finally 
Treasurer  Tobilla  and  Osorio,  i  f^^^^'ward  bishop,  in- 
tervened and  brought  about  a  peaceful  settlement. 
But  the  conditions  extorted  from  him  as  the  price 
of  liberty  were  so  humiliating  that  shame  and  vexa- 
tion preyed  upon  his  mind,  and  destroyed  his  health, 
already  weahened  by  imprisonment.  He  Vv'as  obliged 
to  renounce  his  claims  to  the  south,  and  promise  to 
comlnc  himself  to  a  triangular  section  of  territory 
bounded  on  the  cast  and  west  by  Cape  Gracias  d  Dies 
and  Puerto  do  Caballos."  The  three  envoys  of 
Pedrarias,  whom  he  had  sent  to  Espaiiola  to  answer 
false  charges,  and  who  had  returned  acquitted,  were 
to  be  compensated,  and  he  must  give  security  for 
twenty  thousand  pesos  to  appear  in  case  a  residencia 
should  bo  instituted  against  him.  On  Christmas  eve, 
1523,  the  prison  doors  opened  before  him,  and  the 
once  dashing  Salcedo  tottered  forth,  pale  and  ema- 
ciated, weiglied  down  with  infirmities  of  body  and 
mind,  an  object  of  pity  even  to  the  down-trodd(.n 
Indians.     It  had  been  a  game  of  ro<nie  aq:alnst  ro^rue, 


and 


"  IIciTcrji'H  lucid  (Icnnition  of  the  limits  rends:  'Pesde  Leon  m1  piierto  do 
XiKinidiid,  eicu  li'mma  Nurtosiu',  y  desde  (.lioroteira,  jKir  otro  iiointiro  I'Visecn, 
liiitUji  inu'i'to  do  Cuuidlos,  Xoitesiii-,  (jiic  auiii  sc^teiitii  legiiiis.  y  eiuii  legua.s  do 
costii  )i()i'  el  iiiJir  tlel  Norte,  y  otras  taiitas  por  el  Sur  eon  mas  lo  (j  se  lo 
reiiniu'iaiia,  y  lo  (jtic  para  adelaiite  luidisse  enKaiieliar.se  desc\il)iieiuIo,'  iii- 
cludiiiy  Memiepia  pio\iiiee,  or  iSalvudur.  dec.  iv,  lib.  iii.  cup.  ii. 


EXPLORATIOX  OF  THE  RIVER  SAN  JUAN. 


C07 


and  Poclrarias  as  usual  was  the  winner.  Salccdo  felt 
that  lie  deserved  httle  sympathy,  cither  from  the  op- 
pressed colonists  or  from  the  cruelly  treated  natives, 
and  within  ten  days  he  set  out  for  the  shielding 
precincts  of  his  own  government. 

Pedrarias  had  long  before  this  taken  steps  to  secure 
for  himself  the  large  tracts  of  country  which  he  in- 
tended to  extort  from  his  prisoner,  chie'ly  because 
they  were  reported  to  be  rich  in  gold.  For  this  there 
were  also  additional  motives.  Tlie  report  of  mineral 
wealtli  in  the  province  had  induced  the  king  to  inquire 
regarding  the  desirability  of  erecting  smelting  works, 
and  similar  measures,  and  although  the  avaricious  old 
governor  required  no  incentive  to  gold-lmnting,  yet 
the  communication  was  welcomed  as  a  good  pretence 
for  his  preparations.  The  already  projected  expedition 
by  Kojas  to  the  river  outlet  of  the  lake  was  thercfure 
o!'dered  to  proceed,  reinforced  to  more  than  one  hun- 
dred and  lifty  men,  l.)ut  tlie  chief  connnand  was  in- 
trusted to  Estete,  with  instructions  to  explore  the 
country,  particularly  fur  minerals,  to  take  possession 
i'or  Pedrarias,  and  to  found  settlements  on  the  river 
and  along  the  sea-shore,  as  desired  Ijy  tlie  king.  On 
the  river,  where  it  receives  the  waters  of  the  lake,  was 
formed  the  settleiiient  of  Nueva  Jaen,  flushed  at  fu'st 
with  brilliant  anticipations  oC  a  vast  entrepot  trade 
and  a  llouri.diing  colony,  but  doomed  to  speedy  aban- 
donment. Prom  the  mouth  of  the  San  Juan  the 
I)art3'  followed  the  coast  northward,  blazing  tlieir  way 
with  branding-iron  and  sword,  and  lindlng  good  mines 
at  Cape  (Jracias  d  Dies,  as  rumored.  There  tliey  es- 
tablished another  colony,  of  which  Rojas  was  left  in 
charge,  while  Estete  returi>>.'il  tt)  Leon. 

Tlieir  patliway  thither  had  been  stained  sanguine 
by  the  most  abominable  cruelty  against  the  natives, 
in  the  form  of  wholesale  enslavement  and  wanton 
bloodshed,  and  this  in  face  of  the  rejieated  and 
stringent  orders  from  the  king  for  their  good  treat- 


COS 


EIVAL  GOVERNORS. 


mcnt."  Of  what  avail  wore  orders  which  suited  not 
tlic  tasto  of  Master  PedrariasI  On  setting'  out  fur 
Capo  Gracias  a  Dios,  Esteto  received  from  the  chest, 
ill  which  it  was  kt^pt  under  three  locks  by  order  of  the 
crown,  the  branding-iron,  which  was  intended  to  i)u 
used  only  on  rebels  and  criminals,  and  })ursuing'  liis 
circuitous  route,  he  captured  and  branded  indiscrimi- 
nately all  natives  who  fell  into  his  hands,  and  sent 
them  as  slaves  to  Pcdrarias  at  Leon.  Captives  wercj 
secured  by  iron  collars  around  the  neck,  chained 
toiretJier  in  gangs,  and  forced  to  carry  heavy  burdens. 
When  one  fell  from  exhaustion,  in  order  to  save  time 
and  trouble,  his  head  was  severed  from  the  body, 
and  this  released  the  collar  so  that  the  others  might 
pass  on." 

This  and  other  kidnapping  expeditions,  made  chiefly 
in  the  interest  of  Pcdrarias,  fairly  glutted  Leon  and 
Cranada  witii  captives;  but  if  they  could  not  be  usimI 
here  there  was  anotlier  means  of  utilizing  them.  The 
native  population  of  the  Isthmus,  as  wc  have  seen, 
had  already  been  so  greatly  reduced  by  the  evei  ilrij)- 
})ing  sword,  by  tlie  hardly  less  speedy  measures  of 
relentless  taskmasters,  and  by  the  lliglit  of  panic- 
stricken  border  tribes,  that  the  settlers  i'ound  it  dilH- 
cult  to  fill  the  constantly  occurring  gaps  in  their  lahor 
gangs.  A  slave  market  had  accordingly  been  o[)ened 
at  Panam;l,  where  natives  wore  sold  by  auction.  Its 
origin  was  with  Pcdrarias,  and  with  a  fatherly  regard 
for  his  former  government  he  felt  it  a  duty  to  sustain 
an  institution  so  useful  to  the  colonists  and  so  com- 
forting  to  his  coffers.     A  regular  trade   thereu[K»n 

'■^  l]i'siilpfl  tlin  usuiil  Iminano  injunctions  it  was  onlcrod  that  towns  ahouM 
bo  fouiuli'cl  noiir  tlu!  Indians,  so  tiiat  tiicy  iniijlit  l)o  lirou^lit  i>y  cxainplo  iiml 
goutli!  niiMUs  to  a  ivnowlcilgo  of  tlio  true  t'aitli,  ami  ho  1(mI  to  adopt  th<i  nianuciy 
and  iMistonis  of  (/hrisiians.  To  ])roinotii  this  (h'sirahh;  (Wid  tin'  royal  oHlicrs 
were  (•njoihv'd  to  watch  striotly  owr  tho  moral  and  economic  foaturt's  of  tlio 
Spanisli  si'ttlonii  iits.  'Tiiu  revolted  ( llioroti';^;is  woi'o  to  \m  paoilicd  l>y  l;iud- 
ncss,  and  tlio  native  slavi's  hron^dit  from  Panama  worn  to  ho  roturnod.  //c/'- 
rcrii,  doo.  i\'.  lil>.  i.  cap.  viii.     Soo  chap,  v.,  noto  ."),  tlds  volnmo. 

'^'Fdonando  los  liidios  car;j;ados,  y  oncadonados,  c("i  arj^ollas,  porq  no  so 
holuiosson:  y  i)ori|  vno  so  oan.so,  por  no  ipiitarlo  cl  arj^olla  lo  nuitaiou  la 
cabo(;a,  y  lo  dissiniulo.'  Jhrrera,  doc.  iv.  lib.  iii.  cap.  ii. 


DEPOPULATION. 


sprang  up  in  Indian  slaves,  and  several  ship-loads  were 
taken  down  to  Panauid  about  this  time  by  different 
persons." 

Tlie  supply  of  unfortunates  was  drawn  not  only 
from  the  outlying  districts,  but  from  the  very  centre 
of  the  lake  settlements,  and  their  capture  assisted 
the  sword  and  lash  to  no  small  extent  in  decimating 
the  population.  When  Gil  Gonzalez  first  entered  the 
country  it  was  densely  populated,  and  the  city  of 
^Managua  alone  contained  fort\'  thousand  souls,  it  was 
said.  A  few  years  of  Spanish  rule  sufficed  to  turn 
whole  tracts  of  flourishing  country  into  uninhabited 
wilds,  leaving  here  a»id  there  only  small  communities 
of  terrorized  nativei  groaning  under  extortionate  and 
cruel  masters.  On  appealing  to  their  idols  they  were 
assured  that  a  flood  could  l)e  called  forth,  but  in  it 
would  perish  Indians  as  well  as  Spaniards.  Such  was 
the  comfort  derived  from  their  religion.  Although 
they  had  not  courage  enough  to  adopt  this  remedy, 
women  widely  formed  the  resolution  not  to  perpetuate 
a  race  foredoomed  to  slavery  and  cruel  death. 

At  first,  when  numbers  still  gave  self-reliance,  they 
ventured  to  renew  the  hostilities  which  under  Salcedo 
had  led  to  such  bloody  results.  Soon  after  Estete's 
departure  for  Cape  Gracias  a  general  revolt  broke  out. 
In  the  districts  of  Leon  and  Granada  bloodshed  was 
averted,  but  in  the  interior  the  slaughter  of  natives 
was  great,  and  if  the  Spaniards  lost  comparatively 
lew,  the  loss  was  increased  by  the  Jiorrors  of  canni- 
balism." Among  the  victims  were  Alonso  Pei-alta, 
the  royal  treasurer,  an  liidalgo  named  Zurita,  and  two 
Ijrothers  of  the  name  of  Ballas,  who  in  1528  set  out 
from  the  city  of  Leon  to  visit  tlio  Indians  that  had 
l)een  allotted  to  them  respectively.  None  ever  re- 
turned; all  were  slain  by  their  vassals.     Pedrarias 


'*  Ponco  (le  Leon  and  Hernando  do  Soto,  for  instance,  took  two  cargoes  at 
one  time,  iiccording  to  Pizarro,  liflacion,  in  Col.  Doc.  Iik^iI.,  v.  2(K). 

'■' '  EII08  niataro  a  los  (Jastellanoa  (j  accrtaron  a  hallar  fucra  del  lugar, 
y  los  comieron.'  Jferreia,  dec.  iv.  lib.  ill.  cap.  ii. 
H18I.  Cut.  Am.,  Vol,  I.    30 


m 


RIVAL  GOVERXORS. 


dcspatclied  a  band  of  soldiers,  wlio  captured  eighteen 
caci(|ues  supposed  to  be  implicated  in  the  murders. 

The  Indians  becoming  daily  more  bold  and  trouble- 
some a  new  method  of  striking  them  with  terror  was 
invented.  As  in  the  introduction  of  Christianity  to 
the  natives  diplomacy  was  frequently  made  to  take 
the  ])lace  of  logic,  so  in  war  and  punishment  a  refined 
cruelty,  in  the  exercise  of  which  the  aged  Pedrarias 
J^avila  stood  unexcelled,  was  deemed  the  most  effectual 
means  of  pacification.  The  governor  of  Leon  tletor- 
mined  on  a  grand  spectacle,  modelled  somewhat  after 
the  gladiatorial  exhibitions  of  Rome.  An  inclosure 
was  made  in  the  public  square  of  the  town,  and  on  a 
fixed  day  the  Indian  chieftains  were  brought  fortli. 
One  of  them  was  led  into  the  arena  and  given  a  stent 
stick  or  club  with  which  to  defend  his  life  as^ainst  tlio 
dogs  to  be  let  loose.  At  first  five  or  six  young  and 
inexperienced  animals  were  set  upon  him,  which  lio 
could  easily  keep  at  bay  with  his  stick.  After  wit- 
nessing this  sport  until  it  grew  tame,  and  just  as  tin) 
unfortunate  captive  began  to  rejoice  in  the  liope  that 
througli  his  skill  and  iDravery  his  life  was  saved,  two 
fierce  liloodhounds  rushed  in,  seized  him  Ijy  the  throat, 
brought  him  to  the  ground,  tore  into  slireds  the  fiesli 
and  devoured  the  entrails,  assisted  by  the  still  yelpin;^ 
M  helps.  On  the  authority  of  Oviedo,  an  eye-Avitness, 
this  horrible  scene  was  repeated  seventeen  times. 
Pedrarias  ordered  the  dead  bodies  to  be  left  on  the 
ground  as  a  warning  to  others,  but  soon  the  stench 
l)ecame  insupportable^  and  the  Indians  were  allowed 
to  remove  them.^"^ 

Thus  did  the  effort  to  open  a  transcontinental  route 
by  way  of  San  Juan  not  only  fail,  but  it  carried  a 
host  of  evils  with  it,  as  we  have  seen.  Pedrarias  was 
not  content,  however,  to  abandon  to  Panamil  so  fruit- 
ful a  project  without  another  struggle,  and  since  tlio 
strip  of  land  between  Leon  and  Caballos  was  well 

'"  '  Lo8  qualcs  cran  del  valle  de  Olocoton  6  de  su  comarca.'  Oviedo,  iv.  100. 


had 

advan 

town 

the  so 

Nicar; 

the  to 

hig]i-,S( 

getlicr 

in  the 

His 

JornfG 

govern 
down 
«ito  the 
his  ft)r( 


SALVADOR. 


Gil 


suited  for  a  road,  he  prepared  to  open  one.  But 
ordc^rs  came  from  the  kiii'j:  forhid(hnii:  the  work.  Tlic 
Isthmus  was  rei^'arded  as  sufficient  for  present  traffic, 
and  it  was  also  feared  that  too  many  lives  would  be 
lost  in  constructing  the  new  road. 

One  of  the  objects  of  Pedrarias  in  connection  with 
the  undertaking  was  to  secure  possession  of  the  west- 
ern territory  wrested  from  Salcedo,  and  in  this,  at  any 
rate,  he  resolved  not  to  be  defeated.  Estete  was  ac- 
cordingly despatched  northward  with  a  strong  force, 
accompanied  by  Rojas.  lie  was  first  to  explore  the 
northern  lakes  to  determine  their  outlet,  and  then  to 
occupy  the  district  between  Golfo  Dulce  and  the 
South  Sea,  north  of  Fonseca  Bay.  This  province, 
knov/n  as  Salvador,  had  already  been  conquered  by 
Alvarado,  the  lieutenant  of  Cortes;  but  Pedrarias 
knew  that  the  settlers  left  in  possession  were  not 
numerous,  and  that  tlio  king  would  be  more  apt  to 
favor  the  annexation  of  the  province  to  the  adjoining 
small  ixovernment  of  Nicarau'ua  than  to  the  distant 
and  too  extensive  New  Spain.  Besides,  Honduras 
had  claimed  it,  and  that  claim  was  now  his.  ]']stete 
advanced  into  the  heart  of  Salvador  and  occupied  the 
town  there  founded  by  Alvarado.  Few  as  they  wcjre 
the  settlers  refused  to  recognize  the  authority  of  the 
Nicaraguan  governor,  and  his  lieutenant  retired  to 
the  town  of  Perulnpnn,  uj^on  whicli  he  bestowed  the 
hiiih -sounding  title  of  Ciiulad  de  los  Caballeros,  to- 
getlier  with  a  batch  of  f»flieials  who  were  to  aid  him 
in  the  congenial  task  of  o})pivssion  and  enslavement. 
His  sway  was  not  of  long  duration,  howcxcr,  for 
Jorge  de  Alvarado,  tlien  in  charge  of  tlie  Guatemalan 
government,  receiving  notice  of  the  intrusio  i,  came 
down  upon  his  settleip.ent  and  com[)elled  him  to  evacu- 
fite  the  province  in  hot  haste,  with  tlie  loss  of  half 
his  force,  which  deserted  to  the  enemy." 


"  Despite  lii<)  wnnt  of  .^ucccsr,  says  Ovicilo,  iv.  01,  Estctc  rcooivctl  front 
rorlniriiia  anotlur  iniportnnt  command,  to  the  pvcjiulicc  of  another  ofiiccr. 
The  ilctaila  of  the  expcditicu  will  bo  given  in  connection  with  Siilvudor. 


012 


IlIVAL  GOVERNORS. 


Pcdrari.'is'  scIk'hics  for  nu^Ljrandi/.ciiU'iit  wore  evi- 
dently not  sueceedinj^  accoj-diiii^  to  Ids  desire,  and  ho 
j^rioved  at  tlie  thoiiufht  of  the  many  heavy  (hieats  lost 
on  this  hist  expedition.  It  was  the  more  (h'j)h)rahlo 
in  view  of  the  faihire  to  (hrect  throuufh  NiearaL,aia 
tlio  transcontinental  traffic,  wliicli  woidd  have  yiekled 
so  rich  a  liarvest  for  liinisclf  But  ahovo  all  hovered 
a  deeper  grief  than  any  of  these.  Peru,  with  its  glit- 
tering wealth,  was  now  dawning  on  the  world,  and 
none  would  have  hcon  more  dazzled  hy  the  sight  than 
]*e(h'arias,  had  not  the  agonizing  fact  intruded  itself 
that  he  had  heen  tricked  out  of  these  very  ^»^easures, 
or  at  least  a  large  share  of  them. 

When  the  first  expedition  was  organized  for  this 
conquest  by  Pizarro,  Ahnagro,  and  Lucpie,  Pedrarias, 
th(>n  governor  at  Pananul,  had  stipulated  for  a  fourth 
interest,  in  return  for  which  he  bestowed  the  weighty 
sum  of  his  patronage.  But  the  opening  events  proved 
to  he  less  ilattering  than  he  had  expected,  and  when 
<l(Mnands  came  for  pecuniary  aid  toward  the  enter- 
prise, hi)  shi'ank  from  the  i)rospect,  and  allowed  him- 
self to  be  bought  off  for  the  paltry  consideration  of 
one  thousand  pesos  do  oro.  Soon  came  glowing  re- 
ports, Innvever,  and  bitter  were  his  denunciations 
of  the  folly  which  had  permitted  so  rich  a  prize  to 
escape  him;  and  deep  his  feeling  rankled  against  the 
late  partners,  whom  he  never  ceased  to  suspect  of 
duplicity  and  of  having  beguiled  him  with  misrepre- 
sentation. 

Wliile  lie  was  thus  brooding,  it  happened  that  Nic- 
olas do  Ribera  arrived  in  Nicaragua,  commissioned  l)y 
tlie  ]*eruvian  conquerors  to  procure  reinforcements. 
]  [e  sought  in  particular  to  win  for  this  purpose 
]  Fernando  de  Soto,  Hernan  Ponce,  and  Francisco 
(^oinpanon,  all  men  of  means,  who  had  two  vessels  on 
the  stocks,  nearly  finished  and  available  for  the  voy- 
age. By  revolving  before  their  eyes,  in  kaleidoscopic 
harmony,  a  few  specimens  of  the  Inca's  treasures, 
illustrated  by  tales  no  less  alluring,  ho  secured  tho 


TIIF  PERUVIAN  ADVENTURE. 


G13 


active   sympathy  not    only  of  these  men,  but  (jf  a 
crowd  of"  l)e«4Ljare(l  adherents. 

Not  least  dazzled  was  Pcdi'arlas.  Indeed,  he  could 
nf)t  sleep  for  the  visions  that  crowded  upon  his  brain. 
Finally  the  idea  struck  him  that  he  mii^ht  here 
i-etrieve  his  folly  by  securin;^  an  interest  in  the  ves- 
sels and  reinf->rcements,  and  obtain  a  lair  proportion  of 
that  {jfold-cnanii'led  region, [)erhaps  the  whole.  Pizario 
and  Almagro  had  already  [)re[)ared  the  way,  and  it 
might  even  be  his  fortune  to  secure  the  results  »»f 
their  victories.  In  order  to  lull  the  Peruvian  emis- 
saries he  promised  to  do  everything  to  aid  I'i/aiio 
and  Luque;  as  for  Almagro,  he  had  been  deceived  by 
him,  and  deceit  his  confiding  nature  could  not  endure. 
lie  thereupon  entered  secretly  into  negotiation  with 
the  owners  of  the  vessels,  but  overreached  himself  by 
demanding  the  lion's  share  in  command  as  well  as  r(!- 
turns.  Feeling  himself  in  duty  bound  to  spare  h'n 
own  purse,  ho  looked  about  for  victims  to  furnish 
means,  and  bethought  hims(;lf  of  Kibera's  vessel. 
An  alguacil  was  sent  to  seize  it,  but  llibera  i-eceivc'd 
timely  warning  and  esca[)e(l,  after  prevailing  on  I'onr-e, 
Soto,  and  their  adherents,  to  sail  away  to  I'anama  and 
there  arrange  with  Pizari'o  for  a  liberal  shan;  in  th>; 
conquest,  leaving  beliind  the  foiled  Pedi-arias.**^ 

The  governor's  mortilication  was  increased  by  local 
troubles,  as  might  be  expected  from  his  ai'bitrary 
rule  and  irascible  temper,  which  had  now  reached 
octogenarian  crabbedncss.  A  most  thstastiful  ioature 
had  been  the  arrival  of  Alcalde  Mayor  Francisco  de 
Castaneda,  apjiointed  by  the  king  to  tako  (iliarge  of 
the  judicial  alfairs  of  the  pi'ovintu;.  'I'his  division  of 
authority  was  intoleraI)le,  and,  on  tlio  pretence  that 
disorders  must  result  wliere  different  persons  ex(;rcisc.'d 
judicial  and  gul)ernatoi'ial ) towers,  he  urged  his  frionds 
in  Spain  to  obtain  for  him  the  privilege  to  a})point  ajid 


'"  Soto  alone  l)rouglit  about  100  men  to  Pont.  I'hirro,  licL,  in  r^/.  Ihin. 
liii'il.,  V.  '211-1.");  l/crririt,  dco.  iv.  HI),  vi.  cai).  iii. ;  ih-iiiln,  iii.  ll'J-'JO. 
Tliis  coiKjuudi  will  bo  spukuu  A  iu  a,  later  \olunic  of  tins  history. 


C14 


RIVAL  GOVERXORS. 


remove  at  pleasure  alcaldes  mayorcs  and  lieutenants. 
Meanwliile  he  made  an  eifort  to  exercise  this  power, 
alleging  the  possession  of  a  royal  cedula  authorizing 
]iim  to  do  so;  but  Castancda,  who  was  not  so  easily 
imposed  upon,  challenged  him  to  produce  the  docu- 
ment, and  this  not  being  done,  he  added  to  his  chagrin 
l)y  i!>norin<x  him. 

There  was  little  likelihood  of  any  arbitrary  powers 
being  conferred  on  the  governor,  for  comi)laints  of 
abuses  were  fast  pouring  in  against  him,  headed  by 
the  iniluential  ayuntamiento  of  Leon.  A  grave  charge 
was  peculation.  When  llodrigo  del  Castillo  surren- 
dered liis  office  to  the  formally  appointed  treasurer  he 
took  the  opportunity  to  inform  the  king  that  large 
sums  in  gohl  had  been  taken  from  the  Indians  bv 
Cordoba.  All  this  the  governor  had  laid  hands  upon 
without  any  accounting  therefor  to  the  crown.  lie 
had  also  managed  to  appropriate  the  confiscated  es- 
tate of  Cordoba,  and  to  defraud  a  host  of  others, 
besides  perpetrating  outrages  and  cruelties  of  every 
description.^'-* 

In  the  midst  of  the  brewing  troubles,  in  the  year 
1530,™  this  Timur  of  the  Indies  died  at  Leon,  nearly 
ninety  years  of  age.  His  l)ody  was  buried  in  the 
same  cliurcli  with  his  victim  Hernandez  de  Cor- 
doba, and  his  spirit  went  to  meet  the  spirit  of  Vasi-* 
Nunez,  and  tlie  spirits  of  the  hundreds  of  thousamls 
of  slaughtered  savages  whose  benighted  souls  he  hail 
sent  on  before.'-'^  Not  tliat  he  quailed  at  the  thought. 
By  this  time  his  mind  had  become  so  fixed  in  some 

''■Tu  ir)'27,  ."13  lias  boon  iiitimnteil,  tlioro  was  an  outcry  for  hisivmoval,  Imt 
vith  i  1'..'  aid  of  iulluciilial  frii'iids  lio  inauaged  to  ivtain  \ns  scat.  ( 'a^'tillo  Ktatr-^ 
that  one  cxpctlilion  alone,  undor  Conloba,  had  brought  over  lOO.OtK)  ]h;so.^  di! 
Old  into  l^t'on,  none  of  which  rcachcil  the  crown.  Atter  bchi'aJing  (Jordoli.i 
hi!  iiail  conjured  nj)  a  partner  for  liiin,  nanu'd  Telle/,  nto  wlio.sc  hand.s  was 
l)laeed  the  conliscated  estate,  so  that  it  might  with  better  iirctencc  be  ap- 
luopriateil.   Carta,  in  I'ar/iecu  :u\d  Ciinli  iia.^,  Col.  Uoc,  xii.  8-i-ti. 

■'''  '  Kn  lin  de  lulio. '  Jlciirrn,  ilec.  iv.  lib.  ix.  cap.  xv. 

^'Ovicdo,  iii.  17-,  attributes  to  I'edrai-iaa  the  release  of  two  millions  of 
Bonis  from  dusky  bodies  during  a  jjciiod  of  sixteen  years.  'Mi  ban  tenilo 
mas  largas  jornadas  que  caniinar  ilos  millones  de  indio.s  (]ne  desde  el  afio  dt' 
mill  i5  (juinientos  y  cator(,e  quo  Ucgo  l'edraria.s  il  la  Ticira-Firmc  hasta,  tpul 
tnuriu. '    Two  luilliuu  nuudurs ! 


DEATU  OF  PEDR.VnL\S. 


C15 


iucomprehcnsiblo  nioulJ  of  lo^iric  that  tlierc  was  no 
di.stuiLinn^  it.  Fuithei-  than  this  lie  knew  hu  could 
not  csea[)e  the  nievitable. 

A  disposition  so  ready  to  find  solace  is  to  be  envied, 
the  more  so  since  it  forms  a  redeeming;  feature.  Xo 
man  is,  for  that  matter,  wholly  depraved,  nor  are  any 
faultless.  In  the  worst  there  is  much  that  is  good;  in 
the  best  much  evil.  And  the  dill'erence  between  the 
best  and  the  worst  is,  in  the  eye  of  the  Creator,  nuich 
less  than  in  the  eye  of  the  creature.  For  a  period  of 
sixteen  years,  during  the  most  important  epoch  in  the 
history  of  Darien,  an  irascible  old  man,  cruel  and  vin- 
dictive, plays  a  prominent  part.  His  name  is  infa- 
mous, and  so  it  deserves  to  be.  Some  of  his  misdeeds 
may  be  attributed  to  inherent  wickedness,  others  to 
iniii-mities  of  temper;  but  many  to  peculiar  conditions 
incident  to  the  colonization  of  a  new  country,  and  to 
the  teachings  of  the  times.  Spanish  colonists  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  reared  under  the  iniluences  of  ex- 
cessive loyalty,  and  suddenly  withdrawn  from  the 
presence  of  their  august  sovereign  to  distant  parts, 
were  like  children  for  the  first  time  fieed  from  the 
arbitrary  rule  of  injudici(jus  parents.  While  the  safe- 
guards of  society  were  removed,  and  free  scope  thus 
given  to  passion,  there  yet  remained  their  religious 
belief,  the  fruit  of  early  teachings.  That  strange 
fanaticism  which  blended  avarice  and  deeds  diabolical 
Avith  pretended  zeal  for  the  glory  of  Cod,  not  only 
jiermitted  butdeniandctl  blood  and  vengeance.  Under 
the  circumstances,  thei'efoi'e,  the  wonder  is,  not  Ihat 
we  find  so  much  tliat  is  wicked  in  these  Spanish  ad- 
Acnturers,  but  that  men  so  taught  and  c-onditioned 
display  so  many  qualities  noble  and  magnanimous. 
Farewell  Pedrarias!  Few  there  are  who  came  to 
tliese  })arts  of  whom  so  much  of  evil,  so  little  of  good, 
may  be  truthfull}'  said.  And  thou  ]^oath,  almighty 
leveller!  who  l>y  thy  speedy  compensation  has  brinight 
this  rustv,  crusty  old  man,  thc'se   several  centuries. 


616 


RIVAL  GOVERNORS. 


and  for  all  the  centuries  time  sliall  tell,  to  be  no  bettor 
than  Vaseo  Nunez,  than  C6rdoba,  than  the  meanest 
of  the  multitude  of  savages  he  has  vilely  slain,  wa 
praise  thee  l'^ 


"Additional  authorities  for  the  preceding  two  chapters  a'c:  Various 
documents  in  Col.  Doc.  Inid.,  v.  209,  21 1-12,  215;  also  in  I'ach-o  and  Cur- 
dcitaa,  Col.  Doc.,  vii.  550-7;  xii.  8-4-0;  xiv.  64;  xvi.  324;  Sijui-r s  MSS'.,  iv. 
XX.  2-5,  11-43;  Remesnl,  Hint.  Vhyapa,  104;  Anda<joya,  Nan:,  ^2-^;  Chimal- 
jxiin.  Hist.  Conq.,  ii.  181 ;  Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viaijct,  ili.  410-17;  Laa  (  asa-!, 
JIht.  Apolog.,  MS.,  29;  Pelaez,  Mem.  Ouat.,  i.  54 -O:  Bcaumnnt,  Crdii.  Mcrh., 
MS.,  322-3;  Urasseur  de  Bourhourg,  Hist.  Nat.  Cio.,  iv.  CIO;  Belly,  Nica- 
raijua,  i.  171-2. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

MAUCH  OF  ALVARADO  TO  GUATEMALA. 

1522-1524. 

Rumors  ik  Mexico  concerning  the  Cocntry  to  the  Sorxii-EAS'nvARD — 
Pacification  in  that  Quarter — The  Chiefs  of  TEHUANTErEC  and 
TuTUTEi'EC— At  the  Gate  of  Guatemal.\— Summary  of  Auorujixal 
History — Allegiance  anb  Revolt — Preparing  of  an  Expedition — 
Deu,vyed  by  the  Troubles  at  Panuco— A  Second  Army  Okganized^ 
The  March — Subjugation  of  Soconusco — The  Taking  of  Zapotitl^vn. 

Some  time  before  Olid  entered  Honduras  the  at- 
tention of  Alvarado  was  directed  toward  Guatemala. 
Lying  between  Mexico  and  Nicaragua,  this  country- 
was  one  of  the  first  hnks  in  Cortc-s'  chain  of  pro- 
jected conquests;  it  was  the  foreground  in  the 
glowing  picture  which  rumor  had  painted  of  the 
reijions  to  the  south.  Hero  were  the  crreatcst  of 
cities  and  the  finest  of  palaces,  maintained  by  a 
people  as  numerous  and  cultured  as  any  in  Antihuac. 
A  vast  table -land,  with  an  Italian  climate,  made 
bright  with  meandering  streams,  studded  with  ver- 
dure-fringed lakes,  produced  in  abundance  the  choicest 
of  products,  while  the  mountains  and  river-beds,  iu 
the  ardent  imagination  of  the  conquerors,  at  least, 
were  veined  with  gold.  Soft  sensuous  pearls  were 
distributed  by  an  equally  lavish  fancy  along  the  shore 
bathed  by  the  southern  sea. 

On  first  touching  the  borders  of  New  Spain  vague 
stories  had  reached  Cortes  to  this  cfToct,  and  while 
captive  Montezuma  still  held  sway  at  Tenochtitlan  ho 
had  sought  further  information.  The  reports  poured 
into  his  ears  served  only  to  magnii'y  the  mystery 

[C17] 


j 


CIS 


MARCH  OF  ALVARADO  TO  GUATEMALA. 


and  render  the  allurement  irresistible.  As  soon, 
thei'efore,  us  the  eontest  with  the  empire  was  over 
he  desj)atched  two  small  j)arties  southward,  and  once 
again  the  drama  of  Vasco  Nunez  was  performed,  onee 
nu)re  was  discovered  and  claimed  the  boundless  ocean, 
emblem  of  infinity,  incentive  to  ever  g-reater  deeds,  to 
ever  grander  discoveries,  "  for  within  it,"  writes  Cortes 
to  the  emperor,  "  must  be  found  islands  rich  in  g(Ad 
and  pearls,  and  precious  stones  and  spices,  and  many 
other  secrets  and  wonderful  things,  as  men  of  experi- 
ence and  learninix  allirni."^ 

There  was  more  than  speculation  in  this  statement, 
for  the  explorers  I'eturned  with  native  envo3's  bearing 
gold  and  pearls  and  other  specimens  of  riches.  Nur 
had  they  failed,  in  accordance  with  the  Catholic  doc- 
trine of  appropriation,  as  I  have  intimated,  to  take 
possession  of  the  new  shores  in  the  names  of  their 
Catholic  majesties,  the  king  and  queen  of  Spain,  and 
to  erect  the  cross,  emblematic  of  their  relinion.  AVitli 
doubled  impulse  the  conquerors  now  advanced  along 
the  new  route  opened,  and  speedily  the  vast  provinces 
of  Michoacan  and  Oajaca  were  overrun.  About  the 
same  time  Pilot  Andres  Nino  had  stretched  the  limit 
of  discovery  by  sea  froni  the  gulf  of  Nicoya  to  very 
near  this  parallel,"  (Hsclosi  g  to  the  w'orld  the  vast- 
ncss  of  the  sea  baptizeil  with  the  blood  of  Magellan, 
and  by  him  endowed  v.ita  a  now  name. 

Native  envoys  "were  meanwhile  entering  into  Mex- 
ico to  lay  homage  and  rich  gifts  at  the  feet  of  the 
l)earded  white  chief.  ]\Iade  happy  in  return  with 
Castilian  trumpery  and  the  gracious  condescension 
of  the  dcnii-gods,  they  went  back  to  pour  into  the 
cars  of  their  princes  the  tales  impressed  upon  them 
by  the  strangers,  of  the  power  and  grandeur  of  their 
king,  and  of  the  kindness  and  vast  benefits  to  be  de- 
rived from  a  s"'"missive  alliance  with  them.  Among 
the  first  of  the  meek  and  friendly  spirits  to  act  upon 


'  Cartas,  2j0. 

'  See  p.  493,  this  volume. 


TEnU.VNTErEC  AND  TUTUTEPEC. 


CIO 


these  reports  was  tlio  lord  of  TLliuantepec.  Less 
oredul(Jus  was  liis  iiei;4libor  of  Tututi'pec,  who  had 
great  wealth,  and  by  no  means  relished  the  idea  »>f 
throwinj^  open  his  gates  to  rapaeious  invaders.  lie 
expostulated  with  his  ntighbor,  saying  that  the  course 
mi'ditated  would  be  ruinous  to  them  all.  The  two 
chieftains  had  quarrelled  bt>fore  on  a  less  momentous 
issue  than  the  present,  and  it  was  quite  easy  for  thcni 
to  quarrel  now,  and  light.  If  the  silly  lord  of  Te- 
huantepec  wished  to  throw  away  himself  and  all  his 
belongings,  it  were  better  they  should  fall  into  a 
neighbor's  hands  than  to  strangiTs;  so  ho  of  Tutu- 
tepec  attacked  him  and  presseel  him  hard,  until  the 
ruler  of  Tehuantepec  called  to  Cortes  for  help. 

In  answer  to  this  request  Pedro  de  Alvarado  was 
sent  to  his  aid.  Leaving  ^lexico  early  in  J  ,VJ"2,  witli 
a  strong  force,  he  swept  southward  like  a  Nshirlwind, 
.and  within  a  few  weeks  entered  the  doomed  capital 
of  Tututepcc,  captured  the  chieftain  and  his  heir,  and 
held  them  subject  to  heavy  ransom.  Nor  was  this  all. 
There  were  rich  mines  thereabout,  so  lie  was  tokl ;  and 
at  the  sea,  into  which  he  entered  with  brandished 
sword  to  take  possession,  his  ej-es  feasted  on  lustrous 
pearls.  This  sealed  the  fate  of  the  ocean -bordered 
I'calms,  and  permanent  footholds  were  established,  to 
serve  as  nuclei  for  radiating  conquest,  and  as  retreats 
for  booty-laden  raiders.  It  was  on  this  occasion  that 
Soconusco  was  peaceably  o<'CU})ied  by  the  Spaniards.'^ 
Still  more  dazzling  was  the  conllrmation  received 
of  the  wonderful  kingdoms  of  the  Quiche's  and  the 
Cakchiquels,  hitherto  invested  by  distance  v.'ith  the 
charm  of  mystery,  Ijut  novr  by  ]>roxiniity  disclosing 
glimpses  of  no  mean  splendor,  lie  ibund  hinisel!",  in 
i'act,  not  far  from  the  border,  and  guides  being  at  hand, 
he  resolved  to  send  two  soldiers  to  investigate,  with 
instructions  to  spy  out  the  land  and  speak  of  their 
kinij  and  their  religion. 

3  ( 'iiiir.f,  Carfaf!,  SSO-OO.  But  tliis  state  of  tiling  <li(l  not  last  long.  IxtUl- 
xocliitl  includes  Soconusco  in  a  list  of  provinces  wliicli  were  iu  revjit  in  1023. 
Jloniblc6  Cruddadca,  Go. 


620 


MARCH  OF  iVLVARADO  TO  GUATEMALA. 


And  thus  arc  opened  the  portals  of  Guatcmahi,*  a 
region  within  whose  jiarallels  centuries  rocked  the 
cradle  of  American  civihzation,  now  disclosed  by 
monuments  the  most  imposing  of  any  on  the  conti- 
nent. The  history  of  their  origin  is  hidden  in  the  re- 
mote past,  of  which  only  an  occasional  glimpse  is 
permitted  the  investigator.  A  mighty  Maya  empire 
looms  forth  under  the  name  of  Xibalba,  founded  per- 
haps by  Votan,  tlie  culture-hero,  and  centring  round 
the  famous  Palencjuc.  A  golden  age  was  followed  by 
long  struggles  with  a  growing  power,  which  brought 
about  its  downfall  toward  the  beginning  of  our  era. 
The  Nahuas  now  rise  into  prominence,  but  some  five 
centuries  later  disaster  falls  also  on  them,  and  a  genernl 
breaking-up  ensues,  leading  to  mighty  migrations  autl 
the  formation  of  smaller  independent  nations,  such  as 
the  Toltecs,  Chichimecs,  and  Quiches.  After  this  even 
tradition  ceases  to  speak,  save  in  alluding  vaguel}'  to  a 
later  foreiiyn  immiofi-ation.  With  this  come  also  certain 
Toltecs,  who,  after  the  downfall  of  their  empire  in  the 
more  northerly  Anilhuac,  seek  here  an  asylum  where 
once  again  may  bloom  the  culture  that,  cradled  in  tliis 
very  reo-ion,  now  returns  with  inviijoratinij  elements. 
IMingling  with  tlie  natives,  they  stir  anew  the  progi'css 
paralyzed  by  civil  wars,  infuse  fresh  spirit  into  ti^tter- 
ing  institutions,  and,  combininij  with  the  aboriginal 
culture,  develop  the  new  era  apparent  in  the  art  relics 
of  this  western  plateau. 

A  series  of  struggles  soon  ensues,  out  of  which  rises 
in  the  twelfth  or  thirteenth  century  the  Quiclie 
empire.  Subordinate  tribes  gradually  acquire  suHi- 
cient  strength,  however,  to  cast  olf  a  yoke  which  has 

*  Act'ordinj;  to  Fuortcs  y  Guzman,  ilcrivcd  frcitu  Coclci'mnlan — tlmt  is  to 
say,  I'd'odi'  Irr/ic,  iiiilk-tivf,  comiuoiilyoiillcd  Ycrha  mitin,  foiiml  in  tlu;  nciLrli- 
botliood  i)f  Antigiiii  GiiatcniMla.     Soo  also  Jiinrrna,  (iiint.,  ii.  'J,")7-S.      In  tin; 


Mexican  tongue,  if  wo  may  hi'lievo  Vaz(iuo/,  it  was  callrd  \hi(ii(/dim(tli,  'rutd'u 
trt'i'.'  C/irniiira  ilf  GiitU.,  ii8.     Otlicrsi  dcrivo  it  from  Uhniv^inalh't,  sign'it'y- 
ing  'the  lull  which  discharges  watei';'  and  JuaiTos  suggests  that  it  may  I 
from  •luitfiH'd,  the  Hist  Uing  of  Guatemala,  by  a  eoi'ru|)tioii,  as  .\liiiiJniii 
fi'oni  Alniithiiiijd,  and  Zr.n-.oiitrtr  from  Zc^onlltill.     The  inraniiig  of  the  wui 
would  then  bo  'the  kingdom  of  Guatemala.'  Utiat.,  i.  4;  ii.  2r)'J-U0. 


SIGNS  AND  OMENS. 


G'21 


pjrown  l)Ui'(lonsoino,  aiul  fon^nost  niii<nig  the  new 
iijitions  figure  the  CakcliifjUfls,  who  iu  the  early  part 
of  the  fifteenth  eeiitury  are  tHviding  domination  with 
the  Quiches.  The  Cakeliiquels  tiienisclves  divide  soon 
after,  tlie  northern  and  weaker  branch  forming  the 
Zutugils,  their  respective  capitals  being  Patinaniit  and 
Atitlan.  These,  with  their  former  masters,  are  th(,' 
three  rival  monarchies  of  Guatemala  in  the  be<>;imiin'^ 
of  the  sixteenth  century.  The  Quiches,  who  go\ern 
at  IJtatlan,  nevertheless  maintain  a  certain  preemi- 
nence, both  in  political  standing  and  culture.  There 
are,  besides,  a  number  of  minor  inde[)endent  peoj)les 
only  too  eager  to  stimulate  enmitv  between  the  leading 
powers,  and  to  ally  themselves  with  that  ^\•hich  is 
likely  to  favor  their  own  interests.  This  condition  of 
things,  so  favorable  to  foreign  intrigue,  has  not  escajicd 
the  attention  of  the  aml)itious  Aztecs,  who  are  already 
masters  of  the  Soconusco  border  i)rovince.  Their 
agents  are  in  fact  scattered  throughout  the  country, 
laying  plans  for  further  conquests,  when  the  Spaniards 
step  in  to  hiy  their  ii-on  hand  upon  tlie  country,  which 
here  as  in  otJier  parts  they  find  too  well  prepared  for 
them  by  ambition  and  misrule. 

Nor  do  we  finl  t)  find  foreshadovred  here,  as  else- 
M'here  upon  the  p''ges  of  history.,  the  momentous 
event.  There  M'ere  startling  occurrence's,  such  as  cou- 
llagrations  and  locust  ravages;  there  was  a  ball  of  fire, 
whicli  for  mrny  ev(  niiigs  rose  in  the  east  and  folli)Wcd 
the  path  of  the  sun;  and  there  were  other  like  omms. 
When  the  troubled  priests  went  to  seek  an  explanation 
from  the  oracular  black  stone  at  Cahbalia,  their  awe 
-.  IS  increased  by  finding  it  broken  in  twain.  In 
i;320  cholera  swept  tlie  C.'al;clii(piel  country,  followed 
in  l.Vil  by  the  small-pox,  which,  after  desolating 
]\rexico,  fell  upon  these  southein  provinces  n.nd  carried 
off  half  the  population,  including  the  two  kings  and 
the  flower  of  the  nobility,  leaving  garni  famine  in  its 
trail  by  way  of  remenibrance.  Ani!  I  such  ])resages 
it  was  that  the  news  came  of  the  uchi'.  vemeuts  of  the 


G22 


MARCH  OF  ALVARADO  TO  GUATEMAIA. 


wliitc  men  in  ]Mont(;'znma's  realms,  of  their  wonderful 
war  enginery  and  invinciWe  prowess.  Less  awed  by 
these  reports,  the  Quiehes,  who  had  probably  suffered 
less  from  epidemics,  prepared  to  resist  the  prospectixo 
invasion  witli  the  same  determination  that  they  had 
formerly  shown  against  the  Aztecs;  but  tlio  Cakchi- 
f[uels  werii  more  broken  in  power  and  s[)irit,  and  more 
iudiued  to  welcome  the  new-comers,  particularly  since 
the  Quiches  were  again  becoming  dangerous.^ 

Thus  stood  affairs  when  the  two  mcsscnccers  of 
Alvarado  appeared  at  Patinamit.  On  their  arrival  at 
the  capital  they  were  peaceal)ly  received.  When  ad- 
mitted into  the  presence  of  King  Behdie  Qat"  they 
were  asked  if  they  had  been  sent  by  jMalinche,''  and 
whether  they  had  come  on  great  sea  monsters  similar 
to  those  that  had  been  seen  off  the  coast  the  yenr 
bi'fore,^  and  whether  they  were  accustomed  to  tell  the 
truth;  whereupon  they  made  answer  that  they  had 
come  from  the  emperor  of  the  world,  and  frora  liis 
invincible  captain,  wlio,  though  no  god,"  had  foimd  his 
way  hither  to  show  them  the  path  to  paradise.  Their 
journey  had  been  by  land,  they  said,  and  they  would 
by  no  means  lie,  their  truthfulness  being  as  unvarying 
as  the  polar  star.  Then  one  of  tliem^"  drew  an  enor- 
mous carac  with  six  masts,  and,  Peter  INIartyr  adtls, 
as  many  decks,  which  was  indeed  a  fair  specimen  of 
Spanish  veracity.    The  Indian  nobles  gazed  in  wonder 

^  Sec  Ndfiiv  /?(ffrs,  v.,  pnssim. 

'  Tlici'o  wcM'c  two  loyal  f'limilieu  nmonsf  tlie  Cakcl\iqnels.  Tlio  stipccssicm 
altiMMiiitoil  bi'twooii  tlii'iu.  'J'lio  king's  titlo  was  Alipo/ot/il,  wliilo  that  of  the 
licir  of  tlio  otlicr  l)iam'h  was  Alipoxaliil,  'ri'.i;  fl<Ii'st  hoiis  of  tlicse  liail  ro- 
HlH'otivcly  tlio  titles  of  Ahpoj)  Qaiiialiay  and  ( ialcl  Xaliil.  7\'(ttiiv  It'dci s,  ii.  040. 

'  This  Mexican  nanioof  t'oi'ti'-s  was  already  known  to  the  natives  friMn  sei» 
to  Roa,  anil  from  the  far  north  to  the  far  sonth ;  in  fact,  to  them  it  was  almost 
liis  only  name. 

*Cioniara  snrniises  that  tho  ships  of  (Viidn'^s  Niilo  were  referred  to,  Hint. 
III'/.,  'JOli,  while  I'etor  Martyr  helicves  them  to  Inivo  been  those  of  (iil  (jon- 
zale/,  seen  oil'  tho  coast  of  Vncutan. 

"  '  Kl  qual  pregunto,  si  eran  do  Malinxe, .  ,Dio8  caydo  del  cielo.'  Goin'ira, 
Jlist./mLrMii. 

'"A  carver  in  wood,  and  no  ordinary  pilot,  Peter  Marty  s.iys,  dee.  viii. 
cap.  v.,  while  Uomara'a  words  are,  'Treuifio,  yera  carpuilcy  do  iiaoir.'  u:-". 
Ind.,  'JOO. 


v^riaM 


KIXG  BELEHE  QAT. 


623 


at  the  enormous  vessel,  with  its  sails,  and  spars,  and 
countless  ropes,  and  tlioui^ht  it  must  indeed  be  a  true 
representation,  since  there  were  so  many  adjuncts. 

At  length  the  king  spoke.  '•'  How  is  it  that  the 
Spaniards  are  so  invincible,  being  no  larger  than  other 
men?"  "In  the  God  of  heaven  our  strengtii  lies  I" 
camo  the  answer;  "  He  wliosc  holy  law  we  proclaim, 
ho  gives  us  victories,  lending  us  courage  sharp  like 
iron,  and  intelligence  powerful  like  caged  thunder,  and 
beasts  withal,  wiiicli  are  in  themselves  a  host."  And 
the  diplomatic  Apelles  drew  a  colossal  horse,  of  ficrcG 
aspect,  mounted  by  a  man.  The  spectators  were  awe- 
stricken.  Right  wil]in<rly  now  would  the  king  enter 
into  nn  alliance  witli  these  wonderful  beings.  Ho 
would  sup[)ly  tliem  with  fifty  thousand  warriors  if 
tliey  would  overthrow  the  nei;j:hborin'jf  foes  wlio  wero 
devastating  his  land.  Alas  I  for  ready  friendsliip,  the 
humble  oiler  of  vassalage,  and  open  hand;  peaceful 
policy  or  bold  defiance  alike  led  to  the  oj)pressor'.s 
yoke.  Tlie  embassadors  were  dismissed,  promising  to 
report  the  rulei-'s  wislies  to  their  connnandor,  and 
g.iyly  they  went  their  way,  accompanied  by  live  thou- 
sand slaves,  laden  with  the  [)roducts  and  manufactures 
'  '  tlie  land,  with  cacao,  maize,  and  poultry,  besides 
)•  anient,  and  vases,  and  jewelry  to  the  value  of  twenty 
tl)oiT--and  ]  osos  do  oro." 

'Ja  receiving  tliis  earnest  of  advantage  Alvarado 
hastened  back  to  impart  the  ik'WS  to  his  cliici*  and  to 
assist  him  in  })lans  Ibr  con([uest.  It  was  determined 
to  advance  at  once  by  sea  and  land.  A  force  of  forty 
Spaniards,  mostly  cmpenters  and  seamen,  was  de- 
s[)atched  to  Zacatula,  on  the  Pacific  coast,  to  eiigngo 
in  shipd)uilding,  as  an  aid  to  proposed  conquest  and 
colonization.      We  lind,   moreover,   that  during  tliis 


"  One  of  the  moasetiiicrs  sought  to  npprnpriatc  to  liimaclf  a  ijuantity  of 
tliij^jolil,  while  liiH  ooniriKlu,  ilisaiinroviiiu',  lirst  achiiouisliL'd  him,  tlii'ii  ln'M 
lii>j  poaci',  (liMNOinblin^c,  niul  accumi'il  him  to  ('ortos  of  tliilt.  Tho  ciilinit  was 
convicti'il,  puhlicly  tlo,v,j,'i>(l,  and  haiiislicd  from  Xi;w  Snain.  P<hi-  Murtijr, 
doc.  viii.  cap.  v.  '  Kstii  I'ue  la  priini-ia  cntruda,  y  noticia  dc  Quuuhtcmallun.' 
(j'oinara,  Hint,  /«(/., 'JU7. 


C24 


MARCH  OF  ALVARADO  TO  GUATEMALA. 


samo  year,  1 522,  two  Spanish  envoys,  with  certain 
natives  of  Mexico  and  of  the  province  of  Soconiisco, 
were  sent  to  Utatlan  and  Guatemala,"  and  on  their 
return  they  met  Cortes  at  Tuxpan,"  on  his  way  back 
from  Piinuco,  where  he  had  been  engaged  in  pacifi- 
cation. About  one  hundred"  embassadors  accom- 
panied tli^'C  messengers,  sent  by  the  rulers  of  those 
cities  to  .'  '  friendship  and  service  to  the  king  of 
Spain.  No  g  could  be  more  courteous  and  dig- 
nilied  than  the  bearing  of  Cortes  while  accepting  this 
allegiance,  as  he  terms  it,  arid  the  costly  offerings  of 
gold  ware,  rare  plumes,  and  feathered  tapestry  brought 
by  the  Indian  envoys;  and  again  were  produced  and 
presented  with  imposing  mien  the  gewgaws  of  Spain. 
Especial  favor  and  kind  treatment,  the  embassadors 
were  assured,  should  be  extended  to  these  princes  and 
their  subjects,  inasmuch  as  this  tender  of  friendship 
was  voluntary  and  in  good  faith.  An  appropriate  dis- 
play of  warlike  power  was  made  before  the  visitors, 
who  were  then  dismissed. ^^ 

About  the  beginning  of  1523,  however,  rumors 
reached  Cortes  that  these  allies  were  scarcely  to  be 
relied  on,  and  that  the  settlers  in  Soconusco  were 

^^Corf/s,  Cartas,  289;  Gomara,  Hist,  hid.,  207;  Vazqnn,  Chronica  de 
Crat.,  4;  /lonfsnl,  Hint.  C/ii/iipn,  2-3.  Gomara  erroneously  gives  1523  as 
the  year  of  this  embassy,  as  well  ns  Alvarado's  expedition  to  Tututepec, 

'■'  Or  Tuzapan,  on  the  coast  of  Vera  Cruz,  some  leagues  soutii  of  'L'ainpico. 

"Gomara  says  200  men,  to  ratify  the  treaty  of  peace  witii  a  reasonable 
present.  J /int.  hid.,  20()-G7.  Rcnicsal  states  that  the  cmbassatlors  from 
Guatemala  found  Cortt's  at  the  poit  of  Villa  Rica  [Vera  Cruz]  in  high  good 
liumor,  having  received  the  news  of  his  appointment  as  governor  and  captain- 
general  of  New  Spain.  JJint.  C/iyapa,  3. 

'■'  Vazquez  nialtes  no  mention  of  embassadors  from  the  lord  of  Utatlan;  on 
the  contrary,  lie  states  that  the  king  of  the  CaUchiquel  nation  luid  invested 
with  inilependent  sovereignty  over  a  portion  of  his  kingdom  his  brother 
Ahpoxahil,  who  held  his  court  at  'J'ecpanatitan  [Tzolola] ;  and  that  these  two 
rulers,  witiiout  informing  the  neighboring  lords  of  their  intention,  conjointly 
Bent  embassadors  to  CortOs  with  oilers  of  peace  and  submission.  Chronica  de 
Clint.,  08.  IJrasscur  do  ]5ourbourg  takes  this  view,  and  stiites  that  when  the 
secret  alliance  became  known  the  indignation  was  general.  A  confederation 
for  the  destruction  of  tlio  Cakchitiuels  was  formed,  and  a  struggle  of  fearful 
bloixliness  had  been  carried  on  for  some  months  when  the  confederates  re- 
ceived the  news  that  the  Tonatiuh  was  advancing  through  Soconusco  against 
them.  Jira^tHeuri/c  Uourbour<j,lli8t.  Nat.  Civ.,  iv.  030.  But  Corttis  distinctly 
states  that  he  both  sent  messengers  to  Utatlan  and  received  envoys  from 
that  city.  Cartas,  280.  Sec  also  llcrrera,  dec.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  viii.;  liernal 
Diaz,  JJiat.Verduil,,  174. 


PERSOXXEL  OF  THE  EXrEDITION. 


ess 


molested  by  inroads  from  the  southern  provinces.^* 
Although  the  truth  of  the  reports  was  doubtful, 
Cortes  deemed  it  not  adverse  to  his  interests  to  re- 
gard them  as  true,  for  there  were  advantages  in  the 
conquest  of  rich  provinces  which  peaceful  possession 
could  not  give." 

The  subjugation  of  the  districts  being  thus  resolved 
on,  natural!''  the  leadership  fell  to  Alvarado,  who  liad 
already  taken  .  ome  steps  in  that  direction,  as  we  have 
seen.  He  had  probably  stronger  claims  u^jou  Cortes 
than  any  captain  in  the  ^Mexican  conquest,  having 
shared  \.'ith  him,  as  second  in  comma :m I,  many  des- 
]»erate  battles  and  many  brilliant  triumphs.  Perhaps 
more  so  than  with  any  of  the  others,  his  character  was 
a[)parent  on  the  surface:  reckless,  impetuous,  merci- 
less, lacking  in  veracity  if  not  in  C(,)nnnon  honesty,  ho 
was  still  zeidous  and  courageous;  and  witli  his  native 
dexterity,  and  past  experiences  under  C^rijalva  and 
Cortes,  l-e  may  now  be  called  an  able  conunandcr.  If 
less  staid  and  regular  than  Olid,  his  loyalty  was  re- 
garded as  above  suspicion.  At  all  events,  the  general 
<?ould  not  himself  undertake  the  work,  and  the  best 
proxy  was  this  captain.'^ 

Iheparations  were  begun  early  in  1.52^.  A  force 
was  quickly  organized,  but  operations  were  diverted 
by  the  inojiportune  ;.rrival  at  P;inuco  of  the  adelan- 
tado  Francisco  de  Garay,  who  endeavored  to  supplant 
Cortc's  in  that  quarter.  Alvarado  was  theref  )re  de- 
spatclied  against  the  iiitci'l<)[)er,  imd  it  was  not  until 
the  Gth  of  JJecember  that  tlie  expedition  set  out  for 
(Uiatemala.  It  was  a  gallant  ai'ray,  as  finally  f  )rmed, 
the  very  ilower  of  Xew  Spain  chi\alry,  one  hundred 

'"  Gonmr.i  stjites  that  iit  tin;  time  if  tliuir  ovcrtnros  to  riii'ti''>i  tlio  <  liuitc- 
iiialiins  wcio  iit  war  with  Sih'dihisi'o,  .mil  now,  <'ln.•ou^a^,'(•ll  liy  tlnir  iil!i:im.'c, 
pn'sscil  !i(i-;ti!itit's  with  iiu'i'i'Mscil  vi'^'ov.  ///-/.  //«/.,  "JiiT.  Ixtlil\iHhitl  tlainia 
that  ill  \.ij:i  the  Muxicaii  priiiofti  Jxililxn-'liitl  a'nl  Qiiauhtiiiiuitziii  Icai'iiod 
that  tlio  ])raviiicL's  <jt'  tin;  snutli  coast,  aiiioii;^  wliiuh  ht:  iiirhuli^fi  Socoimsco, 
hail  ri-ivn  a'_'aiiist  th'isi!  who  weru  iVifinlly  to  tlin  Cliri.-itiaii.s,  ami  tlu;y 
Btrai^'iitway  iiit'oniicil  Cortc's.   Jforrihli  -if  'ridhhiden,  {','>  (i. 

''  'V  j)or(|iio  ya  yo  tuiiia  mnchacoKta  hcclia.  .  .y  j)on|iic  lU'llo  tcngo  crcido 
(jiic  Dios  nucsti'o  So  nor  V  \'.  S  M  han  ilo  sur  miiy  siM'vidos. '  Carlitt,  'M-l. 

"*  For  iiioro  coiiceiiiiiiL,'  his  (.'haraotur  sec  Jlixt,  Mcc,  i.  73-5,  this  scries, 
nisi,  Ckm.  am.,  Vul.  I.    lU 


C2C 


MARCH  OF  ALVARADO  TO  GUATEMALA. 


and  twenty  liorscnicn,  throe  liundred  infantry,  of 
whom  one  hundred  and  thirty  W(>re  cross-bownion 
and  arqnel)usiers,  and  over  twenty  'housond  ])icked 
native  warriors.^"  Spiritual  guides  wee  present  in  the 
persons  of  two  friars  and  two  army  chaphuns.^"    And  it 


•*  Corl^i^,  ffirfn.t,  304.  With  rcjtard  to  botli  date  and  number  anthoritic-s 
differ.  Jlaiiml  Diaz  assigns  l^ecuiiiher  l.'Jtli  as  tiic  day  of  departure;  Ixtlil- 
xoiiliitl,  l)i'i;t'inl)orHtli.  llorrihl<>n('ri(clil<i(h^,1\  ;  Fiicntcs,  Xovciiibcr  l!)tli,aiid 
Vaz(|ii('Z,  X()VCMiil)(a"J.'!tli.  Ya:!i|UczKtatos  that  this  last  is  the;  date  ;,'iveii  in  th(3 
()ri;,'inal  manu.sia'iiit  of  Jk-riial  l>iaz,  thoii','h  the  printed  eopy  (^ivi  .s  Deeeiuhcr 
V.Vdx.  ( 'h  -'iiiJcn  lie  <!mt.,  ^ylW.  Tlie  number  of  foreos  at  tho  seeon<l  niasLiriii',' 
is  stated  l>y  Curt 'S  to  liave  Ijeen  Ii20  horsemen,  with  40  spare  animals,  and  .'{!)() 
foot-sohliers,  of  whom  I.'!,)  v.crc  ei'ossd)()Winen  and  ar([uebusiers.  Tlien;  were 
also  several  ])i'r;;on3  of  hi'.;li  rank  from  Mexico  and  the  nei;,'!iborin',' eities  with 
tlie  native  trno],  • ;  lint  the  latter  were  not  numerous,  on  aeeount  of  tlie  dis- 
tanec(jf  tiie  projiosed  scene  of  action.  A  pari;  of  four  pieces  of  artiihry  eoni- 
]ilet(!d  t!ie  e(|uii)ni(Mit.  Oviedo  follows  Cortes.  ])ernal  Diaz,  U'lst.  Vcnhul., 
171,  f^ives  the  nund)er  of  arquebusiers  and  erossdtowmen  as  ll!(),  and  that  of 
the  horsemen  !,'{."),  with  above  "JO.)  'I'lasealtecs  and  Cholultces,  besiiles  100 
jiieked  Mexicans,  llerrera,  dec.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  viii.,  assigns  .'J'JO  S|)iniarils, 
I0;>of  whom  wei'c  anjiiebusiers,  wiiii  KK)  horses.  \'ii/(piez,  (!/ir<iii!iii  i/c  (,'rttt., 
4,  saj'u  the  force  consisted  of  .'ii)!)  Spaniards  with  Tlascaltec,  Mexican,  and 
Cliolultec  allies.  Without  niidiin;;  any  menlioa  of  the  guiis,  which  the 
above  authorities  do  not  omit,  T'lientes  says  tho  force  was  composed  of  1'ii) 
luunbres  dccaliihi'l  as  follows:  IIOI)  foot-sohliers,  ai'ipiebnsiers,  and  er(^ssdl(JW• 
men,  I.T)  horsemen,  and  four  j;uns  under  the  artilleryman  IJs.i'jre,  written  in 
]>ernal  l)ia/.  as  Viagre;  but  7.'>  I  must  be  an  error,  siiic(!  tlie  iirtiilei'ymen  wouM 
thus  ntunberrd.") ;  "l.")!)]*  ])robalily  the  intended  nund)er.  To  these  were  aiMeil 
'2>K)  TIascaltec  and  (J'lolaltee  bowmen,  and  lOi)  picked  Mexicans.  This  atrJior, 
moreover,  gives  ii  list  of  t!ie  names  of  ne:;rly  "J  ).)  eomiiiistadores.  Ilccortbichiii 
Flor/i/'i,  ^IS.,'J.")  7.  (iomara  has  4J0  Spaniards,  with  ITi)  horses,  four  ]iicces 
of  artillery,  a  great  i|u;mtity  of  stores,  ami  a,  lar,":e  number  of  Mexie:m  troojis. 
'Muchagente  ^Mexieaiia.'  JJIn/.  /iiil.,'2iu.  Ihassenr  de  IJourbour;,'  I'ivesthe 
forces  as  ;;();)  foot-soldiers,  ]'2.)  of  whom  were  anpajbusiers  or  ero  i-l)ownien, 
]'^^)  horsemen,  with  four  pieces  of  artillery,  'JOd  warriors  of  Tlascala  mid 
Cliobila,  1(),(M)()  each  of  Mexico  and  Aci)lluiaean,  besides  a  lar/^iA  niuiibi  r 
of  porters  and  carriers,  l/isf.  Xat.  <'ii\^  ().'!_•.  'I'liis  la -it  author  is  sup- 
ported by  IxlHlxoehitl,  who  stales  that  Ixtlilxocliitl  and  Qiaiditi'nioet/iu 
supplied  ('orb's  each  with  1(),()!!0  warriors,  mider  t'le  commind  of  ab!(!  cap- 
tains. llnrrihlcH  <Jriirlil(ii/( n,  (i.'i-O.  Ami  with  i-egard  to  t!ie  native  eon'iin"ent 
troops,  we  have  additional  evidenc  !  that  they  were  far  more  numernus  than 
Corn's  chose  to  reiiresent  them  to  the  Spanish  monarch.  The  Xocliimiico 
Inilians,  whoso  city  lay  live;  lea;;nes  from  Mi'xico,  sent  in  a  petition  for  n^ 
dreis  of  Ki'i*-'Vaiices,  datisl  -Jd  May,  l.'ili.!,  in  which  tlu'y  eliiiin  to  hav<^  fur- 
nished Alvarado,  tiieir  eneomendero,  with  'J.")()((  warriors  for  the  coniplest  of 
Honduras  and  (Uiateniala.  J'tirinoi  und  ('linli  i/an,  Cnl.  Por.,  v\n.'2X\—i.  I'y 
royal  cilict  the  eni])loyment  of  natives  beyond  their  own  borders  had  been 
forbidden;  hence,  to  diminish  tiic  magnitude  of  the  disobedience,  the  number 
was  diminished. 

'■'''  'J'lie  former  were  Franciscans,  named  .Tuaii  do  Torres  and  l''rancisco 
Maitiuez  de  IVmta/a,  accol'ding  to  A'a/ipiez,  C/iroiiinl-  dc  Ural.,  ')'1\.  'i'liis 
writer  enters  into  a  long  argument  to  prove  that  IJartolome  <lo  (jlmedo,  of  the 
order  of  Nuestra  Senora  de  la  Merced,  eonld  not  have  accompanied  the  expe- 
dition, as  stated  by  IJernal  Diaz,  ///'>Y.  Virilml.,  174.  Vazijuez,  with  the  aid 
of  two  other  friars,  eom[)ared  tho  original  manuscript  of  l>ernal  Diaz  with 
the  printed  worli  published  in  1032,  and  found  the  last  mention  of  Ohnedo 


Teliu 
the  1 


in  S( 


AT  TEIIUAXTEPEC. 


few 

Ft 


was  .1  proud  moment  for  Alvararlo  as  lie  marolicd  out 
of  the  Mexican  capital  the  cliief  commauder  of  that 
brilhant  company,  the  jiaiioplies  of  the  cavahy  j,dit- 
tci'ing  high  abovx'  the  Hashing  hehnets  of  the  in- 
fantry, while  the  long  sombi-e  line  of  swartiiy  allies 
was  broken  here  and  there  by  the  coloretl  insignia 
and  gaudy  plumes  of  some  great  chieftain.  For  a 
little  way  Cortes  himself  rode  beside  his  subordinate 
and  friend,  reiterating  his  instructions,  charging  him 
specially  to  render  purctually  his  report,  and  such  a 
one  as  would  be  acceptable  to  his  majesty.  Nor  was 
the  parting  devoid  of  pleasure,  for  one  would  be  ri<l 
of  sometimes  unpleasant  interference  in  affairs  at  the 
capital,  while  the  other  would  be  independent  of  any 
superior.-^ 

It  was  about  the  middle  of  the  dry  season;  and 
the  time  of  year,  the  weather,  and  the  condition  of 
the  roads  all  were  favorable,  so  that  the  southward 
march  Tjromised  to  be  an  easv  one.  After  turninix 
aside  t(j  quell  an  insurrection  in  the  mountains  of 
Tehuantepec''^^  Alvara<lo  continued  his  course,  and  on 
the  liith  of  Jaimary,  l^L* 4,  wrote  to  Cortes  tVom  Tv- 
huantepec  city,  where  he  had  been  received  in  all 
friendship  and  with  I'eiterated  expressions  of  alle- 
giance. ]Ie  then  entered  the  province  of  Soconusco, 
u]K)n  whose  people  the  Spanish  yoke  seemed  to  rest  a 
little  heavy. 

The  shadows  which  flit  behind  substantial  reord 
in  Soconusco's  history  represent  tlie  peo[)le  as  inde- 

iii  tlic  niamiscript  to  l)o  in  clmptrr  dvii.  IIn  luul  a  suHpicion  Ihiit  the  p:is- 
Hai;t'H  ill  later  cliaptui-.s  wlicio  Oliiii'do's  cninicciion  willi  the  cxpodilioii  is 
inciiLioiKMl  may  ho  iiitcrpolatinns  liy  th<;  I'liii'  AIumh')  IIciikhi,  ^Iid  wii.s  nf 
t!u'  same  (inler  an  Olineiln,  ami  wiio  lii-st  |ml/li'-licil  tlio  J/i-tarid  Vfriinli  ,-a. 
'i'li<!  two  ck'i'i^'yiiu'U  were  Juan  (Joilincz,  I'finc.nl,  Jlist.  <J/iii(ij,(i,  •!,  ami  .liian 
l)ia/,  /'(tniinz,  I'rorcxn  voiilia  Alvormlit,  I'JS. 

•^  ii'i'iniKitl,  I/l-it.  (7ii/ri]iii.  ;t.  'I'liis  aiitliority  also  st.'iU's  that  Corti'S  enn. 
fiTiiMl  on  Alvat'a<lo  the  title  of  Iicuti'iiant-;;ovt'iMU)r  ami  ca])tain-^,'in(  ral. 
( 'iiitr.s,  in  his  letter  to  the  kiiifr,  expresses  ;M'eat.  eonliilence  in  the  exjn  ililic  a, 
ami  le'^'rets  that  inopportune  eirenmstanees  in  eoniieetion  with  the  lli  i  l.i  luul 
regarded  the  discovery  of  many  seerets,  and  the  eoileetion  of  gold  and  pearls 
for  the  royal  treasury.   Caiiti.<,  SO.'j. 

-"■In  Kome  roeUy  fastnesnes,  iiiiiofcs,  called  tlic  I'efloles  do  OuoUuno,  heiMj» 
in  the  encomienda  of  a  soldier  <jf  that  name,  liiirnal  JJinz,JIist.  I'lnlcuL,  IT  I; 
Fucidcs,  CuiKj.  O'uul,,  MS,,  1. 


C23 


MARCH  OF  ALVARADO  TO  GUATEMALA. 


pciidont  for  ages  and  in  tlio  usual  state  of  chronic 
wart'are  with  their  nciglibors,-^  by  reason  whereof 
they  hecanie  so  weakened  as  to  fall  under  the  sw;iy 
of  the  Ohnecs,  who  oppressed  tliem  almost  beyond 
endurance.  Numbers  indeed  abandoned  their  homes, 
having  many  tracts  nearly  depopulated.  Under  Aztec 
domination,  however,  they  regained  somewhat  their 
strength,  and  wlien  the  Europeans  cam.c  the  distiiet 
was  (jnite  populous  and  advanced  in  civilization.  And 
now,  when  the  purj)oses  of  the  Spaniards  were  m;u!o 
known  to  them,  they  turned  and  joined  the  nations 
of  Guatemala  confederated  for  resistance. 

At  n(^  great  distance  from  the  Tehuantepoc  border 
Alvai'iulo  iirst  encountered  serious  opposition,  and 
belbre  tlie  (Guatemalan  border  was  reached  mmiy 
patriots  had  been  punished  and  many  freemen  made 
slaves.  Th(>  subjugation  of  the  Soconuscans  was  de- 
cided by  a  ])itche(l  battle  at  Tonahl,  a  town  of  fifty 
thousand  inhabitants,^*  where  a  large  army  under  a 
(}uielie  i)rinee  was  defeated. -°  At  the  border  of  C  uate- 
mnla  pro})er  tlie  army  entered,  early  in  February,  tlio 
dense  forests  of  Zapotitlan,-"  now  Costa  Cuca  and  Costa 
(j!ran(K\  For  three  <lays  they  marclied  in  the  shadow 
of  lofty  evergreens,  through  uninhabited  wilds,  skirt- 

"  Larraiii/ar  finds  no  diliiculty  in  Iwiking  beyond  the  mytlis  to  a  tituo 
when  thirl  ]ifo])l(!  was  i'ldiult'd  in  the  t'hiapanoc  nation.    Hint.  Socoini-c",  7. 

'"  I'l'rnal  l>ia/,  assnnu's  that  the  provinon  contained  only  15,()(iO  faniilicr^, 
cstiiiiatod  hy  Fuentes  to  represent  ii  popuhition  of  (it),()00  iiiluibitants.  Ilittl. 
Vertlii,/.,  174. 

■-■'  i'il,i(-..  Mew.  (7iin/.,  i.  45;  Gomnrn,  Jlkt.  Mr.r.,  ?20:  Vn-.qnc-.,  Chmiilrt 
((('  (Iriit.,  4;  Jlirn  ra,  dec.  iii.  lib.  v.  enp.  viii.  Bernal  Diaz,  followed  by 
Fuentes,  states  that  in  Socomiseo  Alvarado  was  peaceably  received,  luid  th;.t 
the  natives  jiceaented  otVerings  of  (^old.  /J inf.  Virthitl.,  174.  'I'his  idea  may 
have  arisen  from  tho  fact  that  some  towns  did  submit  M'ithont  active  opi>o- 
siticiii,  as  recorded  or  implied  by  (loinara  nnd  llerrcra.  llemesal  says  tliat 
Aharado  passed  on  like  ii  thnnderbolt,  con(|uerinfjt  by  forco  of  arms  anil  ex- 
eitiuj,'  j,'reat  terror  byiea.son  of  theearnayeat  Soconnseo.  That  tlu.' destruction 
was  f^veat  is  evident  fi'oin  the  ruins  to  be  seen  at  tlu!  entrance  into  *  ;\iateuia!a, 
in  tlie  locality  called  the  Sacrilicadero.  Hint.  C/ii/iijui,  ',i.  Hrasseur  de  I'lour- 
bonrj,'  allirms  that  Alvarado,  as  he  passed  throuL;!i  this  district,  founded  ;i 
Spanish  colony  at  Jlnehuetan,  which  was  lonj,'  tli(!  cajiitalof  the  territory  after 
tlu'  desiructioii  of  till'  city  of  Soconusco.  J!i4.  i\(it.  ( 'it'.,  iv.(i,'{|]-4.  'J'his  could 
have  been  only  a  concentration  of  the  already  resident  Spaniards,  for  Alvarado 
would  scarcely  have  left  behind  him,  at  this  juneture,  many  of  his  own  men. 

'-'"  Fui'utcs  and  (iu/.nuin,  MS,,  •_',  ixivc  the  later  uaino  of  Zapotitlan  ii3 
!Suchitepo(iue,  which  sijjnilies  Hill  of  Flowers. 


APPROACH  TO  ZAPOTITL.Vy. 


C'29 


ini^  pestlf(Tous  swaiiips  or  ])lunL(inuf  into  snalvo-infostcil 
canel)rnkes;  now  hackiiiL?  their  way  throiiinh  thickets, 
now  I'oi'chug  liii,di-l)anke(l  streams  or  scahng  riij^ged 
liill-siJes,  Avliile  painted  macaws  screamed  at  them, 
and  poisonous  insects  left  their  stini^.  Amidst  the 
customary  prayings  and  cursings  tliey  struggK'd  for- 
Mard,  and  linally  emerged  i'rom  the  torest  and  entered 
cultivated  lands. 


XMnUsn 


^s*^-*  'I't>U)uUnpan 


QuvZiiItt'Uiiii{;o 


'  Tiitlmiiult 


i 


A-,. 


■i'^ 

ii'  ■ 

? 

AniutlUau 

'S 

<^ 

^^ 

MoX' 

>*> 

ItzniiiiUmi 

,  A'i 

*7 

i-> 

..     9     A»* 

.4 

<^-" 

'^ 

r       i:      -' 


jMossongers  liad  l)een  sent  foi'ward  summoning  Wm'. 
provinces  in  due  i'orni  to  allegiance.  And  now  \'  "re 
captared  three  natives,  helieved  to  l>e  spii's  iV.im  Huj 
city  of  Zapotitlan,"  who  were  despatclicd  with  a 
second  requirement,  to  whii-h  there  was  no  rcix'nsc. 
The   Spaniards   then   advanced   along   a   hroad   i>\n'U 

■'■rhicoof  za])otcs,  a  )iliiiii-liko  fniit  al)"iui(liii,i,'  in  tlio  iiciLrlilnnli'xi'l. 
yii''!<i,  Mr, II.  Ziti'o':ilini,  MS.,7K.  It-"  aiii-'iciit  iiasiif  was  Xetiilul.  It  is 
Iiiiw  a'laatliMicil,  and  tho  iiilial)itaiits  are  ilis|nTs('il  ainoiij,'  lliu  ucighboriii^ 
villages,  lirus.^citi'  (/c  liuurbourij,  JJid.  JS'ut.  Civ.,  iv.  ti'do. 


C30 


MARCH  OF  ALVARADO  TO  GUATEMALA. 


liiiLjliway,  and  soon  after  entered  a  narrower  road, 
which  they  found  harrieaded;  whei-eupon  tl)ey  pitched 
canij)  in  an  o[)en  i)hiin  near  by.  On  a  lieij^ht  heyt)nd 
a  deep  ravine,  through  which  flowed  a  river,'^''  stood 
the  city,  bathed  in  the  bright  rays  of  the  setting  sun, 
like  a  beautiful  maiden  arrayed  for  tlie  sacrilice.  Be- 
tween the  plain  and  the  city  the  ground  was  tliickly 
covered  with  j)lantations  of  cacao,  which  would  ma- 
terially impede  the  action  of  cavalry. 

The  Spaniards  had  n(^t  long  to  wait  attack.  In 
the  (hisk  of  evening  a  small  band  sprang  from  cover 
and  slew  a  number  of  the  allies.  Tlic  cavalry  were 
thereupon  ordered  to  sweep  the  plain.  They  came 
upon  a  large  I'orce,  and  a  skirmish  ensued  in  whidi 
some  of  the  horses  were  injured.  Alvarado's  blood 
was  now  up,  and  lie  ortlered  an  innncdiate  march  on 
the  city.  No  serious  opposition  was  encountered  until 
the  army  came  to  the  ravine,  spanned  })y  a  narrow, 
rudely  built  wooden  bridge,  the  crossing  of  wliicli  was 
iiercely  contested  by  a  large  body  of  warriors.  T]ie 
artillery  was  accordingly  brouglit  into  action  and  did 
efhcient  service.  The  doomed  natives  fought  well, 
rallying  again  and  again  under  the  frightful  havoc  of 
the  guns,  until  a  great  breastwoi-k  was  I'orined  of  their 
slain.  At  length  the  cavalry,  under  covei*  of  a  heavy 
fire,  succeeded  in  forcing  a  way  across  the  stream  and 
began  to  climb  the  height  to  a  bench  overlooking  the 
i-avine.  The  infantry  followed.  The  passage  was 
made  in  the  midst  of  the  fiercest  attacks ;  but  Alva- 
rado  protected  his  rear  with  consummate  skill,  and 
soon  he  had  the  satisfaction  of  drawing  up  his  troops  . 
on  the  open  ground  above,  safe  from  molestation.  In 
the  streets  of  the  city,  which  the  army  now  entered, 
the  natives  made  another  desperate  effort  to  save 
themselves;  but  without  avail.  Those  terrible  guns! 
those  terrible  horses  1  that  life-compelling  steel,  falling 

'*'  Tho  Zainalil,  hearing  at  ita  source  the  name  So<j;nilii,  and  lower  that  ot 
Oliiitoiieo.  Near  tlio  village  of  this  latter  name  it  is  joined  by  the  T/.iha, 
fi-om  which  junction  down  to  tlie  sea  it  is  called  tho  Zamala.  Umsticur  de 
Uourbounj,  Hist.  Js'at.  Vic,  iv.  G'io. 


RESULT  OF  BATTLE. 


631 


vitli  a  force  and  prucisioii  wortliy  the  clcatli-flcallni^ 
oni^inciy  of  the  j^oclsl  For  luilf  a  leai^uu  iH-yoiid  the 
town  the  allies  were  pcrinitted  to  ])ursue  and  slay, 
after  which  the  victors  took  up  their  (juarters  in  the 
ahandoned  market-place,  where  for  two  days  they 
rested  and  reconnoitred.^" 


'"Tlip  Idss  to  the  imtivfS  Wi>s  of  courso  scvcro.  Of  tlio  !>]ianifir(Is  two  only 
were  killed,  hut  many  wore  wounded.  The  allies  were  greater  suil'erers,  and 
a  niiniherof  the  horses  were  hadly  injured.  See  further .f/crt/'i/f/o,  /,'<l(iriitii,  in 
liarc'ia,  /list.  l'rim.,i.  l.")7  H;  OrUila,  iii.  47">-(J;  lliriial  l)htz,  llisl.  Vrrilad., 
17  J;  Saliiznr,  Coii'/.  Mcx.,  I'jrMi;  J.dlU.vnr/iiC/,  I/orrih/in  < 'ruelilu(lijs,iiij;  FuciUea 
y  Guzman,  llccordacion  I'lurida,  MS.-;  Juarros,  O'uut.,  ii.  '230, 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 


CONQUEST  OF  OUATILMALA  BEGUX. 
Fkbiiuaiiy-Mauch,  1524. 

OvEUTrilKS  OF  KlCAIl  TaNUII  to  THK  LdllDS  OK  TIIK  ZHTrfilt.S  A>tn  CAKcirr- 

Q171XS — I)i:atu  oi'tiii:  Quicuii  l\iMi — Tkit.m  Uma.m  his  Sicciis.sou  — 

GaTHKIW  a  (illKAT  AuMY— I.NTKKNCllKrt  JllAISKLK  AT  ZaCAUA — PaSMACK 
OF  rALAIIKNOU  liY  THE  Hl'AMARUS  — A  SlvIUMlSlI  -  -  A  ]!l,0()in'  ]'^N- 
GAOE.MKNT — Qi;ii7.AI,TEN'AN(;0    KsTAllI.ISIIKI)  —  Till:  AuMY    AdVAM  r.s    OM 

Xelauitii — TiiK  City  Deserted — Uattle  of  Xelaiiuu — Tecum  UM.^ 

SLuVIN — FOUCUILE   I'UOSELYTINO. 

As  wo  may  woll  imagine,  tlic  presence  of  tlio  con- 
quering army  created  a  jH-olouncl  sensation  through- 
out the  whole  Quiche  (hnninion.  They  were  a  warhke 
j)eople,  rulers  and  subjects,  and  proud  withal.  It  is 
stated  that  while  Alvarado  was  yet  in  Soconusco, 
Kicab  Tanub,  king  of  Utatlan,  had  endeavored  to 
bring  the  lord  of  the  Zutugils  and  the  lord  of  the 
Cakchi(juels  into  a  combination  which  he  was  forming 
ibr  pur[)oses  of  ilefence  against  the  approaching  army. 
But  they  haughtily  declined  the  overtures;  one  be- 
cause the  Quiche  king  had  secretly  aided  a  rebel- 
lious vassal  of  his,  and  the  other  because  he  felt 
sufficiently  powerful  to  defend  his  gates  against  all 
comers.  The  ruler  of  the  Cakclii(|uels,^  indeed,  de- 
clared openly  for  the  Spaniards,  while  the  king  of  the 
Zutugils  was  so  insulting  in  his  rejection  of  the  prt)- 
posed  confederation  that  King  Kicab  Tanub  was 
deeply  humiliated.     Ilis  chagrin,  added  to  the  anxie- 

*  With  whom  tho  king  of  the  Quioh(?8  was  actually  at  war,  ami  who 
with  siioersaiul  insults  atiii'mcil  that  without  aid  ho  oouhl  ilofcnd  liis  kinj^ddni 
anuinst  a  greater  army  than  that  which  tho  strangers  wore  bringing  agaiuot 
tho  Quiches.  Juarro.i,  Guitt.,  ii.  'J47. 

( C32 ) 


DEATH  OF  KICAli  TAMTB. 


c:t3 


lies  jiitoiidiiiuf  |)r(^])arati()ii.s  for  dcfniro,  Immc^lit  on 
ji  lever,  iVoiu  wliicli  he  died  in  a  lew  days.  J  le  wan 
succeeded  hy  liis  son,  Tecum  Uniani. 

^leanwliilu  all  the  Torcus  of  the  kiiiL^dom  wei'e  ]ilaccd 
under  arms,  and  a  <jfencral  muster  of  allies  and  tribu- 
taries was  a|ij)ointed  to  he  held  at  Tot()iii<'a|ian. 
Thiilier  marched  Tecum  ITmam  at  the  head  ol"  sixty 
thousand  warriors,  and  he  was  soon  joine<l  hy  a  still 
lari^(!r  force.  With  this  army  he  occupii'd  the  table- 
land on  which  stood  tlie  stronj^  (Mty  of  Xelahuh,''^  and 
Avhich  overlooked  the  ravines  of  the  'I'ziha  and  the 
Olintepec.  'J'en  loi'ds  u^oviirned  this  city,  and  with  all 
their  armii'S  brilliantly  e(|ni[»j)(!(l  they  went  to  the 
assistance  of  the  (Juiche  monarch.  Never  since  the 
days  of  the  great  Kicab''  had  thcio  been  seen  on  the 
Cenlral  American  plateau  a.  military  display  so  im- 
j)osing.  ]u;doubt,able  warriors  were  there,  made  lierco 
of  aspect  by  the  skins  of  wild  beasts,  the  lion,  the 
ia'j^uar,  and  the  bear,  and  a  vast  array  of  ii'ditin<jf 
men,  two  hundred  thousand  and  more,*  whih;  con- 
sj)icuous  above  tluun  all  in  military  splendor  was  tlu; 
(Quiche  icing  and  the  royal  I'etinue.  On  one  side  of 
the  elevated  plain  was  Zacaha,  a  line  of  Ibrtilications 
connnandin'JT  the  delile  throu'di  the  mountains  by 
which  the  invading  army  had  to  enter.  The  place 
was  now  strengthened  by  throwing  u|)  round  many 
of  tlie  hills  stone  walls,  along  the  siik;s  of  which  a 
ditch  was  carried,  set  with  poisonous  stakes.    A  num- 


'Tliat  is  to  sny,  'Under  tlic  govcnimcnt  of  Ten.'  The  city  was  rulcil  by 
ten  1  )r<!n,  wicli  liavin;;  nudcr  liini  !i  x/'i'ii'iiil,  or  S.):X)  (hvc'llin;;^.  Fiicij::us  csti- 
liKitcil  tliat  this  city  cunlaincd  .'JOJ.OOO  iiihahitautd.  Sd  .stroii'jly  v.a;-i  IL  forti- 
licd  lli.it  it  iiad  never  Ixeii  taken,  tliou jli  ati,eni[)t3  liad  often  JKien  niuile. 
Ju(irrti-<,  Oiint.,  ii.  'Jl'l. 

' '1  he  most  ])')\veifid  of  the  Quieln''  incnaivhs,  said  to  li.avo  reigned  about 
the  time  of  Julius  (':rs.'ir.      l''or  list  of  tj;iii:lii';  Uin^'i  see  Xatirc  AV/rw,  v.  ."ili.'i. 

'JuarniH  .stale.s  tii:it  T('cuni  I'lnani  .'<et  out  wiih  7-,(K).)  Il;,;litiii;;  uie'.i.  At 
C'lic;ue(iuena,  nnw  T'ltmiicMpan,  tlic  nunilier  was  inere.sed  to  !). ),',;(;:)  by  tiio 
forces  of  ei;;lit  fortilied  p!aee.s  and  eighteen  towns;  on  t!ie  ))lain;<  of  Xelahuli 
ten  lord  i  jnine  1  liini  with  •Jl,();)l!  men,  and  4!). ();)!*  arrived  from  otiier  <iiuuters, 
S'l  that  in  a'.l  lii<  army  amounted  to  ■J;!_',(!;)J  warrior.*.  .Inn rros,  <!iril.,  ii.  '-'IS. 
^'a;•:l|',le;'.  ai;irni;H  that  the.se  forix's  eamo  from  more  thn;i  lu)  ]i'i[i!;lou:i  towns, 
wliiili  owed  alle;,'iam;e  to  thi;  (^lilielie  mciniireh,  an<l  that  no  aid  v>uj  given  by 
the  Cakchiniieis  or  Zutujjils.  (Jlironka  de  Goat.,  5. 


684 


CONQUEST  OF  GUATEMALA  BEGUN. 


ber  of  military  inac'liinos  wore  constructed,  such  as 
towers  on  wlieels,  and  catapults  for  hurlii.jf  missiles, 
Mliicli  would  have  done  honor  to  the  man-killin'j^  ])ro- 
fessioii  of  any  European  nation  of  that  day.  There 
KiuL;-  Tecum  Umani  intrenched  himself  and  awaited 
the  incoming  army. 

And  to  this  inland  plateau,  in  the  very  heart  of 
the  (Quiche  country,  Alvarado  was  now  witli  dilliculty 
mahiiiL';  his  way  throu'^h  a  narrow  gorge  of  the  siun-a, 
leaving  the  peo[)le  of  Zapotitlan  (juite  sulxluetl.  After 
crossing  two  rapid  rivers  a  steep  ascent  six  leagues 
in  k'iigtli  was  bugun,  leading  to  Palalumoh,  as  the 
pass  was  called.  It  was  imleed  a  rugged  way,  more 
in  the  nature  of  a  height  to  be  scaled  than  an  open- 
ing in  a  chain  of  mountains.  So  severe  were  the 
struu'ules  with  nature  and  Satan,  to  whom  these  stub- 
born  soldiers  nscribi'd  most  ills,  that  their  ft)rmer 
troubles  seemctl  to  them  as  pastime  now.  The  place 
was  so  steep  and  rough  that  it  was  with  the  utm(»st 
dilli'julty  the  horses,  plunging  and  struggling,  could 
make  their  way  up.  It  was  impossible  to  accom[)lish 
the  whole  distance  in  one  day,  and  the  panting  and 
foot-sore  army,  too  exhausted  to  j)roceed  farther,"  was 
ordered  to  encamp  when  half  the  asce;it  had  been 
made.  The  next  day  through  similar  eilbrts  tliey 
reached  the  summit,  where  a  woman  and  a  dog  were 
found  sacrificed,  in  token  of  (k^lkmce  and  challenge  to 
war,  ns  the  inter-preters  explained. 

During  tlie  descent  to  the  plain,  at  no  grent  dis- 
tance, in  a  narrow  part  of  the  pass,  a  strong  breast- 

'  V;izqvi.'z  <lca('i'iln's  botli  tlio  natuntl  iliirii^ultics  nnd  t!io  artilu'ial  (Icfciioos 
of  tlli;<  I'.'isi  iv.i  oli'or'ii .;  ll'.o  f:;ri'aU'.st  (ilirfiiu-ks  lu  tlio  iuvadi'ra.  'i'lic  j'()r;;o  lisul 
liocii  ])imu'c;im1  liy  jialisadr.i  ami  (litolu'-i,  ami  only  I'y  llio  most  inili'lat'talilo 
rxiMliiiiiM,  now  ilcstioyin;;  Ironclu'sauil  .stone  harrii'.-ulcM,  now  cliniliin;^  iiii;'^>'il 
Btoops  ))y  hell)  of  I'lH't  anil  liauds,  Wf.'i;  IIk;  Sii:iiiiaril-(  al)!o  to  ix'arli  the  [ilaiii 
nbovu.  Moivovi'i',  l!ic  lU'vil  waft  at  hand  to  lu'lji  liis  own,  and  lu-  \\rou ;j;'it 
iiL;ain;it.  tlio  irood  Spaniards  '.y  iiicans  of  diaholioal  transi'ornii  tii.;iH  in  li,;lit- 
lun,!,'  and  wliiilwimlH,  I'.id  otlicrwisL'  convulai'd  I'lt'nicnls;  anil  by  lV:!il'ul 
npiiariiion:)  and  tranHlornialionn  into  wild  licaHts.  ('/inuiicit  ilr  (t'ral.,  ,">.  'I'liis, 
from  I'ray  iM-ancisco's  duttiTiption,  will  cnaMo  llio  rcadiT  to  form  somo  oi'iiiiou 
of  tlio  religiodiistoiioal  narrutioa  re|,)rt'scatiiig  this  iwliiovt'iucut. 


PAI.AIIUNOH  PASS. 


635 


%vorlv  of  undefontled  palisades  was  discovered,  quite 
inconiprehensihle  to  the  Spaniards,  as  a  few  men 
])ro[)erly  ilisposed  could  have  i.eld  the  place  against 
any  invatlini,'  army. 

The  nature  of  the  q'round  was  still  so  unfavorahle 
for  cavahy  that  Alvarado  sent  forward  tlie  infantry, 
and  ))resently  the  enemy  was  encountered.  A  body 
of  three  or  four  thousand  fell  ui)()n  the  allies  and 
threw  them  into  confusion.  The  cross-howmen,  liow- 
cver,  came  to  their  su})})ort,  and  soon  the  entire  in- 
fantry were  en!^";»n'ed  in  the  contest,  which  was  carried 
on  along  the  hill-tops  and  down  the  slopes  until  the 
I'avine  of  Olintepec  lliver  was  reached.  Tiiere  the 
Spaniards  were  ih'awn  into  an  and)uscade,  formed  by 
t)ver  six  thousand  wai-riors  from  Utatlan,  {'vom  whom 
they  received  some  wounds."  The  ti'oo[)S  were  soon 
collected  on  the  other  side  of  the  i'avine,  howevei"; 
but  none  too  .soon,  for  jircscntly  was  seen  advancing 
with  bold  front  a  detachment  of  the  grand  army, 
tliirty  thousand  strong,  as  if  to  anniliilate  them  at 
one  blow.  Fortunately  the  ground  here  was  level 
and  favorabh^  for  tiie  cavalry.  The  horses  being 
greatly  fatigued,  Alvarado  determined  to  wait  till 
the  last  moment  before  chaiging.  After  permitting 
the  enemy  to  amuse  themselves  with  the  allies  during 
a  brief  breathing  s[)ace,  their  conlidence  momentarily 
increasing,  the  connnandcn"  at  length  gave  the  order 
to  the  imj)atient  horsemen,  wlio  swe|)t  i'orwai-d  in- 
.stantly  like  an  avnlanche,  and  as  if  the  hills  iiuKu'd 
had  I'allen  on  them  the  allrighted  (.^niches  scattered. 
]\[ad  Ajax  among  the  defenceless  sheep  t'.»ok  nol 
more  lives  than  (Hd  each  S|)aniard  on  that  day.  jjikt; 
slieep  the  j)oor  nativt^s  ^^.lllered,  and  hke  sheep  they 
were  pursued  and  slaughtered.'' 

A  league  farther  brought  the  thirsty  ti'ot)i)s  to  some 

"  i'liriiiil  Di.iz  st.itca  that  tlio  Sjiaiiinnls  had  throo  iu('!i  '.nd  two  horMca 
voiiiiilc'l  ill  this  str  V','.;h'.  l'"iii'iitis  says  six  iiuii  i>;l(1  two  horses  wi  ru 
Vouiuii'il.    Fnrnlr.i  1/  (.'Kziiiiiil,  /I'l  f'inliiciiiii  Fluriil-,  N|S.,,'t. 

'  .\h\iriii/i),  1,'iLi  1,111,  ill  lliirriii,  i.  l."iS;  Ofieilo,  iii.  ITli;  Iknud  Dim,  IJist, 
V,rilait.,  171;  ao'iiara,  Jlinl.  Mi.v.,  'J20. 


630 


CONQUEST  OF  GUATEMALA  BEGUN. 


springs,  but  tlio  period  of  nifroshmcnt  was  short.  ^Vt 
liaiul  was  a  yet  iiioro  fbrini(lal)lo  native  force,  led  hy 
l*rince  Alizumaiiclie,  one  of  the  highest  anion<j:  tiie 
I'elativc^  and  ollieers  of  tlu;  kiiit^. 

Tlie  enu^aijfonient  which  followed  Avas  exceptionahly 
bloody.  The  (^uicjies  ap])ro.'iche(l  over  the  extensive 
])lains,  and  when  they  had  arrived  at  a  ])OMition  l'a\'()r- 
able  for  the  S[)aniards  to  make  the  atta<;k  the  horse- 
men charsj^iul  uj)(>n  them.  Ihit  the  (Quiches  wer(! 
better  on  their  i;uai"d  th;ui  before.  Kecovered  from 
their  panic,  and  animated  by  the  exam[>le  of  their 
leachsr,  they  displayed  <]freater  braveiy  this  tinui, 
standing  the  shock  iiidlincl  ingly,"^  lighting  foot  to 
foot,  or  banded  two  and  three  togetlu;!-,  endt.'avoring 
by  their  own  strength  to  ovi\rthrow  the  horses,  seizing 
them  by  mane  and  tail,  and  trying  to  ])ull  them  down, 
and  laying  hold  of  the  riders  to  unhorse  them.  The 
S[)aniards  were  indeed  closely  beset,  and  i'or  a  time 
it  seemed  by  no  means  certain  that  victory  would 
tinally  declare  for  them.  ]>ut  what  naked  ])ower  could 
long  withstand  the  steady  tire  of  anpiebuse  and  i-i-oss- 
bow,  the  steady  fall  of  sword-blow  and  lance-thrust! 

llelaxing  their  etforts  for'  a  moment,  the  nati\'es 
were  chargcMl  by  the  cavalry  with  deadly  result,  and 
were  trampled  under  foot  by  hundreds,  and  sptitsdily 
routed.  For  a  league  they  wer'e  followed  with  great 
havt)C,  till  they  took  refuge  in  a  sti'(»nghold  of  the 
sierra.  ]>y  pretending  llight,  however,  vVKarado  drew 
them  from  their  j)osition  to  the  open  plain,  and  then 
wIuhiKmI  and  fell  U])on  them,  'fhe  carnage  for  a  time 
wasdi'eadful;  the  ground  wascovere(lwith  the  mangh'd 
oodies  of  the  dead  and  dying,  and  the  watei's  of  the 
Olintepec  ran  crimson  with  blood.  An-'  henceforth 
the  stream  was  called  Xequi(|el,  that  is  to  say,  liiver 
of  Blood." 


*  T  lunii  liicimos  otro  iilcnnoo  inni  trr.iude,  ddiido  liall.'iinos  Ginito,  f]iio 
t'spcrnlm  \  no  ilc  cllns  h  ilos  ilc  ( lalialln.'  Alrarii'lo,  /'i  i(iri)ii,  in  Jldrr/n,  i.  l.'iS. 
Sco  alsi)  tor  a  tli'si'iiptiou  of  tliis  iMiv'ai.^ciiH'iit,  llirnni,  ilue.  iii.  Ill),  v.  c^ap.  i\. 

"  '  Lii  iimclia  Naii,:4io  ilc  liulioH  (luoavia  coriUlo  en  liioscii  Xi<iiii/.'i'l  ii\\\f  |ior 
csso  so  llaino  assi).'    I'tcf/ffc:,  Chroiika  Uc  Goal.,  iy2i.     '  Xmuiijil,  ninj  'juit'io 


A  MAGNIFICENT  PRIZE. 


637 


Anioncf  tlic  fiillon  was  Piliu'o  Alizuinanclio,  niid  i\ 
iminbci"  of  tlie  iiobiliiv  and  cliicfs.  The  contest  l)ein<' 
over,  the  army  (Uicainped  lor  the  niu^ht  at  the  spriiv^s 
hcf'ore  mentioned.  The  loss  to  the  Spaniards,  as 
Usual,  was  insignificant.'" 

Let  us  j^anse  for  a  niomont  to  review  tlio  position 
of  the  invaders.  They  had  surmounted  with  irrosist- 
il)le  ])ro^Tess  the  coast  range,  had  crosses!  the  summit, 
fought  their  way  down  tht^  coi'responding  slojx^s,  and 
Av<!re  within  a  !(!ague  of  X(;]uhuh,  the  gr(;at  stronghold 
of  the  (.,)uiches,  on  their  west^'rn  conlines.  All  the 
defences  to  it  had  been  won,  the  Za<.'aha  fortifications 
had  been  carried,  passive  natiu'e's  mnji'stic^  guardian- 
shij)  had  Ixien  overcome,  and  human  oj)position  liad 
j)roved  futile.  Far  behind  tluun  stood  the  deadly 
ibi'cst  through  which  tliey  had  sti'uggled;  over  the 
golden-edged  hills,  tin;  rugged  steep  by  which  they 
had  made  their  way  hither.  Around  them  now  were 
open  pine  woods,"  and  at  tlieir  feet  the  wide  culti- 
A'aled  plains  of  the  table-lands  on  w  liicli  the  sun  shed 
its  uniiit(iTUi)t(Ml  rays.  Dotttid  with  towns  and  pai'ti- 
coloi'ed  with  mai/,e-li('lds  and  orchards,  silver'-t  lireadcul 
by  streams,  the  landscape  displayed  belbn;  the  Span- 
iards the  picture  of  a  ])aradise.  And  this  beautiful 
i'(!ahn  now  lay  helpless  in  the  concpieroj-'s  grasp,  its 
\ery  :'ir''-  becoming  traitorous  by  lefreshing  and  in- 

(li'cir  rio  <lo  siiiij^ro.'  Ju'irmK.  (I'liiif.,  ii.  'J.")().  '^lli^^  l;ist  ■uitlior  Mt,:lt('^^  t'i,ifc 
fiMiii  tliu  liviii'  Z:imiilii  to  tin?  ( (liiilcpi'c  si\-  li:jttli's  wcii;  fiiiii'lit,  liiit  tliat  I  Ins 
\\  MS  tin;  most,  Hlroiii^ly  "'oiitcsliil  iunl  tlio  iimsL  lilomly.  ('n]i\\y.ivf  .lli'iirni/o, 
/'f/'(i-i(iii,  ill  ItiifiKt.  l.'iS;  lirrnul  />iiiz,  lli^t.  Vrriliid.,  171;  /■'nrnlr.i  y  Uiii- 
iiinii,  lii'onl'triiin  h'tni'iiln,  MS.,  ,'t    t ;  (I'miKirn,  llisl.  .!/(.'•.,  ojl). 

'"  '  Miiric'i  VII  scfior  ilc  (|UMtro  (|iu!  son  en  VtaUMii.'  (I'liimirf,  l/ixl.  Mv.r., 
'J'JIt.  liosiili's  I'liiii'e  Ali/.iiiiiMiii'liL',  two  pi'iiii'ipal  lords  of  Utiitlaii  wmo 
t.!;iili  '  1  tlic  liattlcM  of  tlio  ji.isH  — tllo  oilo  Ali/.ol,  a  j^'fciit  c.ijit.iiri,  liinl  .-i 
icl.iti. I',  of  till!  kiiiLf,  aiitl  tlu!  oilier  Aliiiocoli,  liis  Mliidil  Im.'.rcr,  whosii  otlicu 
ill  tliii  army  was  of  tin?  liii;li('st.  ,/iiiirrai,  (I'lnil.,  ii.  'J,">();  IIitiklI  h'mz,  H'xt. 
\'i'iil(i'l.,  174.  Tliu  words  Alizol  ami  Alipoooli  arc  not,  howevor,  patioiiyiiiit'^s 
liiit  titli'M. 

" 'I'lii!  tliytriot  i.^  oalK'il  Kl  IMiiar  by  Juarros,  (hint.,  ii.  'JJH;  ami  VA  IMmil 
liy  Va/i|iiu/,  ('/iri)iili<t  lie  Orn/.,  f)'2l. 

'■^ '  (Jorriumlo  la 'I'ii^rra,  i|Uo  us  tan  ^ran  I'olilaoion  oomo  TaHcalte(pio,  i  csii 
las  (.aliraiira.s,  iii  mas,  ni  niuuus,  i  friUiiiu  un  duina.itu.'  Atcanulo,  lidaciun, 
la  JJaixia,  i.  15!j. 


I :  I 


G33 


CONQUEST  OF  GUATEMALA  BEGUTf. 


vigorating  the  invaders,  bracing  their  nerves  and  in- 
spiring their  hearts  to  new  enterprise. 

At  dawn  tlie  Spanish  camp  was  astir;  and  while 
the  voices  of  Christian  priests  chanting  praises  to  God 
for  past  victories  floated  over  the  hideous  battle-field, 
Christian  soldiers  were  buckling  on  their  armor  for 
the  further  butchering  of  hel})lcss  human  beings  who 
had  done  tliem  no  harm,  A  hermitage  and  a  town 
were  established  at  Zacaha,  the  former  under  the 
charge  of  Friar  Francisco  ]\Iartinez  de  Pontaza/^ 
whose  memory  was  ever  after  fragrant  in  those  parts, 
the  latter  under  the  direction  of  Juan  de  Loon  Car- 
dona."  The  natives  of  the  subjugated  neighborhood 
finally  came  in  and  helped  to  swell  the  numbers  of  the 
town,  which  was  called  Quezaltenango.^' 

These  measures  taken,'"  the  army  advanced  on 
Xelahuh,"  only  to  find  it  abandoned.  The  inhabi- 
tants, terror-stricken  at  the  success  of  the  invaders, 
had  fled  to  the  mountains.  Alvarado  took  uv)  his 
quarters  in  the  deserted  cit}'-,  where  for  six  days  he 
remained,  resting  and  reconnoitriuLr.^* 

"Vazquez  visited  this  hennitacje  at  Zaciilia  in  i(i'JO,  and  tliero  saw  a 
picture  of  tlio  virgin,  wliioh  had  liecn  brouglit  l)y  tlie  eon(|iu'r(irs,  and  nasi 
known  as  La  Cou(|uistadora,  for  u  description  of  whicli  the  reader  e:ui  conriult 
C/<ruiii((t  i'('  (int/.,  {}.  In  lii.s  time  tlic  .shrine  wa;s  a  place  ^rnsitly  revered. 
It  was  a  current  helicf  that  some  niendier  of  tlio  i>rieslly  onler,  the  ohjectof 
devotion,  was  interred  tlierc,  a  stronn  .supposition  prevailing  that  the  reni.iins 
M'cre  tlioHO  of  the  iii'st  l)ishop  of  (iuateniala;  hut  this  is  ^^rong,  for  liishop 
MarnKpiiu  died  in  the  Episcopal  pahieo  at  (Juateniala,  Tlie  remains  were 
probahly  tliosc  of  the  priest  l*onta/a.   C/iroiiira  de  liral.,  8-U),  .VJd. 

"  The  descendants  of  this  c()n(pustndor  wen^.slill  living  in  the  sanii^  locality 
in  the  tinio  of  Vaz(|nez,  who  descrihes  tiuin  as  raisers  of  small  stocli,  ua 
povcrty-btricken  as  the  descendants  of  the  coni|uered  natives.   /(/.,  8-1). 

'■•I'our  years  later  the  town  was  removed  to  the  present  site.  /.(.,  7-8; 
Jiiitrr(t.-i,  (hint.,  ii,  '241.  The  meaning  of  the  term  Que;alteiiango  is  the  'placo 
of  the  (juetzal,'  the  American  bird  of  paradi.^e,  called  'ti'ogou'  liy  the  natur- 
alists. 'I'lio  name  was  of  Mexican  origin,  ami  was  probably  applied  not  oidy 
to  the  <listi'ict  but  to  the  city  of  Xolahuh. 

"'  Daring  a  stay  of  two  to  throe  days.  Fuentcn  y  Guzman,  Jiccoi-dacloii 
Floriihi,  MS. 

''  Four  years  later  the  inhabitants  were  removed  to  the  new  town  of 
(Juczaltenango,  whicli  the  Indian  population  still  i;dl  Xelahuh, 

'"On  the  authority  of  a  m.anuscript  of  sixteen  leaves  found  at  San  Andres 
Xecul,  a  town  not  far  from  Oue/altenango,  .luarros  states  that  on  tlu^  second 
day  four  caciiiucs  hund)ly  surrendered  themseh  es,  and  owing  to  their  inllu- 
enco  the  inhabitants  peaceably  returned  and  tendered  allegiance.  (Iu(it.,'n. 
1240-1.     No  nientiou  of  such  au  u\ent  is  made  by  Alvarado,  liernal  Diaz,    t 


THE  GRAND  iUlMY. 


639 


Tecum  IT  mam  was  an  ambitious  prince  and  a  brave 
commander.  With  no  small  concern  lie  had  seen  de- 
feated one  after  another  the  forces  sent  asj^ainst  the 
foe,  and  he  now  resolved  to  take  the  iield  in  jierson. 
About  noon  on  the  seventh  day  of  their  sojourn  at 
Xelahuh  the  Spaniards  saw  conver<^ing  to  that  j)oint 
from  ever}'  quarter  dense  masses  of  warriors."  Well 
aware  that  his  great  strength  lay  in  the  cavalry, 
Alvarado  with  a  large  part  of  his  force ^"^  hastened  to 
occu[)y  an  open  plain,  three  leagues  in  length,  at  no 
great  distance  from  the  city.  Tecum  Umam  was 
shrewd  enough  to  comprehend  the  manoeuvre,  and 
before  the  last  Spaniard  was  a  bow-shot  from  camp 
the  Quiche  army  in  two  principal  divisions  was  upon 
them.  Alvarado  had  divided  his  cavalry  into  two 
bodies,  co.nmanded  respectively  by  Petlro  Puerto- 
cari'oro  and  Hernando  de  Chaves,  who  were  directed 
to  assail  at  dill'ereiit  points  one  of  tlie  opposing  bodies 
when  well  in  position,  while  the  infantry,  commanded 
by  himself,  were  to  engage  with  the  other.  The  onset 
was  terrible.  ThroULih  and  throuu'li  the  dense  columns 
I'ush  the  horsemen,  heedless  alike  of  the  ilint-ti[)ped 
arr<iw,  the  javelin  with  iire-hardened  jxiint,  and  the 
slung  i)ebble.  liesistance  was  not  possible.  IMunged 
throughanil  hurlotl  to  earth,  crushed  heneath  the  horses' 
hoofs,  the  broken  ranks  of  this  division  sought  the 
jji'otection  of  the  oilier.  "^I'lius  halt'  of  Tecuni's  last 
iiope  was  lost,  while  the  other  half  was  fast  dwindling. 
Early  in  the  combat  the  (.^Juiche  king  had  lecogni/.ed 


lienor.! ;  .ind  Viizquiv.  (liitiiictly  st.-ites  tliat  these  four  cliief.s  weio  won 
ovci',  wiili  .some  diUieiilty,  iilur  tlie  tiiwil  liattli;  and  the  de:ith  of  'I'eriiiii. 
Thoii'li  llfasseiir  de  Jloiirlioiu'.,'  folhiws  .luarios,  1  iiieliiie  to  the  oiiiiiioii 
thill  I  lie  jjiieiliciitioii  of  Xihdiuh  was  Kidisecivient  to  tlie  liatlle  which  is  yet 
to  fodow. 

''••'I'wt'lvo  thoiisdiid  of  whom  weti'  fi'oin  tlie  city  of  I'tatlaii.  /,'<  'iiciaii,  i. 
]')S.  .Iiiairos  says  the  lirst  contii);^'ciit  coiitaiiicil  |ti,()il(>  men.  (t'lnil.,  ii.  '2'>\. 
]>einal  I)ia/.  gi\i's  the  whole  nunil)ci'as  inoio  than  l(i,0(IO.  //(n'.  Vvnld'l.,  \~\. 
llenoianses  the  iudelinile  hut  safe  expression  '  Vll  gfuu  uxerciLo  de  Quaxal- 
tenalco.'  dec.  iii.  lih.  v.  cap.  ix. 

'•"  The  nuMiliers  ai-e  dill'creiilly  j,'iven.  Alvarado  sjiys  there  were  00  horso- 
Iiien  ;  .luarros,  i;i."i  lioise;  llcirera,  that  the  whoh^  force  consisted  of  Wl  iioi'se, 
'_'()()  infantry,  and  a  stroni,' body  of  Muxicuna.  Beruul  Diaz  uses  the  yeneriil 
u\|H'us!siou,  'with  liinunny,' 


640 


CONQUEST  OF  GUATEMALA  BEGUN. 


tlio  conspicuous  figure  of  the  mounted  Spanish  com- 
mander, and  as  Tecum  now  saw  his  forces  broken  hy 
the  cavahy,  lie  determined  upon  one  last  desperate 
eflbi't.  (Jatherint^  around  him  a  few  chosen  warriors, 
he  threw  himself  in  person  upon  Alvarado,  and  with 
his  own  hand  so  wounded  his  horse  that  the  Spaniard 
Avas  obliged  to  fall  back  and  mount  another.  A  second 
and  a  third  time  the  undaunted  warr'ior  assailed  bis 
superior  ibe,  till  ])iercetl  by  Alvarado's  lance  he  fell, 
staininsj:  with  liis  life-blood  the  sjfround  he  had  fouLjlit 
so  bravely  to  defend. 

It  was  not  ol'ten  that  the  heavenly  powers  deigned 
to  hel[)  the  ))oor  natives  in  their  dire  struggle  with 
the  steul-clad  Eui'opeans,  as  was  so  frequently  the  case 
with  the  Spaniards.  Tlie  gods  usually  prefer  figliting 
on  the  strongest  side;  but  here  we  find  an  exception. 
It  is  my  tluty  to  relate,  as  a  truthful  historian,  that 
dui'inii'  the  moital  cond)at  between  these  two  leaders 
an  eagle  with  great  pinii^ns  was  observed  by  the 
(,)uiche  army  circling  round  and  i-ound  the  S})anisli 
commander,  ever  and  anon  swoojjing  down  U[)on  him, 
and  with  Ijcak  and  claw  attacking  jiim  a  )out  the 
h'^ad.  It  was  the  ii(((j(ia/,  the  guardian  si)irit  of  Tecum 
I  Miiam.  J  hit  less  strong  than  Alx'arado's  lance,  it  was 
discomilted  at  the  moment  of  the  monarch's  death, 
and  disappeared  from  the  sight  of  the  vaiKpiisIied 
Quiches.-^ 

Contrary  to  the  usual  course  pursued  by  natives  in 
wai'i'are,  the  fall  of  their  commander  did  not  immedi- 
ately dis})erst5  the  (Quiche  wari'iors,  but  seemetl  rather 
to  enrage  them;  I'or  the  momcnit  alter  there  fell  upon 
the  Sj)aniards  such  a  blinding  tempest  of  javelins  as 
would  have  (hTightetl  the  Spartan  Dieneces.  It  was 
but  for  a  monu'nt,  howcner;  it  was  tluMr  last  expiiing 
oifoi't,  I'oT'  soon  the  cavalry  came  thundering  on  their 
flanks,  dispersing  and  slaying  after  tlu)  usual  fashion. 
For  two  leagues  along  the  plain  they  were  pursued  by 


'^'  Siali  is  till!  1i'l;i'ii<1  Idiit;  retained  iiirodlj  tlie  Quiclu's.  (hinfvunihi,  Chrori' 
icaile  la  I'lvc,  i.  i;j;    L'rcwiSKn'  Ue  Boarbvunj,  Hist.  A  at.  Civ.,  iv,  G-11. 


PERSUASIVE  rROSELYTINO. 


041 


tlic  horsemen,  v.'lio  then  turned  and  rode  l).iclv,  repeat- 
ing the  carnage  over  tlio  same  tiekl,  Tlie  slaughter 
^vas  paitic-ularly  Moody  at  a  str(>am  on  one  side  oi"  the 
plaui,  and  the  ccjnnnander  proudly  refers  to  it  in  his 
desj)aie!i,"  The  infantry  captured  a  vast  multitude 
Avhich  I'.ad  taken  refuge  from  the  insatiate  horsemen 


on  a 


hill 


near  b 


y 


Thus  ended  another  day  in  the  annals  of  the  grand 
cxterininalion,  ada^Mlarh  indeed  for  the  noble  (>uiche 
nation,  but  of  whicli  Euro[iean  progress  and  propa- 
gandi:dng  might  well  be  proud.'-^^ 

B}"  this  crushing  defeat  the  Quiches  were  lunn- 
bled  and  their  coniidence  in  th(>ir  deities,  not  to  say 
themselves,  vras  weakened.  Though  in  grc.'at  grief 
at  the  l(jss  of  their  chief  and  the  ti'imnpli  of  the 
Spaniards,  an  oji'portimity  was  given  them  through 


t'u!  [)roac!img  ol   the  pi'ie 


^ts  T 


()]'i'es  i\ 


nd  J*ont;!:;a  t 


o 


embri'.ce  the  rciligion  of  their  con(jU(!rors.  l'\)ui'  cap- 
tive chieftainir'of  Xelaludi  were  baptiziMl  and  rtM-eived 
their  libci'tv.  Christian  raimcjut  with  swoi'ds  was 
then  given  them  and  they  were  entertained  at  the 
talde  of  Alvarado.''  After  this  they  were  s(Mit  out 
as  missionaries  to  their  aflVighted  lirethren,  brin';'ing 
quite  a  imiuber  to  a  knowleilge  of  the  Savior,  They 
al:;o  aided  in  erecting  a  more  suitabli;  hermitage  at 
Zacaha,  and  in  building  houses  for  the  Donatis,'"   Nay 

^''  '  I  nuestroM  Ami'Toa,  i  los  TVonos  liacian  vna  Ui'struicinii,  la  m.'iior  del 
Mi'.nilo,  en  vii  Airoio.'  Alnniu/d,  Hi Itifinn,  i.  l."ilS. 

"' \'a::i|in;;'.  iiy.surlH  tli.it.  lliis  ciignj^c'iin'iit  (ooU  jihu'c  on  tin;  1  Kli  of  May, 
l.")'J!,  \vli;Ii.i  t!u!  tl'  simlcli  liy  Alv,  r.ulo  importing  tliu  event  to  (jorten  is  datctl 
laoro  t!i;ni  a  lunntli  eai'lier,  April  I  hit. 

'-'  Ju  in  ili.iciilt  to  iiri'iv',!  ,Mt  any  ;  pprnxiin.itinn  to  tlie  iiinnlier  of  shiiii 
<liiriii;t  t!ie  yw\'A  (if  en'.'a'renii'iits  on  tlu!  I'iiiar.  Va/i|ne/  is  tlio  only  anlliority 
v.iio  V(;iuuri's  to  jiutdouu  li;,'ure,s.  'N'iniemlo  ho1)I'(!  el  lv\ei\'ili)  ( !in  isi.i.iuo.  .  . 
(1(!  livre  mil,  en  Ireeo  mil,  e.iila  i!'  ,'i"ll(is,  .  .  liiirliai'os  l.in  i'npe  -Iciritos  A, 
la  uinerlc,  y  al  estiM'^o  ijiu!  las  ("atliolioas  annas  liaeiaii  en  sn  inmn  ro.-,o  Mxer- 
ci^o,  (jni'daiiiio  liiueitos  mas  do  diiz,  y  do/o  mi:  iiilli  ies,  eneemliendo  en  los 
•  pie  i|;!ei!auau  villus.  .  .ciue  aeoradas  I'on  la  vertida  san'rri!  do  sui  coin]).irioi'os 
iivi\'.il):;ii  nias  HU  raliia,  pii'a  endicHtir  eon  irraeional  clespeclio  :i  las  Jvipanolos.' 
Vlirmii'-ii.  (I '  (I'rnt,,  f).    See  also  lUriial  />iiiz.  Hist.  I'l'nlivL,  !.")!(. 

'■■''  Till!  u  iMiesol'  llioso  (vieiiine^,  j^iven  liy  .(nai  ros,  were  ( 'alel  ll:;lalc,  Alipop- 
queliain,  (,'a!ela!iati,  and  (,'aIe1al)oy,  as  biiiiplied  hy  tlie  mannseiiiit  previously 
jncnlinned  in  nole  17,  llu-i  cliaijter. 

'-'''So  t!iev  e;;lie(l   tlie  Spaniards,  as  the  holdieis  of  Alvaraclo,  jreiierally 
lii'own  liy  llu!  name  of  Ttaiatiiili,  the  iniUal  'T'  being  cliaugud  hy  llie  (JuicLOs 
into  'D.'  \'iiz(/it,~.,  C/troitlra  de  Uvut.,  524. 
lIiHT.  Cln.  Am..  Vul.  I.    41 


6d2 


CONQUEST  OF  GUATEMALA  BEGUN. 


more;  in  tlicir  growing  enthusiasm  they  suggested 
that  the  place  where  Tonatiuh  had  gained  his 
crowning  victory,  and  over  which  still  hung  the 
odor  of  corruption  and  blood,  the  blood  of  their 
slain  countrymen,  should  be  called  by  the  name  of 
Espiritu  Santo. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 


DOWNFALL  OF  THE  QUICHE  NATION. 

Ai'KiL,  I")24. 

Utatlax,    Capital  of  the    Qnciiics — Its   Maoxificknte — Tiir   Eovat. 

I'ALACK  ANIJ    I'VUAMIKAL    FOUTII'ICATIONS  —  PllIVATK   Al'AIlT.MKNTS   AND 

Gakuexs— Plan  to  Kxtrai-  thk  Spaxiauds — A  Feast  Piii;PAni:i> — Ti:i; 
ExLMY  IxviTKD  — The  Tijeachery  Discovered — ^^AS^ERLV  Kktleat 
or  Alvarado — The  Qthuie  Kixr;  axd  Noiiles  KxTRArrED— They  are 
Made  to  Gather  Gold — Axd  are  then  Destroyed — Utatlax  Ufrxed 
axd  the  couxtuy  devastated  —  subjugation  ok  the  quicues  com- 
PLETE. 

Upon  the  central  plateau,  near  the  present  town  of 
Santa  Cruz  del  Quiche,  stood  Utatlan,^  the  ancient 
ca])ital  of  the  Quiche  nation.  It  was  surrounded  l)y 
a  deep  ravine,  and  could  be  entered  only  at  two  points. 
To  one  of  these  entrances  over  thirty  stone  steps 
led  up  an  almost  perpendicular  clitf;  to  the  otiier 
a  narrow  artificial  causeway,  connected  at  one  point 
by  a  bridge  which  could  be  easily  destroyed.  The 
citv  was  further  stren<jftliened  by  the  m'im  fortress 
of  Atalava,  four  stories  in  height,  and  the  pyram- 
idal fortification  of  EI  Resguartlo,'^  one  hundred  and 
twenty  feet  high.  In  wealth  and  sj)lendor  Utatlar., 
in  which  twenty  generations  of  the  present  dynas^^y 
had  reigned,  vied  with  the  city  of  the  Aztec  kings 

'Also  callcil  Gnmarcnali.  It  is  roprrscntcd  to-fl,iy  l)y  the  town  of  Santa 
Cnv/.  del  Qiiiclu'',  wliich  is  situated  so  near  tlio  ruins  (if  tin  'iin.icut  city  tliat 
it  niij:lit  Ik;  considered  an  outlyiii'-!  Hiil>urb.  Ahont  tlio  middle  ol'  tiie  sixteeiitli 
century  Utatlan  was  entirely  aliandoned  and  t!ie  inlialiitants  reiruived  to  Santa 
Cruz.   Jiiiirrox,  <'if>:u.,  i.  Ol);   />/•((>*(/;•  dr  Jloiirlioiin/,  llht.  ynl.  dr.,  iv.  047. 

^Jitiirro",  (7it<tt.,  i.  ()(j-7 ;  Alrnra'/o,  llchirion,  i.  l.")!l;  Hainin'.,  I'rm-'Ko 
cmi/ra  A/carailo,  '.i'2.  Sec  also  Nufiri-  J,''ios,  ii.  744,  7.S.S-!>.  Atalava  and 
llesguardo  arc  Spanish  terms,  tlio  tirst  sigiiilyiiig  '  ^\'atcll-to\ve^'  and  the  otiier 
'CfUard.' 

(GW) 


644 


DOWNF.iLL  OF  THE  QUICHfi  XATION". 


autl  the  gardened  capital  of  the  Incas.  In  its  centre 
stood  the  royal  palace,  surrounded  by  the  imposing 
residences  of  the  nobles,  and  be3'ond,  the  humbler 
dwellings  of  the  common  people.  The  palace  was 
one  of  the  most  mairnifieent  structures  of  Central 
America.  It  was  built  of  hewn  stone  of  various 
colors,  mosaic  in  appearance,  and  its  colossal  dimen- 
sions, and  elegant  and  stately  architectural  form,  ex- 
cited mingled  awe  and  admiration.^ 

Within  the  lofty  portals  the  quarters  of  the  house- 
hold guards,  surrounding  a  spacious  barracl:  yard,  were 
first  presented  to  view.  Dusky  warriors,  lancers,  and 
ai'chcrs,  clad  in  wildly  picturesque  garbs  of  da[)})lud 
tiger-skiris  or  sombre  boar-hides,  in  brilliant  pkmics 
and  polished  arms,  with  silent  tread  measured  the 
well  paved  court.  In  the  principal  apartments  near 
at  hand  the  various  arms  and  paraphernalia  of  battle 
lay  ready  for  immediate  use,  while  on  the  walls  hung 
hard-won  trophies  of  war.  Next  lay  the  residence 
of  the  unmarried  princes,  and  bej'ond  this  the  })alaco 
proper,  containing  besides  the  apartments  of  the  mon- 
arch the  council-chamber,  with  tlie  iiforq-eous  throne 
canopied  with  costly  tapestry  of  featliei"  work  of  rare 
designs  and  wrought  with  cunning  skill;  also  the  royal 
treasury,  the  hall  of  justice,  and  the  armory.  Throe 
separate  suites  of  rooms,  Ibr  morning,  afternoon,  and 
night,  were  each  day  occupied  by  the  monarch,  and 
all  these  more  private  apartments  looked  out  ui)on 
delightful  gardens,  with  trees,  and  ilov/ers,  and  fruits, 
and  in  their  midst  menageries  and  aviaries,  with  rare 
and  curious  collections.  Beyond  lay  the  separate 
palaces  of  the  monarch's  queens  and  concubines,  with 
their  baths,  and  gardens,  and  miniature  lakes;  and 
lastly  the  maidens'  college,  in  which  were  reared  and 
educated  the  female  offspring  of  loyal  blood. 


wii 


'  Torqiiemriila,  i.  311.  The  frontage  of  the  palace  was  .370  paces,  while  its 
dcritli  ic:r1k'(1  728  jiaccs.  1'ho  cliroiiic  lor  I'liciitcs  vititcd  Santa  (.'ruz  del 
Qiiicii<5  for  tlie  i")iii  piise  (if  invc'sti.i;atiii;^  the  ruins,  from  which,  as  well  U3  fruin 
nmuuscripts,  he  gatlicrcd  luuch  iiit'oriiuitiou. 


OXIB  QUIEII  SUCCEEDS  TECCJM  U^IAM. 


C4j 


And  all  tills  was  but  one  pile  of  buildings,  the 
largci^t,  it  is  true;  but  there  were  others  of  no  mean 
pretensions,  tlie  residences  of  the  nobles  and  of  the 
wealthy  trading  class.  Of  a  truth  Utatlan  was  a  fine 
city,  and  a  strong  and  noble  one.'  And  must  it  now 
be  3'ielded  to  the  sjioilor?  Is  there  no  liope?  Xono. 
Then  perish  all,  for  who  would  live  with  king  and 
country  gone;  and  with  its  occupants,  also  this  fair 
capital  which  so  long  lias  harbored  kings.  Ah!  if  tliis 
strong  trap  could  but  be  l)aited,  and  the  white  foxes 
enticed  thereto  and  stran<ded.  Rare  thou'j^ht!  It 
were  worth  d3'ing  a  dozen  tunes  to  sec  these  brag- 
garts but  once  die.  And  so  the  Quiche  cunning  ones 
dotermined.  In  wneral  council  it  was  as^reed  th;it 
the  Spaniards  should  be  invited  to  a  feast,  and  ^^'hilo 
there  tlie  city  shoidd  be  burned  and  brought  down 
upon  their  heads  1 

V>y  the  death  of  Tecum  Umam  his  son  Oxil) 
Quich*  succeeded  to  the  throne,  llis  situation  v.'as 
not  an  enviable  one.  Tlie  best  troops,  in  fact  the  .very 
ilov.'cr  of  the  nation,  had  been  destroyed  or  scat- 
tered. His  father,  with  nund)ers  of  the  first  men 
of  the  land,  had  fallen,  without  havinij  in  a  siu'de  in- 
stance  gained  a  battle  or  bahled  the  i'oo.  Their  pviiiy 
eirorts  were  as  gnats  stinging  or  destroying  a  band  of 
wild  boars. 

Yet  the  grandson  of  the  great  Kicab  Tanub 
would  not  abandon  the  field  without  a  stru'ji^de.  The 
council  might  burn  the  city  if  they  chose.  And 
though  their  hoj)es  and  the  prospects  of  success  wtu'o 
great,  the  king  and  his  nobles  relaxed  noiie  the  les^^ 
their  efforts  to  raise  fresh  troops.  Shoultl  the  plan 
fail,  th(.'3'  would  again  t;vke  the  field.  Not  only  did 
Oxib  Quieh  draw  all  the  forces  possible  from  hi.s  ovv'u 
provinces,  but  he  adopted  every  means  to  smooth 
the  diiibrences  that  existed  between  himself  and  the 
neiii^hborinu:  provinces.  Bv  these  exertions  at  longih 
a  strouLj  leauue  was  formed,  and  auain  the  natives  in 


C3 O 

*  Juarros  calls  him  Cliiffniiuivcclut. 


CIO 


DOWNFALL  OF  THE  QUICHfi  NATION. 


formidublo  numbers  wcro  ready  to  do  battle  for  their 
gods  and  their  country  at  the  proper  moment. 

These  preparations  completed,  an  embassy  with 
presents  of  gold  was  despatched  to  greet  the  con- 
queror, to  sue  for  peace,  and  to  tender  their  king's 
submission  as  vassal  to  the  king  of  Spain.  Alvarado 
M'as  also  invited  to  the  court  of  Utatlan,  where  tlio 
king  was  waiting  to  offer  in  person  his  allegiance  and 
entertain  with  all  due  honor  the  redoubtable  Spaniard. 
Alvarado  graciously  accepted  both  the  presents  and 
the  invitation,  and  made  presents  In  return,  and  on 
the  following  day  set  out  with  his  army  to  ])ay  the 
promised  visit.  It  was  quite  natural  on  both  sides, 
the  in^•itation  and  the  acceptance.  Here  were  war 
and  a  conquered  country;  here  the  conquered  with 
overtures  of  peace;  and  so  the  Spaniards  marched 
into  the  trap  without  suspicion. 

But  as  they  passed  along  the  narrow  causeway  and 
came  to  the  bridge,  certain  soldiers''  fancied  they  savv'' 
where  it  had  been  recently  weakened.  When  the 
attention  of  Alvarado  was  called  to  it  he  made  no 
alarm,  nor  did  he  turn  a  moment  from  his  course. 
He  relished  the  llavor  of  such  an  adventure,  and 
grasping  his  sword  the  tighter  he  commanded  the 
strictest  caution  and  the  closest  observation.  On 
entering  the  city  the  suspicions  of  the  Spaniards  were 
confirmed.  Tlio  men  were  armed;  the  women  and 
children  had  been  withdrawn;  there  wore  few  pro- 
visions at  hand  and  little  valuable  merchandise  in  the 
storeho-.'ses;  in  many  buildings  throughout  the  city 
brush  and  firewood  had  been  deposited,  while  the 
anxiety  displa3'ed  in  the  uneasy  deportment  of  the 
natives  themselves  could  not  be  disguised.  It  was 
observed,  too,  that  the  streets  were  so  narrow  and 
the  houses  so  compact  that  it  would  be  impossible 
for  the  cavalry  to  move;  and  lastly,  the  Quezalte- 
nango  allies  who  accompanied  the  Spaniards  obtained 


a 


°  Francisco  Florea  claims  that  he  and  Juan  de  Oriza  made  the  discovery, 
Ramirez,  Froceso  contra  Alvarado,  32,  34. 


THE  PLOT  DISCOVERED. 


C47 


ai»(l  lironglit  to  Alvarado  positive  information  of  the 
intentions  of  the  Qiiicliu  chiefs.' 

X(^t  only  are  proni])t  measures  now  necessary,  hut 
tliey  must  he  sudi  as  will  not  arouse  the  sus[)icioiis  of 
a  most  suspicious  i'oe,  whose  keen  eyes  are  watching 
every  movement.  AVithout  formally  sumuKjuing  a 
council  Alvarado  moves  in  holiday  m'un\  among  his 
t)flicers,  dropping  here  a  hint  and  la3Mng  there  a 
8tern  coimnand;  meanwhile,  outwardly  undisturhed, 
lie  I'ides  forward  into  the  nest  of  nohles  awaiting  him 
and  gic  ;ts  them  with  a  frank  smile  amid  renewed 
protestations  of  friendship.  This  done  he  looks  about 
lor  the  disposal  of  the  horses.  They  are  worsljijiful 
brutes,  in  some  respects  the  equals  and  even  the 
superiors  of  men;  they  are  not  given  to  feasting  like 
men,  but  they  nmst  not  be  forgotten  at  the  feast. 
Their  greatest  delight  will  be  to  feed  ui)on  the  open 
plain;  he  will  conduct  them  there  and  return  without 
delay.  Greatly  disconcerted  the  nobles  press  the 
Tonatiuh  to  inmiediate  entertainment,  which  even 
now  awaits  him;  under  the  direction  of  the  soldiers 
they  will  provide  tlie  best  care  for  the  noble  animals. 
By  no  means,  Alvarado  intimates;  the  horses  will 
never  forixive  him  if  he  ncLi'lects  them  on  so  imi)or- 
tant  an  occasion.  Thus  all  the  Spaniards  return  over 
the  causewav,  and  the  weakened  brid^•e,  and  v.iih  a 
feelinLT  of  intense  I'elief  reach  the  i)lain  in  sal'etv. 

Xow  for  a  sv/eet  morsel  of  revenge.  While  gather- 
ing crrass  for  the  horses  the  soldiers  arc  fired  on  from 
the  ra^'ines  and  thickets,  and  one  Spaniard,  a  sei-vant 
of  the  conunauder,  is  killed.  The  king  and  his  n(<bl(.'s, 
who  remain  near  the  city  entrance,  on  witnessing  tlu; 
outrage  from  liiis  distance  are  distressed,  and  take 
measures  to  pi'eveiit  hostile  demonstrations  on  the  ])art 
of  their  people.    Alvarado  j)retends  to  regard  it  all  as 

*  I'crnnl  I)iMZ  ptatrs  tli;it  pnmc  Indians  of  QuczaltcnjiiiRO  warned  Alvarado 
tliat  tliey  intuudcd  to  kill  thorn  all  that  ni:.'ht  if  they  roiuaincd  tl'tre,  aii<l 
that  they  had  jxistcd  in  tho  ravines  many  bamls  of  warriors,  who,  when  they 
saw  tlie  houses  iu  I'.anies,  were  to  unite  with  those  of  Utatlan  and  fall  ou  tha 
invaders  at  dillereut  jjoiiits.  , 


I 


643 


DOU^'FALL  OF  THE  QUICIlfi  XATIOX. 


of  no  moment,  and  continues  liis  attitude  of  confidence 
and  cordiality  v,  itli  tlio  chiefs.  It  is  unfortunate,  this 
accident  of  the  servant;  Ijut  after  what  has  liappcned 
probably  the  foust  had  better  be  postponed.  As  a 
further  mark  of  friendship  and  esteem,  will  Oxib 
Quieli  and  his  companions  look  in  upon  the  camp  of 
the  Spaniards?  Poor  boy!  So  easily  cau^'ht,  and  in 
a  trap,  a  steel  one,  quite  different  from  the  buii'dlnf^ 
bridg'e-drop  at  Tjtatlan.  Now  may  all  men  open  tlieir 
eyc!s  and  judL^c  as  gods,  for  these  pn^sent  nuist  die! 

The  mask  is  thrown  aside,  and  the  avenwr  in  his 
wrath  stands  revealed.  Oxib  (^nieh  and  his  caciques 
are  sei::ed  and  charj^ed  witli  their  treacherons  inten- 
tions. Tlieir  condemnation  is  a  matter  })re',]etermined, 
but  execution  is  delayed  a  little  that  the  ti'.rer  m:n' 
sport  with  his  prey.  Little  gold  luv.i  been  gathe;'ed 
on  this  expedition,  and  it  may  be  well  to  [)ut  upon  the 
scene  in  Guatemala  the  grand  drama  oi'  r,I<)u(e;;ir:!a 
not  long  since  })erformed  at  the  ]\Iexican  capii^d.  The 
jirisoners  shall  have  their  lives  if  tliey  _<>;at]ier  mueh 
gold.  This  done,  they  shall  have  their  live:;  ii'  1^'  -y 
jifatlier  more  ••■okl.  And  wlien  the  kiu'Tdom  is  stri;>i)ed 
of  itsg'old  and  the  Spaniards  become  iinpatient,a  great 
fire  is  built,  into  which  those  of  the  pri.ouers  who  arc 
not  hanged  are  thrown  alive;  and  the  sinoke  ascends 
to  heaven  as  grateful  incense  to  their  go  I.'' 


'  It  is  jiOHsiljlo  that  0\ib  Qiiidi  M;ia  I',:in'cccl,  and  not  bnriu'd,  tlioiT'h 
AlviU'iuI.)  iuahc:i  no  iiK'ntioii  of  tuuh  woahncs^s  on  hh  prit,  but  stale;;  di.i- 
tinctly  '  Yo  lo.j  <|ucini'.'  Hc'ochn,  i.  l.";;).  Jjcrual  I)ia ;,  lur.vevt;-,  as^ci'lij  t'.itit 
thror-jli  llio  inter. A's.siou  of  Vx-xy  Ijarto'onu'i  Olnioilo  n  rc'^pito  of  two  ilnya  Vi-ns 
cranu'd  tlio  uiifortunatu  kin;:,  ilurini.;  whieli  tliiiu  lio  \va:j  converteil  and 
baiiti.:ed,  .".nd  t'.uit  Ilia  ^;eIlt(".lec  \va;j  connauted  to  li  n;'i  ;;.  //'  i"  IViV.'fc/, ,  17J. 
Tliia  view  vi  tida'ii  liy  Salazar  y  Olart!',  ( '.i.v'/,  J/c,/'.,  l'J.)-(i,  and  .hiairos,  <!n".t,, 
ii.  'J-.'),  l)ut  not  liy  l.'ctlilxoeliiLl,  Jlorr'ii'rt  Crml  /(ufr-j,  07.  At  the  t;'i;;l  ot 
Alvav.Mlotliiaaetof  liarharity  eon.tiaiteiioiie  of  tho  char^te.*,  rnd  ilio  testir.i'Viy 
tondd  V  )  pvovo  that  i,o  e:a'e])tion  wa:*  niado  iu  favor  of  i.iiy  0:10  cf  the  vioiiin,!. 
Tho  \vi;ue:-M  I'l'aneiseo  I'loreLi,  nienvioned  iu  notu  5,  tlii.)  ehapcc;',  titatca  that 
onu(jr  thonoh'.L.i  win  i-pared,  lieoaiu.!  he  had  diselosed  tlie  p'.ot.  ]ii;i  te:jiirio".y 
may,  however,  lie  founded  o!i  a  i'et>pi;o  granted  to  0:;i.')  Quieh,  iiieovfi'  '. ly 
underistood  liy  I''loreM.  I^<i:n'riz,  I'n.v  o  cvitlni  .Mrurcilo,  ',.1.  .Mva.ra.i')  i:i- 
formed  t'oi'tejj  t  at  tho  vietimn  made  full  coafesriou  of  the  plot  boioiv  tliey 
were  put  to  deaili,  and  his  n.-e  of  the  c:;pri!,,oio'i  '  Conio  pareeera  poi-  n;i:j  cou- 
fesioiie:j'  wouhl  f.eeui  to  indioaie  that  tho  confeL'oiona  were  taken  dov.'n  iu 
■writing  and  fot   'arded  ty  Cortes,  lliluclou,  i.  lo'J.     In  concliuiion,  Dras.scur 


COURAGE  OF  THE  QOCIIKS- 


649 


Xcitwitlistandinc^   tliosc    morciloFs   los?.ons,    vhirinuj 
wliieli  tliroo  of  tlio  Quiche  kliiu's,  of  throes  several 


:t    li 


)f 


lui.l    1) 


generations  in  (urect  line  or  succession,  liad  oecii 
sucriiicod,  hostilities  were  speedily  reuc^vcd.  A  ilerco 
attack  was  made  on  all  sides,  the  natives  issuliij^  in 
greac  iuunl)ers  from  the  many  ravines  which  in- 
terjected the  nel;^hbo!'i!iu^  jn-ound,  and  tlie  assault 
Avas  obstinately  maintained  l(.r  some  lime;  hut  the  ar- 
tillery^ committed  such  dreadful  destruction,  openinj^ 
.through  their  dense  masses  lanes  :-:i-ewn  with  ii.uti- 
lated  bodies  and  torn-olf  limbs,  tliat  tliey  speedily 
recognized  the  futility  of  theii"  attempt'^,  and  fled 
back  to  the  gulches.  Keeping  v.vvr  to  inaccessil)lo 
ground,  and  avoiding  open  engagement,'  they  harassed 
the  army  incessantly,  by  cutting  olF  stragglers  and  in- 
flictiii'i'  harm  in  any  wav  that  th(>y  vrere  abK;.  At 
length  Alvarado  determined  upon  the  plan  of  bu'ning 
their  city  and  devastatiir''  the  country;  and  he  sent  to 
the  fi'iendly  king-  of  tlif^  Cakclii(|uels,  requesting  a 
conti)igcnt  of  troojvM  to  assist  him  in  di.lod'diig  the 
Quiclius  from  their  lastnesiies.  ]'\;ur  tliouiiand  war- 
riors were  at  oncj  sent^*^  by  the  sr:b»missive  lord,  with 


(I'j  l"!(mrl)Our<T  says  thr.t  only  the  inoiKirrli  \\w\  t!;o  licir  iiivriunip'.ivtj  Mvro 
ljuvni.'il,  wiiicii  ia  at  Vi'.i'iaiu'e  with  .hiar/i/j'  cxiivesriitm,  '  .\  i  I  i  riiU'i'ica  do  s;u3 
pi'iiiit'i'oa  c;n)itiuics,  :ii  las  do  tais  doa  IJcyi'j,  c\ccnl;iil;i.i  ji  if  1  \  (',i:iioiliiiiiis,' 
O'lin'.,  ii.  '2.i',],  iiiid  al;;!)  wilh  tLo  tciiiiinony  (  t'  I'loro;-",  ^y\\o  tav.s,  '  I]  ]'•  t  iiuudii) 
atodoJ.  .  .c  duopilcs  livj  (pu'iiifi.'  I'd  111' !•(■:,  /'r^.ri.n  rni/ra  Al  nriti!i>,  '.2.  Las 
Ca.'jaa  nllii'liiH  thry  were  Imrucil  alivi;  w  iJiinit  any  I'lai.i  ut'  trial.    !!■ 'jio.  /ml, 

*'Jriirri'fi,  (.'imt.,  ii.  2'>'].  Alvarado  licvrr  iil!udi.;i  to  liiri  urJillivy  in  tliis  or 
nny  I'lUiii-o  I'amiiaij'u  <it'  tlio  yt-ar,  l!i(ni;-Ii  lu;  ro;  fN:ti.(",Iy  i  ^cahn  ( i  l!u'  avi(iio- 
l)U:;iL'!';i.  .(nai'i'cs,  pu  far  ;in  I  can  di.  i.' ncr,  i.i  tao  c.uly  aiulinr  c;;ci.';^  t  I'.rus- 
Buui"  do  liDurlxm;'';  wlio  niJiuioiij  .n-.il'o.y. 

"  '  I  cii  la  'i'ierra  tan  I'uorlo  do  niu  Inada",  (;i'.o  i:i  (;nit):\idas  rtio  entnin 
tlocicnlos  cstadud  do  linndo,  i  p  v  t'tta^t  (iiul)rada-i  IV)  {mAlnuyi  iiaw.'i-'.u.'j  la 
Uuc;Ta.'  A!i'<ii-tti/o,  J!i'lti>-:<,ii,  i.  l'.{). 

'"  in.i  c'ljcct;  in  nii-.uin;,'  tlii.s  demand  \v:'a  tvrf.i'.d :  l:o  vi:  Ix'd  to  test  Iho 
Ca!:clii(|acl  Lin;;'a  tVelin.'.s  to\v;-i<l  lain,  i.nd  rl  tliu  r."tn(!  (iu.o  t:>  inorci'.KO  Ida 
liutivo  l',)rce.i,  who  would  ho  uiici'iil  iu  tliij  v.'i  rl..  ."Ir  I'w'i,  /  i  .'(/■■'u.^  1.  1")9, 
Aco  iidii'/,'  to  r.ras.'X'nr  do  Honihomv;  t';o  iir'i'.ei.:i  <,f  I'm  IVl.u'ii  jiu'l  r.ation 
ln< ':  wiili  r.iUcli  opposition  ficni  tlicir  nil/cc'la  in  i  !'.p;"n-tiir(  ll  o  ;  j  iifii'i'^ls, 
and  111!  nohloM  njiufcd  to  nijiply  tho  ti'<!(.;  :i  dciaandcl  hy  Alvavailo,  la  thia 
cv.il-iar;'a;iaiiicnt  llic  Ahpo.:ol;:il  rai.i'il  ■id.A)  wan'ii  ri  ia  I  !i  c:  |  !t  d,  //'  '.  .V«'. 
('(■('..(i-ll!.  liuniid  I)ia;;.  followed  by  .Iiiairon,  ('ivcsa  di'll-ront.  rce-nnt  fi'oniUiat 
of  Alva.i'ad'i,  whieh  i.<  fiillowed  in  tlic  to:<t.  Jt  ii  tj  t''e  cl.ee'u  tlu:^  tho  people 
of  (Jvialeinala,  liearin;j  of  Al   j.nidu'b  ic^x'tilcd  victorie;!,  and  Iciiniing  that  he 


cr>o 


DOWXFALL  OF  THE  QUICIIft  NATIOX. 


which  ii(lJiti(jii;il  force,  and  tlio  energetic  measures  hn 
}>ur.sue(l,  Alvarado  caiTied  on  the  process  of  subjec- 
tion witlv  eifect.  The  warlike  Quiches,  their  city 
burned/'  their  crops  destroyed, liunted  fr(Mu  one  I'etreat 
to  anothei',  driven  from  their  lands,  at  length  were 
forced  to  yield.  Alvarado  received  their  overtures 
with  generosity,  lie  pardoned  tlie  repentant  in  Jiis 
great  mercy,  and  ])romised  tlieni  their  lives,  at  th') 
same  time  ordering  them  to  return  autl  occupy  their 
lands.  He  moreover  rel(;asetl  two  caj)tive  sons  of  the 
I'oyal  line  and  j)ut  them  in  possession  of  their  fatlier's 
I'ealm,  the  leading  monarch  being  named  Seciuechul.'-' 
Thus  was  terminated  for  a  time  the  strnu'sjle  of  ilw. 
Quiches  foT-  independence — a  sti'uggle  that  ceased  only 
with  the  destruction  of  their  jn'incipal  nobility  and  all 
the  bravest  warriors  of  the  n.ition.  To  their  obst  inate 
valor  the  conrjueror  himself  bears  testimony ,'''  and 
recogni/Zmg  the  dillicuUies  of  his  position,  and  how 
man  of  himself  can  ilo  so  little,  he  begs  Cortes  to  or<ler 
in  the  ^Mexican  capital  a  procession  of  all  the  clergy, 
so  that  the  virgin  might  hel[)  him.  And  furtht'r, 
would  he  "  |)lea.se  take  care  to  inf')rm  Iiis  Majesty  how 
v.e  are  si>r\  ing  him  with  our  persons  and  means,  and 
at  oui"  own  cost,  in  order  that  his  ^Majesty  may  I'eward 

was  at:iti()iiPil  lit  Utntl.'ui,  sent  nn  omlwissy  vitli  prca(^iitsof  ^'nlil,  oiriMMiii;  tlicir 
tii'i'vicos  iu^ainst  tlu!  ti>uiflu's,  witli  wliom  tliijy  wl^io  iit  ciiinity.  'I'licsu  wi'io 
ac(('i.li'cl  liy  Alvarado,  wIid,  to  tost  tlu'ir  siiici'iity,  iiiul  al.-io  lH:caiisi.'  lio  waa 
i'niin'aiit  of  tlu!  I'oail,  asked  and  rcci'ivijd  asHi.-jtMin'c  across  the  many  j'ullit'.') 
anil  tliroiiudi  (lie  dilliiillt  |iiis.ifs.    /,'!,■</.  VvntaiL,  l7o. 

"  '  Mnado  (lucinar  l.i  Ciudad,  i  poiioi'  por  los  cimii'iito.s.'  Ali'drti.l.i,  P,cla- 
cioii,  i.   I  oil. 

"  l)iii\iil  tVoin  (■'■,  'one,'  and  'i/iiri-iiiitl,^  a  bird  similar  to  the  llamiuL'o,  fur 
a  doserii)lion  of  whieh  Nee  Xnlin'  A'l/ccv,  iii.  ,'!7I.  Ili.t  native  name  was  '!'■  [n  - 
)nd,  III.,  V.  ."i(i(),  liiit  1  have  ))referi'<'d  to  use  Ids  Me\iean  name  in  order  to 
.iviid  eonfnsiiMi,  as  another  'l\  [lepul,  lunj,' ol'  the  /iiliiLiils,  will  appeal'  later 
in  the  narrative.  'I'lir  d;ite  of  this  Milmiission  of  the  (jUmcIk'h  iniiMl  h,i\<'  been 
a  day  or  two  liefore  the  1  I  til  of  Apiil,  ell  which  day  Alvarrdo  \\rote  hisdespatell 
toCorti's,  Htuting  thai  lie  Would  leave  for  the  eity  of  (iuateliiala  on  the  name 
day,  which  was  a  Monday.  .Iiiarros  states  that  Alvarado  rrmained  eijib 
d.iys,  lleinal  |)ia/  seven  or  ei;;ht,  in  I'tatlan,  occupied  in  the  iiaciiii'ation  of 
t!ie  surronndiin^  triln  s.  dintl.,  ii.  '2'A.  Herrera  slates  tliat  the  war  terminated 
on  the  'J.ith  of  A|iiil,  w  Inch  can  only  lie  e\pl;iincd  Ky  .■■iUpposin;,'  that  Alvarado 
did  not  lei.vii  I'tatlan  on  the  lith,  as  he  intended.  Ji<rnrii,  dec,  iii.  lih.  v. 
uup,  X. 

'•' '  Kstamos  mctidpa  uii  Ui  maa  recia  Tierni  do  (lento  ipio  «o  ha  visto.' 
Jlclacion,  i.  100. 


EXSLAVEMENT.  cr.l 

lis?"  Nor  (lid  tlu"  li.MikM.ant  fail  to  report  tliat  Ins 
majesty  s  interests  lia.l  heeii  eareliilly  attended  to,  all 
eaptivrs  taken  m  the  war  liavin.,^  been  l.randed  and 
rod.H'-ed  <.  slavery."  The  i-oyal  fifth  of  these  eaptive 
guiehes  had  been  delivered  to  the  treasuror,  Baltasar 
(le  i\lend.,za,  who  sold  them  at  aiietion  for  the  better 
security  of  the  revenue. 

'*ndado,i,  i.  159;  DerncU  Diaz,  IllsL  Vu-dad.,  175. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 


THE  C.UCCIIIQUELS  AND  ZUTUGILS  MADE  .SUBJECTS  OF  SPAVIN. 

AniiL-MAY,  lo2i. 
March  to  the  CAKcniQrr.L  Cavital — AYith  a  r.Kir.uANT  Rktixt'e  Kino 

SlXACAM    CdMES    FOIITH    TO     MliliT    TIIH     SpaNIAKDS  —  Di;S(l:!I'TION     OP 

Patin'amit — Occri'ATiox  OF  THE  Cakchiqcel  Capital — Expedition 
AOAiN.sT  Tj:ri;i'rL,  Kino  of  the  ZrirciLs — The  Cliff  City  oi-  Atit- 
lan— A^VAlaI  IJattlf.— -Entuv  into  the  Stkonchold  —  RlCrONCILIA- 
TiuN  ANi>  TIetcun  to  Patinamit — LoVE  EpiSODE  OP  Alvaiiado. 

TiiK  licutcnant-ijfonGral  was  now  ready  to  advance, 
and  on  tlie  1  Itli  of  April,  1524,  lie  left  Utatlan  lor 
Patin;ii))it,  the  ea])ital  of  the  Cal;chi(|nels.*  Tlie  weak 
and  yleldinjjf  Sinacani,^  king  of  the  Cakchi<|Uels,  liad 
ah'eady  .sent  with  his  troo])S  a  present  of  gold  to 
Alvarado,  and  renewed  his  assurances  of  allogiance. 
He  now  prepared  to  meet  him  with  such  stately  i)omp 
as  w(ji)Id  he  sure  to  gratify  his  future  master.  ]]y  this 
means  ]ie  hoped  his  tottering  throne  might  he  secured 
to  him.  Servility  and  jirofuse  1ios]ntahty  would  surely 
"win  their  liearts,  he  tliought;  and  then, with  the  power- 
ful strangers  on  his  side, he  might  laugh  at  his  enemies. 

'  Alvnr.'ido'n  liim  of  in:.rcli  on  this  oofi.ision  S(;cms  to  Iimv.;  befii  CMiifniiuik'cl 
liy  ilill'i'ii  lit  iuitliors  with  routes  I'ollowid  l.y  hiiu  at  latrr  dates.  .Tti.Ti'os  wxya 
t  h;it  he  (lid  not  ]ia.''.s  throuj;!i  the  towiirf  ol'  the  coast,  l)iit  aloii;^  the  lt..:i[.':\,  roiul ; 
for  in  a  hnul  title  poHi'is  ;ed  l)y  the  Indians  of  I'ananioi,  extended  in  the  year 
]')~1,  on  th(!  loth  of  Novendier,  in  a  reference  to  a  jjlain  on  t^aid  road,  this 
i'\|ircf.,'aon  oeeurs:  '\\'iiere  they  .say  the  cauip  of  t!ie  S|i:ini:iril;-i  w;v<  iiilclied 
vhen  the  .Vdelantado  1).  Pechv)  de  Alvarailo  cnme  to  i.'on([tier  this  linid.'  (Iiiat.., 
ii.  '_'.V).  l>y  tlu.sc  reniarl;s  .luarros  supjiorts  luentes'  o]iinion  that  Ih  ■  capital 
of  til'!  (.\il;eliitpu>l  nation  was  isituated  on  the  slopes  of  the  Voleaii  de  Ay.ia. 
1  am,  howi^ver,  persuaded  that  tlio  encampment  mentioned  in  t!io  land  titlo 
tcok  ))l.ice  later,  on  the  occasion  of  Alvui'ado'n  cunpaign  .southward. 

''Va/ipiez  e.'iIKs  tliis  ruler  Jvin;;  Ahpotzot;;il,  <  'lirui'n'ii  dr  (Ivat.,  (!'!,  which 
wn.s  only  his  title.  His  pioper  name  waa  .Sinaeam,  liy  which  Im  wa;-.  ca.Ued  in 
the  hooks  of  the  cahildos  of  (iuatemala.   Jtiunvn,  OhuI.,  ii.  'JdO.     Lra.j.ieur  do 

liourboury  yivus  his  iiainc  as  Bclehe  (Jut. 

IC02| 


sixaca:m  greets  the  srANi.mDS. 


0.-3 


As  the  Spanisli  army  approached  his  capital  lie  issued 
forth  A\'ith  native  pa/^eaiitry  to  meet  it.  lie  was 
borne  aloft  by  his  nobles  on  a  litter,  beneath  a  canopy 
Avliieh  dazzled  the  eve  with  blazinu:  ornaments  of  o'old 
and  changing  hues  of  quetzal  featliers,  and  round 
him  were  the  members  of  the  roj'al  family  in  litters 
scarcely  less  conspicuous  than  his  own,  A\'jiile  a  large 
body  of  warriors,  with  their  plumed  head-dresses  and 
vrarlike  apparel,  marched  in  the  I'ear  and  on  eit!ier 
side.  Alvarado's  ixi'eetin^'  was  not  of  tluit  un  illoyed 
cordiality  which  Sinacam  had  hoped.  The  Spaniard 
Avas  suspicious.  lie  had  but  just  escaped  destruction, 
and  the  late  danger  had  tau<jjht  him  discretion.  What 
he  had  observed  on  the  march  had  not  tended  to  in- 
spire confidence  or  promote  peace  of  mind.  All  along 
tlic  route  despoiled  corpses  of  slain  Indians  had  met 
his  sight,  and  the  ground  was  discolored  witli  human 
blood.  Large  bantls  of  armed  warriors  were  every- 
where seen,  and  it  was  evident  that  the  whole  country 
was  in  arms.  But  fear  was  no  part  of  Alvarado's 
character;  therefore,  when  tlie  Icing  came  near,  he 
calmly  dismounted,  a})proached  him  wiLli  courteous 
ir.ion,  and  with  expressions  of  esteem  placed  in  his 
liands  a  rare  and  curious  piece  of  silver  jewelry;  then 
he  asked  with  sombre  brow,  "  Why  dost  thou  seoli 
to  do  me  harm,  when  I  come  to  do  thee  good?" 
Informed  of  the  meaning  of  the  words  so  sei'iously 
addressed  to  him,  and  c*)nscious  of  his  own  fiithl'ul 
intentions,  Sinacam,  with  calm  yet  somewhat  severe 
dignity  thanlc^'d  him  llrst  i'or  the  present,  replying, 
"Quiet  thy  heart,  great  captain,  r.rion  of  tlie  sun, 
anil  trust  in  my  love."  It  was  then  explained  to 
Alvarado  that  the  warlilce  demonstrations  lie  liad 
discovered  wvvc  directed  against  a  rebellious  vassnl, 
v.lio,  will)  the  aid  oi'  the  L:ings  of  the  (^uiclies  and 
the  Zutugils,  had  revolted  and  attempted  to  make 
himself  a  ruler." 


•■•././(r ;•/•'.'<.  diKif.,  ii.  '2'>\~">.     Till'  nrcninit  riven  liy  l!ic  f 'aUrliiinn  I  inniiii- 
Bcript  of  tlii.s  cuuwraatiuu  lUlI'cra  boiucwIuL  I'loiii  the  iiLovc,  aUiliiig  that  it 


Gj4 


THE  CAKCIIIQUELS  AND  ZUTUGILS. 


Alvaradd  profossed  to  be  satisfied,  and  permitted 
liiinsclf  to  he  escorted  by  the  monarch  to  the  capital* 
Patinamit,''  hke  Utatlan,  'was  situated  in  a  naturally 


took  plnco  in  tlio  palace;  that  tlie  martial  aspoct  of  tlio  population,  and  tlin 
nuuiljt'i'uf  warriors,  e.ccittMl  tlio  .siis)iioions  of  Alvarado;  and  tiiat  on  lliu  ni'.'ht 
after  liis  arrival,  iigitati'd  l)y  liis  ap[)rclK'nsion3,  he  suddenly  cntori'd  tin:  royal 
apartnii'ut.s,  follo\v(;d  by  his  oliiecrs.  His  iincxpoctcd  jircsonce  oauiicd  irrcat 
confusion,  and  tho  nobles  in  w.iitini;  rallied  round  their  sovereign.  The  con- 
versation then  folluwed,  when  Sinacani  spoke  thus:  'Would  I  have  sent  my 
warriors  and  braves  to  die  for  you  and  (ind  a  tonih  at  (inniarciuili  if  I  had 
sncli  treacherous  intentions?'  In  his  explanation,  a.lso,  tho  king  st^Jites  tiiat 
the  armed  troops  were  intended  to  be  dircctecl  against  the  provinces  of  It/.- 
euintlan  and  Atitlan,  with  which  nations  the  Cakchiriuels  were  at  war.  lira^- 
neio'  lie  Jlonrlioiiri/,  ll'isl.  Nut.  (Jii\,  G.")0-1. 

*  Bernal  Oia/.,  or  his  editor,  Iier<'  introduces  Friar  r)artt)lome  dc  O'inedo. 
His  story  is  this:  When  the  Spaniards  arrive. 1  at  (Juateniala,  Alvarado  told 
the  fi-iar  that  ho  had  never  been  so  haril  prcsseil  iis  when  ligliting  with  tho 
Indi.uis  of  Utatlan,  describing  them  as  most  brave  and  cccellent  warriors, 
and  at  ilio  same  timi;  claimed  to  himself  the  merit  of  having  done  a  good 
work.  The  friar  cliided  him,  and  saiil  it  was  (!od  \\  iio  hail  wrought  tho  lU'cd  ; 
and  in  ordir  tiiat  he  might  regard  it  as  good,  ami  aid  them  in  future,  it  wmiM 
be  well  to  give  tliaiiks  to  him,  appoint  a  holiday,  celebrate  mass,  and  picaili 
to  tlio  Indi.ms.  This  injunction  was  carried  out,  and  resulted  in  tho  baptism 
of  more  than  .30  natives  in  two  day.s.  Others  also  were  anxious  to  bo  baptized 
when  they  perceived  that  the  Spaniards  held  intercourse  more  freely  with  tho 
converts  than  with  others.   7//V/.  Vcrdail.,  17o. 

''  I'atinaniit,  or  IximcluS  called  by  Alvarado  tho  city  of  Ouateniala. 
.Tuarros  is  in  doubt  as  to  the  site  of  the  ancient  Cakchiijuel  capital.  Jt(  iiu.sal 
innkes  no  iiKiition  of  it,  though  he  sp:aks  of  the  founding  of  tiie  \'illa  do 
(iiiatemala.  l''ueiites  argues  that  it  was  not  Patiuamit,  but  a  city  on  tho 
slo|io  of  the  Volcan  dc  Agua,  occupying  the  same  position  that  San  Mig;u  1 
Tzacn.-dpa  oceuiiied  when  ho  wrote,  Jlis  reasons  arc,  lirst,  tiie  ]ir('Mer\  .i- 
tion  tif  the  Indian  name  (iuateniala,  indicating  that  the  Sp.iniards  did  not 
found  a  new  town,  but  occupied  the  existing  city ;  the  custom  of  the  S|i;in- 
ianls  being  to  give  S|)anish  names  to  cities  founded  by  them,  as  Trujillo, 
(Jranada,  Cartago,  and  others,  while  those  cities  which  were  aliendy  fouuilcd 
retained  their  native  names,  as  Mexico,  Cuzco,  Tlascala,  and  tho  like.  Again, 
as  observed  elsewhere,  the  word  (Iuateniala  is  ileiived  from  Corli'ciiKilit:/, 
which  melius  I'nl'i  dc  lir/ir,  niilkttve,  commonly  called  Yfiha  maid.  Tlii.s 
is  found  only  at  Antigua,  (iuateniala,  and  within  a  league  around,  in  which 
space,  therefore,  the  capital  must  have  stood.  But  it  was  not  siluateil 
where  Antigua  (iuat(>niala  stands,  because  that  jilaco  was  always  calhd  Pan- 
ell  'If,  or  (heat  L;ig(jon ;  nor  wli"re  the  I'ueblo  of  Ciudad  Viej.a  stamls,  which 
Kicality  was  called  Atiniitiiiira,  meaning  Gushing  Water.  Therefore  it  must 
li.ive  been  on  tlu;  spot  wlicie  stood  the  city  of  the  Spaniards,  which  w.is 
ilestroye(l  in  l.'il!,and  where  now  exists  the  little  village  of  Tzacualpa,  which 
name  in  itself  is  an  additional  argument  in  favor  of  thi:>  supposition,  inasmuch 
lis  its  meaning  is  Old  Town.  The  third  argument  of  Fnentcs  is  based  on  the 
improbability  thnt  the  Spaniiirds  would  found  a  city  in  an  iuipii]iulateil  dis- 
trict when  the  court  and  capital  of  the  Cakcliiipiels  were  at  their  command. 
( 'onseipieiiil,"  t'"'  court  of  King  Siniicam  was  situated  where  t!ie  Sininiiirds 
lirst  i^stablislieil  tliemselves,  that  is  wlu  I'o  Tzacualpa  stands.  See  also  .hnu-ron, 
(I'iKi/.,  ii.  "J,").")  !).  ^'azl|Ue/.  iniiintaiii.-i  tli.\t  this  cajiital  was  the  city  I'atiiiamit, 
niitouomastii'ally  so  called,  meaning  the  'metropolis'  or  'the  city'  ])ar  excel- 
lence. 'I'lie  locality  on  which  it  was  built  was  called  'Iximchi','  and  in  his 
own  time  Ohertinamit,  which  meaiis  Old  Town.  The  Moxicans  who  eiime 
with  the  Spaniards  called  it  Quuuhtcuiali,  meaning  rottcu  tree,  from  an  old 


PATIXAMIT. 


C.>5 


im]iron;'iial)lc  position.  It  occupied  an  elcvntcd  ]ilain, 
suri'oundcd  by  ravines,  the  side  of  wliicli  nearest 
the  citv  was  perpendicular  to  a  dejitli  of  live  or  six. 
luuuh'ed  feet.  Across  this  chasm,  at  one  point  only, 
could  entrance  into  the  capital  be  t;'ainiMl,  by  nu'Uis 
of  a  nari'ow  causeway,  which  was  (dosi'd  by  two  L?afi!- 
ways  of  stone,"  one  on  each  side  of  the  city  wall. 
This  isolated  plateau  was  about  tlu'ce  miles  loni^  and 
two  broad.  The  chronicler  Fuentes  describes  the 
remains  of  this  city  with  much  miiuiteness,  leavin^j^ 
vivid  imjiressions  of  its  former  i^randeur.  On  one 
ed_u,'e  of  the  natural  platform,  accortlinu'  to  that  writer, 
were  the  I'uins  of  a  ma;^niiict;nt  buiKiiu".,''  oik;  hun- 
dred ])aces  square,  of  extremely  well  hewn  st<)iu\ 
In  front  of  this  ethfice  extended  a  ])la:',a,  on  one  side 
of  which  were  the  remains  of  a  s[)lendid  palare,  and 
in  close  proximity  the  foundations  ot  many  residences. 


worm-ciiton  Ixiinclul  tree.     To  ilistinirnish  it  from  tlio  Ciiidad  dc  S;inti;if;o 
fi)i!iiilfil  l)y  llic  Spiiiiiards,  it  was  iiftc  rwanl  iiamcil  Tfcpau  ( JiuiU'inala,  that 
is,  Ta'ac'e  or  Itoyal  Hoiisi;  uf  I 
liy  Fuentes,  who  Kay^<  that  '1 


jf  (juatciiiala,  a  imaiiiii''  tliilcri'iit  froio  that  l'Ivvii 


Cfi'an  iiiuans  ';il)oV(,','  ri/i-i//nt,  txa  Ti'Cjiaii  / 


III,  ii  town  situatcil  on  a  nioiv  clcvati'd  site  tlian  Atitlaii 


Ti 


itv  'l'( 


Atit- 

•(.'p.'Ul 


tJuatcmala  still  exists  ahniit  half  a  leat^uu  distant  from  t! 
nioi'eover,  snpports  his  opinion  on  the  extent  and  nin'^jinliecnco  of  the  jialaci^ 
ttnd  pulilie  ))ui!dinL,'s  indicated  by  the  rains,  whieh  he  visited  in  [lerson  ;  and 
ulso  on  the  fortilled  jposition  of  the  jilaee.  Cfiroii'-'i  ilc  (,'rrif.,  7,  !•>,  li'>,  7."t ; 
Jiinrr'H,  On'il.,  ii.  'Jh'?,  "Joli-".  That  the  ar^ntnents  of  Fuentes  are  fallacious, 
lind  that  Va/(pU'/.  is  ri,i,'ht,  .Vlvarado's  (nvn  despatches  prove  almost  to  a  cr- 
t.iiiity.  In  his  rejioi't  to  ( 'ort'.'s,datcd  I  Itli  April,  .at  Utatlan,  hi;  says,  '  Fniliic  i^i 
la  Cindad  di;  (iuatcniala,  <|neestadic/  l.c^uas  do  esta,';ind  afterward  inl'ornis 


I'orti's  that  on  that  dav  he  will  leave  for  tlie  eitv  of  ( Jnaleniala 


para 


laC 


d  de( 


Iuatcniala  lames  once  i\v.  Alivil. 


At  t: 


o  nic  Jiarto 


10  commencemcii'i; 


)f  the  next  despatch  he  writes,  '  Vo,  Senor,  parti  do  la.  (.'iudad  de  I'clatan.  i 


viiH'  en  tlo.)  l)ias 
was  the  cajiital  of  the 
tertained  hy  1 
rtall 


a  esta  Cindad  de  ( Juatcma 


i-"f  theC 


la.'    \c 
ds 


\v  this  'cilv  I 


.f  ( 


uati'Uiaia 


lun,  as  wil 


iio   told   ill   the  text, 


uipicls,  aU'l  wliere  AUarado  was  on 


.1, 


d  it 


tin  k 


'u<'s  troni 


111,  11  distance  which  would  occupy  the  army  two  days,  as  Ktatod  liy 
Alvarado;  for  it  was  ditlieiilt  groninl  to  march  over,  lieiii;.;  intcrKected  l)y 
mimerou.s  ravines.  Wt-i/ntz,  Vhrnnira  ilr  (li-iit.,  7.  'Ihe  site  propjised  hy 
Fuentes  is  nearly  twii'e  the  distance!  from  T'tatlaii,  and  could  not  have  liecn 
reached  liy  the  Spaniards  in  the  short  period  of  two  days,  I'xcept  liy  very  ex- 
liali^.iii^f  and  forced  marches,  to  which  it  is  most  imiiruhahle  that  Alvar;ido 
snhji'ctcd  his  iiii'ii  wliiai  on  a  visit  to  a  friendly  ji  )wer.  A;,'aiii,  Aharado 
reports  that  when  on  his  expedition  a'rainst  Alitlan  ho  left  the  city  of  (liiatc;- 
mala  and  hy  ii  forceil  niareli  entcrcil  that  territory  the  same  day  — '  1  anduvt 


taiit.i 


'I' 


Ulle 


1  Dia  llcnui"  a 


Tien 


dist.llico  tliat   could   he   ;ici;(im. 


'ished  from  the  existiii''  ruins  of   I'utiuamit,  hut  a 


jlcan  de  Airna. 
'' .)  uarrua  ealla  it  '  chay. 


ppa 


Illy 


not  from  tlij 


CoG 


THE  CAKCIIIQUELS  AND  ZUTUGILS. 


The  city  was  (Ilvidod  by  a  ditch  runniii!:^  north  and 
south,  more  than  eight  feet  deep,  and  sunuountcd  hy 
concrete  l>rea:^t\vorks  throe  feet  hit>'h.  This  was  the 
(hvidini^  line  between  tlie  dwelhngs  of  the  nobles  and 
those  of  the  connnoners.  The  streets  were  straight 
and  v/ido,  and  extended  in  the  direction  of  the  lour 
cardinal  points.  To  the  west  was  a  mound  dominating 
the  city,  on  the  summit  of  which  stood  a  round  build- 
iu'jf  five  to  six  feet  high,  resembling  the  breastwork  of 
a  well.  Around  this  the  judges  held  courts;  but 
before  their  sentences  could  1)0  executed  they  had  to 
be  conlh-mcd  by  the  sacred  oracular  stone,  which  was 
preserved  in  a  shrine  in  a  deep  gulch.  It  is  described 
as  of  a  black  diaphanous  material,  more  precious  tluui 
tlio  ordinary  bui'Jhig  material.  In  its  gloomy  trans- 
j^aroncy  the  demon  made  visible  the  judgments  that 
were  to  be  passed.  If  no  manifestation  occurred,  the 
accused  was  released;  otherwise  tlie  sentence  was 
carried  into  efloct  on  thesame mound  whore  the  judges 
sat  in  deliberation.  This  oracle  was  consulted  also 
in  matters  of  war.'' 

King  Sinacam's  reception  of  the  guests  in  this  his 
ca})iLal  and  court  fall}^  equalled  his  promises.  Sumptu- 
ously h)dgcd,  and  bountil'ully  supplied  with  all  the 
luxuries  the  land  could  produce,  Alvarado  himself 
admits  tliat  they  could  not  have  met  kinder  treat- 
ment in  their  ov/n  land.*^  For  eight  days  the  Sj)an- 
iards  leasted,"  and  in  return  Sinacam  succeeded  in 
obtaiiiimx  the  aid  of  his  i)ow(n'iul  friojids  acrainst  his 
hostile  neighbors.  Frequent  conversations  wore  hold 
relative  t;>  the  su])jugation  of  the   Zutugils,  and  to 

''J^icrron,  Oaaf.,  ii.  iilD-t.  Tiii.s  autlior  adds  lluit  liiyh.ip  Miimiipiiii, 
liaviii;;  lie.ird  ol'  iliu  uloiic,  tvuiKOil  it  to  lio  cui.  into  a  s,|u;i!-e  and  toasecrutcil 
ns  \x\vt  oi  llio  lii";h  alt;ir  in  tlio  uluivcli  of  Tccpaii  (iiuitrnnla.  Steplifna  saw 
it  and  aay.i  that  it  is  a  I'ivce  of  common  wlato.  Iitrll.  oi'  Trarcl  in.  t'nit.  Am., 
ii.  1.);). 

"  '  Pondu  fui  mni  bicn  rci'ibido  dc  \oa  SLMiore:;  do  ulla,  que  no  jnidiora.  si-r 
mas  C'.i  ('.ivs.\,  do  inic:;;rci:i  i'adivy;  i  I'uimon  taa  provcidi'.*  do  tcjdo  lo  n>jcc.;ario, 
quo  niii;;una  cosaliovo  ialtii,'  Ah:ai\iilo,  Uilufuiii,  i.  Itll. 

"  (J;i  tlii.i  oc('::.slon  IViar  .Tiiaa  do  Tonoa  cuavcrtcd  jind  baptized  many, 
Va.~(HU'~.,  CliiViuca  dc  (jCuL,  7. 


ATITLAX. 


657 


insure  tliis  lioppy  oonsuiinnatiou  Sinacani  expatiated 
on  the  coiiteiuptiious  pride  of  Tejiepul,  king  ot"  Atit- 
laii,'"  and  liis  further  wickethiess  in  not  tenderinij^ 
alloL'-iance  to  the  Teules."  It  seems  that  the  ZutuL;il 
ruler  had  incurred  the  liatred  of  Sinacani  by  u^iviiij^ 
assistance  to  liis  rehcUious  vassal,  Ac|)oca(Hiil,'"  and 
inakinj^  nocturnal  incursions  into  the  Cakchi(jucl  ter- 
ritory by  means  of  canoes.  These  outrages  \\(iro 
])rom|)ted  partly  by  his  reliance  on  the  inii)re'j;'nal)le 
])osition  of  his  city,  situated  on  the  lianging  chlfs 
above  Lake  Atitlan,  seven  leagues  from  ]*atinainit. 
Alvai'ado  re(|uired  little  pei'suasion  to  engage  in  his 
favorite  pastime  of  ij^old-huntiuii;  and  bloud-lettinLT. 
]le  was  well  aware  of  the  supercilious  nature  of 
Tepcpul,  and  had  already  detei'mined  to  visit  him  in 
person.  While  at  Utatlan  Ive  had  sent  lour  mes- 
sengers to  the  court  of  Atitlan,  bearing  the  usual 
requirement;  but  the  haughty  monarch,  instead  of 
paying  the  respect  due  to  so  important  a  demand,  put 
the  messengers  to  death.  This  rut!le<l  Alvarado, 
though  it  did  not  dishearten  him.  "  I  think,"  he 
writes  to  Cortes  respecting  this  city,  "that  with  the 
hel[)  of  our  Jjord  we  shall  soon  bi'ing  it  to  the  service 
of  his  Malestv."'^ 

Alvarado  would  liel[)  King  Sinacam,  but  first  ho 
.v'ould  like  some  momy  for  ti-avelling  e\'pens(js.  This 
reasonable  reipiest  could  not  be  refused;  not  only  was 
the  treasui'e  house  of  l*atinamit  emptied,  but  the 
entire  district,  so  far  as  j)ossible,  wrs  stri|)[>ed  of  its 
gok I,  jewels,  and  whatever  the  Spaniards  regarded  as 


'"Atithiii,  ill  tlio  Pijiil  l.iUL'iiMV'o  '  Coitoo  do  Ai;uii,'  or  '  Water  C'lU'lor.' 
Tliis  is  iicL'iirdiii^c  t<i  .liuuros,  wliostatcs  tliiit  tin;  placiMvas  also  I'allcil  Al/ii[ui- 
liixai,  wliiili  in  the  (^Juichi'  laiimia;,'e  si;.'iiilics  '  Himsi'  of  tin;  IIm'.Ic.'  tVoiii 
tlic  ilo\"icu  (if  the  kinj,'s,  wlio  wore  ns  tlieir  royal  eiiihleiii  an  i!a;.'le  lasliioned 
from  the  ]iliiines  of  tlic  (luelzal.  dinif.,  24.").  'reniaux-ComjiaiiH  \vroii';!y  iii- 
ter|)ret.s  it  '  watereolirsse,'  '  eoiir.s  d'eaii.'    I'",'/.,  .si'rie  i.  toiii.  x.  410. 

"  It.s  rt'al  iiiuaiiiiij,',  however,  is  '  lierocH' or  '  deiiii.Lrods.' 

''^  All  iiisurreotioii  of  the  |iriiiei]ial  citien  of  the  iiioiiarehy  had  liecii  pro- 
moted by  tlii.s  eaei(|iie.  Theses  eitics,  accordin;,'  to  VaZ([iie/,  \\K:m  Teepan 
Atitlan  and  otlu'is  of  that  proviiur,  while  ]'"ueiites  helieveH  them  to  have  bueu 
Teeiian  ( luatemala  and  its  dependelieie.s.   Jiianvf,  (liial.,  ii.  277. 

'^  Alcurad",  /I'lliirinii,  i.  KiO. 

Hist.. Cek,  Am.,  Vol.  I.    43 


Co8 


THE  CAKCniQUFXS  AXD  ZUTUGILS. 


(lof;iral)l(\"  After  tliis  tJio  Spaniards  wore  ready  i( 
pass  into  the  next  district  anil  levy  like  tribute,  with 
or  without  Woodshed. 

In  onler  to  proceed  witli  rej^ulnrity,  Alvarado 
ai^ain  sent  envoys  to  Atitlan,  deniandinuj  that  Tepepul 
should  cease  hostilities  against  the  Cakchi(|uels,  wlio 
were  the  allies. of  the  Teules,  and  ap^ain  t'le  ruler  ths- 
played  his  contempt  by  putting  to  death  tlio  messen- 
gers.^'' Thereupon  Alvarado  set  out  with  sixty  cavah'V, 
o\u)  lumdred  and  tiftv  infantry,  and  a  large  body  of 
Cakcliiquels,  commanded  by  their  chief-;.^'^  jNIeeting 
no  opposition  he  advanced  with  thirty  liorsc  to  the 
heiu'ht  above  the  lake,  and  descende<l  over  difficult 
ground  to  a  level  plain  that  lay  in  front  of  a  fortified 
rock  in  the  water.  This  was  approachable  only  by 
means  of  a  narrow  causeway,  intersected  at  ditFerent 
points  by  wooden  bridges.  Near  by  the  enemy  were 
now  discovered  drawn  up  in  two  bodies,  each  eight 
thousand  strong.  They  advanced  at  one  to  the  at- 
tack, armed  with  lances,  bows  and  ari'ows,  and  other 
weaj)ons,  protected,  moreover,  by  cotton  corselets. *'' 
As  the  rest  of  his  forces  were  not  far  Ix.'liind,  Alva- 
rado did  not  hesitate  to  charge,  and  when  the  in- 


"  '  Le  (lieroii  imiclios  prcsontcs  de  oro  y  plata  y  joyas  cii  <.',rcLn  cantiiliid.' 
Iht/ilh't:.,  J'rm'cKO  coiilfd  Alrarmlo,  7,  -."),  "JS  et  S('i|. 

'''A  l<is  (|n!ilcs  inataroii  sin  teiiior  niiiLruiif).'  Alrfi-id/n,  Udarion,  i.  Kil. 
l^icnial  l)iaz  Htates  tluit  Alvarailo  sent  messungurs  on  three  several  occasions. 
ninU  V'l-.lwl.,  17r>. 

'"  IJenial  Diaz  allirnis  tliat  Alvarailo  took  vith  liiin  more  than  140  soldiarn, 
of  wh'ini  twenty  were  cross-lwwnicn  and  ai'(|uei)usii'rs,  and  40  hur.'n'nien,  with 
'JOOO  (  Uiati'nialans.  It  ninst,  liowever,  be  eoaeludcd  that  the  statements  of 
till'  'trne  liistorian'  witii  re.;anl  to  the  eonipiest  ot  (iiiatemala  I'annot  )>"  relied 
on  as  exact,  since  he  admits  tliat  1k^  was  not  present:  'V  estodi<;o,  jM>;(iue  no 
nie  liall'^  en  estas  Conquistas.'  Il'isl.  Virihul.,  l7">-(i.  I'ra.ssinir  de  lioui'- 
houri.'  also  states  that  "JOIH)  ('alvehi(|U''ls,  commanded  liy  tlie  Alipotzt)tzil  and 
tile  Ahpoxaliil,  accompanied  tlio  Spaniards.  Hi.il.  X<tt.  '  '//•.,  iv.  li.12.  Juarros, 
givi  s  the  I'orces  as  consisting,'  of  40  liorse,  100  foot,  and  •_':)  1  H  luateniaians.  It 
is  (piite  e\ident  tliat  tliis  antlior  ne\'er  consulteil  Alvarado's  despatches,  jud;.;- 
in;,'  iViim  the  many  instances  of  clironoloyical,  nnnierical,  and  other  (.till'erences. 


Alvara<I(j  says  he   marched  so  rapidly  that  lie  re; 


t'lK'  territory  of  tho 


ZutnLfils  tlie  same  day  on  which  lie  left  tlie  city  of  ( lualiniala.  Juarros  writes, 
'Caminalia  li  convenientes  jornadas.'  O'liat.,  27S.  Sala/ar  follows  liernal 
Diaz.   Coi/'i.  Me.v.,  VM. 

''Juarros  states  tliat  these  forces  were  stationed  upon  tlie  peilol,  or  insular 
rock,  but  were  so  harassed  by  the  crossdiowmen  that  they  sallied  and  yavo 
fight  to  the  Spaniards  on  the  plain.  O'luU.,  ii.  '27^. 


THE  CITY  T/VKEN. 


CJ9 


fantry  soon  came  up  the  onixapfeniont  lioramo  cfcmral. 
For  sonic  tini(^  it  was  most  obstinati-ly  maintaiiUMl, 
iind  nuniliers  of  the  Spanlsli  soldiers  were  wouiidi'd. 
The  cavalry,  however,  succeeded  as  ever  in  breakiii'ijf 
the  enemy's  lines,  relievinj:^  the  Jiard-pressed  toot- 
soldiers,  wlio  thereupon  rallied  and  renewed  their 
ettbrts  so  vigorously  as  soon  to  send  tin-  enemy  rushi!i'^ 
tor  the  stronghold.  The  pursuing  horsemen  arrived 
at  the  causeway  as  soon  as  the  fugitives;  hero  they 
were  obliged  to  dismount,  as  the  place  was  impassahhi 
for  horses;  yet  they  followed  the  Indians  so  closely 
that  no  time  was  t'iven  to  destroy  the  brid<j:es,  and 
the  Spaniards  entered  the  fort  with  them.  The 
iniantry  soon  came  up,  and  though  the  Zutugils 
struggled  desperately  to  maintain  their  position,  the 
volleys  of  the  anpiebnsiers  made  such  havoc  in  their 
ranks  that  at  last  they  ])limge(l  into  the  lake  and 
swam  to  a  nei<jfhborin<>'  island,  whence  nanv  of  tliem 
esca[)ed  before  the  tardy  arrival  of  three  hundred 
Cakchiquel  canoes. 

That  evening,  after  sacking  all  the  houses  on  the 
I'ocic,  Alvarado  pitched  his  canij)  in  a  field  of  mai/e. 
On  the  following  morning  he  implored  divine  ])rotec- 
tion  and  marched  against  Atitlan.  lie  found  the  city 
abandoned,  his  capture  of  what  they  regarde<l  as  un 
impregnable  strongliold  in  the  lake  having  so  discom- 
fited the  Zutugils  that  they  dared  not  contend  with 
him  for  their  eity.  At  mid-day  he  took  up  position 
in  the  capital,  and  at  once  set  about  to  overrun  and 
devastate  the  country;  but  it  was  so  rugg(.'d  that  the 
men  could  witli  dilficultjMnove,  and  he  was  obliged  to 
content  himself  with  destroying  some  plantations  (^f 
maize  and  cacao. ^^  lie  succeeded  in  making  a  few 
captives,  three  of  whom  were  despatclied  to  King 
Te})epul  with  the  usual  demand  of  submission,  accom- 
panied by  threats  in  case  of  refusal.  Perceiving  the 
necessity,  the    Zutugil    monarch   gracefully  yielded. 


"*  '  I  por  la  mucha  agrura  de  la  Tierra,  como  digo,  no  se  inato  maa  Gcnte.' 
Alvarado,  Rdacion,  i.  IG'2. 


6G0 


THE  CAKCHIQITELS  AND  ZUTOULS. 


whereupon  tlie  conqueror  became  gfracions.  Pic  com- 
plimented the  Zutiigils  for  their  bravery,  pinioned 
their  offences,  and  exhorted  them  to  remain  faitht'iii, 
and  to  make  no  more  war  on  such  of  their  neii;'hl)or,s 
as  were  the  recognized  subjects  of  the  king  of  Spain. 
To  give  efficacy  to  his  words  he  built  a  stroni;  fort  in 
a  suitable  position,  and  left  in  it  four  hundred  and 
eighteen  men,  Spaniards  and  ]\[exican  allies,  under 
th(!  command  of  Hector  de  Chaves  and  Alonso  del 
Pulgar.     Then  he  returned  to  Patinamit.^' 

Within  three  days  the  lords  of  the  lake  district 
presented  themselves,  with  presorits  of  gold  and  rai- 
ment. They  expressed  joy  at  becoming  vassals  of  his 
majesty  of  Spain,  for  wars  and  woes  should  thence- 
forth be  unknown  among  them.  The  Spanish  com- 
mander Avas  extiemely  affable  as  he  presented  his 
visitors  with  some  glass  trinkets,  of  great  value  in 
tlieir  eyes,  and  dismissed  them  with  every  demonstra- 
tion of  affection.*" 


Perhaps  one  reason  why  the  play  of  Helen  of  Troy 
was  not  oftener  performed  by  the  Spanish  conquerors 
in  America  was  on  account  of  the  cheapness  of  women 
there.  There  might  be  lacking  gold,  or  pearls,  or 
provender,  but  seldom  was  a  peojile  found  so  poor  that 
they  could  not  furnish  the  army  a  liberal  su[)})ly  of 

"  About  the  miildle  <.if  May,  according  to  the  Cakchiquel  manuscript. 
Benial  Diaz  Ktatcs  tliat  Olincdo  preached  the  gospel  to  the  Indians,  and  cele- 
Imited  mass  on  an  altar  wliioh  they  erected.  The  friar  also  put  u\>  an  imago 
of  the  virgin,  wiiieli  Ciaray  had  brought  uvd  given  him  when  he  died.  //i4. 
Verdiid.,  170. 

'^  Alrarailo,  Jiilnrinn,  in  Unrcia,  i.  lGl-'2;  Benin!  D'inz,  lli-'l.  Vd-ilad,, 
17");  GoiiKird,  /lis/.  Mr.r.,  '2.W-1;  llcmra,  dec.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  x.;  Orici/o,  iii. 
4S0-1;  Jiiarro-i,  d'nnf.,  ii.  277-S();  Brnsmiir  ilr  Uourhoitr'j,  ]li.<t.  Ka>.  dr., 
iv.  0.')'2-.").  In  a  memorial  addressed  by  the  chiefs  of  Atitlan  to  Pliilip  II., 
and  dated  February  I,  \'~,\,  it  is  stated  tliat  when  .Vlvarado  came  into  the 
country  he  was  received  in  a  friendly  spirit  at  Atitlan;  that  no  one  took  up 
arms  against  him,  but  that  valuable  presents  were  made,  while  each  town 
and  village  paid  tribute  according  to  its  means.  Xuinlicrs  of  tlioir  prin- 
cipal men  accompauieil  him  on  his  future  campaigns,  and  lost  their  lives 
in  his  service.  I'riiinii.v-Coiiipaii.^,  I'",'/.,  serie  i.,  torn,  x.,  410-20.  Though 
the  Atitlan  campaign  was  loss  sanguinary  than  the  previous  ones,  tliis  contra- 
diction of  all  accounts,  in  stating  that  the  Spaniards  were  peaceably  received, 
must  have  proceeded  from  anxiety  on  the  part  of  the  natives  to  gain  some  favor 
or  obtain  some  redress. 


ALV.VR.VDO  IN  LOVE. 


GGl 


pretty  slave  oiils.  Less  is  found  in  tlie  chronicles  of 
this  kind  of  trallic  than  of  the  tratlio  in  gold  and  the 
trallie  in  pearls.  The  merchandise  of  morality,  or 
rather  of  innnorality,  was  less  [)ortable  than  the  other 
kinds.  Women  were  to  use  and  thi'ow  away;  t^old 
would  keep;  while  [)earls  were  usually  a  staple  article 
in  the  Spanish  nation. 

Now  the  pious  Alvarado,  next  to  hi«  delectahle 
master  Cortes  the  most  pious  pirate  in  all  the  Indies, 
had  tasted  every  iniquity  condemned  in  his  most  holy 
scrijiturcs  except  that  invented  and  acted  by  the  sweet 
psalmist  of  Israel.  He  had  severally  broken  eveiy 
connnandment  of  the  decalogue,  then  he  had  })Ut  tlui;! 
together  and  had  broken  them  in  every  conceival)]e 
coml)ination.  But  while  maidens  were  so  plump  and 
plenty  he  had  never  felt  the  desire,  like  good  King 
I)avid,  to  go  after  the  wife  of  any  Uriah  the  Ilittite. 
But  while  enjoying  the  luxurious  hospitality  of  the 
Cakci)I<juel  capital,  with  a  world  to  give  for  a  new 
sensation,  Alvarado's  eye  fell  on  the  beautiful  Sucliil,'-^ 
wife  of  King  Sinacam.  In  some  respects  it  was  the 
Israelitish  tale  reversed,  for  Sinacam  was  by  no  means 
a  poor  man  in  respect  of  women,  nor  ^^as  Suchil  his 
only  ewe  land).  The  susceptible  heart  of  the  dashing 
conmiander  was  smitten  by  the  graces  of  this  queen, 
and  he  resolved  to  possess  her.  Being  a  conqueror, 
with  a  king  for  a  slave,  he  might  have  obtained  his 
desire  by  the  simple  demand;  but  in  those  days  there 
was  something  saci-ed  in  royalty,  even  in  heatlion  and 
captive  royalty.  Sinacam  was  now  an  acknowledged 
subject  of  Spain,  and  as  such  possessed  rights;  besidis, 
that  was  not  the  way  set  forth  by  the  bright  exemplar 
of  his  faith. 

Upon  some  pretext,  therefore,  Sinacam  was  arrested 
and  put  in  irons.     Gold  was  then  demanded,  and  }'et 

^' Olio  -witness  at  tlie  trial  of  Alvarado  in  la'JS-O  statos  tliat  lie  iKanl 
this  iici-scin  Avas  a  sister  of  the  king,  hut  from  the  statement  containeil  in  the 
charge,  and  supjioited  V)y  many  witnesses,  it  can  only  be  inferred  tliat  slie 
Avas  one  of  the  wives  of  the  monarch.  Raiiiircz,  Prnri-.-<o  ciilra  Alrrinu/n,  7, 
12-,  iiassim.  IJrassenr  de  Bourbourg's  version  is  that  Sucliil  was  the  wife  of 
ouc  of  the  highest  dignitaries  of  the  crown.  Jlist.  2\'al.  Civ.,  iv.  GoG. 


662 


THE  CAKCHIQUELS  AXD  ZUTUGILS. 


more  gold.  It  was  the  old  method  of  making  the 
penalty  supply  the  place  of  guilt  and  condoninatioii. 
Then  Suchil  was  seized,  I  do  not  say  unwillingly,  for 
tlie  Spanish  commander  was  fair  and  fascinating,  and 
the  Cakchiquel  queen  was  after  all  but  a  woman. 
Above  all  things  on  earth,  or  beyond  the  earth,  8ina- 
cani  regarded  her — and  for  her  restoration  he  offered 
more  jewels,  and  pretty  maidens,  ay,  the  daughters  of 
cliieftains,  by  the  hundred.  Alvarado  refused  the 
prayer  but  not  the  offering.  When  love  had  cooled 
ho  released  the  king  and  went  his  way.-^ 


■•''TIic  defence  set  up  hy  Alvarado  when  charged  with  this  outrage  ia 
excecdinjjly  weak.  He  had  been  deceived  by  the  Cakchiqutl  uoliles,  he  said, 
who,  not  wishing  him  to  march  fartiier  south,  made  false  representations 
regarding  tlie  d'ilicultios  he  would  meet  with.  A  Spanisli  soldier  named 
TaLoii  rt']K)rt('d  that  a  slave  girl  described  the  coinitry  as  fair  and  rvli ;  uitou 
which  Alvarado  connnanded  her  to  be  brought  forward.  Thi.H  was  persi.teiitly 
refused  Ijy  tlie  cliiefs,  luitil  he  seized  one;  then  an  Indian  girl  of  noble  birth 
was  produced,  but  not  tlie  riglit  one.  '  lie,  however,  importuned  tiieni  much,' 
and  iiiially  Suchil  was  delivered  up  to  him.  The  reader  will  appreciate  tlio 
probability  of  tliis  story  wlien  ho  considers  how  likely  it  was  that  ilie  Cak- 
chicpiel  ncijl'.'s  woidd  seek  to  deter  Alvarado  from  proceeding  against  tlieir 
national  enemies.  I'ainirez,  Pi-ocw  contni  A  Inirado.  See  question  and  charge, 
xvii.  and  xix.,  pp.  7  and  57,  Alvarado's  reply,  p.  77-3,  aad  testimony. 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 


EXPEDITION    TO    SALVADOR. 

1524. 

Campaign  agai.vst  iTzcnxTLAN- — A   Rorriii   March — The   Town    Shr. 
I'liisKD — Dlsi'diiate   Defk.vce — Alvaiiado   Di;ti:fimi\ks   to    ]'"\i'i.(>nE 

STlIL     I'AUTHEU     SOUTII — CllOSSINd     HIE     KlVEi:      MlCIIATUYAT  — TlIE 

Si'ANiAr.Ds   Come  to   ATiQnrAC,  TACCVLrLA,   Taxis(jo,   Nancinti.ax, 

AND  I'aZACO— TUK  To' .'NS  DksEHTED  —  I'uISONEO  STAKES  AND  CaMNE 
SaCKIEICE — EnTEK  SaLVADOU — iloQTIZALCO  AND  AcATEPEO  —  IjATTLES 
OF  Ac'AJrTLA  AND  TaCUXCAU'O  —  Bl.OOD-TUIK.STINESS  OF  THIS  CoN- 
QUEUOU  —  IvNTltV  INTO  CUZCATL^Vy  -L'LIO.  •"'  OF  THE  iNILVJiU'ANTS  — 
llETCJtN    TO    1'aTINAMIT. 

While  roccivini^  at  Patinamit,  after  tlio  ZutLiL,al 
cainpaii^n,  the  fealty  of  numerous  cbieftnins  of  the 
southern  coast  provinces,  Alvarado  was  told  tliat  the* 
district  of  Itzeuintlan^  defied  him.  Antl  with  their  re- 
fusal to  acx  ■■  |)t  the  beneiits  of  Christian  civilization  cei'- 
taiu  irriratiii;^  expressions  of  contempt  were  ri.^[)orted 
to  have  been  uttered  by  the  ruler  of  the  province. 
Chiefs  of  other  tribes  who  wished  to  pass  thre-ULj;']!  it, 
in  order  to  tender  alle»,dance  to  the  Spaniards,  were 
(leterred  and  insulted,  and  the  con(pi(.'rov  was  chni- 
len^'ed  to  enter  the  land."  Somewhat  rutlled  by  tlh  se 
bold  proceeding's,  the  impetuous  commander  n)arched 
n<.^ainst  Itzcuintlan  with  all  his  available  force,  Span- 
ish hoi'se  luul  loot,  and  a  lai'ge  body  of  (Quiche's  and 

'  The  n.'ttivo  iinino  of  the  chief  tnwn,  riinatnoiit,  wan  kimw n  i'l  tlw.  tiiiio  nf 
Viizqil'jz  us  /«jiiiiifi'pi(jiif,  Alvjinulo  calls  it  Jsrni/n'i  fn'i/:!/',  Ili  hir'cii,  i.  JCi'Jj 
JIotTiMM,  Y -■■liiliif'  )vi\  due.  iii.  Ill),  v.  cap.  x.;  (Jniiiai-a,  iyiiiii/c/nc,  J/in/, 
J'ci'.,  '2'M.   It.siiiDiioni  a]ti)(^llatioii  i.s  Ksi'uiiit':i.   Sco  also  \(h'iir  /.Vav.v,  v.  (i()7. 

'^  '  Dicioiiil.iK.'s,  (|Uo  ailomii'  ihaii,  i  ((iin  oian  loi.'ns,  hIiio  cim^  iiiu  ilcjaHon  tx 
mi  ir  alia,  i  i(Ue  todos  mo  ilaii.in  Oucrra.'  A/rtir"'/",  llrJackm,  i.  I'l'J;  lUr- 
rera,  dec.  iii.  lib,  v.  cap.  x.;  tj'oinutHi,  Jliat,  JShx.,  '.iiU, 

[003] 


CC4 


EXPEDITION  TO  SALVADOR. 


Cake  hiqucls.^  It  was  a  very  rough  country  through 
"whieli  he  had  to  pass.  Roads  there  were  none,  other 
than  mere  tracks  throuu'li  tlie  thick  woods,  for  in- 
tcrcoursc  with  Itzcuint^vu  had  heen  ahnost  entirely 
closed, owing  to  incessant  war;  hut  these  circuuistances 
favored  a  secret  entrance  into  the  hostile  territory. 
For  three  days  they  forced  their  way  throu'-h  an 
iniinliahitahle  tract  ahnost  closed  to  man  hy  tro[)ical 
undergrowth,  which  required  constant  application  of 
axe  and  knife,  so  that  one  day  they  were  unable  to 
])roceed  more  than  two  leagues.  On  reac]iin<''  the 
province  it  was  found  covered  with  thick  plantations 
alternating  with  swamps.  Such  ground  being  no  place 
for  horses,  the  arquebusiers  took  the  front,  and  ad- 
vanced upon  the  town  from  three  different  qnartei's. 
It  was  raining  heavily  at  the  time,  a  shower  prelimi- 
nary to  the  season  of  rain,  and  the  sentinels  had 
retired,  so  that  the  surprise  was  complete.*  Unable 
to  anil  or  unite,  the  inhabitants  lied  to  the  woods  to 
escape  the  swords  of  the  con(|uerors.  In  the  fort, 
however,  which  conunanded  the  town,  a  considerable 
body  of  warriors  had  o'athered,  who  olfered  a  dv- 
termined  resistance,  wounding  many  S])aniards  and 
causing  gre;it  loss  to  the  Indian  auxiliaries.  After  live 
hours  of  unavailing  attemjtts  to  gain  possession  of  (ho 
stronghold,  the  enraged  Alvarado  set  lire  to  the  ])lace. 
The  brave  defenders  aj)pear  to  have  escaped,  tlundis 
to  the  heavy  rain  and  the  proximity  of  the  sur- 
rounding woods.    Indeed,  accordinix  to  Alvarado's  ov\  n 


'  JiiaiTOR,  followed  by  Rrti-sscur  do  noiirliourjr,  stnti's  tliiit  tlio  army,  v  lu-ii 
ill  It.x'uiiifhiii,  c'liiisisti'd  (if  "-ViO  S]i!iiiish  iiit'antry.  100  cavalry,  and  (iOOt) 
(lu,itoi'ial:m  and  othcf  Indians,  d'liii!.  (cd.  London.  ISJ.'i.)  "J'J!).  \'>\v,  Alva- 
rado a  littK'  lati'i-  in  tins  cani[iaii;n  states  that  liu  had  lot)  iiit'antry,  100  liorsc, 
and  r)()00  or  (JOOO  Indian  aiixiliarii.'s.  This  nniiiher  of  infaiitrv  is  more  jn'oba- 
l)ly  correct  than  that  given  by  .hiarros.  Alvaiailo  had  only  I'OO  infantry 
wlieli  ho  left  Mexico,  and,  thoiiiih  tew  had  been  killed,  nuirlK'rs  veio 
wonnded,  and  lie  had  left  {,'ariisons  at  various  [ilaces.  /icliirn'ii,  i.  bill.  That 
lie  should  leavo  It/euintlan  willi  "J.M) Spanish  foot-sohlieis  and  lose  10()(if  them 
in  n  few  veeks  is  a  siiii|iositi(>n  that  cannot  bo  entei  t;iined.  .Inarros  ap|  ears 
to  have  followed  (Soinaia,  //lul.  ^fl.v.,  'JliJ,  who  f:ives  t!ie  above  llirnres, 

'  \o  smnnions  of  surrender  was  sent,  which  omission  was  bi'im,L,'ht  forward 
ns  a  cliarire  aj;aiiist  thu  ooininander  lit  a  later  date.  Ituminz,  J'riMX.iu  Ci'/i'iu 
Alcunulo,  7,  57  et  sui^. 


CONQUEST  OF  ITZCUINTL.^. 


CCj 


statement,  lie  did  no  luirni  lu'vond  burninij  the  town.^ 
The  subjection  of  the  district  was  not  yet  acconipHshed, 
however,  and  niessenu'ers  were  sent  to  the  ruler  with 
the  usual  sunnnons  and  threats.  If  they  persisted 
in  kec[)in^^  aloof  and  refusing  to  submit,  their  lands 
and  coi-niields  would  be  devastated,  and  they  and 
their  cliikh'en  made  slaves.  This  menace  had  the 
desired  eifect;  the  cacique  and  his  chiefs  submitted 
and  swore  obedience,  and  durinj^  the  ei^iit  days  Alva- 
rado  remained  in  this  place  a  number  of  the  surround- 
iuLi'  towns  siut  in  their  all^u'lanco.  But  the  restless 
spirit  of  both  leader  and  men  was  not  to  be  satisfied 
wiih  the  subjugation  of  one  province  only.  The  lieu- 
tenant-general had  heard  exciting  accounts  of  immense 
cities  and  woiRlerful  palaces,  and  discovery  was  almost 
as  attractive  to  him  as  paciiication.  Ife  had  already 
informetl  Cortes  tliat  it  was  his  intention  to  winter 
lif^y  or  one  hundred  leagues  beyond  (Guatemala.  As 
an  additional  incentive  he  had  received  positive  infor- 
mation that  a  march  of  twenty-live  days  from  Guate- 
mala would  briiiij:  him  to  the  end  of  the  land:  if  that 
should  prove  to  be  the  case  he  was  coniiilent  of  iind- 
ing  soon  the  famous  strait,  for  which  so  many  were 
searching."  Besides  the  strait  he  desired  also  to  find  a 
harbor  where  he  could  construct  vessels  for  exploring 
the  coast  at  a  later  date.  Already  a  great  soldier,  he 
desired  to  become  also  a  gi'eat  discoverer.  Even  the 
rainy  season,  which  has  just  set  in,  should  not  tleter 
him,  though  his  dilliculties  would  be  greatly  increased 
thereby. 

Starting  southward,  tlicn,  from  Itzcuinilan.  the 
first  dillicultv  eiicounte'red  b\'the  nrniv  was  the  Biver 

■'.hianiis  states  lliat  tliis  was  a  iiiirlit  attack,  and  that  tlu'  iiilialiitaiits  wcro 
nsle('i)  wIr'11  tliu  Spauiards  I'lilticil ;  nonial  I'iaz  ^ays  that  it  uc.iund  in  tho 
luoniing. 

'•'TamWcn  mo  han  tlioho,  nun  cinco  .Toniadas  ndi'limtc  do  vnaCiudai',  mui 
gra'ido,  iiitc  ost;i  voint^i  Jni-nadas  do'  (i(|ui,  so  aoalia  osta  TiiTiu.  .  .si  nsi  os, 
I'orlisiino  tcn.no  ([Uo  cy  ol  I'lstroolio.'  Alninulu.  Ilihuion,  i.  llJO.  I'ohu'/ orro- 
iicDiisIy  luakoa  tlds  canipai^'u  follnw  the  nihu'tioii  oi  ^^ixl•l),  Sai'atoixMp.U', 
Ma-.atciiaiiiro,  eto.  Mini,  (•'iiuf.,  i.  •!.")  -Ki.  \'a/<iiio/.  thus  d;  siTJlios  it :  'Siu 
doj.ir  his  arnias  do  his  luaiius,  jd  dia  al,L,'Uii(i  dc  liatalhir  iii  h^s  l'u(i>lo8  ilo  lit 
tostu,  corrio  cunio  uu  ruyu,  t;i  y  su  Excixito. '  L'hrunka  de  livut.,  7. 


606 


EXPEDITIOX  TO  SALVADOR. 


Micliatoyat/  wliicli  could  bo  crossed  only  by  bridging. 
The  first  town  reached  was  Ati(|uipac,^  where  the  Span- 
iards were  amicably  received,  but  at  sunset  the  people 
abandoned  their  homes  and  lied  to  the  mountains.^ 


'  Lact,  OKilliy,  and  Kiepcrt  write  ]'.  Michrito>/a. 

^  Culled  Atit'iKir  by  Alvarado;  ( 'a<t!/iur  ]>y  (iomara;  Atir/uipca/uc  by  Jiiar- 
ros;  A/lrpuc.  liy  JJraHSCiir  de  ]!oiiib()ing;  and  by  Ixtlilxochitl,  in  l/orr/ljlc-i 
Cnirldadix,  09,  Culu.  Alvarado  states  that  both  the  language  and  race  of 
people  were  hero  diH'crent. 

'■'  lidinh-c-,  PrurcKi)  rniifni  Alrnrarhi,  7-S  ct  seq.  The  account  given  by 
.Tuarros  diilers  so  much  from  Alvarado's  that  I  can  give  tlie  former  Ijiit  little 
coii.si<icration  in  the  text.  It  is  to  this  cll'eet:  After  crossing  the  rivei-  the 
Spaniards  were  attacked  Viy  a  largo  body  of  Indians,  ami  an  obstinate  battle 
ensued,  in  which  Alvarado  was  dismounted  Ijy  a  chief,  who  wounded  his 
horse  v^ith  a  lance.  Alvarado  then  attacked  tlie  Indian  on  foot  and  killed 
him.  The  victory  was  for  some  time  doubtful,  but  passed  lijially  to  the 
Spaniards.  On  the  following  day  they  entered  the  deserted  town,  where 
behjre  long  they  were  again  attacked  by  a  fresh  body  of  the  eneniy.  Coopeil 
in  the  narrow  streets,  the  Sjianiards  could  not  act,  and  retreated  to  op(;n 
ground,  where  they  ,soon  threw  the  Indians  into  disorder. 

Alvarado';'  de.s])atches  to  f 'ort-.'s,  J'</'irioii  ilc  Alrnnnlo,  form  the  base  of 
tliat  ]ioi'ti()n  of  the  eon(|uest  of  (Guatemala,  whicli  lie^ins  M-ith  the  departure 
of  the  Spaniards  from  Soeonusco  and  terminates  with  the  founding  of  the 
Ciudad  de  Santiago  at  ratinaniit.  Two  only  of  these  reports  are  extant ;  that 
th<!re  was  at  least  one  more  is  certain  from  the  opening  liiu;  of  the  iirst, 
wherein  Alvarailo  states  that  he  had  wiitteu  from  Soeonusco ;  '  de  Soneomiseo 
C'scrivi  a  Vue-<tra  Magestad.'  It  might  bo  supposed,  from  the  ox]iression 
'  Vuestra  ^Nlagestad,'  that  the  letter  was  addressed  to  the  king  of  Spain;  tiie 
conclusion,  however,  proves  that  such  was  not  the  case,  as  Alvarado  reipicsts 
Corti'S  to  )-e]X)rt  his  services  to  his  ^Majesty.  'Magestad'  is  pi'obably  a  mis 
piint  for  'Merced,'  or  an  incorrect  reading  of  the  manuscript.  These  de- 
.s]iatches  were  iirst  published  at  Toledo,  October  20,  l.rj.j,  with  the  fourth 
ri'ijort  of  Cortes  to  the  king  of  Spain.  They  were  afterward  translated  into 
Italian  by  llimmsio  and  luddished  at  Venice  in  l.")!!.!.  In  174!)  Bareia,  a 
member  of  the  royal  council,  reproduced  them,  in  ]\Ia<lrid,  in  his  collection 
of  the  works  of  the  chronicli;rs,  and  it  may  be  remarked  that  B^imusio'a 
translation  does  not  always  agree  with  this  Spanish  edition.  Ternaux- 
Compans  translated  llanuisio's  \eision  into  ]''rench  and  pulilished  the  let- 
ters at  Paris,  iu  IS.'iS,  in  his  Collection  of  Voyages.  Alvarado's  stylo  is 
(dear  and  simple,  terse  and  vigorous,  ami  his  descriptions  .are  vivid.  That 
lie  did  not  report  all  his  pi-oeeedings  to  Coi'ces  is  evident  from  the  Prnci.-n) 
vDiilrii  A/vitmilo,  already  frecpu'ntly  (puited,  iu  which  mimerous  acts  of 
cruelty,  outrage,  ami  embe/zlement  are  charge(l  against  him.  Yet  there 
is  no  just  reason  to  doubt  tlie  truthfulness  of  his  narrations  so  far  as  they 
go,  since  they  are  Hu|)]iorted  1)y  good  authorities.  It  is  su|ipression  and 
not  misre])i-eseutation  of  facts  that  can  Ite  charged  ag.ainst  him.  In  these 
two  despatches  the  writer  has  portrayed  his  own  eharaeter  most  clearly. 
His  energy,  recklessnes,;,  ami  indmnilable  will,  his  bravery,  religions  su- 
jierstition,  and  ambition,  are  all  distinetly  dis[ilayed;  but  in  boM  relief, 
jirouMMcnt  above  all  other  traits,  is  recogni/ed  his  ci'ueUy:  -w  henex'er  the 
carnage  on  the  battle-licld  has  been  unusually  dreadful  lie  delights  to  r.'port 
it  to  Corti'S,  .sometimes  I'ven  mentioning  the  matter  twicii;  and  when  the 
natives  have  managed  to  esea|)e  him  with  compai'atively  small  loss,  ho 
regretfully  enters  into  explanations  and  gives  the  reasons  why  so  few  lives 
Vicre  taken.  Tiiese  despatches  arc  ))artieularly  interesting  for  their  evi- 
dence relative  to  the  site  ol  the  fast  city  founded  by  the  Spaniards  in 
(juatemala.     They  moreover  correct  many  crrora   connuitted   by  llemesal, 


TOWXS  TAIvEN. 


667 


There  was  no  time  to  bo  wasted  with  them,  for  the 
roads  niii^ht  at  any  time  be  rendered  impassable  bv  the 
rains,  and  so  the  army  ])U8lied  forward  after  brandiiiLj 
a  few  unfortunates  as  slav^es/*^  the  commander  takini^ 
every  precaution  in  the  disposition  of  his  forces  for  the 
security  of  ba<jff;af;e  and  the  protection  of  the  auxiha- 
ries.  TJie  next  town  reached  was  Tacuyhila,  staiKHii^' 
to-day  under  the  same  name.  The  reception  liere  was 
simikir  to  the  former,  excej)t,  perha})s,  that  the  natives 
detected  the  quahty  of  their  visitors  more  quickly  thin 
did  the  people  of  Aticjuipac.  Within  an  hour  they  liad 
all  lied." 

From  Tacuylula  they  ad^'anced  to  Taxisco,  where, 
according  to  Alvarad>>'s  report,  tlie  inhabitants  ap- 
peared friendly.^^  They  passed  the  ni<^ht  in  the  town, 
M'ith  every  precaution  against  attack^  for  it  was  strong 
and  populous,  and  the  Spaniards  were  under  no  little 
a))[)rehension  of  an  assault.  They  ^\■ere  unmolested, 
however,  and  left  on  the  following  nr  rning  for  the 
town  of  Xancintlan."  For  bett(3r  security  the  com- 
mander placed  ten  lun'semen  in  the  rear  and  an  equal 
number  in  the  centre  with  his  baggage,  while  with 
the  remainder  of  the  cavalry  he  led  the  ^an.  Jle  had 
advanced  between  two  and  three  leagues  when  a  fiei'ce 
assault  was  made  upon  his  rear,  wherein  a  number 


I'^iientos,  mill  .Tiinrroa,  who,  straiicje  to  say,  could  never  liiivc  seen  tliiso  reports, 
or  even  Oviodo's  altnost  vurbiitiiu  I'opy  of  tliem.  Aiiotlior  ii.iriiitivo  of  tho 
cc)iic[uc'.5t  W118  writti'ii  liy  Coiizalo  do  Aharado,  wliicli  work  I'elat'Z,  Mini. 
(iiKil.,  i.  47,  oon.-'idi  rs  tliat  Hiiii  la  must  have  seen.  It  was  never  imhlished  ; 
Jiiairos  thus  desenl>es  it;  '  MS.  do  (iouzalo  de  Alvarado,  que  paraha  eu  jiodor 
do  1>.  Nicolas  do  \"idi'S  y  Aharado,  an  deseendicnte.' 

'"  llniiurc;,  l'ror.is(}  coiifra  Ah-'iriiil",  7-S  et  «(((. 

"  '  Mo  reeiliioroii  do  paz,  i  se  al(;arou  dendo  a  vua  hora.'  Ali'iiifii/a,  I'll'i- 
clou.,  i.  Iiili. 

'••.luan-os  RtatcH  that  tho  army  halti.'d  near  tho  eity,  ami  was  ahuost 
inniu'ili.itidy  attaeivid  liy  tiiroe  stron.','  iiaiuls  of  nativ<'s,  one  d'sceudiu','  from 
the  hoiu;hts  of  Ne\l ii|iiiiiar,  aiiothei'  from  'l'as:i>co,  and  tho  tidrd  from  (iua/a- 
caiiiii.  It  reiiuiro<l  all  Mio  sUiil  and  stniiLrth  of  tho  Spauinrds  to  resist  tiio 
comliineil  onset.  Ihit  tho  division  from  ( Juazaeapaii  aliaiidoned  tho  lield, 
vhiKj  that  wliieli  came  down  from  the  mountains  wa.s  liroUea  and  ]iut  lo 
lli'^ht;  whereu|)ou  tho  Taxisco  [vii'ty  xuhmitted,  and  the  town  remained  in 
tkv  )ios.M'ssion  of  the  Spaniards.   ./I'drrn.i^  (liuil.  (ed.  IjOiidnn,  ISlVi),  -ol. 

'•'failed  liy  .Vlvarailo  A'(/'''/i(/( /<(/;,  and  Sircndi'lun  hy(iomaia;  in  Mer- 
cator's  .\this,  l.">71,  Sin''  mkli  n,  and  in  tlie  lycal-Iiuliac/w  Siiivglii'f,  ti4,  Act- 
cc(.'t'«»4,    It-j  uiuderu  iiumu  ia  Naneintla. 


CG8 


EXPEDITIOX  TO  SALVADOR. 


of  his  Indian  ullies  were  killed,  and,  what  he  deplored 
ytill  more,  a  great  quantity  of  his  baggage,  stores, 
and  iiiaterial  was  carried  off." 

This  was  a  grave  loss,  and  the  commander  imme- 
diately sent  his  brother,  Jorge  Alvarado,  with  forty 
or  fifty  of  the  cavalry  to  attempt  a  recapture.  Ou 
arriving  at  the  scene  of  the  late  disaster  this  officer 
fell  in  with  a  large  body  of  warriors^^  and  put  them  to 
fli'dit,  but  recovered  none  of  the  lost  ofTects.  In  the 
mean  time  the  army  arrived  at  Nancintlan,  and  Jorge 
Alvarado  havinijc  returned  witli  little  or  nothinu*  ac- 
complished,  Puortocarrero^"  was  sent  back  with  a  de- 
tachuient  (<f  foot-soldiers.  The  secontl  attempt  was 
as  unsuccessful  as  the  first.  The  fact  is,  the  country 
was  all  in  arms;  the  natives  had  retired  to  mountain 
fastnesses,  whence  they  issued  foi'th  to  attack  as  occa- 
sion oiTered.  Nancintlan  had  also  been  abandoned,  save 
by  the  principal  men  who  were  detained  as  prisoners. 
During  the  eiglit  days'  stay^''  here,  Alvarado  sought  iu 
vain  to  iii  luce  the  2'Qople  to  return,  and,  as  he  could 
delay  hi«  maich  no  longer,  out  of  pure  spite  the  das- 
tardly coii)man(i<  r  burned  the  town  and  his  prisoners.-'® 

The  Spaniards  now  advanced  to  the  neighboring 


'*  These  consisted  of  cloth,  cross-ljow  strings,  horseshoes,  nails,  and  other 
iron  articles.  Alvarado  .states  at  a  later  da!o  that  thn  nails  and  horseaiioca 
■vwrc  cast  v.ith  copper  liy  the  Indians,  who  hcli*  '  )'(  '  < lie  iron  would  melt 
with   it.    I'dininz,  J'roc(so  contra  Alv'inidoy'J.f  i        clotliin.'.',  Ic!  pays, 

could  not  1)0  recovered,  as  it  had  been  torn  up  lor  iiii:C(h  "iifUiB.  Jhlacion,  i. 
IGu;  O/vf/o,  iii.  4S:]. 

'■'  llorrera  adlrnis  that  they  were  from  Xaneintlni,  and  Uiut  t\ii-  rnnfrim  of 
fightin;^-vvilh  litLlo  hells,  '  sendas  campanillas,'  in  tli<  ir  hands.  Jiiurrm  Mtate» 
that  Ji'l  incjuiries  to  discover  the  reason  of  this  pi',;(tire  have  Jjcen  ut»<  I<  ^. 
'lien  II,  dee.  iii.  lih.  v.  cap.  x.;  Jnarrof,  Vital,  (ed.  /,/(ndon,  ItWIJ),  'IWl', 
also  (iniiitirii.  Hist.  Mc.i\,  "J,'{2. 

"'JUferred  to  as  Don  I'edro,  one  of  Coitt's'  most  trusted  f/fficoi-s.  Seo 
Ilht.  M.f.,  chap,  vi.,  this  series.  JIc  is  mentioned  more  than  once  \iy  Alva- 
rado, ami  important  eonnnamls  were  intrusted  tu  him.  Hilacioii,  i.  Ui'.i  i. 

'' .Junrres  says  tliis  stay  was  m;idj  at  (aia/aea^'ini,  a  town  ]i:i.<seil  oa  t!io 
way  to  Nancintlan.  'J  ho  army  W'ould  ]iav(^  been,  thus  far,  about  'J.')  day:i  on 
the  camp;iij,'n  of  disecivery :  Fom"  days  fi'oni  I'litinanjit  to  Ityeuintl.in,  ei^'ht 
d^iyant  this  l.iitiT  (ilace,  fonrday.s  in  j)assin'^  tiirough  the  towns  of  Ati  juipac, 
Taeuyliil.i,  and  'fiiKinCO,  to  Nancintlan,  and  eight  at  tliis  latter  jilacc. 

'*'  l^iiiiiinz,  /'riii'iHo  riiiilrii  .Mrarmhi,  8,  TlS,  7!)  et  seq.  Jirass'.ur  <le  litmr- 
boui;{  is  of  ()j)in)on  that  only  certain  of  the  chiefs  were  captured  after  havin;.{ 
fled,  and  that  tliey  were  linir^od.  IHkI.  Kal.  'Vc,  iv.  (j^jf).  I  give  tin  nanu- 
tivo  us  derived  from  the  evidence  iu  Alvarado's  trial. 


ACROSS  LA  PAZA  INTO  SALVADOR. 


CC9 


town  of  Pazaco."  Tlic  lioutcnant-oroneral  had  already 
received  an  invitation  from  the  chiefs,  with  protesta- 
tions of  friendship,  which  could  hardly  have  been 
sincere,  for  as  the  Spaniards  approached  tlie  town 
their  advance  was  interrupted  by  sliort  ]ioisoned  stakes, 
ingeniously  hidden  in  the  ground.'^  The  roads,  also, 
were  found  to  be  closed  near  the  town,  with  all  j)os- 
sibl(3  impediments  to  an  advance.  As  they  entered 
the  place,  the  spectacle  of  a  canine  sacrifice,  a  cen^- 
monial  significant  of  hatred  and  defiance,  met  tlieir 
gaze."^  Nor  were  liostiliiies  long  delayed.  At  a  signal 
tlie  natives  suddenly  apjK^ared,  shouting  their  shrill 
war-cries,  and  tlirew  uj)on  the  Spaniards  so  lieavy  a 
discharge  of  arrows,  lances,  and  stones,  that  it  was 
witli  dilH(.adty  they  held  their  ground.  Slowly  but 
surely,  however,  Spanisli  weapons  and  coats  of  mail 
prevailed,  and  the  Indians,  unable  to  stand  before 
them,  lied  to  the  sin-rounding  heights,  amidst  the 
attendant  horrors  of  jiursuit." 

Tlie  army  thereupon  passed  across  the  La  Paz 
Hiver'-''  into  what  is  now  the  state  of  Salvador,  first 
entering  Moquizalco,"^  and  then  they  went  to  Acatepec. 

"The  ])roscnt  town  of  I'asaco,  i-allcil  Pncorn  by  Ovicdo,  iii.  483,  aiul 
PazwD  liy  lii'iTora,  ilee.  iii.  lil),  v.  cap.  x.,  and  (iomara,  lli-t.  Mix.,  'I'.Vl. 

''Tlicso  viTc  placed  slaiilwi:  c,  and  projected  two  or  tliroc  lin^reis'  width 
above  the  auiface.  They  were  .snu'ared  with  so  noxious  a  poisf>n  that  if  Imt 
a  ilrop  of  bh)od  wore  drawn  the  wounded  man  died  insane,  on  tlie  neeoiKl, 
third,  or  sovontli  day,  suU'erini;  intense  tliirst.  JIi  firm,  (h;e.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap. 
X.;  Nd'h-f  Riici-.i,  ii.  711. 

-^  ][<  rnrii ,  dee.  iii.  lil».  v.  cap.  x.  On  a  jirovious  ocwision  they  had  met 
with  this  indication  of  hostility,  but  in  this  instance  they  seem  to  liave  had 
an  opTiortnnity  of  witn<'9.'rin'j;  tlie  eereninuy.  Alrui-'tdn,  Hi'nrioii,  i.  Hj;). 

'^'' '  I  segninioH  el  alcancc  todo  lo  ipie  se  pudo  se^^'uir.'  Alrnrm/n,  Hilacion, 
i.  KiH.  .f  uurros  .-rtwtes  t'lat  tlii.s  victory  ilid  not  decide  the  eonciueat  of  the  ilis- 
■ftritrt;  .sumo  townn  -iibmittid,  Irtitotuer.s  retained  their  lil)erty.  Am<in;,'  tho-o 
Vliieh  soUf'ht  for  peace  \'.  :ei  the  l;ir;:e  town  of  'iVjutla,  four  league:,  from 
Cliiiwacaiian,  which  was  taUen  possc^Hsion  of  as  an  arse'ial.  .Vl'ter  the  conipieist 
it  ;,'Kidual!y  lost  its  ancient  iiupovtanei',  and  was  abantloned  about  the  niiildlu 
of  the  se\entecnth  eentnrj-. 

■-■'  Ni'ar  ]!ay  of  Sonsonatc.  See  ninpj  'f  Colon,  1.V27,  and  Ribcro,  l.'i-J!), 
liaving  .ir  or  near  thid  ])oint  r.  Cifijii :  aluo  l'iie[M>rt's  Mn]'  of'  <  '•  ntnil  Atiwricn, 
1S.")S.  Ji.  J'nzfi  funn^  the  b  undary  between  Salvador  aiiil  (iuatemala.  I'a '.;i 
is  evidently  an  abbreviation  of  thi'  native  name  I'azaco,  and  I'a.';  a  Spanir^li 
cornipiioiiof  I'aza. 

-'  -Mvai'ailo  calls  it  ^T<ypi••nlro :  Herrcni  and  Oomara.  .^fapiriiliJi'n.  Bras- 
Beur  de  Uourbouru'  remai'ks  'iiat  it  .-icenis  t"  <  orreKpoiid  with  the  present  \  il- 
lage  of  Nuhuiiiuico,  not  far  from  >SouH«uatc,  m  eialvudor.  Jlid.  Aat.  Civ. ,  iv.  GUI . 


M 


070 


EXrEDITIOX  TO  SALVADOR. 


Both  of  these  towns  received  the  strangers  hospitably, 
but  tlio  inliabitants  soon  lied,  overcome  by  terror  at 
the  cruelties  committed.  Ann'cred  by  this  continual 
desertion,  Alvarado  ordered  the  Indians  to  be  pur- 
sued, and  as  many  of  tliem  as  could  be  seized  Avero 
bi-anded  as  slaves.  He  then  hastened  forward,  direct- 
iujj^  his  march  to  Acajutla.'^''  On  arriving  within  half 
a,  league  of  the  town  he  encountered  a  mighty  host 
drawn  np  in  battle  array  to  oppose  him,  their  ranks 
extending  over  a  wide  plain  that  lay  before  the  city. 


'•'^"°  . 

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c  Cuacatlan 

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\^    t: 

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<'     ';     /■;    .i 

.\- 

1 

^■'  Mentioned  by  the  conqueror  as  Acaxaal,  '  dondc  bate  la  Mar  del  Sin-  en 
i''l.'  Ji'i  hirin.i, }.](')',).  (lomnra  calls  it  yl(v//«c«i';  Iloncra,  CayacK^/;  and  ()\iedo 
Ainrcnl,  whilo  Ixtlilxochitl  gives  it  tlio  nam  :  of  Arai/ncntt.  Its  nKidcrn  iip- 
IK'Uatioa  is  Aoajutla.  iliuuTo.s  incoiroctly  utai-s  that  Alvarado  did  not  dis- 
cover it  bc'foi'o  ].").'M,  GiKt/.,  i.  2.>l.  l''"niai)ili  Colon,  l."'"27,  inid  Diei.^o  do 
Jiilirro,  I.VJ!),  write  /ax  mii/nx.  Mercator's  atlas,  i.'."4,  town  an<l  bay  Arx.niflrt ; 
O.cill.y,  1071,  J''"  <V  Aca.iiithi;  Laet,  l(i;;;$,  P"  ih  Acn.nitla:  W'l M-Iml'ixrhf. 
)S//, '<;///(/,  Id'Jl,  ('(t.nil/n;  Ji'd'crys,  ITTfi,  SniimiiKifcoyTi  'iiiihid  ('ili/,  lt(oS{  .fnjo, 
and  the  .soiitlicrn  point  Jza/ro",  sontliorn  (^a))e  /*(  i!e  toi>  (t'rinedw-'f,  norllicru 
cape  /'f  J>iicaxi'tla,  on  tlie  coast  near  tlu  litter  point  (luarai  <.  and  in  Llie  in- 
terior i'kiii>tinuila.  A  little  north  river  n'ld  city /(n /vs'.Ykco.s','  Ki'Murt,  l.SoS, 
]i.  <l.c SdiisoiicUt',  also  a  like  named  city  vn  tlio  Ji.  iVf  Jckjd.  On  the  coc,A,Aca- 
Jiifia  city,  and  eastwanl,  /'.  di-  Ion  /iVxicd'/o-.-,  Puerto  Libertad,  and  P'  u'-  la 
Concordia,    The  coast  is  called  L'uesta  di.1  Balsanio, 


NOBLE  GAME. 


C71 


It  was  indeed  an  nis[)IrItinL,^  si^-lit  for  an  Indian  fighter. 
Times  liad  been  somewhat  tame  i'or  the  last  few  days, 
l)ut  lierc  was  the  promise  of  rare  s])ort,  indeed.  Al- 
varado,  who  was  in  advance  with  tlie  cavah'V, 
a[)proached  to  within  a  cross-bow  shot,  and  then 
halted  for  his  iid'antry  to  come  np.  As  he  ran  his 
experienced  eye  over  the  I'orests  of  spears,  and  marked 
the  magnitude  of  tlic  hostile  array,  he  felt  that  all 
his  coolness  and  all  his  skill  would  be  reipiired  to  save 
his  army  that  day.  War  jilumes  waved  from  the 
heads  of  thousands,  and  battle  devices  were  scattered 
as  iar  as  the  eye  could  reach,  while  the  feathered 
banners  floating  above  tlie  parti-colored  bands  threw 
over  all  an  air  of  peculiar  brillian(.'e.-°  Tlie  foe  had 
chosen,  too,  an  advantageous  position.  In  their  rear 
thick  woods  otfercd  easy  refuge  in  case  of  need.  Yet 
already,  before  they  were  his  own,  Alvarado  l)egan  to 
])lau  that  none  should  escape  him.  He  stood  ther(! 
like  a  hunter  oveihjoking  a  band  of  antelope,  and 
thinking  how  lie  could  best  secure  them  all.  C)f  what 
advantage  was  it  to  Charles,  or  Cortes,  or  even  to 
these  ])anting  wolves  themselves,  that  this  ill  fate^l 
multitude  to  the  last  man  should  die'? 

As  the  remainder  of  his  forces*^  came  up,  Alvarado 
advanced  a  little  nearer  to  the  enemy.  The  lndi;ins 
manifested  no  inclination  to  leave  their  position;  they 
appeared  to  be  awaiting  attack.  Alvarad(j  tlien  feigned 
retreat,  which  the  army  performed  in  perfect  order, 
though  in  apparent  haste,-'*  the  conimantler  himself 
liavini>'  chai'sje  of  the  rear.  The  result  was  as  he 
anticipated.     The  dii[>ed  natives  eagerly  pursued;  at 

'"''  '  Viww'uni  liirn  con  los  snccis  ctmio  oran  hlmicos,  y  ilo  oolores,  con  iiniy 
bueiios  iicnaclius  (]  ll(.'^la^l:ln  cii  las  caliocas.'  O'oinurd,  Hint.  Me.r.,  'J.'i'J. 

'-'  It  i.s  (lu  this  iiccasiiin  that  Alvarado  ,Lri\cs  the  niinilicr  of  his  forces. 
Ixtlilxochitl  says  there  were  not  more  than  T'lHil  Mexii'aiis  ami  'I'e/cucai>s.  .  . 
unil  Alvarailo  had  not  more  than  '2')\)  Spanish  foot  and  100  horse,  and  some 
few  thousand  (iluauhtenialtecs,    Ihirrililia  <  'riic/ilfiilcx,  (i!). 

-^  (ioniiira  states  that  Alvarado  dared  not  attack  them,  hccause  tlicy  wero 
so  strong;  and  well  drawn  n\K  lint  that  the  Indians  chariied  the  Spanish  army 
as  it  was  nio\ing  l>y.  /fist.  Mi.v.,  '2'V2.  Ixtlilxochitl's  account  i.s  similar  to 
that  of  (Jomara;  '  I'asaron  por  nn  lado  del  ej.'rcito  de  los  enemi;,'os  ;  y  eomo 
lo3  vierun  li  la  utra  parte,  envistieruii  con  ellus.'  llonihlcn  Vrucldivks,  OU-70, 


072 


EXPEDITION  TO  SALVADOR. 


last,  they  thought,  those  beings  nialodict  arc  afraid. 
And  they  flew  at  tliem  with  wild  demonstrations  of 
joy  at  the  expected  victory,  making  in  their  onset 
such  a  roar  as  would  have  appalled  any  but  veteran 
troops.  In  their  blind  enthusiasm  they  grappled  and 
strugu'led  with  the  retirini;  cavalry,  seizin<»'  the  horses' 
tails  and  the  riders'  stirrups.  Their  arrows  rattled 
thick  like  hailstones  ajjainst  the  metal  armor  of  the 
soldiers,  or  with  angry  hiss  passed  them  by,  reaching 
to  the  farthest  end  of  tlie  Spanish  army.  For  some 
time  tliis  movement  continued  over  the  level  j)lain, 
on  whicli  no  obstacle  inter})osed  to  prevent  its  suc- 
cessful achievement.'^"  After  thus  drawing  the  enemy 
away  from  the  friendly  wood,  and  to  such  ground 
as  best  suited  the  j)urpose,  the  order  was  given;  the 
Spanish  army  wlieelcd  and  fell  on  the  unprepared  foe 
like  a  storm  of  Sodom.  Seimacherib's  hosts  before 
Jerusalem  met  no  more  complete  destruction  than 
the  army  of  warriors  before  Acajutla  that  day.  In- 
cased in  cumbersome  cotton  armor,  they  could  not  flee, 
and  when  overthrown  by  the  charging  horsemen  they 
could  not  rise  again.^"  As  they  lay  helpless  on  the 
ground  tlie  infantry  and  auxiliaries  would  cut  and 
pierce  them  as  if  tliey  had.  been  swine,  following  as 
zealously  as  possible  the  example  of  Alvarado,  who, 
severely  wounded^^  and  out  of  humor,  vented  his 
jualignant  spleen  upon  these  home -defenders.  Ah! 
war  is  a  glorious  thing;  and  grand  that  civilization 
wdiich  relines  and  ennobles  war! 


'*  Brasseur  flo  Bourliourfr,  misled  l)y  Tornnnx's  translation  from  Ramusio 
of  Alvarado's  letter,  .says:  'Saiis  qne  rini'jralitc'  ilu  terrain  permit  aux  ]'-sp:ij,'n()1.9 
do  leur  oppor^er  lii'aiuxmp  do  resistance.'  //i^l.  uXai.  t'ir.,  iv.  (i(i2.  See  also 
Ali'antilo,  Ri  lacbin,  i.  |{i4,  and  Airnrwlo,  LcJtri's,  in  TtrHailx-CoMjiaim,  serio  i, 
torn.  X. 

'"  For  armor  they  wiiro  a  sack,  with  sleeves  reachins?  down  to  the  feet,  of 
hard  twisted  cotton,  three  tini^'ers  in  thioknoss.  Gomiira,  IlUt.  Mc.r.^  'Ti'l; 
Alnirdih,  Ilrlnr/oii.  i.  1(11  ;  A'tilin'  HarcK,  ii.  74'2. 

"  He  iiad  been  piercid  thi'oii!:li  the  tiii;,'li  witli  an  arrow,  which  was  shot 
witli  SHch  force  as  to  penetrate  the  saddle.  His  lei:;  was  shortened  in  conse- 
(|iienee  to  tlie  extent  of  four  tin;rers'  width,  and  lie  remained  lame  for  life. 
Ah'iirnilo,  /'clarion,  i.  I(!4.  Uf  iiiesal  eironeou.sly  states  tiiat  Alvarado  received 
this  wound  in  Soconusco.  Hist.  V/iijapa,  7. 


ANOTHER  GREAT  BATTLE. 


619 


The  rcvcnofo  of  the  eliivnlrons  connnandcr  uas  am- 
]iie;  not  one  of  all  tluit  imiliitiKltj  of  warriors  was  left 
alive  upon  the  field. ''-  When  the  extcnninntion  was 
finished  the  victorious  army  entei-ed  Acnjiitla,  and 
remained  there  live  days  caihiLi:  I'^^i"  their  wounded,  of 
v.honi  there  was  a  great  number;  then  they  passed 
on  to  Tacuxcalco.^*  Pedro  Puertocarrero  hiid  Leen 
sent  I'orv.'ard  to  reconnoitre,  and  succeeded  in  cap- 
turin'2,'  two  spies,  who  reported  that  the  warriors  of 
this  t.)wu  and  its  dependencies  were  assembled  in 
large  numbers  to  oppose  their  advance,  whereupon  tlie 
scoutiji;^'  ]n\rty  proceeded  until  they  airived  within 
sight  ot"  tile  enemy.  Gonzalo  de  Alvarado,  who  led 
the  van,  his  brother  being  ill  oi'  his  wound,  ju'csently 
came  U[)  with  I'orty  of  the  cavalry,  and  drev/  ujt  in 
order,  waiting  for  the  main  body  to  arrive.  The  com- 
mandei",  though  still  suffering  severely,  mounted  a 
hor:;e  as  best  he  could  and  issued  his  orders.  The 
Intl.'r.ns  were  drawn  up  in  one  solid  jdialanx;  he  would 
assail  them  on  three  sides  at  once,  'j'hirty  of  the 
cavah\',  under  the  conniiand  of  Gonzalo  de  Alvarado, 
were  to  attack-the  right,his  brotherGomez  was  ordered 
to  lead  twenty  more  against  the  left,  while  Jorge"*  was 
to  charge  the  front  with  the  rest  of  the  forces. 

The.ju  arrangements  made,  he  took  his  post  on  ele- 
vated ground  above  the  battle  tield.  Pven  his  stout 
heart  sank  somewhat  within  him  as  he  view(.'d  the 
scene.  One  portion  of  the  })lain  was  covered  with  a 
forest  of  tall  s[)ears,'''  and  the  compact  body  of  foenuiu 

'-  This  is  Alvarndn's  own  .sfcttcniont:  'I  fui-  t.'in^'i'amlt' ol  tlostror-o,  f|ue  en 
clli:;!  liicTiUos,  (iiii!  oil  jjoco  tit'iiipo  no  liavia  nin;.;uno  di;  toili)s  los  (jiic  salicroii 
\  ivo'::;'  ami  lower,  'I  en  caiendo  la  (iciito  (h:  pie,  los  matalia  todos.'  Hilwii.v, 
i.  KM.    (iiinai'a  says,  '  Y  casi  no  dt'xanjn  ninguntj  tl<;llos  viuo.'  Ilht.  Mi:X.,'2'i'l. 

^'  T;  Liioocalco.   Ovicilo,  iii.  4.S4. 

^'  Tlio  tln-ee  In'otliurs  who  acconijianiod  Alvarado  from  Mexico  are  now 
liroiic'ht  lufirc  iati)  notice.  Tlicro  arc  three  otlici'  .Mvarados  nu'iitioiud  l)y 
j'luiit'  I;  in  his  li.st  of  con((Uerora,  hut  their  names  do  not  correspond  to  tlioso 
of  the  o;lic:r  brothers  of  the  lieiiteuant  ,t;(  ncral.  Fiivnlcs  y  iluziiiun,  Ricorda- 
lion  Flor'.ibi,  MS.,  'l')-~;  Jlertiiil  J)iu~,  Jlin/.  Vcnltid.,  14. 

^■'  '  (,)iie  vei-la  di;  lejos  era  para  espantar,  ponjuo  teniaii  todos  loa  mas  lan^aa 
do  trciiit.i  ]ialnios,  todas  en  Arholeilas.'  A/riiriido.  Ili lafi'iii,\.  ](!4.  Ifcrrera 
adds  that  the  spears  were  poisoned:  'Las  lunvas  crua  niayores,  cou  yuriiu.' 
dec.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  x. 

IIisx.  Cen.  Am.,  Vol.  1.    13 


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674 


EXPEDITION  TO  SALV.VDOR. 


t()l<l  ]»iin  tliat  tlicy  wore  oven  more  numerous  than 
tlio  army  lie  liad  defeated  a  few  days  btjfore.^"  His 
appreliensions  were  in  no  wise  lessened  as  he  watched 
liis  forces  draw  near  tlie  enemy  and  observed  how 
immovahle  they  stood,  and  without  sign  of  fear.  But 
what  seemed  to  him  most  stran^^e  was  that  his  own 
men  hesitated  to  charjfe.  He  afterward  ascertained 
tliat  between  the  opposing^  lines  lay  a  narrow  meadow 
which  the  S})aniards  mistook  for  a  swanip,  and  delayed 
tlieir  onset  until  they  had  assured  tliemsclves  of  the 
firnmess  of  the  ground.  Presently  the  stirring  cry  of 
Santiago  I  was  heard,  and  Alvarado's  heart  swelled 
within  him:  his  passion  for  human  blootl  ajipears  to 
increase  with  the  slaughter  of  his  tens  of  thousands, 
and  the  lately  gay  and  gallant  cavalier  is  becoming  a 
monster  delighting  in  carnage  and  butchery,  killing 
men  for  the  mere  pleasure  of  it.  With  a  feeling 
of  liercc  (klight  the  wounded  man  now  watched  his 
army  bre;;k  into  the  Indian  colunms.  He  marked  the 
rout  antl  bloody  pursuit,  and  noticed  with  satisfaction 
how  the  jjlaiii  became  streaked  with  dead  bodies  in 
the  track  of  the  fugitives  and  pursuers,  which  ghastly 
line  was  soon  over  a  league  in  1;  '     ''  . 

Taking  possessicm  of  the  to  the  Spaniards  re- 
mained in  it  for  two  days,  and  then  moved  on  to 
Alihuatlan."'  All  the  towns  and  villages  hereabout 
were  found  deserted;  the  natives  seemed  to  have  dis- 
covered that  there  was  no  chance  of  success  in  the 
field,  and  no  escape  from  op[)ression  when  once  their 
lilM'rty  was  lost.  At  Atecuan''"  the  cmnmander  was 
met  by  envoys  from  Atlacatl,  the  king  of  Cuzcatlan, 
bearing  jtroilers  of  friendsbi|),  whicli  were  rect'ived 
with  satisfaction,  for  the  delny  and  fatigue  of  battle 
with  the  rewanl  of  empty  towns,  however  pleasur- 

''•  MVlei'i  ilcspucs  con  otro  cxercilo  mayor,  ymns  peligroso.'  Iferirrn,  dec. 
iii.  lib.  V.  riiit.  X. 

''■  Calk'cl  by  AWamilo,  Uiagiicwinn ;  hy  Ucrrei-a,  Mautlaii ;  by  Ixtlilxochitl 
anil  (Jonwira,  MdliHfi/lnii. 

"^  Atuliuiin,  Aliuiaih,  Rclacinii,  i.  Ifi-t;  Looliiinn,  /frrrrrn,  doc.  iii.  lib.  v. 
cap.  X.;    .Vtlt'chuan,  Uoinara,  Hist.  Mix.,  'J3-;    Athfhuan,  Ovicclu,  iii.  4S4. 


MARCH  OX  CUZCATLAN. 


6T3 


a1)lo,  seomcfl  profitless.''  So  far,  indeed,  Alvarjulo 
Kcoins  to  have  effected  little  witli  respect  to  the  actual 
conquest  of  the  country.  His  lino  of  march  was 
marked  liy  heaps  of  slain,  by  burned  cities  and 
deserted  villaGfes,*"  but  as  for  native  subjects  of  his 
^Majesty,  or  Christian  converts,  or  colonies,  or  any 
])ormancnt  advantages,  they  were  few.  If,  now  in  the 
very  heart  of  the  country,  he  could  gain  a  faithful 
ally,  a  second  Sinacam,  pacification  might  become 
more  permanent  and  profitable.  To  this  end  he  di- 
rected his  march  toward  Cuzcatlan,"  the  capital  of 
that  country,  a  large  and  beautiful  city,  inhabited  by 
a  considerable  population,  and,  according  to  the  re- 
port of  the  conquerors,  hardly  second  to  Patinamit. 

Although  the  Indians  along  the  road  manifested 
tlieir  friendliness  by  supplying  tlie  Spaniards  with 
iVuits  and  fresh  pro\isions  in  abundance,  and  aUliough 
they  were  cordially  welcomed  into  the  city  by  the 
chiefs,  yet  on  taking  up  their  quarters  the  whole 
]H)pulation  rushed  to  arms,  and  a  few  hours  after  the 
city  was  deserted."  All  efforts  at  reconciliation  on 
tlio  part  of  Alvarado  were  unavailing.  Summons  to 
obedience  and  menaces  were  equally  disregarded,  and 
a   formal   requirement  was   sent,   coupled  with  the 

"  '  Yo  los  rcci1)i  pcns.aiiilo  quo  no  mo  montiri.-in  coiiio  Ins  otros.'  Ah<iirnilo, 
J'fliirion,  i.  1(14.  Ovieilu,  on  the  contrary,  says,  '  I'ensiimlo  que  nicntifiaii, 
como  Ids  otros.'  i.  4S."). 

'"  '  Los  inns  <le  los  ]iue1ilos  fneron  qucmados  e  destniidos.'  llitmirez,  I'm- 
ccso  contra  Alrnrailn,  'Jtl  ot  hoc]. 

^'  Writton  t'n'dUi-haii  by  (ionmm  anil  Ixtlilxocliitl.  Cuzcitliin,  ineaiiiii'^ 
Land  of  Jewels,  JiKirri'y,  (•'iiitl.,  i.  'J.'?,  was  tlio  aneient  name  of  the  itrovinee, 
ns  well  ns  tlio  city  re|)reseiite(l  liy  the  niii<lern  San  Salvador.  A'lifhc  AV/c.  s. 
V.  xii.  In  Ot/i/liii'ri  Aiiifrlcii,  KiTi.  is  written  town  S.  .SW/n/i/or,  and  south  nf 
it  a  town  /,((  'J'rhiiiliiil;  Laet,  li'i.'!:{,  .'■'.  Sn/iiiiil"r,  and  on  the  o|i])osit(!  side  of 
tlie  I'iver  I.n  Triiii'l'ul ,  and  in  tlie  interior  to  tlie  north  a  <'ity  '•nitid-'  n  /tim; 
.letl'reys,  177'i.  '^'lil  S'llnii/iir  or  '  'ir.rnHitn,  W(>st  Si  .iiijki  llinniiiiuro,  ea'^t  '  'liun- 
(tilm,  lioitll  /•'/rpir;  Kie]iert,   1S."),S,  Siiii  Siili-iiiliii\  state,  to«  ll  ami  v<ilc;ino. 

^-"I'lie  Spaniards  entertaineil  some  susi'iiions  of  treaeheiy.  HiaNseiir  do 
liourbour).;  states  that  the  )irinee  an!  aJ  his  mite  \\cr<'  seized  and  kejit 
jiri-iiincrs.  //isf.  X<i>.  cir.,  iv.  (liil,  'I'lie  testimony  of  .Mvarado's  letter  tends 
oil  the  contrary  to  pi'Dve  that  thiy  eseajieil  friins  tlie  town  vitli  thc!  n  -t  of  tlu! 

iio|Mdation;  '  I  niientra-<  nos  aposentaiiiDS,  no  (|necio  Hoiiilne  do  ellns  en  cd 
'iielilo,  (|Uo  todoH  so  fneron  h  las  Sierras.  V,  conio  vi  esto,  \i<  emliie  mis 
Meiisayeros  a  los  Sei^orea  de  alii  ft  I'eeirles,  (|no  no  fuescn  nialos.'  Hihirini,  i, 
1U4.     Compare,  however,  liumirez,  Prui-vno  contra  Atmi'Mlv,  l)  et  Hei|. 


070 


EXPEDITION  TO  SALVADOR. 


usual  conditions;  but  no  reply  cani(\  Then  tlio  iji- 
v.kUts  tried  foree,  l)ut  for  once  tliey  were  baflled. 
For  fully  seventeen  days  tlio  most  strennous  exertions 
were  made  to  subdue  them,  <hirin;^'  wliich  tiine  S'-vcral 
saiiLifuinary  (Mieounters  occurrec',  wlierein  a  nu'ulier  of 
Sj»;iniards  W(>re  wounded  and  eleven  horses  kill(Ml,  th(? 
auxiliaricis  sufferinL^  severel3^  Thus  even  the  occupa- 
tion of  the  capital  failed  to  secure  the  i)rimary  object 
of  tlie  invasion. 

Alvarado  now  perceived  that  with  the  present 
force  he  never  would  be  able  to  subjugate  tlieso  Cuz- 
catecs,  and  he  saw  tiiat  his  position  was  becomiiitjf 
critical.  The  rainy  season  was  now  well  upon  him, 
the  roads  wen^  Itecominuf  bad,  and  cn-ery  day  would 
render  retreat  more  ditHcult.  The  rc'tnrn  march  (ex- 
tended over  several  hundred  mih^s,  and  he  could  not 
<'xpect  to  meet  with  much  hospitality  or  assistance. 
He  deeidcti,  thepi'lbre,  to  return  to  fJuatcmala.  lUit 
b(»fore  ho  set  out  he  wotdd  make  le<r;illy  seciu-c  his 
j'laim  upon  tlie  vassalau^e  ol'  the  Cnzcntcrs.  With 
tliis  view  he  instituted  a  pi-ocess  aijjainst  them  in  llie 
form  prescribed  by  law,  and  sununoned  them  to  sm-- 
render.  As  no  attention  was  pai<l  to  liis  proclamation, 
|)roccedin'j^s  wi're  chased  after  the  \c'r:\\  time  had  e\- 
pired  and  s(>ntcncc  was  ])assed.  They  were  ]>r()nounced 
traitors  and  their  chiefs  condemned  to  death." 

This  solemn  ceremony  etuleil,"  Alvarado  was  r(>ady 
to  dei)art  from  Hi(>  conntrv,  thou'di  not  till  he  had 
branded  all  he  could  lay  hands  upon,     lie  was  some- 


*"  .ilrr(rriil(),  /I'dnf'mn,  \.  1(14-.");  Runiiirr,  Prorpun  rniifrn  Alnrrdif'i,  .'iS  f) 
<'t  sc(|.  I'riisscur  <li'  Bdiiilioiir;,',  rc;;;irill.'.ss  <if  nil  Siiaiii.>-li  I'vfili'iK'c,  Ixildly  ns- 
Hiiiiii'H  lli.'it  till'  kill'.'  'iiiiisi  (|iic  tim.<  ics  Hci:^iirnis  (Ic  sa  oour'  were  in  f.nt,  put 
ti)  (Icalli,  //.</.  .\''(/.  <'ir.,  iv.  (i(i()  7,  w  lien  ill  n.'ility  tlicy  wcic  fnj,'itivc,^  in 
the  iiioiiiitaiim  iiml  lilt  irly  i'oiiiIiiiiik'iI,  It  \a  ah.'^iiril  to  KiijipoM!  iluit  in  llio 
Cu/i'atlnn  iliariic,  N".  xxvi.,  n  fcrnd  to  almvc,  Alvaiaild'H  ni-(MiHiTH  woiiM 
liiivo  faiK'cl  t<<  luiii^r  ii.L,'aiiist  liiiii  tlie  diatlis  (if  thf  lviii'4  ami  cliii't's. 

" 'I'lu'  liiainliii;,' (if  kIuvi'S  ut  Cii/caf Ian  wan  (Hio  of  tlu;  (;liar^'i'S  lironjiht 
njiaiiiHt  .Mvaraili)  at  liin  trial.  Tlic  Sjiaiiiaiil.i  a|i|icar  to  !ia\t!  ki  i/.iil  (iimhi  jk 
luiiiilicr  of  tiiti  natives  uUcii  Uiov  lir«t  «'iiliifil  tii<!  town.  Hitinii-':.,  J'tiu'iso 
rmilrit  Alriinvln,  '.(  ."»!l,  iia.-^sini.  I.as  CiiNa.M  iisoh  flicsc  wmtlH:  'Sti;.'inii  ciiiiii 
Hi'u'iiiin,  iis,  (iiii  nmi  t'Vi.soiunt,  iiiustiiiii  est.  Ku"  ftiain  iiraripiio  totiuH 
civitati.i  \ii'i  lilii;  \iili  iunninii.'  Ji(ijiu.  /ml.  I)i  i-iiKlut.,',]S, 


CHRISTIANIZING  AND  BR.iNDIXO. 


•77 


vliat  Hin;:jniie(l  at  liis  failure  to  diaw  i\\e  Cuzc•atc(•^^ 
into  the  I'ohl;  l)ut  he  woiiltl  return  again.  Indeed, 
this  was  ini[)erative,  for  the  CuzcatUm  ('anii)aign  hail 
been  quite  unprcxhu'tive"  in  seeurin;,'  either  wealth  or 
dominion.  I'^'oni  Itzeuintlan  to  Cu/.eatlan  tlu  j'e  was 
scaiwly  a  town  that  would  not  re(juire  a  .seeond  sub- 
juLifation.  An  a(Klitii)nal  eause  of  ve.xation  lay  in  the 
statement  of  natives  that  no  strait  existed  toward  tho 
south.*"  On  tho  other  hand  Ik  was  j^i'atilled  to  learn 
of  <^vrat  cities  beyond,  built  of  stone  and  lime,  and 
inl|ai»Ited  I )y  dense  j);)pulati(Mis,  and  he  promised  him- 
self duo  eoinpe:isation  from  them  for  his  [)resent  dis- 
apjioiiitment.  Of  his  homeward  niareh  particulars 
are  unnecessary.  That  the  way  was  ilillicult  and 
that  the  soldiers  suflerod  niueh  we  may  be  sure." 
Pinched  by  hun;_,^er,  drenched  by  rain,  midst  the  li^ifht- 
ning  and  the  thunder,  they  beat  their  way  back 
over  the  soft  soaked  j^round,  bravin:^  the  heavens  and 
the  (>arth  whivli  seemed  to  have  risen  aurainst  them. 
At  niglit,  if  no  d(!serted  town  afforded  shelter,  tho 
v.'orn-out  men,  after  partaking  of  scanty  fare  and 
shivering  in  wet  clothes  round  feeble  camp  tires,  threw 
themselves  ui)on  the  swamj)y  ground  to  sleej).  Yet 
with  all  their  suffei-ings  they  did  not  serujde  to  ilestroy 
fields,  bui-n  such  villa;Lri;s  as  fell  in  their  way,  and  so 
reduc(!  others  to  the  same  sad  plight  as  themselves. 
Sweet  to  us  are  the  misfortunes  of  others! 


*''  'iriiuit  pnoo  dospojo.'  llfrrrrn,  (lor.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  x.  "Poco  oro  y 
riqui'zas  li.ill.irou  fii  usto  vi.iv'c'  /j-fHljcmhltl,  /forrilili'ii  Cntrlihnlfs,  70. 

'"  'I  »iipii  do  los  X;ituraIo3  coma  usta  Tierra  iiu  tieuc  aibu.'  Alrarn/lo, 
Rilarii>ii,  i.  Mm. 

''  '  I'lukriiTou  li,irt<w  tralwijos,  liiiiiilirc  y  caliiniiilmlcs  los^  luiostros,  y  lo.i 
C8p:iu(iU's.'  Jxttilxochil/,  llorribks  Cruddaik.-i,  70;  uUo  Uuinaru,  Hut.  Max., 
2.J-'. 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CAKCUIQUELS. 

1524-1525. 

Ketukn  of  thk  Allteb  to  Mexico— FotT>rniNo  of  the  City  of  Santiago — 
Tub  CAKCHiQUELa  Oppkessed  beyond  Enduiunce— Tuey  Flee  from 
THE  City — Difficulty  in  aoain  Keducinu  Them  to  Subjection — 
Reinfohcements  from  Mexico — Campaign  against  Mixco — Cai'tuue 
ok  that  Stronghold — Fight  with  the  Chionautecs — Superhuman 
Valor  of  a  Cavalryman — Conquest  of  the  Zacatepeo  Valley — 
Expedition  against  the  Mames — Defeat  of  Can  Ilocab — Entry  into 

HUEQUETENANOO — SlEOE  OF  ZaKDL£d — SURRENDER  OF  CaIBIL  BaLAM. 

Pedro  de  Alvarado  with  his  army  arrived  at  Pati- 
namit  from  his  southern  campaign  some  days  previous 
to  the  28th  of  July,  1524.*  The  Mexican  alHes  were 
soon  dismissed  and  returned  to  their  homes,  bcarinj^ 
despatches  to  Cortds.  The  general  was  greatly  pleased 
with  the  tidings  from  his  lieutenant,  and  sent  him  two 
hundred  more  Spanish  soldiers,  to  aid  in  the  coloniza- 
tion of  those  parts. 

Almost  immediately  after  their  retuni  to  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Cakchiquels  the  Spaniards  proceeded  to 
appropriate  the  territory  and  make  preparations  for 
its  government.  A  Spanish  city  was  founded  at 
Patinainit  under  the  name  of  Ciudad  del  Senor  de 
Santiago." 

'  Alvnra<1o's  report  of  tho  cninpnign  boars  this  dato,  nnd  ns  ho  mentions 
in  it  tliiit  on  liia  return  lie  founded  tliu  'Ciudiid  ilul  Sofior  Santiajro,'  lie  must 
li.ivc  arrivinl  nt  Iwist  several  tlays  previous  to  the  n))ove  date,  lirnssetir  do 
]>ourliour^r,  after  poiiitinj^  out  a  miseoneeiition  of  Kuentes,  exhil)it»  some  con- 
fu.sion  in  his  own  mind  as  to  dates  and  time.   Hist.  Nul.  Cir,,  (i(17. 

'  \'a/(|uey.  olinerves,  '  I/1i';;i'pA  \'iilrnni/(i(\\u''.ny  llaman  Alni"Ionj,'a;  yauiendo 
en  la  faldii  do  hu  lioloan  as.sentado  el  lieal  a  Ins  '2't  de  .lullio  de  I.VJt,  dio  su 
primer  Her  a  la  (Jiudad  de  (iuateniala,  con  Nolire  de  Vdla  i|Ue  le  duni  muy 
lx>cu8  diat).'   Vhruiiku  de  (J cat.,  7.     licuiUHul  uUo  ututua  tliut  tiio  city  wuh 

(0711) 


FOUXDINO  OF  THE  CITY  OF  SANTLVGO. 


Old 


Tlie  ceremonies  were  conducted  with  <»'rcat  pomp. 
Accordinj,'  to  Uemesal,  on  the  25th  of  July,  St  James' 
day,  the  army  was  drawn  uj)  in  battle-array  to  the 
sound  of  fife  and  drum.  The  morning  was  unusu- 
ally line,  and  the  sun  flashinj^  its  rays  upon  Ijurnished 
armor  added  splendor  to  the  scene.  The  caAalry  were 
specially  consj)icuous  for  the  brilliancy  of  their  dress 
and  ornaments.  After  repeated  volleys  by  the  arque- 
busiers  mass  was  celebrated  l)y  Juan  Godinez,  the 
chai)lain,  and  all  joined  devoutly  in  the  service.  With 
due  ceremony  the  new  town  was  dedicated  to  their 
patron  Santiago. 

The  municipal  officers  were  then  appointed  l)y 
Alvarado.  The  first  alcaldes  were  Diego  de  lloias 
and  liultasarde  Mendoza.  Four  rcijidores  were  nom- 
inated,  whose  names  were  Pedro  Puertocarrero, 
llernan  Carrillo,  Juan  Perez  Dardon,  and  Domingo 

foundud  on  the  slopes  of  tlio  Volciin  do  Ai^na,  at  a  place  called  I'lmchoy, 
uliicli  .siu'iiiliesdri'ut  lagoon,  the  valley  Lliero  lu'inj,'  suitouikIciI  hy  inuuiilaiii.i. 
The  material  of  whicli  the  (irst  iimisea  wire  hiiilt  CDii.-ii.steil,  he  says,  nf 
forked  posts  for  th(!  corner  pillars,  of  cjines  and  mud  for  f hi^  walls,  uliilo  the 
roofs  were  thatched  with  dry  jjniKs  liy  the  aiil  of  the  Mexicans  tiiey  W'Th 
ra]iiilly  thrown  up.  Asniiicient  nundK'rfi>rtlioacconnnodation  <if  alltliearmy 
liein,!,'  ci)iiij)leted,  they  waited  for  the  day  of  the  A|M>.stle  Santia^to,  in  ordci'  U> 
fiiund  the  city  on  that  day  and  de<licate  it  to  their  jwitron  saint.  It  frll  (in 
Miinday,  the  '2'>th  of  July,  when  the  f(»nidin>;  was  consunnnattid.  I!iiiii-"il, 
ll'fl.  <'l';/(!]m,  4.  1  have  elsewhere  shown  that  I'utinumit  was  ',Uv.  city  which 
Alvaraui)  called  (jnatempla.  Xt>w  there  is  positive  evidence  fiom  his  own 
<lcspatch  that  he  founded  the  city  uf  Santiago  iit  or  upon  that  same  city  of 
tiuatei.iala.  '  Antes  neorde  nio  Ixdver  ii  estii  Ciudad  do  ( inatcniala, .  .asi  ([ue 
Yo  Hoi  vcnido  iicstfi  Ciudad. .  .hice,  i  ediliipit^,  <'n  nondiredt;su  Mai;cstnd.  vna 
Ciuilad  do  Espanoles,  (pie  se  dice  lii  (ciudad  del  Sefior  Santia;(o,'  he  writes. 
Tho  use  of  tlie  expression  '  estu,  Ciudad  de  Ciuatenvila'  in  other  portionsof  the 
despatch  prove.'}  that  it  was  written  at  tho  ea|>it4il  of  tho  ('ak(;hicpicl  kin;,', 
while  at  tlie  eoiiclnsion  it  is  dated  thus:  '  Do  est4i ciudad  de  Sahtia^^is,  a  vciiite 
i  ocliK  de  .liilio  lie  mil  i  (luiniciitos  i  veiiite  i  (piatro  Afios.'  Thus  it  is  clear 
that  the  city  of  ( iiiateiiial.i  and  the  city  of  Santiaiio  were  one,  and  th.it  .\lv;i- 
rado  appi'ipriatcd  to  himself  Siiiacaiii's  capiUil.  Alftinnht,  IIiIividh,  i.  jiJI  '_', 
!().>-<!.  It  may  he  here  statcil  that  in  dir(H:t  opposition  to  Alvaralo's  iippli- 
cation  of  the  term  ciud.'ul  to  the  lU'W  setthfincnt,  hotli  Va/i|iic/  and  Itcmcsal 
ii.s.scrt  that  it  was  a  villa,  tho  latter  addiii'.;  that  it  r(!taineil  lliis  tith?  ciL.'liti<ii 
days,  and  was  ercctid  into  !i  city  on  the  I'Jtli  of  .\u'_'n''t.  I'l  iii<-s<il,  lli.<f. 
C/ii/mid,  4,  (1.  I'claez  says  the  city  was  cJilled  'Ciudad  dc  Simtiago  d(!  \i<n 
caliallcvos,' liiit  not  till  iNovcnihci'  22,  |."i27.  Va/(|Ui/  aliiniis,  '  /(/•ii/i/C'r  ilf 
(inif.,  1  I,  that  it  was  so  called  on  the  2'.HU  of  .Inly,  I.VJ4,  wliih'  Riiie'sal  uives 
Au^'ust  l-th  ol  the  saiiK!  yi'ar.  l'cl;n?7,  in  his  introduction  to  vol.  i.,  states  that 
(iuatciii.ila  took  its  name  from  the  ex|ircssion  of  (iuhatc/.maiii.i,  tli.it  is 
to  Siiy  'the  hill  whicli  throws  out  water.'  From  the  acts  of  thr  i.iliildo  wo 
know  til  it  it  was  called  a  city  ou  the  '2\iih  of  July,  IJJI.  Ancalo,  Acliu 
Ai/unt.  dual.,  8. 


680 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CAKCHIQUELS. 


do  ZuMarrcta,"  while  Gonzalo  do  Alvarado  was  elected 
alguaeii  mayor.* 

The  nmnicipality  having  thus  boon  formed,"  the 
Spaniards  ior  the  next  three  days  devoted  themselves 
to  I'e.stlvitles  and  rejoicing.  On  tiie  12th  of  August" 
tliere  was  an  enrolment  of  colonists,  of  whora  a  list 
^A'  one  hundred  has  been  preserved.'  To  the  sacred 
j)atron  was  also  built  and  dedicated  a  church,  of  which 

'  Fiiciifi''!  II  Oiizmtin,  Ilt'i-onlnrion  Flor'uhi,  MS.,  25;  Arvvalo,  Ai-la-i  Aijuiit, 
OiKtt.,  7;  Z:iliairiut.i,  according  to  Ilcinciiiil. 

*  'I'liis  li'^'lit  Ij  jippoiiit  iilcalili';)  iiiul  rcgiilorca  wns  maintninod  nn<\  exor- 
cised liy  Alv;ir;iil()  wliL'iiover  lio  was  iiresent,  as  is  provoil  liy  tlio  i':iiiil(l(jd  of 
l.VJ.'t  ;iiiil  \  i->.    Hi'in'-.vi',  //i^f.  <  '/i:iii/i,i,-l,  An'iii'n,  Adiis  Ai/i:;it.  (i':'il.,  ll~l>^. 

"•The  e.iUililo,  tin  an  nsdnmplion  of  ita  oliiciiil  pi'ernu'.-iiivu.s,  ciitiTCil  inU) 
aussiou  tlio  saiuo  <I;iy,  iunl  anaiif^eil  lej^al  prices  for  iirovisioiis.  J!i  ,/u.v  il.  Hist. 
I'll:/'' iia,  \.  Oil  .liily  "Jrili  \vi.!  llii  I  tlKitiui  uot  was  passed  n'.;ii!ai,in'^  t'l,;  lilack- 
Binitli's  rates.  Two  (li)llar3  was  to  bo  his  eliargo  for  iiialiiiijj;  10  )  ii:iils,  tlio 
koii  being  funiidlied  to  liim.  Tlio  cliargo  fur  slioeiug  ii  lioioo  one  ^AA  dollar, 
and  the  s.ruo  for  bleedlti,'.  It  is  curious  to  olMcrvc  that  Vm  prii .;  of  hor.-iL-- 
shoes  in  Alvaivido's  army  in  April,  l.')Jt,  was  §!!)()  a  dozen,  at  which  ralo 
they  we;c  bought  and  sold  in  his  eaiiip.  Alranvlo,  R(  lachiii,\.  lo;).  ii.inesd 
says  that  operatives,  kiiowia,'  the  iieecsnity  of  their  services,  eliar '■  I  wh'.t 
they  liiied.  The  fciilor  oharged  a  real  a  stitch,  and  Hhoemakers  woi  i<eil  oiiiy 
at  such  high  wages  that  while  .soling  other  people's  slioes  wiih  lei-lierthcy 
miijht  have  used  silver  for  tlieirown;  and  the  blacksuiitli  could  Inve  in:i  lo 
his  tools  of  gold  hail  ho  wished.  On  tlio  l:Jth  of  Ooceiiibcr,  l.'>:i4,  tlieeabildo 
deemed  it  ik  ecHsary  to  establish  fixed  ratt'S  for  labor  of  all  kin  U.  'i'iio 
ineasuri-s  adopied  were  punctually  carried  out  by  those  in  power.  The  regu- 
lations were  niodihed  as  tiino  roipiiroil,  a.vA  every  two  years,  at  niosl, 
new  rate  i  v,ei-e  adaiited  to  the  condition  of  affairs,  with  which  even  tlio  lords 
of  estates  were  compelled  to  comply.  Tho  artisans,  however,  still  contrived 
to  cause  the  otiier  colonists  much  iueoiivenieueo  by  refusing  all  payai;  lit  for 
work  exei  [it  in  gold  coin,  the  tailor  olherwiso  ret'iiniug  his  eustouici 'sclo;lii's, 
even  on  a  feast-day,  and  tho  shoemaker  his  shoos.  This  Kt.alo  of  tilings 
lasted  Idl  l.jJJ,  when  tho  corporation  or.  tho  lUth  of  February  ma  Ivj  tho 
abnrigiu  d  currency  of  tlio  country,  cacao,  feathers,  and  clothing,  legal  tcnihr. 
Uiitl.  C'li/'ijia,  (i;  Airi'alo,  Artctri  Aiiitiil.  Gnat.,  8-07,  passim.  Aiioihcr  of  tho 
first  acts  of  this  new  corporation  was  tho  app(^intment  of  a  town-crier,  his 
fialary  being  fixed  at  ^l(K)  a  year.  Id.,  7-H.  With  regard  to  this  ollice  of 
crier,  iJeuiesal  states  that  it  had  to  be  accepted  by  tho  person  selected  to  lill 
it  nude;'  piiii  of  death.  J/iM.  C'li/ijiit,  4.  On  the  present  oce.nion  tic  person 
chosen  was  Diego  Diaz,  who  strongly  objected  to  tho  calling,  but  was  com- 
pelled to  accept,  liemesal,  with  his  do;tth  penalty,  goes  b.'yoml  flie  act  of 
the  corporation,  which  says  '  s  i  ]ielia,  do  cient  azotes.'  An  ni'i),  .If'/  <  A;iini/. 
Giiiit.,  iS.  Aa  tin  instance  of  the  dearnessof  provisions,  wo  find  an  act  passeil 
on  the  (iih  of  May,  Ijii.'i,  liiuiting  tho  price  of  eggs  to  one  gold  real  apieco. 

Jii.,  r-»,  1 ;. 

"J/vro/o,  Artan  Affintf.  (hint.,  8.  Bu>  Peinesid,  who  is  continually  at 
variance  with  the  best  authorities,  sayj  on  tiio  2!)th  of  July. 

'  Vazquez  says  there  were  enrollei'  as  settlers  at  tho  founding  less  than  200 
Spaniards,  for,  though  very  few  hai'  fallen  in  battle,  deUichments  had  been 
left  at  (^)uezaltenango  and  I'atiuamit.  With  regard  to  this  latter  place  it 
must  be  borne  in  miud  that  Vazoucz  believed  the  city  to  have  been  founded 
on  tho  Volcau  de  Agua.  Vhroiuca  tie  Gval,,  10-11  j  see  also  Arcvalo,  Actaa 
Ayunt,  (Juat,,  8-11). 


OUTRAGE  UPON  OUTRACJE. 


dSl 


Juan  GoiliiKTZ  was  loft  in  cliarw,  and  one  T»*-'ynosa 
Kacristan  with  a  salary  of  sixty  <li>llars  a  year.  The  siir- 
roundlnLj  lands  wero  iiicn  distributed  in  eneoniiendas. 
In  niakinir  these  <!;rants  Alvarado  nuist  have  enter- 
tained  some  niisuiviniisasto  their  vali.lity  and  as  to  his 
future  [)o.-,ition  and  authority  in  the  eoiioucrrd  prov- 
inces, fur  in  a  despatch  to  Cortes  he  complain-  that  ac- 
cordinij  to  I'eports  nieetiuL^  him  on  his  return  from  the 
southern  cam[)ai;^n  the  kin;^  had  appointed  a  iL,^overn(»r 
otl4er  than  himself  of  the  new  teri'itory,  and  ujihraids 
Coiles  lor  not  havinij  <luly  reported  his  ser\  ices  to 
his  Majesty,  at  the  same  time  he^gin;^^  him  to  do  so.* 

That  the  Cakc!ii((Uel  nohh-s  should  reL,'ard  with 
indiufiiation  this  arhitrarv  disposal  of  their  lan>U  and 
vassals  was  hut  natural.  They  had  already  <>l^;er\'tMl 
tliat  friend  and  i\)c  were  much  tin;  same  in  tlie  hands 
of  the  voracious  Spaniards,  whose  aggressive  and 
outrageous  action  now  convinced  them  tliat  the 
friendly  bearing  of  their  king  had  gained  i'>r  their 
nation  no  more,  nay  less,  consideration  than  that 
Vouchsafed  the  con'pieretl  Quiches,  who  had  fought 
manfully  ior  imlependence.  So  it  was,  in  truth,  with 
regard  to  all  the  conquerors  in  America,  though  not  so 
expressed  in  words:  those  who  fought  for  their  riglits 
must  die  or  suffer  enslavement  because  they  ollcri-d 
opposition  to  the  s})oilers;  those  who  did  not  light 
Avcre  contemptible  things,  unworthy  a  whit(.'  mans 
consideration.  I3elieving  in  their  promises,  tlie  Cak- 
chiqucls  had  received  the  S[)aniards  and  had  accepted 
their  sovereign;  hut  they  were  not  [)repared  t  >  g<»  so 
far  as  to  surrender  tluMuselves,  their  wives  and  little 
ones,  their  lands  and  tluir  religion.  Death  might  i»e 
the  result  of  revolt;  ju«lgiiig  I'rom  what  they  had  seen 
it  probably  would  be;  nevertheless  they  would  ivvult 
and  die.  How  high  the  high  hand  of  the  taskmastei"S 
had  been  raised  we  know  not;  but  we  know  that  with- 
in a  few  short  months  after  Alvaiado's  return  and  the 

^  'CiirtoH. .  .confiniio  Ids  rppjirtinui'ntoH,  y  .lyudo  a  podir  ni|Ui'll,'i  gouoma- 
ciou.'  iioiiiara,  Hint.  Mcj:.,  'J33;  sec  aluu  JJcrnru,  due.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  x. 


682 


REVOLT  OF  THE  C.VKCHIQUELS. 


founding  of  his  unstable  city"  tlie  Cakchi<|ucl8  rose  to 
a  man  against  the  tyrants.  The  crowning  grievance 
also  is  known.  Exaction  after  exaction  had  been 
made.  The  temples  and  i)alaces  of  Patinamit  had 
been  forced  to  contribute  their  gold  and  silver  orna- 
ments until  there  was  nothing  left.  Then  a  large 
amount  of  jLTold'"  was  demanded  of  the  kiuij  and  nobles 
within  a  stated  time,  which  it  was  out  of  their  power 
to  sup[)ly.  In  their  efforts  to  obtain  the  so  much 
desired  yellow  substance  from  auriferous  streams 
they  brought  in  glittering  pyrites.,  mistaking  them  for 
gold."  Alvarado,  furious  with  lage,  summoned  the 
king  and  his  courtiers  before  him.  "  W  hy,"  he  passion- 
ately exclaimed,  "have  you  not  brought  the  g(jld  and 
silver  that  I  demanded  of  you?  If  1  receive  not  soon 
all  the  gold  and  all  the  silver  of  your  towns,  you  shall 
have  the  choice  of  being  hanged  or  burned  alive  I" 
Then  with  a  brutality  that  Caligula  might  have  gloried 
in  he  tore  with  his  own  hand  from  the  nostrils  of 
Sinacam  and  two  princes  at  his  side  the  gohlen  orna- 
ments they  wore  as  badges  of  their  high  rank.'^  This 
indignity  cut  the  unhappy  natives  to  the  heart,  and 
bending  their  disgraced  heads,  bitter  tears  mingled 
with  the  blood  which  fell  at  the  feet  of  the  Chris- 
tian. "It  is  niy  will,"  added  Alvarado,  *'that  the 
gold  and  silver  be  here  within  five  days.  Woe  betide 
you  if  you  bi-ing  it  not  I"  and  with  a  coarseness  that 
equalled  his  heartlessness  he  dismissed  them  from  his 
presence. 

*It  will  1)0  seen  in  tho  narrative  that  the  Spaniards  were  soon  obliged  to 
nhandon  ratiiiainit  and  locate  elsewhere,  and  that  the  eity  of  Sautiayo  had 
no  nennancnt  situ  until  its  estahlislanent  in  I'aneliny  in  I.VJ7. 

Ill  I  1  Vdro  do  Alvanulo  lea  inando <)Uo  dentro  de  cieito  tennino  Ic  diearn  mill 
liojas  de  (iri)  de  a  ((iiiii/e  jti'stos  cad:i  hi»ja.'  J'niiiiri'Z,  Prori.-o  cnnira  Alr<ir(i(lo, 
f)!).  Hi-assrur  do  I{onrt»o\ii')r  states  that  tiie  kinj{  and  royal  family  were  com- 
manded t)  ln'iiij;  va.-n'S  lillcd  \\  ith  the  jii'i'cionn  metals,  and  ii>  deliver  np  even 
their  crowns  and  personal  tirnaments.  Jlint.  Xiif.  Cii'.,  iv.  {j'X 

"The  Indians  appear  to  have  brought  in  jiyrites  not  nnfrequently.  Las 
Cnsas,  spe.diinij  of  tho  Cnzcatees,  says:  'Indiuni  i^'itnr  ma,L;num  hiistarum  ex 
oi'ichalclio  inaurato,  numeruni,  quiu  nureio  esse  vidobantur. .  .cungrc^'arnnt. 
L'apit.'inens  eas  Lydio  lapide  j)robari  jussit,  cunhpie  orichalcum  esse  eernerct,' 
eti'.  It'ijii,.  lii'l.  Dti'd^tiit.,  .S8.  '  Alvarado  no  toniava  syno  oro  lino  o  lo  rea- 
cebia  ))or  el  toijne.'  liamirez,  Prociso  voiitra  Alvarado,  iiO. 

'*  Seo  BancrojVs  Natict:  Jiaces,  ii.  732. 


ABAXDONilENT  OF  THE  CITY. 


083 


Xobles,  priesthood,  and  people  were  already  of  one 
niind.  The  priests  in  particular,  seeing  the  desecra- 
tion of  their  tem|)les  and  the  tlireatened  suppression 
of  their  religion,  put  forth  all  their  eftbrts  to  rouse 
the  Cakchicjuels  from  the  vile  thraldom.  And  while 
the  nobles  and  people  proceeded  as  best  they  were 
able  to  collect  treasures  to  meet  the  las;.  Oeniand 
from  the  neigliboring  towns,  the  priesthood  succeeded 
in  completing  plans  .antl  preparations  for  revolt.  Tlu  y 
spread  the  report  that  their  deity,  offended  at  the  sac- 
rilegious actions  of  the  Spaniards,  had  appeared  to 
his  ministers,  announcing  the  speedy  destruction  of 
the  strangers.  A  priest  of  Chamalcan  now  presented 
himself  before  Sinacam  and  his  court.  "I  am  the 
liglitningl"  he  cried,  with  subdued  vehemence,  "and  I 
will  strike  the  Castilians.  With  fire  will  I  destroy 
them!  When  I  shall  cause  the  sound  of  tlie  sacred 
drum  to  be  heard  in  the  city,  let  the  king  leave  it 
and  withdraw  to  the  other  side  of  the  rivor,  for  on 
the  seventh  day,  Ahmak,  will  I  strike  the  Sixmiardsl" 
Tliese  Ijold  and  confident  words  had  their  eflect.  In 
their  deep  affliction  the  Cakchiquels  believed  their 
god  would  liel}>  them,  else  of  what  value  were  gods? 
and  they  secretly  made  all  ready  for  the  time  the 
signal  should  be  given.  The  Spaniards  do  not  seem 
to  have  had  any  suspicion  of  the  intentions  of  the 
Cakchiquels.  On  the  very  evening  of  the  uprising 
Alvarado,  pacified  with  the  gold  that  ha(l  hevn 
brought  him,  entertained  Sinacam  and  a  large  nuinlx'r 
of  princes  and  nobles  at  a  banquet,  a  S|)lendid  ban- 
quet, whereat  tlie  guests  feasted  on  their  own  of 
wJiich  they  liad  been  despoiled.  That  night,  while 
the  Spaniards  were  asleep,  heavy  after  their  revelry, 
the  signal  drum  was  sounded.  The  wliole  poj)ulatioii, 
men,  women,  and  children,  arose  and  silently  withdrew 
witli  their  king  and  nobles  from  the  city.  It  's  not 
the  only  time  in  the  world's  liistory  tliat  a  peo[)le  have 
abandoned  home  and  fled  from  })ersecution,  trusting 

Now  may  the  god  in  whom  they 


m  I'eligious  faith 


c^ 


UKVOLT  OF  Tin-:  CAKCIIIQUKli». 


trust  lirlp  ilicin,  ft»r  all  ollur  1io|k>  flicy  liavo  Icflh 
ln;liiiHl!  ("inssiii"^  the  r.'ivinc  tlioy  tiinicd  and  awaited 
the  o\|)iilcd  iiiiraclr;  all  (.lir(Mi_:^li  the  iviiiaiiidrr  of 
the  iii^lil  tlu-y  walclifd  I'ur  the  li^litniiiLj  ami  the  Hit, 
strainiii:^  their  eyesul'ar,  to  the  remotest  eornersof  tlu; 
heavens,  to  eateh  tlu,'  first  faint  {^leanj  of  that  sacred 
llanie  v  hi<;h  should  hi-iny;  thenj  d(  liveranee.  J>ut 
alasl  tliere  was  no  lij^ht  save  that  of  the  ujornin;^  sun, 
which  came  to  disj)el  all  hope.  (»od  and  piiest  alike 
had  deceived  them;  or  rather  they  themselves  were 
<leceived,  had  not  nndtirstood  ari-^hl,  or  were  not 
Worthy  of  aid,  or  their  desirt;  would  come  in  some 
other  wav-  -so  tlieij-  teaclier  nuLfht  have  said.  Now 
it  remained  only  for  them  to  [)eri.:;h,  for  they  would 
return,  never!" 

Alvarado  we'll  knou'  (ho  meaning  of  this  action 
when  he  hoard  of  it.  And  as  he  walked  throuijfh 
the  city,  the  empty  houses  and  desei'ted  streets  told 
him  plainly  enough  that  his  atrocii)Us  system  of  op- 
pression had  driven  to  despair  a  nation  that  had 
welcomed  him  witJi  all  kindness  and  hos] Vitality.  The 
immeiliate  cause  and  incentive  to  revolt,  the  action 
of  the  priest,  beinj^  explahied  to  h  n,  he  hoped  when 
the  Cakchiquels  had  diseovere<l  how  vain  was  the 
hope  in  their  god  that  they  wouhl  return  to  their 
homes  again,  and  for  ten  da3's  he  remained  inactive. 
But  all  attempts  at  reconciliation  were  repelled;  they 
would  rather  die  at  war  with  the  Christians  than 
live  at  peace  with  them.  Ah  well!  then  they  must 
he  slain;  and  as  a  religious  and  patriotic  duty  Alva- 
rado took  the  field  against  them.  It  was  a  long 
and  hloody  war  that  followed.  If  the  Quiches  and 
Zutugils  had  confederated  with  the  Cakchiquels, 
it  is  safe  to  surmise  the  Spaniards  would  hare  been 


"  Brassciir  <le  Bourbourg  gives  Aujriist  27,  1524,  aa  tho  date  of  this  aban- 
ilonmciit  of  I'atinaniit  by  the  Cakoliiinicl.s.  lf!/it.  Xat.  ('itj.,  iv.  (J7(i.  'I'his 
ilttto  would  be  about  two  months  eurlier  than  that  assij^ncd  to  tho  event  in 
Alvarado'H  evidence  for  defence,  where  it  is  shown  to  liave  occurred  six  or 
seven  mouths  nftiT  his  seizure  of  Queen  Suehil.  lininircz,  Prorcto  contra  Al- 
viiroilo,  100,  140-7,  jiassim. 


n.VTRKn  OF  TITK  CAKrTTTQTTTA 


ftV. 


rcpdlrd.  With  a  nrni-fity  of  )ir<>vlsi<»ns,'*  juid  i\  r<'- 
•  lurt'd  luiiiiltiT  of  ^.Irxican  aiixiliafics,  liciiiriM'd  in 
and  liarasscd,  it  \y.  ''ardly  pdssiMc  lliat.  tlw  v  cnnld 
liavc  loii'^dit  tlirir  v.a}*  .  i*  of  i\\o  connfiy.  I'nt  IIh' 
rcji'clioii  l)y  Sinacaiii  of  tl»o  enilicr  ])n>j»(>s;d.s  dl'  <Iii' 
(^)ui('!i(.'s,  and  his  alliatu'O  with  tho  invadrrs,  stiH 
ran!;l('d  in  their  hrcasts,  and  th<'v  now  cared  little 
M'hieh  of  their  detested  foes  ato  t!ie  otlcr.  As  it 
was,  t!ie  war  )M*>ved  not  the-  one-si(i(>d  afDer  of*  lale 
so  eoninion.  The  ( 'a!:ehif|Uels  dis|)layed  a  .  1  !1  and 
hravery  in  hat  lie  sneh  as  the  Sjiania?-ds  had  not  I'X- 
jtrriene(^(l  in  these  jini'ts.  In  front  of  tii*:  ■  lin(  ^  th(>y 
dnLC  dee])  holes  in  wliich  they  pl.-Mitod  j)>  .,it<-d  sfa':  s, 
and  eo'ie  din^  tliein  with  <-ovi'i-in;rs  ol"  !^?-;<ss  a::-!  li;:flit 
earth,  received  heliind  th"ni  the  ch;;!-;^ii"^  civahy, 
^Fany  a  Spaniai-d  and  nciny  a  h.)rso  foimd  death  ur 
iri'^htl'iil  wounds,  inipali>d  in  those  jMtCalls." 

( )n  the  hattle-field  th(Miatives  displayed  a  desperate 
c()ura;;-e.  With  their  deep  hatred  they  would  ir])e  isihle 
envenom  their  arrows  and  darts,  and  as  tln'v  hui'l<'d 
thf^ni  on  t]i(>  foe  tliey  shouted,  "'i'ake  ^'.^oM,  Tonatiuli, 
take  Ljoldl"  Thus  t!i(!  contest  was  carried  on  witli 
great  animosity  on  hotii  sides,  and  the  C.'ikclii'|uels, 
now  more  unitivl  amori'j^  tluMuselves,  atid  joined  hy 
many  niii^hhorinu^  trihes,  lo?i'^  miiintained  the  stru'r.'i,'!''. 
'^rhou'di  their  own  land  suHVred  (Vom  the  ravages  oi' 
tho  Si)aniards,  they  had  their  reven'jfc  in  devastating; 
th(>  tenitoi-ies  ol"  the  (Vniches  and  Zutu;;ils;  i'or  11k;so 
iiations  had  hoen  so  weakened  in  their  contests  v.ith 
the  Spaniards  that  they  could  no  lon<:^er  mei^t  "tlK! 
('akchi'|uels  in  tlie  field.  And,  indeed,  undei"  this 
Avidely  extiMided  jinicess  of  devastation  the  Spaniai'ds 
hcLjan  to  suH'.r   huni'or.     Alvarado   was   ol)n!j;e<l    to 

'*  Tlu'  lii'.'h  jirici"  i>f  fi«»\  diiriii','  this  war.'  cviilciit  fnnn  mi  act  uf  Un; 
raV)i!(li>,  pi><il  M,;y  (!,  I">_'."),  liiuitiii  r  t'x'  iloi;!  fur  ;i  licr,'  \m  i'jliinu'  I-'" 
JjoiiikIh  ti>  twenty  pi'sos  ilc  oD,  ei|iiivalfiit  to  in'iirly  ■'T^'HH)  mi  oiirilay;  wliilo 
i';,'Us  wore  <mo  real  do  uro  eacli,  tli.it  is  over  :ji. .")().  Ariri'.,  A'tfi.'i  Ayniil, 
diinl.,  1:M4. 

''  J^a.s  (Jasas  tvlls  a  friLrtitfiil  story  of  reprisal,  wlicnin  tlll•S|)alliarll^4  <lrove 
nil  tlii'ir  eajiti\cs,  man,  woiiiuii,  or  clul'l,  into  tlicHi;  staked  juts,  lifjiu.  Jial. 
JJevusUU.,  ao. 


CS6 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CAKCmQUELS, 


abandon  his  new  city  at  Patinamit  during  tlio  latter 
part  of  this  year,  1524,  and  to  make  his  head-quarters 
for  a  time  at  Xepau,"  round  which  the  country  was 
less  desolate. 

The  Spaniards  were  indeed  sorely  pressed,  and 
many  Christians  were  killed  and  wounded.  But  about 
the  beginning  of  1525  he  received  reinforcements  from 
ISIexico  which  enabled  him  to  proceed  rapidly  with 
the  reduction  of  the  revolted  provinces.  Returning 
to  Patinamit,  he  subjected  the  several  districts  one 
after  another  to  fire  and  sword,  till  the  land  was  one 
wide  scene  of  desolation 


It  was  during,  or  immediately  after,  the  suj^pression 
of  thisrevolt  that  the  Spaniards  accomplished  perhaps 
their  neatest  achievement  durinij:  tlie  whole  Guate- 
malan  conquest.  This  was  the  storming  of  the  eitv 
of  !Mixco,  deemed  impregnable."  Mixco  was  one  of 
the  most  important  strongholds  in  the  Cakchi(|ucl 
kingdom,  being  so  fortified  by  nature  as  to  require 
little  from  art.  Situated  on  an  eminence  surrounded 
on  all  sides  by  precipices,  it  was  accessible  only  by  a 
steep  path,  wide  enough  for  but  a  single  pei'son,  and 
interrupted  here  and  there  by  places  which  could  only 

'"  rSrasseur  do  Bouvbourfr  imagines  this  place  to  liave  been  situated  in  tlio 
Zatugil  territory.  J I  iff.  Xdt.  Civ.,  iv.  (J78. 

•'  J5ra.ssciir  do  Bourbourg  takes  the  view  th.^t  both  the  later  Zaeate]iec 
war  and  the  capture  of  Mixco  occurred  during  the  suppression  of  the  (lixk- 
ehiquel  revolt,  liut  ho  seems  to  ino  somewhat  iucoiisi.stent.  llo  makes  the 
subjugation  of  the  Calccliiijuels  last  'pendant  plusieurs  nidis'  after  Alva radn'.s 
return  to  I'atinamit,  and  yet  .a  little  later  ho  points  out  that  during  tho 
r.rst  months  of  the  year  l.VJo  Salvador  was  rec(ini[uenHl  and  a  Spanish  town 
f  nniiled  there.  lliM.  Xaf.  ('</•.,  iv.  (iSO-1.  It  is  scarcely  to  bo  sup))()seil  that 
a  second  campaign  into  Salvador  could  have  been  undertaken  while  tho  (Jak- 
tliii[uel  war  was  going  on.  Moreover,  neeording  to  his  interpretation  of  tho 
Cakeidnuel  manuscript,  tho  town  of  Zunii)ango  was  one  of  many  which  sidj- 
mitted  to  tho  Spaniards  after  the  destruction  of  Mixco;  and,  as  will  be  seen 
later,  tlio  rcductiiin  of  Zaeatepec  was  owing  to  tho  hostile  incursions  fiom 
that  district  against  Zumpango  while  Alvarado  was  absent  on  a  campaign. 
The  Cakchi(piel  manuscript  is  tho  production  of  Francisco  Hrnaude/  Arana 
Xahila,  and  contains  a  brief  history  of  the  Cakehiipiel  naticm  from  the  earliest 
tunes.  Tho  author  was  tho  grandson  of  King  llunyg  of  tho  Ahnotzotzil  lino, 
and  it  is  written  in  his  hand  down  to  tho  year  lo(J"J,  from  which  time  it  is 
continued  somewhat  further  by  Francisco  Gebuta  Queh,  of  tho  eamo  family, 
llrasseur  do  IJourbourg,  Uib.  Mc.v.  iluat.,  13,  suys  that  it  was  translated  into 
French  iu  ISoU  at  liabinal  iu  Guatemala. 


C^VMPAIGN  AGAINST  MIXCO. 


C87 


with  difficulty  bo  c'liinl)C(l.'^  On  the  top  of  this 
ciuiiionco  was  a  groat  plain,  capahlo  of  supporting  a 
population  of  eight  or  nine  thousand. 

Loarniuij:  that  tho  Mixoans  had  dotormincd  to  resist 
R[)anish  rule,  and  wore  encouraging  other  ti'ibos  to 
fortii'y  thcmselvos  in  similar  inii»regnahle  positions, 
Alvarado  regarded  tho  reduction  vi'  tho  place  as  an 
absolute  necessity,  lie  therefore  sent  an  advance 
force  of  two  companies  of  foot-soldiers  and  one  of 
<avalry,  under  the  command  of  liis  brother  Gonzalo, 
to  invest  IMixco  until  he  should  be  al)le  to  assume 
connnand  in  person.  The  ca])tainsconunanding  under 
Gonzalo,  Alonso  do  Ojeda,  J^uis  de  Vivar,  and  Her- 
nando do  Chaves,  were  men  of  lii'jfh  cnurai»"o  and  ex- 
periencc;  yet  they  not  only  acc(Mn[)lished  n(jthing,  but 
sufll'i'cd  so  much  from  the  stones  iuid  arrows  of  the 
enemy,''-' ju'ovisions  likewise  'oeginning  to  I'aib  that  (Jon- 
zalo  was  about  to  raise  tlie  siege  when  the  lieutcnant- 
yvneral  arrived  witli  reinl'orcements.-"  Althouu'li  fullv 
I'ecognizing  the  ditiiculty  and  danger  of  the  under- 
taking tlu're  were  two  iiieentivt's  wliich  urged  .\1  varado 
forward  to  its  achievement:  lie  loved  what  was  dilH- 
cult  and  dangerous,  and  he  well  knew  that  there  could 
Ise  no  permanent  sul)ju'mtion  (tf  the  country  with  this 
stronghold  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  A  council  of 
war  was  held  and  the  c;iptine  of  Mixco  resoKcd  on. 
The  first  attemj»twas  unsuccessful,  as  were  indeed  the 
second  iind  third,  until  days  and  weeks  went  bv  with- 
out  any  seeming  jirogress.  Then  the  Sjmniards  tiled 
stratagem,  and  while  feigning  an  assault  by  means  ot" 
scallng-ladtlers  at  a  [ii;ice  wheie  the  preci[)ice  w  as  knver 


'"  This  city  (unl  liccii  foiindi'd  l>y  the  Pofoninii  Imlians,  diirinu  tin  ir  riiily 
wars  with  the  <,>iiiihis  .'uni  llio  ( 'jiki'hiipK'l.s,  tlic  site  m.Icc'.ciI  In  in,'  on  iio- 
fount  iif  its  natural  .sti'tuirth.  Xnlirr  A''(>i>',  i.  7^7;  •lll(ll•nh^,  (!ii(it.,  ii.  'J-l.'). 
It  Mils  .sitii.'itc'il  in  i\w  vallrv  of  Xiloti'jR'i',  <>n  ii  i-iiliri-  ln'twct'n  tlii'  I'ixciyatl 
iiiid  tlu'  Kii)  (liaii(l(!  di'  M()tii','iia,  the  torniiT  rivi  r  liciiii,'  a  tfilnUary  ><{  tliu 
hittt-r,  and  nuaiunu'  'j'Uardian  .stream.'  Jiinrro^,  (itutl.,  ii.  .'{."mI;  /.','(>-,«,•  /o 
Jioiifl'oiinj,  lli-il.  Nat.  dr.,  iv.  (ISO. 

''•'  .luarros  states  that  two  di'lViidiTS,  liy  rollin;,'  stijncs  ihvwn  thi'  w'ccp  jiath 
from  till'  luights  alidvc.  lould  iinvmt  an  army  fi'ini  oitiTin.L;.  (Itml.,  ii.  Jsl. 

■•'  i'utntis!  say;;  'M)  lavuhy,  serving  oil  foot,  und  '200  Tlaseultoen.  la'vrdu- 
cion  I'lurkki,  MS.,  H-o, 


683 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CAKCHIQUELS. 


than  cLsewlicrc,  they  suddenly  made  a  rusli  up  the 
l)athway,  wnich  they  lioped  to  find  undefended.  The 
]Mixcans  were  prepared,  however,  and  i-eceived  the 
S[ianiards  with  .such  heavy  dLscharges  of  niis.slles  that 
they  were  forced  to  reth'e  in  confusion.  AYhile  the 
ollicers  were  in  conyulLation  shortly  after,  a  strong 
1 )( )dy  of  native  warriors  was  reported  near  at  hand, 
whicli  proved  to  be  Chignautecs,  alhes  of  the  Mix- 
eans.^^  Their  intentions  wore  evident,  and  soon  the 
two  armies  were  engaged  in  liot  contest.  Notwith- 
standing that  great  havoc  was  made  by  the  arquebuses 
and  cross-bows,  and  still  more  by  the  cavalry,  the  Chig- 
nautecs maintained  the  fight  with  such  stubbornness 
that  after  the  lois  of  a  large  number  of  Tlaocaltec.-! 
and  the  wounding  of  many  Spaniards  a  retrograde 
movement  was  decided  on. 

Upon  an  occasion  like  the  present,  where  the 
object  to  be  gained,  (lie  taking  of  a  stronghoLl, 
jiartook  more  of  the  nature  of  single  combat  than 
of  genei'al  l)atile,  here  and  elsewhere  upon  a  cam- 
j)aign  of  this  kind,  it  Vv'as  not  unconnnon  to  see  feats 
of  individual  prowess  crop})ing  out  on  both  sides.  It 
was  the  field  of  glory  to  the  soldier,  limited  usually 
to  the  ilekl,  as  the  woiid  was  the  general's  field  of 
glory.  I  will  mention  one  such  exhibition  in  connec- 
tion \vitli  this  fi;i,ht  against  the  Cliignautecs.  In  the 
hazardous  retreat  c;ne  of  the  cavalrymen,  Garcia  do 
Aguilar,  is  in  tin;  extreme  rear,  subject  to  the 
liercest  assaults  of  the  }»ursuing  warriors.  In  truth, 
liis  body  is  inter|)osed  between  the  two  contending 
ai'niies.  Obviously,  if  Wic  enemy  cannot  put  him 
out  of  the  way  they  are  unal.)le  to  harm  the  others; 
every  eli'ort  is  therefore  made  to  maim  his  horse,  or 
otlu'r^ise  to  capture  him;  and  he  is  at  length  cut 
oif  from  his  conn'adcs  ami  qnicklj  suri'ounded  l)y 
ov(n-  four  hundred  of  th(>  dusky  foe,  each  eager  to 
inilict  the  coup  de  (/race.  I  kit  Aguilar  is  by  ];o 
means  vanquished  yet.     Though  presently  unseated, 

"  Macurio,  Xeciil  MS.,  7;  Junrros,  Ouat.,  ii.  2S5. 


FIGHT  WITH  THE  CHIGNAUTECS. 


GS9 


lie   maintains   for   some   time  a  desperate  stru^f.^le, 
striking  with  deadly  effect  upon  the  enemy.     TIkmi 
he  loses  his  sword,  and  nothinn:  remains  to  him  but 
a  dagger.     It   is    not  in    this   instance  the  bravery 
of  the  man  that  astonishes  so  much  as  his  extraor- 
dinary nuiscular  power.     The  horse,  by  kicking  and 
phmging,  ])revents  capture,  while   Aguilar,    circum- 
scribed by  tlireatening  death,  exhibits  almost  suj)er- 
human  strength.     No  blow  dealt  to  kill  or  stun,  no 
attempt  to  seize  him,  can  stop  the  quick  str<jke  of  that 
stroma  ri'jfht  arm  as  it  drives  the  keen  steel  straight 
into  the  assailants'  vitals.     With  wounds  and  ever 
increasing  exertion,  however,  he  grows  weaker;  but 
cai)ture  signifies  innuolation.     To  be  gazed  at,  help- 
less on  a  heathen  altar,  an  (offering  to  odious  gods  — 
the   thought    is    horrible — and    the    fatal    dagger   is 
still,  by  swift  movements,  driven  to  the  hilt.     And 
now  the  battle  cry  of  Santiago  to  the  rescue  1  rings 
in  his  ears  and  tells  of  succor;    he  hears  a  leaden 
sound,  as  of  crushed  bone  and  ilesh,  and  the  whistle 
of  descending  blades,  and  knows  that  helj)  is  at  hand. 
Six  horsemen  have  plunged  into  the  unecjual  contest, 
and  they  scatter  the  swarthy  foe  like  sheep.     They 
gather  round  their  countryman,  support  his  exhausted 
frame,  and  carry  him  wounded  and  faint  to  a  j)lace  of 
sal'ety.      The    courage,    strength,    and    skill  of   this 
single  man,  and  the  valor  dis})layeil    in   his   rescue, 
so  impressed  the  Chignautecs  that  they  retired  dis- 
heartened, regarding  their  efforts  of  no  avail  against 
such  beings,'^'*  and  they  I'etui'ued  to  their  horuLS. 

The  si('g(i  had  now  laste<l  a  month.     On  the  third 
day  after  the  retrograde  UK^vement,  which  resulted  in 


'■''  It!  tin's  oiiL'nc'otncnt,  for  the  liuUans  were  pursued  nftcr  A','ui!ar's  n'S(;ue, 
more  than  "JOO  Ciiiu'iiautous  fell,  says  .luari'oH.  On  tin.'  hiilf  of  the  Spaniards 
many  'I'lasealtcLS  were  .slain,  anion;,'  whom  were  two  illustrious  chiefs,  .Inan 
Xuvhiatl  ami  ( iciMinimo  Carrillo— the  Sp^mish  lanu;  of  this  !n<lian  chief  - 
while  of  the  S])anianls  themselves  a  eousiderahle  projvirtioii  received  severe 
wounds,  (,'tifif.,  ii.  'Js.">.  Ik'sides  Ai^'uilar  ami  tlie  three  captains,  whoso 
iiaincs  are  ^.'iveii  in  the  text,  Fuentes  mention.s  also  (iutierre  <le  Itohles 
and  I'eilro  ile  Olmos  as  having  greatly  Higuuli/ed  them.selves  iu  this  iictioa. 
JtCcoi'tlwiuii  Fhiriilft,  MS.,  !(». 

UiHi'.  CCN.  Am.,  Vol.  I.    U 


coo 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CAKCHIQUELS. 


victory,  tlio  Spaniards  (Ictcrinincd  to  make  anotlicr 
atte!n|)t  upon  tlic  j)laco,  ami  were  on  tlic  point  of 
assanit  when  an  ambassador  airivcd  from  the  Clii''- 
nautccs  tendei'ing  their  sul)mission,  and  l)rint^in;j^ 
the  eustonriry  presents  of  gold,  gn^en  plumes,  and 
i^ostly  mantles.  It  was,  however,  stipulated  on  their 
])art  that  this  act  of  allegiance  should  he  ki^pt  secret 
until  the  fall  of  jSIixco;  at  the  same  time  the  en- 
voy intimated  that  their  cacirpies  would  communi- 
cate })rivately  to  Alvarado  a  secret  that  would  he  of 
service  to  him.  Alvarado  received  this  messa<jfe  fivor- 
ahly,  and  sent  hack  the  ennssar-y  with  every  mark  of 
consideration,  expressing  his  willingness  to  hear  what 
the  cliicl's  liad  to  say. 

The  distance  fi-om  ^lixco  to  Chignauta  was  nine 
leagU{>s;  and  in  three  days,  during  which  Alvarailo 
had  refrained  from  active  operations,  the  princi])al 
cacicjue^"  arrivc^l  at  his  camp.  Tiiey  were  attended 
hv  a  larue  retinue  and  a  number  of  natives  bearin<>' 
presents  of  great  aborigmal  value  and  a  large  (piantity 
of  provisions.  The  disclosure  made  by  the  caci(jue3 
was  to  the  effect  that  there  existed  a  subterranean 
passag(3  from  the  stronghold,  having  an  outlet  in  the 
woods  near  the  I'iver  bank.  My  this  tlie  ^[ixcans 
could  esca]>e,  tiiey  said,  even  if  the  Spaniards  suc- 
ceeded in  storming  the  height.  The  outlet  they  were 
willing  to  disclose,  as  they  owed  no  allegiance  to  the 
^lixcans,  who  had  incited  them  to  take  iijt  arms  against 
the  Spaniards.  They  moreover  suggested  that  an 
ambuscade  should  be  ])laced  near  the  nioutli.-^ 

A  foi'ce  of  forty  men,  cross-bowmen  and  cavalry, 
connnanded  by  Alonso  Lopez  de  Loarca,  was  accortl- 

'"  I'lU'iitcs,  \vli(i  wnitc"  l)L't\vocn  l(i!)0  and  iTOfl,  g'wvH  a  partial  description 
of  acaxfrn,  lliu  I'ntraiu'o  t"  wliicli  was  on  a  Hniall  riilLjo  hy  tlui  sido  of  tlio 
rnins  (if  Mixco,  'J'lu!  dnor-way  was  (if  day,  tlirou  iwt  wUU'-  and  tln'ce  iii^'U. 
Tliirty-six  utonc  sti'jis  k'd  down  to  a  spacious  cliainl)ur,  liavini,'  at  its  cud 
.nnotlicr  lli;,dit  of  stairs,  down  wliicli  no  one  iiad  i)asscd  far,  for  the  rts'ison 
that  tlic  j,'i'onnd  hcL;an  to  ti'cndilc  as  tlic  explorer  proceeded.  KiLrhtecn  steps 
had,  iiowev(!r,  been  descended,  and  nn  arclied  openin;^  on  the  ri^ht  side  dis- 
covered, leading  liy  six  ste])s  into  a  Ion;,'  cavern.  No  fni'tiier  explorations 
liad  lieen  made.  XJhi  sup.,  cap.  ii.;  Juarron,  Uita/.,  ii.  ',\M-l  N<ilirc  Jtaan,;  iv. 
lil)-20. 


1 


THE  F.VLL  OF  MIXCO. 


COl 


in^l>'  (lospatclicd  to  the  exit  of  the  passnc]^o,-*  and 
thei'cii}xm  Alvarado  detcnnincd  once  inoio  to  atteni[)t 
to  storin  the  place.  Tlio  front  man  of  the  storm  inn- 
lino  bore  a  shield,  and  behind  him  followed  a  cross- 
bowman;  then  .succeeded  another  shield -bearer,  suj)- 
ported  by  an  arquebusier.  Thisalternate  order  aftordid 
])rotection  and  at  the  same  time  admitted  of  assault.'-' 
The  file  thus  formed  was  led  by  Bernardino  do  Arte- 
aga,  who  had  asked  for  the  dani^erous  post  as  a  favoi-, 
and  succeeded  in  covering  his  name  with  honor. 
Cnllinjjf  on  God  and  Santiaijjo,  they  began  the  ascent 
of  the  narrow  ridge,  which  widened  as  it  joined  tin; 
cliff.  While  moving  as  rapidly  as  possible,  so  that  the 
showering  stones  and  arrows  might  have  less  eflect, 
they  nevertheless  plied  cross-bow  and  arquebuse  with 
deadly  effect.  They  had  almost  reached  a  wider  place 
in  the  ridge,  where  four  men  might  walk  abreast, 
when  the  gallant  Arteaga  was  felled  with  a  heavy 
stone,  breaking  his  leg,  but  with  indomitable  will  ho 
struggled  on,  supported  by  his  conn-ade  ])i(>go  Lopez 
de  Villanueva.'^''  J)espite  the  terrible  resistance  tlicy 
reached  the  broader  space  near  the  clilf,  which  was 
l)acked  with  defenders  so  eager  for  a  l)low  at  tlie 
assailants  that  many  were  crowded  f)ff  the  preci]>i(^e 
by  those  behind.  But  the  stormers  were  l»y  this 
time  enabled  to  fall  partially  into  line  and  ply  tlicir 
blades.  A  hand-to-hand  contest  followed,  and  the 
U'vound  soon  bL.'ame  thickly  strewn  with  the  Ixidics 
A'  slain  Mixcans,  among  whicli  were  heaps  of  loppcd- 
off  heads  and  limbs,  ^[ore  S|ianiards  and  auxiliaries 
came  rai/idlv  forward  to  aid  in  the  slaughter  as 
•"•round  coukl  be  cleared  for  them  to  stand  on.    The 

-''  The  ili-'t.'UR'f'  of  tliiMnitlnt  ffoin  tlio  cnitip  must  liavo  been  crmsidiT.'ili'.c, 
ns  I'uriitc'S  st.'iti's  tliiit  ;i  il:iy  was  allowcil  for  tin- in  rival  of  Ldaioa's  foi'ic  at 
tlu!  cave.   Fiiciilia  ji  (lir.iimii,  n<'i'nril<vh>i>  i''/i)riilii,  MS.,  17. 

'•'  TIk!  lU'coinit  f;ivo\i  hy  l'"iU'iitt'S  is  soiui'wliat  c<iiit'im<'(l.  From  liis  version 
fill  ]iai,'i!  17  the  I'eadi'i'  is  l"cl  to  suppose  that  Loarca's  party  wen-  to  iiscM'tiit  liy 
the  cavernous  passage,  nnil  in  the  onler  given  in  the  text,  while  on  iiai,'e  lit  ho 
.•^tiites  tliat  those  who  (led  by  the  cive  were  uttiiekeil  hy  the  party  'statiiun  d 
in  ainhush.' 

■'"  Fucutes  says  thut  Lopez  Je  Villanucva  and  two  others  quickly  took  his 
place. 


U02 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CAKCmQUELS. 


natives  fought  with  desperation,  hut  licii^ht  afti'i* 
lieiLjht  was  lost  to  them,  until  their  viotoiious  too 
gained  at  hist  the  plain  above.  There  the  Spaiiiai-U 
loniid  fresh  I'orces  to  oppose  them.  But  the  Mixcu'i-; 
were  l)y  this  time  overawed  by  the  extraordinary 
achievement  of  the  Si)aniards;  antl  as  they  marlce  I 
these  merciless  white  foemen,  the  first  who  had  evir 
])lanted  foot  within  the  precincts  of  their  famed  and 
lormidal)le  stronghold,  as  they  saw  them  moving 
onward  and  upward,  invincible  as  fate,  it  is  no  wonder 
that  their  hearts  sank  with  despair.  Their  opposition 
was  wholly  s[)iritless;  they  broke  and  lied  at  the  first 
charu'e.  What  I'ollowed  was  friijlitful,  surpassing  even 
tlu;  terrible  scenes  to  wliich  these  man-kilK'rs  on  both 
sides  were  accustomed.  To  escaj)e  the  fierce  oiislnuglit 
of  the  8j)aniards  some  of  the  Mixcans  jilunged  head- 
long down  the  cliffs,  the  dull  thud  of  their  bodii^s,  as 
they  struck  upon  the  rocks,  sounding  ghostly  echoes 
in  the  ravine  below.  Some  attempted  escape  by  tlio 
now  tleserted  |)ath  l)y  which  the  assailants  iiad  come, 
but  these  were  captured  by  the  eam[)  guard.  Sonn! 
fled  by  the  subterranean  caverns,  but  were  jiursued 
and  many  taken  prisoners  before  thiiy  reached  tho 
outlet,  while  those  who  had  })reviously  withdrawn 
thither  with  the  women  and  children,  under  the  care 
of  several  caci(pies,  on  emerging  at  the  outlet  were 
assailed  by  Loarca,  and  most  of  them  captured.^^ 

Thus  terminated  this  remarkable  exi)loit  of  tho 
con(pierors.  The  city  was  burned,  the  strongliold 
ilestroyed,  and  the  jiopulation  removed  to  the  site  of 
till!  present  town  of  the  same  name,  situated  in  the 
A'^alle  de  las  Vacas.^* 

It  was  not  long  after  the  fall  of  Mixco  that  tho 

'■"  Ti'ziimp,  Qn'irM  .U.S'.,  7;  JuarroH,  Gnat.,  ii.  284-8;  FuenWn  y  Guzinnn, 
Jii'Corilurion  Flitr'flfi,  MS.,  14  !». 

■-'''*  'I'lii!  Mixi'oof  to-iliiy  imlistant  from  tlu;  present  city  of  Ouiitcniala  alioiit 
two  Ic'iLriii's,  and  uiiH' or  ten  leau'ilew  from  tlie  ruiii.s  of  tlie  Mixco  tlestroyed 
l)y  Alvarado.  Its  dest ruction  was  foliowe<l  liy  tlio  suitmissioii  r.f  various 
towns,  aniou^'  wiiicii,  according;  to  the  Cakclii(iuel  M>S.,  were  Xilotepec,  Yam- 
\>nk,  i 'apulukti,  uud  Zunipan^u. 


TTin  ZACATEPEC  WAR. 


ronqii'^st  of  the  Zncairpcc  A'nlUy  wns  acooiiiplislicd. 
Tlio  towns  of  this  district  wvrv  stiltj-'ct  to  tlu'  \<\U'j; 
of  the  Cak(hi(|iU'ls,  hut  lu.iiiy  ol"  tht'iii,  especially 
y^aoatepoc,  had  thi-owii  oil"  thcii-  allegiance  and  de- 
clared themselves  independent,  indii^nantat  Sinacam's 
alliance  vith  the  Sj)aniards.'-'^  They  iiad,  moreover, 
I'epeatedly  shown  their  hostility  to  thost^  towns  which 
liad  submittixl  to  8[)anish  i"ule,  by  makin<^  incursions 
into  their  lands,  and  cai-rying  oil'  their  women  and 
childivn  to  the  sacriiice,''" 

Al'ti')'  the  suj)pivssion  of  tlic;  revolt  and  tlx^  re- 
ostahlishnK^nt  of  S])anish  power  in  the  Patinamit 
district,^'  the  caciipies  of  Xinaco  and  ZumpanL,^)  re- 
monstrated with  the  Zacate))ecs,  sayinic  that  they 
Were  now  nnder  the  ])rotection  of  the  children  <>f  the 
sun,  and  should  a])[)eal  to  them  if  tin;  dej)i'edatioiis 
on  their  lan<ls  did  not  cease.  The  unfoi-tunate  men 
"who  carried  this  messa;_je  were  sur.nnarily  sacritice(l 
on  the  altar  stone,  all  save  one,  whos(>  life  was  spared 
that  he  mi^ht  cany  back  the  reply  of  tln^  Zacate]»ecs: 
"  jjct  the  children  of  the  sun  brim^  to  life  a^'ain  the 
dead  envovs.  As  i'or  ourscdves,  we  will  not  submit 
to  an  mdcnown  people,  but  will  destroy  all  tlu>  vil- 
la!4'es  of  the  caciipies  before  their  allies  can  render 
assistance."  Nor  were  they  slow  to  cairy  t)ui  their 
threat. 

A  larg'e  force  invaded  the  tcrritoi-y  of  Xinaco  and 
Zumpango,  and  be^an  to  slay  and  lay  wast(\  The 
natives  sent  to  (jruatemala  to  implore  assistance.  Al- 
vara(K)  was  at  this  time  absent  on  his  second  campaign 

'^'^  (''akrhiqiiil  MS.,  .">;  ./icirri'n,  d'udf.,  ii.  "JSl;  I'lu'ii/rx  /i  h'lr.niitn,  Iti 'iinlu- 
c'tiiii  l''l,)ri'l'i,  MS.,  I  .i.  .liiin'iic/  iimkrs  ;i  Miaru'iii;il  imti^  in  tin'  iii;iiiiiMTi|it  of 
Fiiontcs,  statiiiLT  that  'tliis  is  falsi',  bci'auso  tiny  liaii  rrlu  IUmI  |/ii'\  iims  to 
till!  arrival  of  tlii'  Spaiiiaiil.-i  aii<l  iiiaihi  tlu.ir  caiiital  at  \  ;uii|iiik.'  I'lHntis  // 
d'll-.iiini),  J,'cnirif'r'-itiii    /'/.iiiil  ),  MS.,   |-_':!. 

•""  I'uciitus  assc'its  that  tlu^y  wi'in  woiit  to  cclcKrati;  thcii'  fcisl-i,  chiiiii^ 
which  tlii'si!  viiliuis  wi'ii'  iiiiiiinhiU'ii,  mi  liiil-i  in  lull  \ir\v  of  Ihc  Imliaiis  who 
wtic  frii'iidly  to  \\h'  SiKuiianis,  in  orili  r  to  iPiovoUc  thi'iii. 

'"  .liiarros  iissiL;iis  too  I'arly  ii  ilati',  .laimary  !•'-■'',  for  thi-  cvi'iit.s  wliirh 
follow,  liiit  he  a)i|ii!arM  to  ho  (piito  iiiu'oiim'ious  of  this  lii'Ht  (■.iki:liii|tt('l  n- 
viiU.  Iliiiil.,  ii.  "Jsl.  .linii'iii'/  has  iiimlc  a  iiiari,'iiial  iiot(^  in  tlu!  niann-<iTi]ir, 
of  i''uriili'.'<  a.s  follows:  '  This  town,'  nii  aning  Xinaco,  '  wua  foumloil  auniu  tln(o 
uftorwiird — tliLroforo  this  is  falsu.' 


C94 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CAKCniQUELS. 


t(i  Salvador,"^  carryini^  out  his  former  intention  to  rc- 
tiui)  and  brini^  the  stubborn  natives  to  a  recognition 
of  8[)aniar<ls'  rights.  Nevertlieless,  one  tht)usan(l 
Cakclii([uels  ami  ten  arcjuebusiers,  under  tlie  connnand 
of  Antonio  de  Salazar,  a  most  competent  captain, 
Avere  at  once  despatclied  to  the  scene  of  action,  while 
Alvarad(j  was  advised  of  wliat  had  occurred.  Hos- 
lihties  had  ah'eady  begun  before  these  troops  arrived. 
For  three  days  the  Zacatcpccs  maintained  the  con- 
fhet  with  great  bravery,  though  with  considerable 
loss.  But  now  the  Spaniards  received  a  reinforce- 
ment of  ten  arquebusiers,  twenty  horsemen,  and  two 
hundred  Tlascaltccs  and  ISIexicans,  commanded  by 
Pedro  Gonzalez  Najerr  The  contest  thereafter  was 
not  so  evenly  balanced,  and  the  Zacatcpecs  sustained 
several  defeats.  On  the  fifth  day,  however,  they 
adopted  tlie  plan  of  attacking  in  columns  one  thousand 
strong,  successively  relieving  each  other,  so  that  fresh 
men  continually  kept  up  the  l)attle,  each  column  when 
relieved  I'otiriny-  to  the  rear.^  These  tactics  enabled 
them  to  maintain  the  fisxht  during  the  w1k)1o  of  that 
day,  and  they  inflicted  no  little  loss  on  the  Spanish 
foicos.  Early  in  the  morning  the  Spaniards  took  tlio 
field,  apparently  in  disorder  and  much  reduced  in  num- 
l)(!rs.  Encouraged  by  the  success  of  their  new  ma- 
nanivres,  the  Zacatcpecs  attacked  with  contemptuous 
confidence.     The  Spaniards  gave  way  and  retreated 


"'  Fucntcs  states  tlint  tlio  Spaninrds  at  this  timo  wcro  engajjcd  in  the 
Atitlan  war.  J'lrin-ilnrion  /Vocfi/H,  MS.,  I'.i.  This  is  .a  mistake.  Atitlau  wa.s 
fiiiliciiR'd  ill  1.V24,  and  Alvarado,  who  gives  a  detailed  account  of  tlie  alVair, 
>\'c)uld  have  mentioned  tiiis  war  M'itli  tlie  Zacatepees  had  it  occurred  at  tliat 
tinw.  .luarros  says  Alvarado  was  engaged  in  tlie  Atitl.m  war  or  tliat  of  tho 
I'ipiles.  (I'littf.,  ii.  'JS2.  This  latter  conjecture  is  doubtless  right.  Thcro 
is  evidence  that  Alvarado  undertook  his  second  campaign  along  tiio  coast 
airainst  S.dvador  during  tho  early  part  of  1.V2."),  eonijuered  the  country,  and 
loundedtlie  city  of  San  Salvador.  No  i-ecords  of  the  events  remain,  liut  from 
an  act  of  the  cabildo  of  (4itatciiiala,  dated  the  (ith  of  May,  irrj,'),  we  learn  th.it 
one  l)iego  Ifolgiiin  had  prcviimsly  left  the  city  to  'reside  in  the  villa  do  Sail 
Ssalv.iddr,  of  which  ho  was  alcalde.'  Arrritin,  .[fin.t  Afinnl.  (Indf.,  ]',]. 

•'•'  l''ueutes,  followed  by  .luarros,  states  that  this  was  done  by  tho  advice  of 
an  aged  Indian  named  Chobuloc.  ]Ie  had  observecl  that  the  Spaniards  did 
not  engage  with  all  their  forces  at  once,  but  always  kept  a  body  of  men  in 
reserve,  and  suggested  to  the  ciiiefs  of  his  nation  the  adoption  of  similar 
tactics. 


CONQUKST  OF  THE  MAMES.  Mi 

toward  a  thickly  wooded  laviiio.  Tlio  Zaoatcjv^os  now 
Irlt  sure  of  victory,  and  in  tlicii-  iiniKtin>ns  pursuit 
allowed  tlKiusclvcs  to  ho  drawn  into  the  delile,  where 
a  larj^c  body  of  their  enemies  were  lyinj,'  in  anihush. 
Suddenly  assailed  on  both  sides,  their  disordeily  ranks 
were  louted  with  great  slaughter.  Xuinhers  wero 
also  taken  piisoners,  anion^'  whom  were  many  caci(|ues. 
This  hattl<!  tominated  the  war.  TIk^  wIioK;  Zacatej)ec 
valley  submitted  to  the  authority  of  the  Spaniards; 
and  in  order  to  insure  iuturt;  obedience  a  j^ariison  ot* 
ten  Spaniai'ds  ami  one  hundred  and  iorty  Tlascaltecs 
was  stationed  at  Zacate[)ec,  under  the  command  ot* 
])iego  d»3  Alvarado,  the  caei(|Ues  being  detained  as 
hostages.''* 

About  the  middle  of  the  year  1525  Se(|Uechul, 
king  of  Utatlan,  rej)resented  t(j  Alvarado  that  his 
father  Oxib  (^uieh  had  not  heen  so  guilty  as  he  had 
.su[>posed  of  the  treacherous  plot  to  destroy  the  Sjtan- 
iards  the  year  )>revious,  but  that  Caihil  Jjalam,'"'*  king 
of  the  Mames,^  was  more  to  blame,  as  the  instigatcjr 
of  the  attempt.  At  the  .same  time  he  offered  to  j)ro- 
vidothe  invading  forces  with  guides  if  .Vlvarado  would 
luidertake  the  conquest  of  that  kingdom  and  punish 
Caibil  Ijalam.  Whether  Seijuechul's  obj(,'ct  was  re- 
venge for  his  father's  cruel  death  or  favor  with  Alva- 
rado is  of  little  consequence;  the  mention  he  made  of 
the  broad  lands  and  great  wealth  of  the  province  fell 
pleasantly  on  the  lieutenant-general's  ear,  and  he  will- 
ingly accedetl  to  the  king's  proposal. 

The  ex])edition  was  placed  under  the  command  of 
Gonzalo  do  Alvaiado, and  consisted  of  eighty  S[)anisli 

^' Fiiriiti-t  y  (I'liziiKin,  Iiccordacion  Florida,  MS.,  12-14;  Juarrot,  (luni., 
ii. '2Si-;(. 

'^Tliis  I'ulcr,  s;iys  Omiznlo  de  Alvar.'ido,  tlisplnyfl  in  liis  jxTsiin  tlio 
IKihility  (if  lii.s  IjI')!"!  iiml  wa.s  ahuiit  ID  yi;iirs  of  iigt;.  AlritiuLln,  (j'nr.iilij  </(.', 
iJoiinn'n,  .MS.;  Jii  trro.i,  Lliinl.,  ii.  ;{l!t. 

■■'''1  lio  Ciikcliiijiu'ls  iire  said  to  liavo  iiijplicd  the '.vord  Mi  lu  to  t!ii- May.i- 
BpcakiiiL;  trilics.  Tliis  word,  iiu'aiiiiiL;  '  sliitti'ivrs,'  was  coirtipt.  d  Ijv  tiiuSiiau- 
iard.s  into  Maiiics.  Tiicy  occupied  tliat  puilioii  of  tlie  Lnuiitry  wliicli  lay 
botwi'ci)  the  (jUiiclii'  territory  and  Cliiapus,  uow  tlic  ^Jroviuce  of  Tutoliicupau. 
buu  Xallvc  liactn,  ii.  128,  v.,  passim. 


J 


coo 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CAKCIIIQUELS. 


infantry,  tlio  captains  l)ein<^  Antonio  do  Salazar  and 
Fi'anciseo  tUs  Arovalo,  toj^ctlier  with  forty  cavalry- 
nicn  and  two  thousand  native  auxiliaries,  (hawii  IVoni 
various  disti-icts,  wliose  foininandi-i's  wci-e  .Inr^^o  di; 
Acuua,  lV'(h'o  dc  iVrai^on,  In'rnardino  do  Oxi^do,  and 
.)uan  do  Ve,'asti;4ui.  TIicsc  I'orces  were,  nioj'covoi*, 
acc()nij)ani(jtl  l»y  three  luuuhvd  pioneers,  with  axi'S 
and  picks,  while  a  larjjje  number  of  In<lian  carriers 
l)ore  with  them  an  ain])le  su])ply  of  provisions  Ix^^sidcs 
the  ba;4'<,^aL''e.  Eaily  in  July  the  army  marched  to 
Totonicapan,  a  town  on  the  conliiies  of  the  Mame 
territoi'y,  ^hich  was  mad  the  base  of  operations. 
The  usual  dilHculties  of  such  undertakiuij^s  here  l)eLran. 
It  took  the  iiivadei's  no  less  than  ei»j:ht  davs  to  cross 
the  mountain  range  betweiii  that  ])lace  and  the  ]ti;) 
] londo.  The  season  rendered  their  labors  the  greater, 
for  the  rain,  day  after  tlay,  |)Oured  down  in  torrents. 
Up  steep  ascents,  down  dann'ei'<nis  ^-uUics,  the}'  toiled, 
now  winding'  in  sint^'le  tile  aloni,'  the  ed^'e  of  a  ])i'(ci- 
]»ice,  now  phm^'iiiL;'  over  soft  treacherous  L;rouiid  up 
to  the  knee  in  mud.  On  reachinu^  the  lloudo''^  they 
bivouacked  for  two  days  in  the  drip})ing  sunless  woods 
on  the  bank  of  the  liver,  which,  swollen  l)y  the  cease- 
less rains,  for  a  time  delied  their  passage.  ^Vt  length 
tluy  succeeded  in  crossing,  and  presently  eniei'ged 
Iroui  the  forests  U])ou  an  open  ])lain,  and  descried  on 
an  eminence  the  Mame  town  of  ^lazatenango.  It  was 
a  well  fortiiled  place,  surrounded  by  a  barricade  of 
heavy  timber,  behind  which,  on  a  terre-plein  of  mud 
and  straw,  a  !>-reat  nndtitude  of  M'ari'iors  were  drawn 
u[).  A  wide  stretch  of  swampy  ground,  not  ditlering 
in  a})pearancc  fnun  the  rest  of  the  [)lain,  debarred  ap- 
]iroach  to  this  side  of  the  town.  As  tlu^  invading 
army  drew  uv.w,  the  ]\[ames  with  hisses  and  sliouts 
of  deliance  challenged  attack,  in  the  hope  of  inducing 
them  to  charge  into  the  swamp.     Gonzalo  de  Alvarado 


*'  Tho  Tlondo.  durint;  t.lio  dry  sciisoii,  is  but  a  small  shallow  stn>ain.  In 
the  wot  sc'iisnu,  howcviT,  it  l)"cijinos  a  docp  anil  duuguroua  liver,  liuiico  ita 
uaiiic,  El  liio  Hondo,  '  the  deep  river. ' 


PRINCE  CAX  ILOCAR. 


097 


wns,  however,  limcly  advised  of  t'.ic  danjjfer  by  his 
j^-uides,  and  iiiakiiiLj  a  detour  he  assaulted  the  hai'ii- 
cade  on  the  other  side,  where  the  ground  was  linn. 
'J'h(>  assailants  wci-e  reeeived  with  a  Mindin;^'  storm 
of  niissik's,  wliich  for  a  lonj^  time  kej)t  them  in  chrck. 
Th'ir  i-cjieated  ellbrts  to  hui'st  thl"oui;h  the  di^t'enees 
Were  hailled,  and  the  auxiliai'ies  wei'eheeomini^discour- 
a_L;vd,  when  (Jome/  de  Loarca  with  the  cavalry  plunii^cd 
throu^•h  the  ])alisa(le.  The  hesie!jfci-s,  ])oui'in!4'  in 
throuL,di  the  breach,  could  now  iii^dit  after  their  own 
i'ashion ;  and  thcjuu^h  the  Mames  oH'i.'i'ed  a  brave  resist- 
ance, they  Were  routed  with  i^n'eat  slauL;htei',  and  their 
tov.'U  taken  j)ossession  of  hy  the  con(|Uerors,  who  placed 
in  it  a  suJlicient  n-ari'ison  as  a  jn'otection  in  their  rear. 
ContinuiuL;-  their  mai'ch,  they  encounter  at,  no  ^leat 
distance  I'roni  Ma'.ateiian^o  an  army  of  live  thousand 
warrioi's  from  Malacatan,  whereujion  CJon/alo  takes  up 
a  favorable  position  on  the  plain.'"*  The  ^anL;'uard  of 
the  enemy  is  comjjost^d  of  slini^er.s  and  archers,  and 
the  main  body  )f  s])earmen,  commanded  h)'  the  re- 
nowned prince  Can  llocab.  In  perfect  order,  and  with 
deafeniii'^  sound  of  drums  and  conchs,  they  ap])roach 
the  Spanish  arm}'.  As  soon  as  the  van^uiard  has 
I'eached  a  suitable  point  (jonzalo  charj^'es  upon  them 
with  the  cavahy.  The  arrows  sti'ike  thick  as  hail 
on  the  mailed  breasts  of  the  horsemen,  drawiuL,^  iire 
therc-i'rom;  but  the  charL;"ers  dash  through  the  ranks 
of  the  arclun's,  who  with  stubborn  courage  disdain 
to  ily,  while  to  avoid  the  fatal  lance  thrusts  they  throw 
themselves  under  the  horses,  only  to  be  crushed  and 
man<4'led  by  the  iron-shod  hoofs.  And  now  tin;  main 
body  of  the  ^Fames  come  up,  and  the  S})anisli  cavalry 
have  mort^  dillicult  work.  'I'he  charu^e  atj^ainst  those; 
solid  (.'olumns  hristliiiL?  with  Ioiil,^  spears  is  only  |»ar- 
tially  successful.  The  shock  is  sustained  by  the 
]\rames  with  a  iirmness  the  Spaniards  are  littli;  accus- 
tomed to.     The  discomtited  vanL^uard  has  time  to  rally, 


and   auain   the   swift    stone  brui 


ses. 


UK  I  arrows  luss 


Macar 


Xiiid  MS.,  l(j:  Jitn 


GiuU.,  ii.  311.    The  tuwu  stiLl  exists. 


608 


REVOLT  OF  TIIK  CAKCIIIQUELS. 


and  shiver  on  lielmot  iiiul  coat  of  mail.  All  tlio  forces 
on  both  sidi's  urn  now  in  action,  jind  thu  .sI;uiL,Mjtor 
of  tho  Miinies  is  droadfnl,  yet  not  one  inch  will  tlicy 
yield.  llushinLj  to  close  quarters,  within  their  oppo- 
ncMits'  hreastwoi'k  of  sword-points,  and  ^^didini^  alon:^ 
their  lances,  they  so  hainjier  the  Spaniards  that  they 
can  hardly  wield  their  arms.  JJruised  and  stunned, 
einharrassed  in  their  movements,  the  hlows  of  tiie 
Spaniards  fall  more  feehly,  and  they  already  he^^in 
to  relax  theii-  efforts  when  Sala/,ar,  one  of  the  cap- 
tains of  infantry,  seein;^  the  innninent  danL,'er,  strives 
to  rouse  lii.s  men  with  spirit-stirrin^jj  words.  "Where 
is  your  valor,  Castilians^"  luj  cries.  "J)oes  that 
couraLje  «iidc  which  won  the  hlood-stained  fields  of 
]\Ie\ico  and  Utatlan^  There  you  achieved  renown; 
lose  it  not  here,  nor  suffer  vourselves  to  be  caiiiesl 
off  to  die  on  the  altars  of  these  idolaters  I"  The 
a[)peal  has  its  effect.  With  renewed  elf  )rts  thc!  in- 
fantry mow  their  way  throu'di  and  throu<']i  the  .Mamo 
columns,  causinuf  friiihtful  carnaLji',  but  the  wai-riors 
recede  not  one  foot  in  flight.  I'or  still  waves  in  air 
their  [)rince's  banner;  Ids  plume  nods  high  above  them 
all,  and  his  voice  still  cheers  them  on.  As  long  as 
he  remains  they  will  fight,  knowing  no  defeat.  The 
Spanish  captain  is  not  blind  to  this,  for  under  the  great 
Cortes  he  has  learned  that  in  their  leader  lies  the 
strength  of  the  warriors,  and  he  recognizes  only  too 
clearly  that  Can  Ik)cab's  death  is  their  one  chance  of 
victory.  For  sonn  time  the  execution  of  Gonzalo's 
purpose  has  been  c''  'ayed,  but  at  length  by  the  surging 
ranks  he  is  throwi.  ear  to  the  magic  banner,  and  then 
with  desperate  chai  -e  he  urges  his  steed  through  the 
resisting  guard  uj)  \  the  Mame  chieftain,  and  ])hmges 
the  lance  through  ds  body.  This  ends  the  battle, 
and  the  jSIames,  ur(.oon<|U(^red  by  swortl  and  lance,  on 
the  fall  of  their  jirince  flee  from  the  field  and  are 
pursued  as  far  as  their  town.  The  chiefs  of  tlie  [)la,ce 
at  once  send  an  embassy  to  sue  for  peace,  bringing 
with  them  a  present  of  gold  ornaments,  and  offering 


ZAKULl5U  INVESTED. 


C'JO 


allt'L,M;iiico,  wliicli  is  accepted.  Leaviiij^f  a  garrison  in 
the  town,  the  Spaniards  C(Hitimie  their  nianh  in  the 
directiiin  of  Hnehucitenani^o.^'' 

This  was  an  important  city  of  the  blames,  where 
(lonzalo  de  Alvarado  expected  warm  W()rk,  JndLjinLr 
fiom  the  hitc  formidahlo  resistance.  i)n  arrival,  Iiow- 
ever,  lie  foimd  the  placi-  ai)and«>ned,  and  .such  of  the 
liou.ses  as  had  not  l)ei;n  destroyed  strii)])ed  of  lui-ni- 
iiire  and  utensils,  with^.nt  a  handful  of  jJi'ovisions. 
Cavalry  troops  wei'o  sent  out  in  dillerent  directions, 
and  one  under  the  command  of  Gaspai*  Aleman  fell  in 
v/ith  three  hundred  Indian  archers,  who  without  hesi- 
t;il  ion  attacked  the  horsemen,  amon^  othei's  woundiiiiL^ 
Aleman  in  the  face,  lint  they  were  soon  rolited,  and 
in  the  i)ursuit  three  piisoners  were  taken,  one  of 
whom  was  a  chief  named  Sah(]uial),  a  captain  in  C'aihil 
IJalam's  army.  When  brought  into  the  i>r(\sence  of 
( Jon/;d()  de  Alvarado,  he  informed  him  that  his  sover- 
reign  had  retired  to  the  almost  impregnahle  city  of 
Zakuleu,*"  where,  provided  with  provisions  and  stores, 
he  dee  ned  himself  :^ecure.  The  captive  was  thereU})on 
sent  by  Gonzalo  to  Caibil  Balam  with  oilers  of  peace 
and  a  chai'itable  proj)()sal  to  teach  him  the  doctrines 
of  t!ie  Christian  religion.  But  Hah(piiab  did  not 
return,  nor  came  any  answer  to  Gonzalo.  A  second 
embassy,  composed  of  Indians  from  Utatlan,  was 
ru(  lely  refused  audience  with  a  shower  of  arrows.  This 
exhausted  the  patience  of  Gonzalo  and  he  marched  on 
Zakuleu.  As  soon  as  his  approach  was  observed  by 
the  ]\rames  an  aj-my  six  thousand  strong  sallied  forth 
to  oive  him  '  attle.  The  engagement  which  i'ollowed 
was  maintaineil  by  the  ]\[am(.'S  with  the  same  stul»- 

'"(Jiiirhi'  MS.,  10;  ,/iiarn'»,  (!i(fif.,  ii.  .'Jll-l.'J.  A  tity  which  rrinaiiis  to 
tho  ]ivr-(i;iit  (lay  umlcr  tiic  .«aiiu!  naiiu'. 

'"  l.ikt!  Utatlaii  ami  Mixcn,  this  city  was  situatod  oti  a  jilalcaii  .siin-DUii'li'il 
liy  raviiR'H.  The  ]ilat(au  was  twtlvo  iiiili-s  in  tir(iini;'iiiiii'c,  ami  on  it  atv  still 
to  111'  M'lii  the  ruins  of  ZaUuli  ii,  known  hy  the  nanie  of  Las  ('novas,  thi'  caves, 
aliimt  half  a  Icau'uo  from  llnchnctinanm).  'I'liiy  are  only  a'fonfnsiil  heap  of 
niMii-h,  ovei'iiiown  with  hni.siiuood.  'J'wo  jiyianiiijal  stiinluics  of  wloiie  ami 
inoitar  i:;!i,  however,  he  niaile  out.  Juairos  calls  the  Jilace  Sim'oIco,  wliirh  is 
t!i''  jiiescnt  name  of  a  vilhige  uud  btreaia  iu  thu  locality.  Gitat.,  ii.  313-14; 
2^'alive  JUicm,  iv.  I'JS-uO. 


700 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CAKCTTIQUELS. 


Ix)]"!!  valor  exhibited  in  previous  fightis,  and  niai'lced  l)y 
siniilai-  carnaL^e.  A  reserve  of  two  thousand,  wliieh 
siiUicd  (hirinijf  the  l)attle  IVoni  Zakuh_'u  to  the  su]>|)ort 
of  tlicir  countrymen,  made  an  inelfe'^tual  atteni|it  to 
turn  tlie  tide  of  victorv,  oulv  adding'  to  the  victims; 
n]id  route;l  in  all  directions  the  Mames  lied  to  their 
stronghold  in  the  mountains." 

Owing  to  the  inip;)ssil)ility  of  sti^rmin'nf  so  inip?x^p^- 
nahle  a  place  as  Zahuleu,  (J-otizalo  closely  invested  ifc 
hy  stationiiiuf  troops  at  tlie  few  points  wheiv  c'iiTes.s 
seeme;l  ])ossihl(.'.  On  the  third  day  of  the  sie^ji-e  J  )ie!.i;o 
Ijopez  de  Villanue\a,  while  I'econnoitriii!^  with  a  ho<ly 
of  ca\alry,  observed  smoke  issuiii-j^  iVom  the  woii(!>  on 
the  otlier  side  of  t!ie  river. '''^  IlaN'iiii;"  crossed  with 
nmch  (UlHcidty,  he  IVU  in  v.'ith  three  huiidi'ed  Indians 
in  chargv  of  a  larije  supi)ly  of  ])rovisi;)ns,  which  they 
intended  to  introduce  into  thij  bviea'»'uered  eitv,  and 
which  ^'illanueva  pi'omptly  ap[)ro[)riated. 

The  inactive  wai-fare  soon  wore;  out  the  patience 
of  th(>  Spaniards,  and  Oon/alo  he^'an  to  cut  a  road 
suitable  for  cavaliy  up  the  most  practicable  ])act  of 
the  steep.  Day  by  day,  from  niorninij^  to  ni^'ht,  the 
sound  of  the  pick  was  heard,  and  the  work  eonlinueel 
uninterrupted  with  but  little  loss  to  the  besiegers, 
though  the  heights  were  throngetl  M'ith  ^STames,  who 
used  every  elfort  to  impede  its  jcogress.  The  cross- 
bow and  ar(]uel)use  were  far  more  deadly  than  i\\() 
sling  and  arm-drawn  bow,  and  the  jNIanies  suifered 
heavily. 

In  the  midst  of  these  operations  an  army  of  eigli^". 
t]iousand  mountaineers  appeared  on  the  plain,  ]>ie- 
senting  a  most  unusual  spectacle — naked,  and  hideous 
witli  war-paint,  unri'lieved  by  ])hune  or  ornament  of 
any  kind,  only  by  the  glitter  of  their  wea})ons.  The 
Spanish   captain   inunediately   nuKk;    preparation   f-.r 

*'  The  Spiniiarda  lost  in  this  onL,',i':i'iiiont  •!()  IihII.iiih  .■iml  tlircn  lidi'srs, 
whilo  ciiilit  Kolilirrs  wcro  .scvci-cly  Winimlnl,  jiiikiu;,'  tlioiii  (ioii/Mli)  dr  A'\:i- 
I'lulo.  Tlicy  colKotcil  from  tlio  l)0(li('d  of  llio  nlaiii  a  ,i;ri'!it  i|ii,iiitity  of  gclil 
liKiala.    Alranilo,  (.loir.dio  fli\  Mininrid,  MS.;  •luiirrn.t,  <!iMt,  ii.  lUTt-lO. 

^^  The  present  Sucoleo,  a  tributary  of  the  river  yelegua. 


TRErArJXG  TO  STORM  ZAKULEU. 


701 


l)attl(\  Tjoaviiiu^  a  sufficiiMit  imml>or  to  protect  llio 
work  and  ^^uard  the  eaiiij)/''  he  advanced  ai^aiiist  them 
v.itli  the  remainder  of  liis  forces,  and  was  soon  en<>a<^ed 
iu  a  desj)('rate  struiJCi^U'.  Three  several  thncs  the 
ranks  of  tlie  monntaineers  were  broken,  and  as  ofiiMi 
did  tliey  i-ally  and  attack  with  ever  increasinLj  I'urv. 
Only  the  steel  and  cotton  armor  of  the  Spanish  forces 
saved  them  from  destruction.  As  it  was,  lance  and 
sword,  l)ullet  and  bolt,  reaped  the  usual  liarvest,  and 
on  till!  plain,  saturated  with  blood  and  besj)otted 
v.ith  mau'^led  bodies,  the  Spaniards  at  last  stood  tri- 
umphant.'" 

Thenceforth  the  siej^e  continued  iminterrnpted. 
The  work  of  cuttin;^  the  road  <lra<^fj^ed  slowly  on, 
and  by  tlie  middle  of  October  both  besiej^ers  and 
besieixed  were  underi^oiuLj  intense  sufferin-j^.  Within 
the  cit}'  i'amine  was  daily  gathering  its  victims;  evci-y 
eatable  substance,  to  the  leather  of  their  shields, 
had  been  consumed,  and  the  survivors  were  feeding 
on  the  bodies  of  the  dead.  Scarcity  of  ])rovisions, 
too,  was  li'lt  in  the  Sjianish  camj).  But  this  was  not 
1hi>  worst.  The  weather  was  unusually  severe;  icy 
hailstorms  and  keen  frosts  caused  much  sulfering  to 
the  Invaders,  unaccustomed  to  the  cold  of  that  al- 
titude. Fever  and  ague  also  attacked  them.  From 
the  rain  and  hail  that  fell  the  ])lain  had  become  a 
swani[>  au'l  day  by  day  Gonzalo  saw  the  number  of 
his  haggai'd  troops  grow  smaller.  A  more  s[)eedy 
method  of  rcnlucing  the  place  nuist  be  adopted  or  the 
attempt  abandoned.  Accordingly  ho  sent  off  his  sick 
to  Kuehuetennngo,  and  st()pj)ing  work  on  the  road, 
jiri^pared  (.0  mal<e  the  despei'ate  attem))t  to  storm 
the  ]»lace  with  scaling  ladders.^'  lie  had  already  con- 
structed a  number  of  these  ladders,  huge  in  size  and 

*'  This  j^'ii.'inl  coiiKistcil  of  400  Tiulians  ami  tmi  i)irko(l  SpiinianlH,  umlir 
coinin.iiiil  (if  Aiittmio  (Ic  Salnznr.  Juitrrm^,  diiat.,  ii.  ,'iI7. 

"  l>iiriii;,'  t!u'  liattli',  wliicli  was  fought  in  full  view  of  Zakuli'u,  tho  Manu's 
nttoinpU'il  a  sally  ii.  siiiii)'  irt  (jf  the  luouuUiineci's  but  wure  repelled  by  Salaair. 
Ji((irri:.i,  (liiiil.,  ii,  HIT. 

*'  .hiai'i'd^t  adds  that  (Joiizalo  did  not  adopt  this  jilan  at  first  for  the  reason 
thut  lie  Wiiiitcd  to  uv'uil  hiniticlf  uf  hia  cavuky  iu  the  uaauult,  (Juat.,  ii.  31S. 


702 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CAKCHIQUELS. 


wide  enough  to  allow  three  men  to  ascend  abreast, 
and  was  on  the  point  of  nialcing  the  attack  wIumi  there 
a])peared  an  envoy  from  Caibil  Balani  suing  for  peace. 
This  unfortunate  ruler  had  previously  attc.nptcd  to 
escape  by  night  with  his  family  and  an  escort  of  tlio 
principal  chiefs;  but  having  fallen  in  with  a  patrolling 
party,  he  was  wounded  in  the  arm  with  a  cross-bow 
bolt  and  compelled  to  return.  And  now  he  had  taken 
counsel  with  his  chiefs  on  the  subject  of  surrender. 
He  had  represented  to  them  that  all  hope  of  relief 
was  gone,  while  his  famished  subjects  were  dying 
around  him.  Submission  alone  could  save  the  few 
survivors.  The  chiefs  l>ad  eagei'ly  approved  liis 
words,  and  the  tender  of  submission  was  made. 
Gonzalo's  satisfaction  at  this  unexpected  termination 
of  the  siege  was  indeed  great.  A  spot  midway 
between  the  gate  of  Zakuleu  and  the  quarters  of  the 
cavalry  was  appointed  as  the  place  of  meeting  for  tlie 
settlement  of  terms,  and  Gonzalo,  accompanied  by 
Loarca,  Salazar,  Arevalo,  and  twelve  others,  there 
met  the  liumbled  Caibil  Balam.  The  Spaninrd's  recep- 
tion of  the  native  ruler  was  friendly  in  the  extreme, 
and  with  an  embrace,  Gonzalo  assur-.'d  him  of  his  love 
and  friendship.  Under  such  kindly  treatment,  so  little 
expected,  the  stoical  self-command  of  the  weakened 
warrior  gave  way,  and  he  wept  as  he  rcturnetl  the 
victor's  greeting. 

The  Spaniards  then  took  formal  possession  of  the 
city  in  the  name  of  the  king  of  Spain.*"  They  de- 
stroyed the  fortification  at  the  entrance,"  and  made 
more  jiracticable  the  road  across  the  ravine.  The 
surrounding  country  was  afterward  explored  and  the 
towns  subjected  to  Simnish  rule.  In  Huehuetenango 
Gonzalo  de  Alvarado  stationed  a  strong  garrison,  with 
Gonzalo  de  Solis  as  cai)tain,  and  having  taken  all  the 
necessary  measures  for  the  permanent  tranquillity  of 

*^Alt'armlo,  Oonzafo  il>;  J\frnwriii,  MS.;  Jiwrros,  Giint,  ii.  31fl.  Goii/.-ilo 
lie  Alviinidi)  (liiirnin  that  LSOO  Maim's  perished  in  the  defence  of  Ziilsuleii.  /(/. 

*'  J uarros  stiitua  that u  Htoiio  slab  formed  the  duor  of  the  fort,  and  that  thia 
was  broken  up. 


THE  COUNTRY  rACIFIED. 


709 


Ills  ncwlv^  oonquored  torritorv,  lio  ivturncil  to  Guatc- 
luala  Citv  towai'd  the  end  of  the  year. 

l[eiK'c'fbrth  ooiiqiiost,  oppression,  and  destruction 
marched  liand-in-liand  over  the  country,  and  the  re- 
sult was  a  national  and  social  eclipse  of  the  i'aileu 
races.  Their  arts  and  sciences  were  soon  forgotten; 
their  architectural  skill  was  lost;  and  I'roni  a  state  of 
happy  develo[)nient  their  life  as  a  nation  was  blotted 
out.  To  what  extent  the  proLjress  of  the  world  would 
have  been  benefited  or  retarded,  had  the  aboriijinal 
inhabitants  of  the  American  tal>le-lands  surviv(;d  as 
intei,n'al  nations,  it  is  impossible  to  say;  but  we  may 
(piestion  how  nmch  the  occupation  of  the  country  by 
the  Spaniards  contributed  toward  fjceneral  advance- 
ment. It  is  thoii'dit  l)y  some  that  the  o^reat  Indian 
nations  had  reu-hed  the  limit  of  their  present  line  of 
])roL;rcss  wiien  the  S[)aniards  arrived.  In  Guatemala 
the  individual  kinijs  had  by  lonij  lines  of  succession 
arrived  at  that  stage  of  monarchy  when  jiower  bege{;-t 
luxury  and  <lecay.  Without  I']uro|)ean  intei'ferenco 
thei'e  might  liave  been  a  rela])se  and  a  dark  agt;;  and 
a  later  vimv,  had  discovery  beiMi  delayed  to  our  own 
time  ibr  instance,  might  have  found  ^lexico  and  Cen- 
tral America  overrun  by  savage  liordes  from  the  north 
and  ruined  cities  scattered  ovei-  the  land.  'Vo  this 
fancy  I  am  not  [)repare(l  wholly  to  subscribe.*** 

"^Thc  .'iiithiiiitics  tlKit  liavc  lici'ii  coiisiiltcd  for  tlic  liistoryof  tli<!  ('(inrpicst 
of  ( liKiti'iimlaare  the  fnllow  Jul;;  Ciiiii  H,('(\i-lnn\vA.  I';ii'is,  |stii;|,'JMt  !)l),;t(l4  .'>, 
I'liiitiiiiiiii^'  iiiroiiii.itiiiii  ilowii  to  tlu!  il(']i;irtiin'  of  Alvjiriiilu  for  (Jiiiitt'iiiiil;i ; 
Alriirailit,  I,',  liniuii,  \m  /lincld,  Hist.  J'riiii.,  I."i7  tH),  i\tii\\\\  t'  riiiiii.r-< '(ini/'inis, 

I'o//.,  st'ri(!  i.,  torn,  x.,  107  •"lO,  t.iUfii  ns  h.i-ics  nf  (h.it  |Mii(i f  tin?  liistoiy 

vliit'li  iiii'lmlfs  the  iiitijiin'c  iiitii  t  iiiiti'iiiiihi  ttTiitcny  iiinl  Miri'ci'ilin^'  rvriits 
down  tt)  till',  fiiimdiiii;  of  t  lie  i  ity  <<f  S:iiitiiii,'o;  (irii  ilu,  iii.  44s,  4,)!)  (io,  47."i-'S", 
vliori'iii  Cortis  iiliil  Alvarinlo  iin^  closely  fdllowiil;  i'lirr  Mmf  ir,  Ave.  viii. 
cap.  v.,  rclaliiiL;  luaiiily  to  tlie  iiairativo  nf  tin;  liu'SHcnecrH  snit  to  (Jliate- 
Uiala,  liHTi'ly  iiicntiniiiiii,'  Alvaiailn's  ilciiaitiiic;  (liiitifnn,  Hi.-.!,  .i/i  .i\.  "J'J!!  ,'i;i ; 
/(/.,  Ili't.  /ill/.,  '_'(i(i  S,  wliiili  all'iirds  Imt  littlo  mlilitiiiiial  iiifurmatinii  to 
that  siipplitil  liy  Ovicdo;  CloiiKil/iitiii,  ll'isi.  ('tiui/.,  ii.  1(H)  ,'i,  |S|  '1;  ilirinl 
J>iii~.,  Ili^l.  I'infii'/.,  77,  174  (1;  LiiM  i'liiu.i,  I'niio.  Iinl.  /^  lv^s^l/.,  U.V  41),  ami 
J.itli/.iiii/iil/,  lltirrilil'f  '  ■;'/'i /'/<('/>.•<,  (Hi  71.  Tho  foinnrnf  thesi-  two  la-it  iiii- 
thoillic.s  is  cxi'i'ptioiially  hcm  re  a;,'aiii.st  .Mvarado,  uinl  (■iiiilnciatcs  niiin'orrs  nf 
litrocitics  I'oiiiiiiitlcil  liy  him  ami  his  fnilowi  is,  while  the  lalti-r  pioiiiinciitly 
liiiii'_;s  fifwaiil  the  scrvici's  of  tlu^  Mcvii  an  anxiliaiics,  ami  mentions  tlii'  I'.v- 
t'l  ssivr  lialilsliips  and  t'laii  Itiis  tln'y  .siillcicd.  /</.,  A'.  '  m  /  •//!  ,-■,  l.'il  ,'{.  llcii'cia, 
dco.  iii.  lilj.  V.  ca[).  viii,-.\i.,  occa.'iiouully  iliU'cr.s  fruni  Alvuiudo's  bLaLcnii.'Uts, 


r 


70t 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CAKCITroUELS. 


I 


l>ut  is  ^tfticrn'ly  rdinlili".  Sec  n]»n  T,nr<>n~.rtn<t,  \'/n;ir,  in  Cnrli'i,  U'"'.  X. 
h'<pni)ri,  .'{K.'i-d,  H(!!l  70;  /'rir/fco  Mult'iinlriniK,  Col.  /)nr.,  viii.  17;  Arri-;.',), 
Ac'iif  Aiiuiil.  (!i(iil.,1  \7t;  llaiiiinz,  /'raii-io  iniilra  .Mriinitlo,  pdMHim  wliidi 
worlc  (li!f)\vM  niiicli  ii'ilit  upon  the  iloint;'*  of  tin' <'()ii(|ii<'r(>r,  tlioii;4li  ciiiitiMilii'- 
lory  rviilcMco  ri'inlcrs  it  ofttiincsiililliuult  to  ilccido  on  tlionici'its  of  ».  cIimi^c; 
/i' 'w/»-"''i,  Vki'Iii'i,  iii.  'J'.KiS;  Alillni,  /I'li/nrtc  ili'  jihini'iir.i  i/ir/'t,  in  '/'irinnir- 
f'liiiipi'in.  Ki'iioi.,  t)in.  X., '11  ">-'J'i;  Km-hhnili'  >,  ('(trl'i.ilr  sm  rnriiim-i,  in  l'(f'i<rit 
mill  CiinlriKi.i,  <'()!.  /lor.,  xii.,  'J!(.'{-t;  llitiimdl,  IHhI.  C/ii/fiini,  Vi  7,  fin  aiitlior 
tuircli.ililc  MO  fill'  iin  l!u-  «'on(iui'Ht  of  (Iniitcniiil.'i  j;ni'M  when  not  Hn|i|porti'i|  liy 
ftt'.icr  nullioiiticH;  iliilmn''.'*  himni'.,  l."i(l  7;  I'"//";/'''*.  Srlaiiitn  nj'  ('iiri(<ii.<, 
/'lire,  (iii'l  Kdiiii,  .'{|  ;  I'lCfii/.i.t  //  <i'ir.iiifiii,  Urcnilni-iDii  l'\orhlii,  iMS.,  I  I, 
IJ  I!),  '2")  7.  Iiiix  iii.'iny  rrrorH  iiiid  ii  f.ir  from  irlialilo;  I'liz'iiic'.,  ('hrnnirn 
itr  U'rtit.,  I  17,  (IS,  .'■|_'J-(!;  doiizdlrz  Dmulu,  T<;ilro  /y/rn.,  i.  l:t!»;  Jinirnn, 
dun'.,  i.  Oi),  (11,  (;(i-7,  7;i,  VJ."):»;  ii.  -J «!)(;;»,  '277  HH,  ;{,);»  21);  /-/.  led.  London, 
lS2:tl,  10,  LMI  :t'),  121  (i,  '2:U(i,  :t7.S  401,  4l!t  :12,  -t'.C.  (i!>;  /'<-l'i<z,  Mr,.;, 
(hint,,  i,  '11^-7,  tU  .'),  <'onipilt'.l  fi'oin  viuious  initlior'M,  iiiul  is  in.'i('<'nriito.  /Iran- 
nc  III- I  If  It  01, •■'run;/,  nut.  Sill.  Cir.,  iv.  (112-71!);  I'lr.^.'n/.f'.i  M,r.,  iii.  27:t  I; 
IHp.t  S'lnn.Co-iii.,  iii.  '212-71;  CaH",  /l/'-')»i.  ?/  Xof.  li:{  .');  S.ilnz'tr  i/  Ohirir, 
Colli).  M'X..,  121  ;i:l;  N.vhiii,  Mi'iii.il''  Ziviolil'aii,  MH.,7  S;  Lnrriihrnr,  /Ii/. 
Sarin  II  "■<),  111,  17-H;  Z:i,iiiti-iiU,  II  st.  .\l<j.,  iv.  1(17  71,  IS2;  S,/iiiir'x  M^S., 
xvi.;  .S'7//,Vr'N.S"r(/r'.'<f''»'.  .Iw.,:t2:t  ;»');  <>ii'l>;/'n  ,1m., '2:t:!;  I>'iiiii'x</>iii/.,'2>i\  !  ; 
//'(('/,  A'oc.  (>/•/(.,  ;U7-4;i;  Astit'niri  ''/i.  Cm/.  Am.,  !);  Iiiinnivi'in^n',  Mir. 
a:ul  O  ii'.\i.'a\.  l^■ll■i^,  1H.|:!|,  I.T),  277  S').  Miiiof  nnthoritio-i  ill  <o  conHullt  I 
nro /iV'/^f /''-(  /^''s(.  .l)rt.,  i.  HS')-!)I  ;  I' )'in-t.'.i  Xirr.  i'nif.,  xxi.;  MdiiIiiiihi,  />,■ 
Xicinri-  Wi-rn-hl,  27H :  f '/•>»-■'<  rV,'(/.  y|/«.,  '28  114;  r{i,(r;  r',s  JA'.'.  «;(./  (/»'//., 
ii.  17S.  IS.(  I).  ID),  217;  /)'•■'■  IVrv'/r-y  (/-  '/'.i/r»/i,  18-1!),  2.'.-:S4;  llnr/l.  »v, 
rV»^  J)".,  .f)-l!);  Ihliii:'<'  A,iiiii'.i  All.,  i.  54;  Xort/i.  A  m.  Il'i\,  xwi.  I.'ti  1; 
ir((.'/»'c,  )~yi  /i'/'(V(,  ,'')1;S -22;  Lh'iIhi  r'-i  Ifisl.  DiionK,  ii.  (il  ;  SnlraJnr,  l>inr. 
O//'-.,  .\p'il,  1  S7((;  S:ril'H,Chr>'iil>ii't  Uniiiiliihn-'nt.W.AI^^;  l'"ni'llaii',i  Dnrcl  tii, 
i.'222;  Mnl,ri  TraivUvr,  Mrr.  lUhUlmU.,  V\.  I7S-!););  Cur.  A';<'.',  .Iiini-,  Iso.i, 
'217;  C'in-iii,  L'rin'iii  Ci'o  I.,  Vy-l ;  IliKxiihi',  lj'Kiiii>iri'Mi.r.,'.V,]C}-7;  Miuili'u'iir, 
Mnii.  Ili.i/.  HciK,  pp.  viii.-x.;  /'imiin,  l)i.M-ri)ti-iini  Cio.i.,  10;  Corilnii'.i  Aiir. 
Mir.,  ii.  214;  Kiir'a  Col.  Voi/.,  '221-34;  I'ocahulurio  (kvij.,  iu  Carlan  ilr 
IiiUiuii,  074 


.1,  jr:.<>.  K. 

7 ;  A  rir-;\>. 
Mm     \\\\\'\\ 

I  cDiitr.iilii'- 
if  II  cliMr;.;!'; 

II  '/'<  rmni.r- 
,  ill  l'(if'iii-(t 
,  nil  iiiitliur 

l|i|pnrti',|  liy 
()/'   <  'livilill'', 

iMS.,  I  I, 
't,  Chroiiint, 
!);  Jiiiirr<n, 

•A,    IjCUiIiiM, 

■I'll-.,  Mi'i.i. 
iriito.  ///•(/•(• 
iii.  'JT.'t  »; 
re  //  Oil rfi', 
ilir.ar.  Hit. 

>i(i/.,'2<\\  !  ; 
ili,'r".   Af'  r. 

0  CDllSllUl'    I 

iilflliim,  l>i> 
ail'l   (I nut., 

1  llm  ft  ii.<, 
xvi.  i.'t:    h 

il'h'r,  /)i'ir. 
'.1  D'ifvct  >rii, 
Jlllli',  ISO,'), 

;  Moiilii/tii-, 
nli'ii'M  A  lie. 
I    Cartan  ilr 


